Violence Against Women: A State Level Analysis in India
MINISTRY OF WOMEN & CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Submitted By: Tanisha Khandelwal. M.Sc.(Applied Statistics).
Symbiosis Statistical Institute, (Symbiosis International University, Pune) Submitted To: Mr. Rohit Parashar Consultant, MWCD.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.no. Content Page No.
1 Introduction 3 2 A Review of Literature 4-5
3 Data and Methodology 5-6
4 Discussion 6-19 (i) Index for Domestic Violence against Women in India 6-9 (ii)Index for Violence against Women in India 10-14 (iii)Index for Violence against SC/ST Women 15-19 5 Conclusion 19-21
6 Refrences 21-22
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Violence Against Women: A State Level Analysis in India
1. Introduction
The principle of gender equality has been enshrined in Constitution of India. Although women can be victim of any of general crimes such as murder, robbery, etc. but there are some gender specific crimes which are being characterized as crime against women, more specifically labeled as violence against women. The fear of violence can prevent women from pursuing education, working or exercising their political rights and voice. Violence against women causes suffering and misery to victims and their families and places a heavy burden on societies worldwide. It is a social construction based on a societal consensus about the roles and rights of men and women(Krahe Barbara,2017). Violence against women is a serious cause of concern as it also deprives women of their freedom and other safety rights which is a very bad indicator for any country’s development. From every region, women have grasped the power of social media to expose their pain and harm, including through use of the hashtags #MeToo, #NiUnaMenos, #BalanceTonPorc, #PrimeiroAssedio, #Babaeko and #WithYou(UN Women, 2018). Violence against Women in India is systematic and occurs in public as well as private spheres. It is underpinned by the patriarchial social-norms and inter and intra gender hierarchies. Women are discriminated against and subordinated not only on the basis of sex, but on the other grounds such as caste, class, ability, sexual orientation, tradition and other realities. That exposes them to a continuum of violence throughout the life cycle. The manifestations of violence against Women are a reflection of the structural and institutional inequality that is a reality for most women in India (Manjoo Rashida,2013). Most forms of violence are not unique incidents but are ongoing, and can even continue for decades. Because of the sensitivity of the subject, violence is almost universally under-reported (Watts Charlotte, Zimmerman Cathy, 2002). Young women, early in their careers, are among the least powerful in a workplace and commonly targeted by sexual abusers. Sexual harassment can be bound up with discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Racial and ethnic myths and expectations can also influence the sexual expectations, prejudices and entitlement that infuse sexual harassment. Thus, Violence against women is rooted in discrimination, inequality and share of power, making it challenging to address. Men and women who have not had opportunities to question gender roles, attitudes and beliefs, cannot change them. Women who are unaware of their rights cannot claim them. Governments and organizations without access to standards, guidelines and tools cannot adequately address these issues. Once evidence accumulates and awareness grows, the potential for stopping all forms of violence does too. Bonds have been forged between women who have named their abuse and those who have not been public about their abuse. They have inspired and strengthened each other, they have found comfort in the collective outing of their traumas and consequent harms. They have together challenged the norm of public silence and broken the pattern of women’s required acquiescence to sexualised expressions of gender inequality. In the Millennium Development Goals, unfortunately violence against women was not addressed. But now in Sustainable Development Goals, considering the sincerity of the issue, violence is addressed in a comprehensive way. The Sustainable Development Goals have been adopted by all governments of the world. No matter where we are, we have a common platform and a common agenda to address violence against women. The mid-year projected female population of India in 2016 as per NCRB report was approx. 614.24 Million. This study attempts to focus on prevalence of various forms of Violence faced by women in various sphere of life.
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2. A Review of Literature Violence against women is not a new phenomenon, nor its consequences to women’s physical, mental and reproductive health. One in three women experience some form of physical or sexual violence in their lifetime. Women and girls face far greater levels of vulnerability, marginalization and resulting violence, especially for those who experience multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, like widows, elderly people, as well as women whose sexual orientation someone decides is not acceptable. Violence against women and girls (VAW) is both a cause and a consequence of gender inequality. The issue of gender-based violence is at the heart of human rights. It is in fact in many ways a determining factor as to whether we can ever have a just society which is free of gender based discrimination and violence(UNDP,2018). The life trajectories of women are a major factor in the world’s future stability and prosperity. The lives of millions of women and girls around the world, are being stunted or halted by the violence that prevails in their everyday life. And because so much of this violence happens at home, for many of them there is nowhere to escape, nowhere to run to. A place where you call home, your refuge, is actually where you are most vulnerable. Another new challenge being faced by women is how technology is fuelling the trafficking of women, cyber bullying and many other forms of violence that is yet not being recognised. A baseline study revealed that in New Delhi, 92% of women had experienced some form of sexual violence in public spaces during their lifetime. In 2016, close to a third of total crimes reported against women in India was cruelty or physical violence by her husband or his relative. According to a study by UN Women organization, 23% of female undergraduate university students reported having experienced sexual assault or sexual misconduct in a survey across 27 universities in the United States in 2015. In a multi-country study from the Middle East and North Africa, between 40 and 60 per cent of women said they had experienced street-based sexual harassment (mainly sexual comments, stalking/following, or staring/ogling). Practices like early marriage are also widespread, particularly in low human development countries, where 39 percent of women aged between 20 to 24 were married before their 18th birthday ( UNDP,2018). Adult women account for 51 per cent of all human trafficking victims detected globally. Nearly three out of every four trafficked women and girls are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. At least 200 million women and girls alive today have undergone female genital mutilation in the 30 countries with representative data on prevalence (UN Women, 2017). Today, 49 countries still do not have laws that protect women from domestic violence. There are forms of violence where we have seen change, but because the different types of violence against women have such a big profile, it becomes a drop in the ocean(UNDP,2018). Femicide in Latin America is a serious challenge. Now 80 per cent of countries in that region have adopted a protocol, through which they are developing and designing common programmes so that they can enhance learning between and amongst themselves. Violence against Women is not a small problem that only occurs in some pockets of society, but rather is a global issue requiring urgent action. It is time for the world to take action: a life free of violence is a basic human right, one that every woman, man and child deserves. The Government of India has identified ending violence against women as a key national priority, which resonates with the Sustainable Development targets of the United Nations on gender equality. Goal 5 (Gender Equality) of SDG aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence against women in the public and private spheres and to undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources and access to ownership of property. Full implementation of this goal matters because it has the potential to transform unequal power relations between women and men and address structural barriers impeding progress. 4
The Prime Minister’s Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao initiative aims at equal opportunity and education for girls in India. The Ministry of Women and Child Development has taken a number of initiatives to ensure safety and protection of women. One Stop Centres has been set up for support of women who face violent crimes. They provide access to an integrated range of services including police, medical, legal and psychological support.
3. Data and Methodology
The Report presents a state level comparison of existing situation regarding Violence against women using three indexes listed as below:
. Index for Domestic Violence Against Women . Index for Violence Against Women: . Index for Atrocities Faced by SC/ST Women
The secondary data for the reported incidents for various forms of violence against women prevalent in India (29 states &7 UT) have been obtained through National Crime Records Bureau(NCRB) ,Crime Statistics- 2016. For calculating the SC/ST female population of 10 districts of Telangana, the data is obtained from the reports of District Census Handbook of Andhra Pradesh (as per census 2011). Calculation of crime rate: Crime Rate for various states and UT’s is calculated as crime committed against women per lakh female population. The following formula has been used for calculating crime rate for this study: Total crime incidences committed against women × 100000 Total female population of that state Standardization of Data:
The cases of violence against women per lakh female population have been calculated for various forms of violence for each state and UT separately. The data is then standardized in the range of 1-100 for each state and UT separately. This is important when dealing with parameters of different units and scales. Because for comparison, all parameters should have the same scale and units. Standardization of data scales all numeric variables in the range [0,1]. The formula that has been used to standardize the data for violence against women is given as:
xnew = (xij – xmax)/ (xmax – xmin) ,
where xij = crime rate of a particular crime for a particular state of, xmax is the maximum rate of crime for a particular crime and xmin is minimum crime rate for a particular crime.
On a scale of 0 to 100, 0 represents a situation where violence against women is extremely common, highly severe and not disclosed and 100 represents a situation where violence is non-existent.
Calculation of Index Number:
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The index number for each state for various forms of crimes prevalent against women is calculated by adding the standardized values of various crimes committed against women for each state & UT separately and the value so obtained is the index number for violence against women of that particular state. The state possessing the maximum value of index number is the state having least rate of violence against Women and the one with minimum index number is the state where violent against women is most prevalent.
Ranking of States:
The states have been ranked on the basis of index number obtained for each state. The state with maximum index number is ranked as first which implies that minimum cases of violence against women in that state have been reported in that particular year and vice-versa.
Calculation of estimated population of SC/ST Women:
The SC/ST female population is estimated using the proportion of SC/ST female population IN 2011 to the total female population as per Census 2011. The percentage of SC/ST Women is assumed to be the same in 2016 as it was in 2011 (as per Census 2011). The population of SC/ST female in 2016 has been estimated by using the percentage and estimated total female population in 2016(as per the NCRB Report, ‘Crime Statistics – 2016’). The following formula has been used for estimating population:
Estimated Female population of SC/ST in 2016 = estimated total female population in 2016 × 퐲% ퟏퟎퟎ
where, y is the percentage of SC/ST Female population of total female population in 2016.
4. Discussion
(i) INDEX FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA
Violence against women strongly hinders women’s full participation in society and maintains an oppressive and coercive pattern of control of men over women. Women are not even considered safe at their home as a major form of violence called ‘domestic violence’ is very much prevalent in Indian society. A place where you call home, your refuge, is actually where you are most vulnerable.The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defined domestic violence as: Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation. Domestic violence is the leading cause of injuries experienced by women. Domestic battery causes more injuries to women than car accidents rape and mugging together (Rodriguez 1992). 22 to 35 % of emergency hospital visits are consequent to domestic violence (Wetzel et al, 1983). The report focuses on the major forms of domestic violence against women prevalent in our society. The major forms of domestic violence against women that have been studied in this report using data for various cases of crimes are: Domestic Violence against Women
Prohibition of Causing miscarriage Deaths caused with Cruelty by Rape by family Women from Dowry Prohibition Dowry Deaths without Women's intent to husband/Relatives members domestic violence Act, 1961 Consent miscarriage Act.
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1. Dowry Deaths
Despite the rapid increase of middle class society and youth population, step towards modernization, enormous economic development, better education,etc., there are still certain grey areas where the country is still lacking growth and one such issue the the prevalent dowry system and the deaths due to it. Dowry Death can be defined as unnatural death of women due to demand for dowry by her husband or family members. According to NCRB Report, ‘Crime statistics-2016’, a total of 7,621 cases of dowry deaths have been reported in India. Uttar Pradesh reported a maximum of 2473 number of cases of dowry deaths with 2.38 cases of dowry deaths reported per lakh female population whereas Sikkim, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Andaman & Nicobar, D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry reported zero cases of dowry deaths per lakh female population.
2. Cruelty by Husband/Relatives: Cruelty is one of the genuine sorts of social insidiousness since ages. Cruelty can be both mental and in addition physical cruelty which is being rehearsed in various modes in general public in various conditions. Cruelty by Husband or relative of husband of a woman is harassment of a woman with a view to coerce her or any related persons to meet any unlawful demand for any property or any valuable security (Raizada Dev,2017).
As per NCRB Report, ‘Crime Statistics-2016’, Rajasthan reported a maximum of 13,811 cases of cruelty by husband / relatives in 2016 with 39 cases reported per lakh female population. Sikkim reported a minimumof 2 cases with 0.67 cases per lakh female population and Lakshwadeep reported a minimum of 2 cases with 5 cases reported per lakh female population.
3.Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961:
It is an act that prohibits the system of dowry that comes under the SLL crimes. Under this Act, various punishments are included for those who are involved in this system of dowry. A total of 9683 cases have been reported under Dowry Prohibition Act,1961 in India as per NCRB report,2016. Uttar Pradersh reported highest number of cases(2867 cases) under this followed by Karnataka(1698 cases)followed by Orisssa(1400 cases). Jharkhand reported the highest highest crime rate of 8.35 followed by Odissa(6.64) followed by Karnataka(5.50). A crime rate of zero is being observed in all the Union Territories.
4.Protection of Women from Domestic Violence,2005:
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence. The Act provides for the first time in Indian law a definition of "domestic violence", with this definition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse. It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders and not meant to penalize criminally. A total of 437 cases have been reported under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act in 2016(as per NCRB report).Bihar reported the highest number of cases (171 cases) followed by Kerala(111 cases). Kerala showed the highest crime rate (1.00). All the Union Territories reported a crime rate of 0 with zero cases reported under this crime.
5. Rape by father /brother or relatives: 7
A total of 4,448 cases have been reported under rape by father/relatives in2016( as per NCRB report). Uttar Pradesh reported a highest number of cases(702 cases) followed by Rajasthan(585 cases) followed by Delhi(508 cases). Meghalaya reported the highest crime rate of 5.5 followed by Sikkim(3.7).
6. Deaths caused with intent to miscarraige:
It is a crime under IPC.Section 314. Whoever, with intent to cause the miscarriage of a woman with child, does any act which causes the death of such woman, shall be punished with imprisonment either description for a term which may extend to ten and is also liable to fine.A total of 125 cases have been reported under this crime (as per NCRB report) in 2016. Uttar Pradesh reported highest number of cases (118 cases) followed by Chhatisgarh. The crime rate reported under this is zero all over India.
7. Causing miscarriage without Women’s Consent:
If the act of miscarriage of women is done without the consent of the woman, then the criminal shall be punished either with imprisonment for life, or with the other punishments. A total of 462 cases have been reported under this in 2016(as per NCRB report).Uttar Pradesh reported highest number of cases (407 cases). The crime rate was found to be almost zero all over India.
The following table gives a comparison of each state / UT in terms of their index number and Union Territories:
S.no. STATES/UT INDEX RANK NUMBER STATES: 1 Andhra 589.11 17 Pradesh 2 Arunachal 616.79 14 Pradesh 3 Assam 530.51 25 4 Bihar 519.53 26 5 Chattisgarh 627.22 12 6 Goa 657.45 7 7 Gujarat 671.33 5 8 Haryana 530.87 24 9 Himachal 619.59 13 Pradesh 10 Jammu & 681.83 2 Kashmir 11 Jharkhand 506.05 28 12 Karnataka 578.14 18 13 Kerala 538.68 23 14 Madhya 544.09 20 Pradesh 15 Maharashtra 646.07 8 16 Manipur 679.71 3 17 Meghalaya 597.22 16 8
18 Mizoram 659.27 6 19 Nagaland 686.76 1 20 Orissa 519.49 27 21 Punjab 640.95 9 22 Rajasthan 545.22 19 23 Sikkim 632.73 10 24 Tamil Nadu 674.21 4 25 Telangna 540.82 22 26 Tripura 597.64 15 27 Uttar Pradesh 332.99 29 28 Uttarakhand 630.7 11 29 West Bengal 543.36 21
UNION TERRITORIES: 30 Andaman& 670.68 3 Nicobar 31 Chandigarh 594.54 5 32 D&N Haveli 659.88 4 33 Daman & Diu 686.4 2 34 Delhi 190.7 7 35 Lakshwadeep 692.29 1 36 Puducherry 589.84 6
Domestic Violence Against Women 800
700
692.29
686.76
686.4
681.83
679.71
674.21
671.33
670.68
659.88
659.27
657.45
646.07
640.95
632.73
630.7
627.22 619.59
600 616.79
597.64
597.22
594.54
589.84
589.11
578.14
545.22
544.09
543.36
540.82
538.68
530.87
530.51
519.49 519.53
500 506.05
400 332.99
300 190.7 200
Index Number Index 100
0
Goa
Delhi
Bihar
Orissa
Kerala
Sikkim
Assam
Punjab
Tripura
STATES:
Gujarat
Haryana
Manipur
Mizoram
Telangna
Nagaland
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Jharkhand
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu Tamil
Chandigarh
Chattisgarh
D&N Haveli D&N
Puducherry
Maharashtra
West Bengal West
Uttarakhand
Daman & Diu & Daman
Lakshwadeep
Uttar Pradesh Uttar
Andhra Pradesh Andhra
Madhya Pradesh Madhya
Himachal Pradesh Himachal
Jammu & Kashmir & Jammu
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Andaman& Nicobar Andaman& UNION TERRITORIES: UNION
(ii) INDEX FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA : A MAJOR CHALLENGE
The term “violence against women” encompasses many forms of violence, including violence by a partner and rape/sexual assault and other forms of sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than a partner, as well as female genital mutilation, honor killings and the trafficking of women. Violence against women is
9 not a new phenomenon, nor its consequences to women’s physical, mental and reproductive health. Violence against women in India is going side by side to the technological improvement in modern world in the country. Violence to the women is of various types and can happen at any place like home, public place or office. It is the big issue related to the women which cannot be ignored as it is hindering almost one half growth of the country. Violence against women and girls (VAW) is both a cause and a consequence of gender inequality. It is time for the world to take action: a life free of violence is a basic human right, one that every woman, man and child deserves. The report focuses on the various forms of violence prevalent in our society at home, in public places or at work places. The various forms of violence against women that have been studied in this report are as follows:
Violence Against Women in India
Assualt on Women Acid Attacks & Kidnapping & Attempt to commit Insult to modesty of Female Trafficking with outrage to her attempts to acid Abducation rape Women modesty attacks
Indescent Abetment of suicide The Immoral Traffic Dowry Prohibition representation of Rape Dowry Deaths of women Prevention Act Act,1961 Women
Causing miscarriage Protection of Women Cruelty by her Deaths caused with without Women's from Domestic Husaband/Relatives intent t o miscarriage consent Violence Act, 2005
The detailed explanation for various forms of violence against women prevalent in India and their statistical summary are as follows:
1. Kidnapping & Abdication Kidnapping can be said as carrying away of a human being against his/her consent, or the consent of some person legally authorized to accord consent on behalf of such person. Abduction, it may be said, by itself is no offence. However, when it is done with the intent to commit an offence, e.g. to rob or to murder or to confine or to compel marriage, it becomes an offence punishable under section 363. Under Section 359 to 369 of the code, kidnapping and abduction is punishable with varying degree of severity according to nature and gravity of the offence. The underlying object of enacting these provisions is to secure the personal liberty of citizens, to give legal protection to children of tender age from being abducted or seduced for improper purposes and to preserve the rights of parents and guardians over their wards for custody or upbringing. A total of 64,519 cases have been reported in 2016 as per NCRB Report, ‘Crime Statistics-2016’.Uttar Pradesh reported highest number of cases (12,994 cases) of Kidnapping & Abdication of Women followed by Maharashtra(6170 cases) followed by Bihar(5496 cases). Delhi reported a highest crime rate of 40.74 (3841 cases per lakh female population) followed by Assam with crime rate of 33.8 (5339 cases per lakh female population). Lakshwadeep reported zero cases of Kidnapping & Abdication having zero crime rate followed by Mizoram (3 cases). 10
2. Female Trafficking Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation, recruits, transports, harbours, transfers or receives any Women by— using threats, or using force or any other form of coercion, by abduction, by practicing fraud, by deception, by abuse of power, by inducement, including the giving or receiving of payments or benefits, in order to achieve the consent of any person having control over the person recruited, transported, commits the offence of trafficking. It is a criminal offence under Section 370, IPC. A total of 1,183 cases have been reported under Female trafficking (as per NCRB Report). Jharkhand reported highest cases (137 cases) of female trafficking with crime rate of 0.9 followed by West Bengal(120 cases). Goa reported highest crime rate of 3.8 followed by Daman & Diu with crime rate of 3.64. A total of 7 States and 4 UTs reported crime rate of 0 with no cases reported for female trafficking for the year 2016.
3. Assault on Women with intent to outrage her modesty Section 354 of the Indian Penal Code provides that: “Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both”. The various forms of assault on women that have been included under this are Stalking, Voyeurism, Sexual harassment, Assault on Women and Assault/use of criminal force with intent to disrobe identity of women. A total of 84,746 cases have been reported under assault on women in 2016(as per NCRB report).Maharashtra reported the highest cases (11,396 cases) in 2016 followed by Uttar Pradesh(11,335 cases) followed by Madhya Pradesh(8717 cases). Delhi reported a highest crime rate of 43.6 (4165 cases per lakh female population) followed by Orissa with crime rate of 39.1(8252 cases per lakh female population). Lakshwadeep and D&N Haveli have reported lowest number of cases (1 case) of assault on women with intent to outrage to her modesty in 2016.
4. Attempt to commit Rape Attempt to commit rape is a criminal offence committed under Section 376/511, Indian Penal Code. A total of 5,729 cases have been reported under attempt to commit rape in 2016 (as per NCRB Report).Uttar Pradesh reported highest number of cases (1958 cases) in 2016 followed by West Bengal (1646 cases).West Bengal reported highest crime rate of 3.60 (1646 cases per lakh female population).
5. Acid Attacks and attempts to acid attack Section 326A of IPC follows that whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or maims or disfigures or disables, any part or parts of the body of a person or causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or by administering acid to that person, or by using any other means with the intention of causing or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and with fine. The Section 326 B in the Indian Penal Code lays down the punishment for attempted acid throwing. The minimum punishment is 5 years' imprisonment. It can extend up to 7 years' imprisonment with fine. A separate law to punish offenders in such cases was passed along with amendment of law on sexual offences. A total of 206 cases have been reported under acid attacks and attempts to acid attack in 2016(as per NCRB report). West Bengal reported highest cases (54 cases) followed by Uttar Pradesh (51 cases) followed by Delhi (19 cases).Crime rate is observed to be approximately zero all over India.
6. Insult to the modesty of Women
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Under Section 509, IPC, Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. A total of 6,365 cases have been reported under insult to modesty of women in 2016 (as per NCRB Report).Andhra Pradesh reported highest cases (1831 cases) 0f this crime followed by Telangana (1003 cases) followed by Maharashtra (924 cases). The crime rate was reported highest in Delhi (9.61) followed by Andhra Pradesh where crime rate was reported to be 7.16.
7. Indescent Representation of Women Prohibition Act The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of India which was enacted to prohibit indecent representation of women through advertisement or in publications, writings, paintings, figures or in any other manner. 38 cases of Indescent Representation of Women have been reported in India (as per NCRB Report) in 2016. Uttar Pradesh reported highest cases (18 cases) under this crime. The crime rate reported in 2016 under this act is approximately zero all over India.
8.Abetment of Suicide of Women Section 309 follows that whoever attempts to commit suicide and does any act towards the commission of such offence, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine, or with both. A total of 4,446 cases have been reported under abetment of suicide of women in 2016(as per NCRB Report). Maharashtra reported highest cases (756 cases) of Abetment of suicide of women followed by Madhya Pradesh (565 cases).Telangana reported highest crime rate of 3.050 (560 cases per lakh female population).
9.The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 is an Act which provides in pursuance of the International Convention, 1950 for the prevention of immoral traffic. The Act intends to combat trafficking and sexual exploitation for commercial purposes. A total of 2,214 cases have been reported under The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act,1956 in 2016(as per NCRB report).Tamil Nadu reported highest cases(432 cases) under this offence followed by Karnataka(230 cases). Daman & Diu reported highest crime rate of 3.6 (4 cases per lakh female population).
10. Rape Rape is the fourth most common crime against women in India. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2013 annual report, 24,923 rape cases were reported across India in 2012. Out of these, 24,470 were committed by someone known to the victim (98% of the cases).Rape of female is criminal offence under Section 375,376,376A, 376B, 376C and 376D of the Indian Penal Code . A total of 38,947 cases of rape have been reported in India in 2016 as per the report by NCRB. Madhya Pradesh reported highest rape cases (4882 cases) in 2016 followed by Uttar Pradesh (4816 cases) followed by Maharashtra (4189 cases). Sikkim reported highest crime rate (30.66) followed by National Capital, Delhi (22.57). Lakshwadeep & Puducherry reported least number of rape cases in 2016 with low crime rates.
The remaining forms of violence that are being prevalent come under the category of domestic violence and have been already explained and summarized. The following table gives a comparison of each state / UT in terms of their index number and ranks: S.No. States/UT index rank number 1 Andhra 1088.44 26 12
Pradesh 2 Arunachal 1338.74 16 Pradesh 3 Assam 1093.25 25 4 Bihar 1356.37 13 5 Chattisgarh 1362.39 10 6 Goa 1238.97 20 7 Gujarat 1461.81 5 8 Haryana 1131.99 23 9 Himachal 1360.55 12 Pradesh 10 Jammu & 1404.48 8 Kashmir 11 Jharkhand 1326.02 17 12 Karnataka 1288.78 18 13 Kerala 1203.36 22 14 Madhya 1240.15 19 Pradesh 15 Maharashtra 1346.65 15 16 Manipur 1539.88 2 17 Meghalaya 1473.34 4 18 Mizoram 1502.21 3 19 Nagaland 1561.94 1 20 Orissa 1076.38 27 21 Punjab 1354.88 14 22 Rajasthan 1216.49 21 23 Sikkim 1391.25 9 24 Tamil Nadu 1440.2 7 25 Telangana 1050.38 28 26 Tripura 1362.02 11 27 Uttar Pradesh 994.7 29 28 Uttarakhand 1447.61 6 29 West Bengal 1127.94 24
Union Territories: 30 Andaman& 1390.1 3 Nicobar 31 Chandigarh 1104.42 6 32 D&N Haveli 1461.86 1 33 Daman & 1197.28 5 Diu 34 Delhi 500.2 7 35 Lakshwadeep 1411.17 2 36 Puducherry 1269.94 4
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1800 INDEX NUMBER FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
1600
1561.94
1539.88
1502.21
1473.34
1461.81 1461.86
1447.61 1440.2
1400 1411.17
1404.48
1390.1
1391.25
1362.39
1362.02
1360.55
1356.37
1354.88
1346.65
1338.74
1326.02
1288.78
1269.94
1240.15 1238.97
1200 1216.49
1203.36
1197.28
1131.99
1127.94
1104.42
1093.25
1088.44 1076.38
1000 1050.38 994.7 800 600
400 500.2
Index Number Index 200
0
Goa
Delhi
Bihar
States
Kerala
Sikkim
Assam
Punjab
Odisha
Tripura
Gujarat
Haryana
Manipur
Mizoram
Jharkand
rajasthan
Nagaland
Karnataka
Telangana
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu Tamil
Chandigarh
D&N Haveli D&N
Puducherry
Chhatisagrh
West Bengal West
Maharashtra
Uttarakhand
Daman & Diu & Daman
Lakshwadeep
Uttar Pradesh Uttar
Andhra Pradesh Andhra
Madhya Pradesh Madhya
Arunachal Pradsh Arunachal
Union Territories: Union
Himachal Pradesh Himachal
Jammu & Kashmir & Jammu Andaman&Nicobar States/UT's
The above graph shows a comparison of index number of all the States and UT’s for the various forms of violence prevalent against women in Indi
(iii) INDEX FOR ATROCITIES FACED BY SC(Schedule Castes)/ST(Scheduled Tribes) WOMEN:
The issues of exclusion and discrimination of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), who together constitute nearly one-fourth of the Indian population, have traditionally suffered from social exclusion. Their voices for their rights, entitlements, dignity and justice are frequently suppressed with atrocities on them by other caste groups. The UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women noted that SC women “face targeted violence, even rape and death from powerful members of dominant castes who employ these methods to inflict political lessons and crush dissent within the community”. Similarly, in its 2007 concluding comments, CERD noted its concern about the alarming number of allegations of acts of sexual violence against SC women, primarily by dominant caste men. The report attempts to study the atrocities against SC/ST women even after we have a very good education and development in every form taking place in our society. The major forms of crimes that are prevalent against SC/ST Women in our society have been studied as per the data obtained from NCRB for year 2016 are Major atrocities faced by SC/ST Women Assault on SC/ST Kidnapping & Attempt to commit Insult to modesty of Women with outrage Rape Abdication rape SC/ST women to her modesty
The total estimated female population of SC & ST in 2016 was 102,307,582 and 90,752,737 respectively in India. SC Women comprised 17% of the total female population of India (as per estimated population) while ST Women comprised 15% of the total female population of India. The SC female population is zero in two states, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland and in two UT’s Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshwadeep. The ST female population is zero in Punjab , Delhi and Chandigarh. The major atrocities faced by SC/ST Women have been studied and their statistical summary is as folllows: 14
1. Kidnapping & Abdication of SC/ST Women: A total of 835 cases have been reported under Kidnapping & Abdication of SC Women in 2016 as per NCRB Report. Uttar Pradesh reported highest cases (483 cases) of Kidnapping & Abdication followed by Rajasthan(67 cases). Gujrat reported the highest crime rate of 2.28. A total of 163 cases have been reported under Kidnapping & Abdication of ST Women in 2016 as per NCRB Report. Madhya Pradesh reported highest cases (51 cases) of Kidnapping & Abdication followed by Gujrat(25 cases). Chhatisgarh reported highest crime rate of 4.90.
2. Rape: A total of 2545 cases of rape against SC Women (as per NCRB report) have been reported in 2016. Uttar Pradesh reported highest cases(557 cases) of rape followed by Madhya Pradesh(439 cases).Kerala reported the highest crime rate of 8.65 followed by Madhya Pradesh with crime rate of 7.57. A total of 974 cases of rape against ST Women (as per NCRB report) have been reported in 2016. Madhya Pradesh reported highest cases(377 cases) of rape followed by Chhatisgarh (157 cases).Chhatisgarh reported the highest crime rate of 54.93 followed by Kerala with crime rate of 18.13.
3. Attempt to commit rape: A total of 148 cases have been reported under attemot to commit rape of SC women in 2016(as per NCRB report). Uttar Pradesh reported reported highest cases(77 cases) followed by Rajasthan(25 cases) and then Andhra Pradesh(17 cases).The crime rate reported for attempt to commit rape is almost zero in all states and UT’s. 13 cases have been reported in India under attempt to commit rape against ST Women in 2016(as per NCRB report). Crime rate reported is amost zero for all the states and UT’s.
4. Insult to Modesty of SC Women: A total of 81 cases have been reported under Insult to Modesty of SC Women in 2016. Andhra Pradesh reported highest number of cases(34 cases) with maximum crime rate of 0.77 which comprises 41% of total cases under Insult to Modesty of SC Women. 31 cases have been reported under Insult to Modesty of ST Women in 2016. Telangana reported highest cases(17 cases) and the crime rate is observed to be zero in all states and UT’s.
5. Assault on SC Women with outrage to her Modesty: A total of 3,172 cases have been reported under Assault on SC Women with outrage to her Modesty in 2016 as per NCRB Report. Uttar Pradesh reported highest cases(1014 cases) followed by Madhya Pradesh (686 cases). Madhya Pradesh reported highest crime rate of 11.84 followed by Andhra Pradesh having crime rate of 6.84(303 cases per lakh female population). A total of 835 cases have been reported under Assault on ST Women with outrage to her Modesty in 2016 according ti NCRB Report.Madhya Pradesh reported highest cases(399 cases) followed by Maharashtra (109 cases).Crime rate is maximum in Chhatisgarh(30.79) followed by Kerala with crime rate of 11.96.
The following table gives a comparison of each state / UT in terms of their index number and ranks:
S.No. States/UT INDEX RANK NUMBE R 1 Andhra Pradesh 220.06 31 2 Arunachal _ _ Pradsh 15
3 Assam 500 1 4 Bihar 493.54 13 5 Chhatisagrh 381.95 22 6 Goa 500 1 7 Gujarat 318 24 8 Haryana 250.69 30 9 Himachal 484.24 16 Pradesh 10 Jammu & 500 1 Kashmir 11 Jharkand 485.79 15 12 Karnataka 444.37 20 13 Kerala 293.3 26 14 Madhya Pradesh 250.7 29 15 Maharashtra 386.99 21 16 Manipur 500 1 17 Meghalaya 500 1 18 Mizoram 0 32 19 Nagaland _ _ 20 Odisha 369.97 23 21 Punjab 486.56 14 22 Rajasthan 299.19 25 23 Sikkim 500 1 24 Tamil Nadu 483.18 17 25 Telangana 288.06 27 26 Tripura 500 1 27 Uttar Pradesh 273.04 28 28 Uttarakhand 473.28 18 29 West Bengal 496.82 12 30 Andaman&Nico _ _ bar 31 Chandigarh 500 1 32 D&N Haveli 500 1 33 Daman & Diu 500 1 34 Delhi 471.23 19 35 Lakshwadeep _ _ 36 Puducherry 500 1
The states/UT which shows rank 1 and an index number of 500 means that zero cases per lakh female population of violence against SC Women have been reported in 2016( as per the NCRB Report, 2016). The graph below shows a comparison of index number between all the States and UT’s.
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600 Violence against SC Women
500
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500
496.82
493.54
486.56
485.79
484.24
483.18
473.28 471.23
400 444.37
386.99
381.95 369.97
300 318
299.19
293.3
220.06
288.06
273.04 250.69 200 250.7
index number index 100
0
Goa
Delhi
Bihar
Kerala
Sikkim
Assam
Punjab
Odisha
Tripura
Gujarat
Haryana
Manipur
Jharkand
rajasthan
Karnataka
Telangana
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu Tamil
Chandigarh
D&N Haveli D&N
Puducherry
Chhatisagrh
West Bengal West
Maharashtra
Uttarakhand
Daman & Diu & Daman
Uttar Pradesh Uttar
Andhra Pradesh Andhra
Madhya Pradesh Madhya
Himachal Pradesh Himachal Jammu & Kashmir & Jammu States/UTs
The following table gives a comparison of violence against ST Women between all the States / UT in terms of their index number and ranks:
S.No. State/UT INDEX RANK NUMB ER 1 Andhra Pradesh 356.71 30 2 Arunachal 500 1 Pradesh 3 Assam 500 2 4 Bihar 500 3 5 Chhatisgarh 62.84 32 6 Goa 500 4 7 Gujarat 459.58 27 8 Haryana _ _ 9 Himachal 500 5 Pradesh 10 Jammu 500 6 &Kashmir 11 Jharkhand 485.19 24 12 Karnataka 490.5 22 13 Kerala 312.41 31 14 Madhya 459.49 28 Pradesh 15 Maharashtra 484.69 25 16 Manipur 500 7 17 Meghalaya 500 8 18 Mizoram 500 9 19 Nagaland 500 10 20 Orissa 470.27 26
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21 Punjab _ _ 22 Rajasthan 486.04 23 23 Sikkim 500 11 24 Tamil Nadu 499.52 18 25 Telangna 360.74 29 26 Tripura 500 12 27 Uttar Pradesh 500 13 28 Uttarakhand 497.85 20 29 West Bengal 498.16 19 30 Andaman 493.58 21 &Nicobar 31 Chandigarh _ _ 32 D&N Haveli 500 14 33 Daman & Diu 500 15 34 Delhi _ _ 35 Lakshwadeep 500 16 36 Puducherry _ _
Violence Against ST Women
600
312.41 62.84
500 360.74
499.52
500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 498.16 500 500 500
497.85
493.58
490.5
486.04
485.19
484.69
470.27 459.58 400 459.49 300 356.71 200 100
0
Index Number Index
Goa
Bihar
Orissa
Kerala
Sikkim
Assam
Tripura
Gujarat
Manipur
Mizoram
Telangna
Nagaland
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Jharkhand
Meghalaya
Tamil Nadu Tamil
D&N Haveli D&N
Chhatisgarh
Maharashtra
West Bengal West
Uttarakhand
Daman & Diu & Daman
Lakshwadeep
Uttar Pradesh Uttar
Andhra Pradesh Andhra
Madhya Pradesh Madhya
Himachal Pradesh Himachal
Jammu &Kashmir Jammu
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Andaman &Nicobar Andaman States/UTs
The above graph shows a comparison of index number between all the States and UT’s for the violence against SC Women.
5. 5. RESULT & CONCLUSION:
The study attempts to calculate the index number of each state for various forms of violence against women that are prevalent in our society and rank the states on th basis of Index Number.
INDEX FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA . -A total of 133154 cases have been reported under Domestic Violence against Women in India. . -Delhi reported the highest cases of Domestic Violence against women having index number 190.7 followed by Uttar Pradesh having index number 332.99 followed by Jharkhand showing index number 506.55. . -Nagaland shows the highest index number (686.86) and thus , is ranked first among all the States which implies that least cases of domestic violence against women have been reported in Nagaland in 2016. 18
Nagaland is followed by the Jammu & Kashmir (681.83) and is ranked second. Manipur(671.79) stands third followed by Tamil Nadu and Gujrat. . -Among the Union Territories, Lakshwadeep(692.29) reported the least cases of domestic violence aginst Women and is ranked first followed by Daman & Diu (686.40) and Andaman & Nicobar(670.68). . -The most prevalent form of Domestic Violence in India (as per NCRB Report , 2016) is Cruelty by Husband/ Relatives. 1,10,378 cases have been reported under this crime in 2016 in India which accounts for 82.9% of total domestic violence against Women in India.
INDEX FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA . -A total of 3,38,059 cases have been reported under violence against women in India in 2016. . -Delhi reported the highest cases of Violence against Women in 2016 showing least index number of 500.20 and is followed by Uttar Pradesh(994.70) which is followed by Telangana (1050.50) followed by Orissa(1076.38). . -Among the States, Nagaland stands first showing the highest index number (1561.94) implying that Violence aginst Women is least prevalent in Nagaland which is further followed by Manipur(1539.88). Mizoram stands third(1502.21) and is followed by Meghalaya(1473.34) and then Gujrat(1461.81). . -Among the UT’s, Dadara & Nagar Haveli (1461.86) reported the least cases of Violence against Women ans is ranked first followed by Lakshwadeep(1411.17) and Andaman & Nicobar(1390.10). . -Cruelty by Husband/Relatives is the most prevalent form of violence against women in India(as per NCRB report) .1,10,378 cases have been reported under this crime which accounts for 32% of total cases of violence against women in India. 84,746 cases have been reported under Assault on Women with intent to outrage her modesty which accounts for 25% of the total reported cases of violence against women in India and is the second most prevalent crime. 64,519 cases of incidence of Kidnapping & Abdication have been reported in 2016 which accounts for 19% of the total incidence cases reported under Violence against Women in India and is the third major crime against Women.
INDEX FOR ATROCITIES AGAINST SC/ST WOMEN . -A total of 6797 cases have been reported under atrocities faced by SC Women. . -Among all Indian States, Andhra Pradesh stands last showing index number 220.70 implying that highest cases of incidence of violence against SC women have been reported in 2016 in Andhra Pradesh.This is followed by Haryana(250.69) reporting second highest cases which is followed by Madhya Pradesh(250.70). . Assam, Goa, Jammu & Kashmir,Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim , Tripura, D&N Haveli, Pondicherry and Chandigarh showed the index number 500.00 implying the zero Violence against SC Women in these States and UT,s. . -Kidnapping & Abdiction of SC Women is the most prevalent form of violence against SC Women which accounts of 47% of total incidence cases that have been reported in 2016 under atrocities against SC Women. . -A total of 2016 cases been reported under atrocities faced by ST Women in 2016. . -Among all Indian States, Chattisgarh stands last showing index number 62.84 implying that highest cases of incidence of violence against ST women have been reported in 2016 in Chattisgarh. This is followed by Kerala (312.41) reporting second highest cases which is followed by Andhra Pradesh (356.71). . Arunachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tripua, Daman & Diu, Lakshwadeep and D&N Haveli showed the index number 500.00 implying the zero Violence against ST Women in these States and UT,s. . -Rape of ST Women is the most prevalent form of violence against ST Women which accounts for 48% of total incidence cases that have been reported in 2016 under atrocities against ST Women.
Every human being is entitled to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health conducive to living a life in dignity. Violence against girls and women is recognized as a major obstacle to the enjoyment of a whole range of human rights and to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.5 The central importance of fulfilling the promise of gender equality was reaffirmed in 2015 when the world’s leaders 19
adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This explicitly integrated an understanding that women’s empowerment is vital for sustainable progress and in order to address the great challenge of today to leave no one behind. UN Trust Fund grantees continue to be at the forefront of efforts to realize the targets of Goal 5 of the Agenda, in particular eliminating all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation, and eliminating all harmful traditional practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mulitation. At the same time, one of the consequences of the historically low level of funding allocated to initiatives to end and address violence against women has been the relative underdevelopment of the administrative and governance capacities of organizations, particularly smaller organizations, working on these issues.
6. REFRENCES: 1. 1. UN Women(2018).UN Trust Fund to end Violence Against Women. New York: UN Women Headquarters. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/6/un-trust-fund-to-end-violence-against- women-annual-report-2017. 2. 2. Shambadkar D.(2013). Discrimonation & Atrocities against SC in India: A historical injustice. India: BSPK Publications.https://www.academia.edu/3549969/DISCRIMINATION_AND_ATROCITIES_AGAINST_SC SCHEDULED_CASTES_IN_INDIA_A_HISTORICAL_INJUSTICE. 3. 3. UN Women(2018). TOWARDS AN END TO SEXUAL HARASSMENT: THE URGENCY AND NATURE OF CHANGE IN THE ERA OF #METOO. New York: UN Women Headquarters. http://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2018/towards-an- end-to-sexual-harassment-en.pdf. 4. 4. Speech: Two sides of the same coin: gender inequality and violence against women-Opening Remarks by UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of UN Women, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, at the plenary session of the Five Days of Violence Prevention Conference at Johannesburg, South Africa(2017). http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2017/10/speech-ed-phumzile-five-days-of-violence-prevention- conference. 5. 5. Jahan S.(2018). VIOLENCE-AGAINST-WOMEN-A-CAUSE-AND-CONSEQUENCE-OF- INEQUALITY. New York: United Nations Development Programme. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2018/violence-against-women-cause-consequence- inequality.html. 6. 6. United Nations. Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. New York : UN, 1993. 7. S.R. Subaashini ,M. Kannappan(2018). A Study on Cruelty against Married Women and Legal Framework in India. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 119 ,No. 17,2018. 8. 7. Jones N., Presler-Marshall E.,Kahane M.(2019). Gender and age-responsive social protection: The potential of cash transfers to advance adolescent rights and capabilities. New York: UN Women Headquarters. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/03/gender-and-age-responsive-social- protection. 9. 8.Elsonan D., Keklik H.(UNIFEM)(2002). Progress of the World's Women 2002, Volume 2: Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals. New York: UN Women Headquarters. http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2002/1/progress-of-the-world-s-women-2002- volume-2-gender-equality-and-the-millennium-development-goals.
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