1. 9002 2. Adore 3. Agobot 4. Alina 5. Allaple 6. Alureon 7. Andromeda 8
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Statistical Structures: Fingerprinting Malware for Classification and Analysis
Statistical Structures: Fingerprinting Malware for Classification and Analysis Daniel Bilar Wellesley College (Wellesley, MA) Colby College (Waterville, ME) bilar <at> alum dot dartmouth dot org Why Structural Fingerprinting? Goal: Identifying and classifying malware Problem: For any single fingerprint, balance between over-fitting (type II error) and under- fitting (type I error) hard to achieve Approach: View binaries simultaneously from different structural perspectives and perform statistical analysis on these ‘structural fingerprints’ Different Perspectives Idea: Multiple perspectives may increase likelihood of correct identification and classification Structural Description Statistical static / Perspective Fingerprint dynamic? Assembly Count different Opcode Primarily instruction instructions frequency static distribution Win 32 API Observe API calls API call vector Primarily call made dynamic System Explore graph- Graph structural Primarily Dependence modeled control and properties static Graph data dependencies Fingerprint: Opcode frequency distribution Synopsis: Statically disassemble the binary, tabulate the opcode frequencies and construct a statistical fingerprint with a subset of said opcodes. Goal: Compare opcode fingerprint across non- malicious software and malware classes for quick identification and classification purposes. Main result: ‘Rare’ opcodes explain more data variation then common ones Goodware: Opcode Distribution 1, 2 ---------.exe Procedure: -------.exe 1. Inventoried PEs (EXE, DLL, ---------.exe etc) on XP box with Advanced Disk Catalog 2. Chose random EXE samples size: 122880 with MS Excel and Index totalopcodes: 10680 3, 4 your Files compiler: MS Visual C++ 6.0 3. Ran IDA with modified class: utility (process) InstructionCounter plugin on sample PEs 0001. 002145 20.08% mov 4. Augmented IDA output files 0002. 001859 17.41% push with PEID results (compiler) 0003. 000760 7.12% call and general ‘functionality 0004. -
A the Hacker
A The Hacker Madame Curie once said “En science, nous devons nous int´eresser aux choses, non aux personnes [In science, we should be interested in things, not in people].” Things, however, have since changed, and today we have to be interested not just in the facts of computer security and crime, but in the people who perpetrate these acts. Hence this discussion of hackers. Over the centuries, the term “hacker” has referred to various activities. We are familiar with usages such as “a carpenter hacking wood with an ax” and “a butcher hacking meat with a cleaver,” but it seems that the modern, computer-related form of this term originated in the many pranks and practi- cal jokes perpetrated by students at MIT in the 1960s. As an example of the many meanings assigned to this term, see [Schneier 04] which, among much other information, explains why Galileo was a hacker but Aristotle wasn’t. A hack is a person lacking talent or ability, as in a “hack writer.” Hack as a verb is used in contexts such as “hack the media,” “hack your brain,” and “hack your reputation.” Recently, it has also come to mean either a kludge, or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. A hack also means a simple but often inelegant solution or technique. The following tentative definitions are quoted from the jargon file ([jargon 04], edited by Eric S. Raymond): 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. -
Exploring Corporate Decision Makers' Attitudes Towards Active Cyber
Protecting the Information Society: Exploring Corporate Decision Makers’ Attitudes towards Active Cyber Defence as an Online Deterrence Option by Patrick Neal A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Interdisciplinary Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Dr. Bernard Schissel February, 2019 Patrick Neal, 2019 COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Patrick Neal’s Dissertation Committee certify that they have read the dissertation titled Protecting the Information Society: Exploring Corporate Decision Makers’ Attitudes towards Active Cyber Defence as an Online Deterrence Option and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Social Sciences: Dr. Bernard Schissel [signature on file] Dr. Joe Ilsever [signature on file] Ms. Bessie Pang [signature on file] Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copy of the dissertation to Royal Roads University. The dissertation supervisor confirms to have read this dissertation and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements: Dr. Bernard Schissel[signature on file] Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/ . Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this licence: • Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. • Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. Contents Creative Commons Statement............................................................................................ -
GQ: Practical Containment for Measuring Modern Malware Systems
GQ: Practical Containment for Measuring Modern Malware Systems Christian Kreibich Nicholas Weaver Chris Kanich ICSI & UC Berkeley ICSI & UC Berkeley UC San Diego [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Weidong Cui Vern Paxson Microsoft Research ICSI & UC Berkeley [email protected] [email protected] Abstract their behavior, sometimes only for seconds at a time (e.g., to un- Measurement and analysis of modern malware systems such as bot- derstand the bootstrapping behavior of a binary, perhaps in tandem nets relies crucially on execution of specimens in a setting that en- with static analysis), but potentially also for weeks on end (e.g., to ables them to communicate with other systems across the Internet. conduct long-term botnet measurement via “infiltration” [13]). Ethical, legal, and technical constraints however demand contain- This need to execute malware samples in a laboratory setting ex- ment of resulting network activity in order to prevent the malware poses a dilemma. On the one hand, unconstrained execution of the from harming others while still ensuring that it exhibits its inher- malware under study will likely enable it to operate fully as in- ent behavior. Current best practices in this space are sorely lack- tended, including embarking on a large array of possible malicious ing: measurement researchers often treat containment superficially, activities, such as pumping out spam, contributing to denial-of- sometimes ignoring it altogether. In this paper we present GQ, service floods, conducting click fraud, or obscuring other attacks a malware execution “farm” that uses explicit containment prim- by proxying malicious traffic. -
Flow-Level Traffic Analysis of the Blaster and Sobig Worm Outbreaks in an Internet Backbone
Flow-Level Traffic Analysis of the Blaster and Sobig Worm Outbreaks in an Internet Backbone Thomas Dübendorfer, Arno Wagner, Theus Hossmann, Bernhard Plattner ETH Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] DIMVA 2005, Wien, Austria Agenda 1) Introduction 2) Flow-Level Backbone Traffic 3) Network Worm Blaster.A 4) E-Mail Worm Sobig.F 5) Conclusions and Outlook © T. Dübendorfer (2005), TIK/CSG, ETH Zurich -2- 1) Introduction Authors Prof. Dr. Bernhard Plattner Professor, ETH Zurich (since 1988) Head of the Communication Systems Group at the Computer Engineering and Networks Laboratory TIK Prorector of education at ETH Zurich (since 2005) Thomas Dübendorfer Dipl. Informatik-Ing., ETH Zurich, Switzerland (2001) ISC2 CISSP (Certified Information System Security Professional) (2003) PhD student at TIK, ETH Zurich (since 2001) Network security research in the context of the DDoSVax project at ETH Further authors: Arno Wagner, Theus Hossmann © T. Dübendorfer (2005), TIK/CSG, ETH Zurich -3- 1) Introduction Worm Analysis Why analyse Internet worms? • basis for research and development of: • worm detection methods • effective countermeasures • understand network impact of worms Wasn‘t this already done by anti-virus software vendors? • Anti-virus software works with host-centric signatures Research method used 1. Execute worm code in an Internet-like testbed and observe infections 2. Measure packet-level traffic and determine network-centric worm signatures on flow-level 3. Extensive analysis of flow-level traffic of the actual worm outbreaks captured in a Swiss backbone © T. Dübendorfer (2005), TIK/CSG, ETH Zurich -4- 1) Introduction Related Work Internet backbone worm analyses: • Many theoretical worm spreading models and simulations exist (e.g. -
Classification of Malware Persistence Mechanisms Using Low-Artifact Disk
CLASSIFICATION OF MALWARE PERSISTENCE MECHANISMS USING LOW-ARTIFACT DISK INSTRUMENTATION A Dissertation Presented by Jennifer Mankin to The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Computer Engineering in the field of Computer Engineering Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts September 2013 Abstract The proliferation of malware in recent years has motivated the need for tools to an- alyze, classify, and understand intrusions. Current research in analyzing malware focuses either on labeling malware by its maliciousness (e.g., malicious or benign) or classifying it by the variant it belongs to. We argue that, in addition to provid- ing coarse family labels, it is useful to label malware by the capabilities they em- ploy. Capabilities can include keystroke logging, downloading a file from the internet, modifying the Master Boot Record, and trojanizing a system binary. Unfortunately, labeling malware by capability requires a descriptive, high-integrity trace of malware behavior, which is challenging given the complex stealth techniques that malware employ in order to evade analysis and detection. In this thesis, we present Dione, a flexible rule-based disk I/O monitoring and analysis infrastructure. Dione interposes between a system-under-analysis and its hard disk, intercepting disk accesses and re- constructing high-level file system and registry changes as they occur. We evaluate the accuracy and performance of Dione, and show that it can achieve 100% accuracy in reconstructing file system operations, with a performance penalty less than 2% in many cases. ii Given the trustworthy behavioral traces obtained by Dione, we convert file system- level events to high-level capabilities. -
Workaround for Welchia and Sasser Internet Worms in Kumamoto University
Workaround for Welchia and Sasser Internet Worms in Kumamoto University Yasuo Musashi, Kenichi Sugitani,y and Ryuichi Matsuba,y Center for Multimedia and Information Technologies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan, E-mail: [email protected], yE-mail: [email protected], yE-mail: [email protected] Toshiyuki Moriyamaz Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University, Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0081 Japan, zE-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The syslog messages of the iplog-2.2.3 packet capture in the DNS servers in Ku- mamoto University were statistically investigated when receiving abnormal TCP packets from PC terminals infected with internet worms like W32/Welchia and/or W32/Sasser.D worms. The inter- esting results are obtained: (1) Initially, the W32/Welchia worm-infected PC terminals for learners (920 PCs) considerably accelerates the total W32/Welchia infection. (2) We can suppress quickly the W32/Sasser.D infection in our university when filtering the access between total and the PC terminal’s LAN segments. Therefore, infection of internet worm in the PC terminals for learners should be taken into consideration to suppress quickly the infection. Keywords: Welchia, Sasser, internet worm, system vulnerability, TCP port 135, TCP port 445, worm detection 1. Introduction defragmentation, TCP stream reassembling (state- less/stateful), and content matcher (detection engine). Recent internet worms (IW) are mainly categorized The other is iplog[11], a packet logger that is not so into two types, as follows: one is a mass-mailing-worm powerful as Snort but it is slim and light-weighted so (MMW) which transfers itself by attachment files of that it is useful to get an IP address of the client PC the E-mail and the other is a system-vulnerability- terminal. -
BEGIN README.TXT-- PC Media Antivirus (PCMAV)
--BEGIN README.TXT-- PC Media Antivirus (PCMAV) 9.9.1 Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Majalah PC Media Pinpoint Publications Group ************************************************************************ MEMANFAATKAN/MENGGUNAKAN PCMAV BERARTI ANDA MENGERTI DAN SETUJU DENGAN SELURUH KETENTUAN YANG ADA DI BAGIAN "KETENTUAN PENGGUNAAN (END-USER LICENSE)" YANG TERDAPAT PADA FILE README.TXT INI. PCMAV INI DIBUAT KHUSUS DAN DIPERSEMBAHKAN BAGI "PEMBACA SETIA" PC MEDIA DAN YANG KAMI CINTAI. MAKA DARI ITU, JIKA ANDA ADALAH PENGGUNA PEMULA DAN ATAU MERASA KESULITAN MEMAHAMI ISI README.TXT INI, BAIK SEBAGIAN MAUPUN SECARA KESELURUHAN, MAKA KAMI SANGAT MENYARANKAN ANDA UNTUK BERKONSULTASI TERLEBIH DULU DENGAN REKAN ANDA YANG LEBIH BERPENGALAMAN DALAM BERKOMPUTER. ATAU DEMI KENYAMANAN ANDA, MAKA KAMI SARANKAN UNTUK TIDAK MENGGUNAKAN PCMAV SAMA SEKALI. ************************************************************************ ------------------------------ ANTIVIRUS KEBANGGAAN INDONESIA ------------------------------ Tidak ada antivirus lain yang mampu mengatasi secara tuntas virus komputer, baik lokal maupun asing, yang banyak menyebar di Indonesia sebaik dan seaman PCMAV. Umumnya antivirus yang ada hanya mampu mengenali dan menghapus file yang dideteksi bervirus. PCMAV menyempurnakannya dengan tingkat akurasi pendeteksian yang lebih tinggi, sehingga lebih handal dalam mengembalikan file, dokumen dan sistem yang menjadi sasaran serangan virus hingga pulih 100%. Dengan PCMAV, Anda akan mendapatkan antivirus yang bukan hanya sekadar mendeteksi namun daya basminya -
Effective Malicious Features Extraction and Classification for Incident Handling Systems
EFFECTIVE MALICIOUS FEATURES EXTRACTION AND CLASSIFICATION FOR INCIDENT HANDLING SYSTEMS CHO CHO SAN UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER STUDIES, YANGON OCTOBER, 2019 Effective Malicious Features Extraction and Classification for Incident Handling Systems Cho Cho San University of Computer Studies, Yangon A thesis submitted to the University of Computer Studies, Yangon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2019 Statement of Originality I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. …..…………………………… .…………........………………………… Date Cho Cho San ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Hist Excellency, the Minister for the Ministry of Education, for providing full facilities support during the Ph.D. course at the University of Computer Studies, Yangon. Secondly, my profound gratitude goes to Dr. Mie Mie Thet Thwin, Rector of the University of Computer Studies, Yangon, for allowing me to develop this research and giving me general guidance during the period of my study. I would like to express my greatest pleasure and the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Mie Mie Su Thwin, Professor, the University of Computer Studies, Yangon, for her excellent guidance, caring, patient supervision, and providing me with excellent ideas throughout the study of this thesis. I would also like to extend my special appreciation to Dr. Khine Moe Nwe, Professor and Course-coordinator of the Ph.D. 9th Batch, the University of Computer Studies, Yangon, for her useful comments, advice, and insight which are invaluable through the process of researching and writing this dissertation. -
Computer Viruses, in Order to Detect Them
Behaviour-based Virus Analysis and Detection PhD Thesis Sulaiman Amro Al amro This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Software Technology Research Laboratory Faculty of Technology De Montfort University May 2013 DEDICATION To my beloved parents This thesis is dedicated to my Father who has been my supportive, motivated, inspired guide throughout my life, and who has spent every minute of his life teaching and guiding me and my brothers and sisters how to live and be successful. To my Mother for her support and endless love, daily prayers, and for her encouragement and everything she has sacrificed for us. To my Sisters and Brothers for their support, prayers and encouragements throughout my entire life. To my beloved Family, My Wife for her support and patience throughout my PhD, and my little boy Amro who has changed my life and relieves my tiredness and stress every single day. I | P a g e ABSTRACT Every day, the growing number of viruses causes major damage to computer systems, which many antivirus products have been developed to protect. Regrettably, existing antivirus products do not provide a full solution to the problems associated with viruses. One of the main reasons for this is that these products typically use signature-based detection, so that the rapid growth in the number of viruses means that many signatures have to be added to their signature databases each day. These signatures then have to be stored in the computer system, where they consume increasing memory space. Moreover, the large database will also affect the speed of searching for signatures, and, hence, affect the performance of the system. -
Chapter 3: Viruses, Worms, and Blended Threats
Chapter 3 Chapter 3: Viruses, Worms, and Blended Threats.........................................................................46 Evolution of Viruses and Countermeasures...................................................................................46 The Early Days of Viruses.................................................................................................47 Beyond Annoyance: The Proliferation of Destructive Viruses .........................................48 Wiping Out Hard Drives—CIH Virus ...................................................................48 Virus Programming for the Masses 1: Macro Viruses...........................................48 Virus Programming for the Masses 2: Virus Generators.......................................50 Evolving Threats, Evolving Countermeasures ..................................................................51 Detecting Viruses...................................................................................................51 Radical Evolution—Polymorphic and Metamorphic Viruses ...............................53 Detecting Complex Viruses ...................................................................................55 State of Virus Detection.........................................................................................55 Trends in Virus Evolution..................................................................................................56 Worms and Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................................57 -
Malware Behavior Comportamento De Programas Maliciosos
Andr´eRicardo Abed Gr´egio Malware Behavior Comportamento de Programas Maliciosos Campinas 2012 i ii Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Engenharia El´etrica e de Computa¸c~ao Andr´eRicardo Abed Gr´egio Malware Behavior Comportamento de Programas Maliciosos Doctorate thesis presented to the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Electrical Engineering. Concentration area: Computer Engineering. Tese de doutorado apresentada `aFaculdade de Engenharia El´etrica e de Computa¸c~ao como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obten¸c~aodo t´ıtulo de Doutor em Engenharia El´etrica. Area´ de concentra¸c~ao: Engenharia de Computa¸c~ao. Orientador (Tutor): Prof. Dr. Mario Jino Co-orientador (Co-Tutor): Prof. Dr. Paulo Licio de Geus Este exemplar corresponde `avers~aofinal da tese defendida pelo aluno, e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Mario Jino. Campinas 2012 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DA ÁREA DE ENGENHARIA E ARQUITETURA - BAE - UNICAMP Grégio, André Ricardo Abed G861c Comportamento de programas maliciosos / André Ricardo Abed Grégio. --Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2012. Orientador: Mario Jino. Coorientador: Paulo Licio de Geus. Tese de Doutorado - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação. 1. Redes de computadores - Medidas de segurança. 2. Tecnologia da informação - Segurança. 3. Software - Segurança. 4. Virus de computador. 5. Taxonomia. I. Jino, Mario, 1943-. II. Geus, Paulo Licio de, 1956-. III. Universidade