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Report | Achieving Nutritional Security in India: Vision 2030 NABARD RESEARCH STUDY-9 NABARD ACHIEVING NUTRITIONAL SECURITY IN INDIA: VISION 2030 Shyma Jose Ashok Gulati Kriti Khurana INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS (ICRIER) NABARD Research Study-9 Achieving Nutritional Security in India: Vision 2030 Shyma Jose Ashok Gulati Kriti Khurana The NABARD Research Study Series has been started to enable wider dissemination of research conducted/sponsored by NABARD on the thrust areas of Agriculture and Rural Development among researchers and stakeholders. The present‘Achieving report Nutritional on Security in India: Vision 2030’ is the ninth in the series. It assesses the trends for nutritional security and identifies determining factors that have a significant effect on reducing malnutrition levels in India. Complete list of studies is given on the last page. 1 Authors' Affiliations 1. Shyma Jose, Research Fellow, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi 2. Ashok Gulati, Infosys Chair Professor for Agriculture (ICRIER) & former Chairman of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), Government of India 3. Kriti Khurana, Research Assistant, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi ©2020 Copyright: NABARD and ICRIER ISBN 978-81-937769-4-0 Disclaimer: Opinions and recommendations in the report are exclusively of the author(s) and not of any other individual or institution including ICRIER. This report has been prepared in good faith on the basis of information available at the date of publication. All interactions and transactions with industry sponsors and their representatives have been transparent and conducted in an open, honest and independent manner as enshrined in ICRIER Memorandum of Association. ICRIER does not accept any corporate funding that comes with a mandated research area which is not in line with ICRIER’s research agenda. The corporate funding of an ICRIER activity does not, in any way, imply ICRIER’s endorsement of the views of the sponsoring organization or its products or policies. ICRIER does not conduct research that is focused on any specific product or service provided by the corporate sponsor. The contents of this publication can be used for research and academic purposes only with due permission and acknowledgment. They should not be used for commercial purposes. NABARD does not hold any responsibility for the facts and figures contained in the book. The views are of the authors alone and should not be purported to be that of NABARD. 2 Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................4 List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................5 List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................6 Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Preface.............................................................................................................................................8 Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................10 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................11 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................14 1.1. Review of Literature ......................................................................................................... 16 1.2. Data Sources and Methodology ........................................................................................ 20 2. India’s Position Globally in terms of Nutritional Security ...................................................... 25 2.1 Understanding the Burden of Malnutrition in India: Temporal and Spatial Trends ......... 28 3. Linkage between Nutritional Security, Economic Growth, Poverty and Agriculture................... 34 3.1. Achieving Nutritional Security: Tracing how far Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction take us ........................................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Linkage between Agricultural Performance, Food and Nutritional Security .......................... 36 3.2.1. Food security and Nutritional Security in India .................................................................. 36 3.2.2. Food Availability and Affordability.................................................................................... 38 3.2.3. Food Grain Security to Diet Diversification ....................................................................... 40 4. Determinants of Malnutrition........................................................................................................ 42 4.1. Immediate Determinants of Child Malnutrition ..................................................................... 42 4.2. Nutritional Interventions ........................................................................................................ 45 4.3. Malnutrition and Underlying Factors ..................................................................................... 46 4.4. Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Malnutrition and Infant Mortality Rates in India .... 50 5. Future Prospects and Existing Policy Initiatives ........................................................................... 59 5.1. Nutrition Sensitive Interventions in India .............................................................................. 59 5.2. Covid-19 Impact on Food and Nutritional Security ................................................................... 67 5.3 Projection of SDG Targets Based on Current Trends and Existing Nutritional Programmes 68 6. Lessons from International Experience of Food and Nutritional Security for India ................. 71 6.1 Under-nutrition across BICS Nations ......................................................................................... 71 6.2 Key Lessons for India from these Developing Countries ....................................................... 74 7. Policy Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 76 Reference .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Annexure ........................................................................................................................................... 89 3 List of Figures Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of Food Security .............................................................................. 16 Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of Under-nutrition ........................................................................... 18 Figure 3: Number of Poor at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (in millions) and Prevalence of Undernourished People across Top Countries, 2016-18 ................................................................................................. 26 Figure 4: Prevalence of Stunted and Wasted Children under 5 Years of Age across Countries, 2018 . 27 Figure 5: Spatial Distribution of the Proportion of Underweight, Stunted and Wasted children across Indian Districts, 2015-16 ...................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 6: Trends in Child Mortality Rates ............................................................................................ 32 Figure 7: Percentage of Underweight and Stunted Children under Five and IMR (2015-16) by State Per Capita Income (TE 2017-18) .......................................................................................................... 34 Figure 8: Reduction in Poverty Head Count Ratio (2004-05 to 2011-12) and Reduction in Malnutrition (2005-06 to 2015-16) across States.................................................................................. 35 Figure 9: Per Capita Availability of Different Food Commodities in India: 1990-91 to 2018-19........ 37 Figure 10: Percentage Share of Expenditure on Food and Non-food Items among Poorest (bottom 30 per cent Monthly Per Capita Expenditure Classes), 2004-05 to 2011-12 ............................................. 39 Figure 11: Incidence of Hunger in India ............................................................................................... 40 Figure 12: (A) Percentage of Children who were Breastfed within an Hour of Birth and (B) Children (aged 0-6 months) Exclusively Breastfed in States of India, 2015-16 .................................................. 44 Figure 13: Proportion of Stunted and Underweight Children under Five Years and IMR by Women’s Educational Status, 2015-16 ................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 14: Proportion of Underweight and Stunted Children under Five Years and Infant Mortality Rates across the Poorest and Richest Wealth Quintiles, 2015-16 ......................................................... 49 Figure 15: Percentage Distribution of Population across
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