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Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book

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Appendix A Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book Data given in TableA.1 can be used to determine the various decay energies for the specific radioactive decay examples as well as for the nuclear activation examples presented in this book. M stands for the nuclear rest mass; M stands for the atomic rest mass. The data were obtained from the NIST and are based on CODATA 2010 as follows: 1. Data for atomic masses M are given in atomic mass constants u and were obtained from the NIST at: (http://www.physics.nist.gov/pml/data/comp.cfm). 2. Rest mass of proton mp, neutron mn, electron me, and of the atomic mass constant u are from the NIST (http://www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/constants/index. html) as follows: −27 2 mp = 1.672 621 777×10 kg = 1.007 276 467 u = 938.272 046 MeV/c (A.1) −27 2 mn = 1.674 927 351×10 kg = 1.008 664 916 u = 939.565 379 MeV/c (A.2) −31 −4 2 me = 9.109 382 91×10 kg = 5.485 799 095×10 u = 0.510 998 928 MeV/c (A.3) − 1u= 1.660 538 922×10 27 kg = 931.494 060 MeV/c2 (A.4) 3. For a given nuclide, its nuclear rest energy was determined by subtracting the 2 rest energy of all atomic orbital electrons (Zmec ) from the atomic rest energy M(u)c2 as follows 2 2 2 Mc = M(u)c − Zmec = M(u) × 931.494 060 MeV/u − Z × 0.510 999 MeV. (A.5) Binding energy of orbital electrons to the nucleus is ignored in (A.5). 4. Nuclear binding energy EB for a given nuclide was determined using the mass deficit equation given in (1.25) to get 2 2 2 EB = Zmpc + (A − Z)mnc − Mc , (A.6) with Mc2 given in (A.5) and the rest energy of the proton, neutron, and electron given in (A.1), (A.2), and (A.3), respectively. 5. For a given nuclide the binding energy per nucleon EB/A is calculated by dividing the binding energy EB of (A.6) with the number of nucleons equal to the atomic mass number A of a given nuclide. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 815 E.B. Podgoršak, Radiation Physics for Medical Physicists, Graduate Texts in Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25382-4 Table A.1 Main attributes of nuclides presented in this book (in the entry for half-life: a = year, d = day, h = hour, min = minute, s = second) 816 Appendix A: Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book EB (MeV) Element and its Z A Atomic mass Nuclear rest Binding energy Half-life t1/2 2 nucleon nuclides M(u) energy Mc EB (MeV) (MeV) Hydrogen H 1 1 1.007825 938.2720 – – Stable Deuterium D 1 2 2.014102 1875.6130 2.2244 1.1122 Stable Tritium T 1 3 3.016049 2808.9206 8.4821 2.8274 12.3 a Helium He 2 3 3.016029 2808.3910 7.7184 2.5728 Stable He 2 4 4.002603 3727.3788 28.2959 7.0740 Stable He 2 5 5.012220 4667.8310 27.4091 5.4818 8 × 10−22 s He 2 6 6.018889 5605.5372 29.2682 4.8780 0.801 s Lithium Li 3 5 5.012540 4667.6181 26.3287 5.2657 10−21 s Li 3 6 6.015123 5601.5182 31.9939 5.3323 Stable Li 3 7 7.016004 6533.8328 39.2446 5.6064 Stable Beryllium Be 4 7 7.016929 6534.1835 37.6006 5.3715 53 d Be 4 8 8.005305 7454.8498 56.4996 7.0625 8.19 × 10−17 s Be 4 9 9.012182 8392.7497 58.1651 6.4628 Stable Be 4 12 12.026921 11200.9611 68.6497 5.7208 21.49 ms Be 4 13 13.035691 12140.6243 68.5518 5.2732 2.7 × 10−21 s Boron B 5 9 9.013329 8393.3071 56.3143 6.2571 8.5 × 10−19 s B 5 10 10.012937 9324.4360 64.7508 6.4751 Stable B 5 11 11.009305 10252.5469 76.2053 6.9278 Stable Carbon C 6 11 11.011434 10254.0190 73.4398 6.6763 20.33 min C 6 12 12.000000 11174.8623 92.1618 7.6802 Stable C 6 13 13.003355 12109.4815 97.1080 7.4698 Stable C 6 14 14.003242 13040.8703 105.2845 7.5203 5730 a (continued) Table A.1 (continued) Appendix A: Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book 817 EB (MeV) Element and its Z A Atomic mass Nuclear rest Binding energy Half-life t1/2 2 nucleon nuclides M(u) energy Mc EB (MeV) (MeV) Nitrogen N 7 13 13.005739 12111.1912 94.1050 7.2388 10 min N 7 14 14.003074 13040.2028 104.6587 7.4756 Stable N 7 15 15.000109 13968.9350 115.4919 7.6995 Stable N 7 17 17.008450 15839.6935 123.8646 7.2862 4.173 s Oxygen O 8 15 15.003066 13971.1784 111.9551 7.4637 122.24 s O 8 16 15.994915 14895.0798 127.6191 7.9762 Stable O 8 17 16.999132 15830.5023 131.7624 7.7507 Stable O 8 18 17.999160 16762.0221 139.8075 7.7671 Stable Fluorine F 9 18 18.000938 16763.1673 137.3690 7.6316 1.83 h F 9 18 18.998403 17692.3009 147.8013 7.7790 Stable Neon Ne 10 20 19.992440 18617.7285 160.6451 8.0323 Stable Aluminum Al 13 27 26.981539 25126.4995 224.9516 8.3315 Stable Phosphorus P 15 30 29.978314 27916.9555 250.6049 8.3535 2.498 min Chromium Cr 24 43 42.997710 40039.8461 330.4238 7.6843 21 ms Manganese Mn 25 44 44.006870 40979.3616 329.1803 7.4814 0.1µs Mn 25 45 44.994513 41899.3452 348.7621 7.7503 70ns Iron Fe 26 45 45.014560 41917.5078 329.3061 7.3179 0.35µs Cobalt Co 27 57 56.936291 53022.0207 498.2859 8.7419 271.736 d Co 27 59 58.933200 54882.1269 517.3085 8.7679 Stable Co 27 60 59.933822 55814.2003 524.8005 8.7467 5.26 a Nickel Ni 28 60 59.930791 55810.8659 526.8415 8.7807 Stable Ni 28 63 62.929669 58604.3058 552.0998 8.7635 100.17 a (continued) 818 Appendix A: Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book Table A.1 (continued) EB(MeV) Element and its Z A Atomic mass Nuclear rest Binding energy Half-life t / nucleon 1 2 nuclides M(u) energy EB (MeV) Mc2(MeV) Krypton Kr 36 82 81.913484 76283.5252 714.2732 8.7106 Stable Kr 36 89 88.917632 82807.8494 766.9094 8.6170 3.15 min Kr 36 91 90.923451 84676.2538 777.6357 8.5454 8.57 min Kr 36 92 91.926156 85610.2731 783.1817 8.5129 1.84 s Kr 36 94 93.934363 87480.9176 791.6680 8.4220 210 ms Rubidium Rb 37 82 81.918209 76287.4155 709.0895 8.6474 1.2575 min Rb 37 90 89.914802 83736.1973 776.8335 8.6315 2.633 min Rb 37 96 95.934270 89343.2988 807.1242 8.4075 203 ms Strontium Sr 38 90 89.907738 83729.1065 782.6310 8.6959 28.808 a Sr 38 94 93.915361 87462.1839 807.8150 8.5938 1.255 min Zirconium Zr 40 96 95.908273 89317.5477 828.9953 8.6354 Stable Molybdenum Mo 42 95 94.905842 88382.7670 821.6240 8.6487 Stable Mo 42 98 97.905408 91176.8409 846.2430 8.6351 Stable Mo 42 99 98.907711 92110.4849 852.1677 8.6078 65.92 h Mo 42 100 99.907478 93041.7604 860.4575 8.6046 Stable Technetium Tc 43 99 98.906255 92108.6129 852.7430 8.6136 2.11 × 105 a Cadmium Cd 48 113 112.904402 105145.2523 963.5555 8.5270 Stable Cd 48 114 113.903359 106075.7748 972.5984 8.5316 Stable Iodine I 53 125 124.904210 116320.4427 1056.6789 8.4534 59.407 d I 53 127 126.904473 118183.6758 1072.5765 8.4455 Stable I 53 131 130.906125 121911.1907 1103.3230 8.4223 8.02 h (continued) Table A.1 (continued) Appendix A: Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book 819 EB(MeV) Element and its Z A Atomic mass Nuclear rest Binding energy Half-life t / nucleon 1 2 nuclides M(u) energy EB (MeV) Mc2(MeV) Xenon Xe 54 131 130.905082 121909.7082 1103.5122 8.4238 Stable Xe 54 140 139.921641 130308.7287 1160.7287 8.2909 13.6 s Cesium Cs 55 137 136.907084 127500.0262 1149.2929 8.3890 30.2 a Cs 55 138 137.911017 128435.1888 1153.7002 8.3602 33.42 min Cs 55 142 141.924299 132173.5374 1173.6131 8.2649 1.689 s Barium Ba 56 137 136.905821 127498.3387 1149.6870 8.3919 Stable Ba 56 139 138.908841 129364.1457 1163.0154 8.3670 1.3861h Ba 56 141 140.914412 131232.3218 1173.9700 8.3260 18.27 min Ba 56 142 141.916454 132165.7185 1180.1387 8.3108 10.6 min Ba 56 144 143.922951 134034.7607 1190.2273 8.2655 11.5 s Lanthanum La 57 139 138.906353 129361.3169 1164.5508 8.3781 Stable Samarium Sm 62 152 151.919732 141480.6412 1253.1048 8.2441 Stable Europium Eu 63 151 150.919850 140548.7460 1244.1412 8.2393 ≥ 1.7 × 1018 a Eu 63 152 151.921745 141482.0053 1250.4474 8.2266 13.54 a Eu 63 153 152.921230 142413.0196 1258.9984 8.2287 Stable Gadolinium Gd 64 152 151.919791 141479.6741 1251.4852 8.2335 1.08 × 1014 a Osmium Os 76 192 191.961479 178772.1354 1526.1178 7.9485 Stable Iridium Ir 77 191 190.960591 177839.3032 1518.0913 7.9481 Stable Ir 77 192 191.962602 178772.6704 1524.2894 7.9390 73.8 d Ir 77 193 192.962924 179704.4644 1532.0607 7.9381 Stable Platinum Pt 78 192 191.961035 178770.6998 1524.9667 7.9425 Stable Gold Au 79 197 196.966552 183432.7980 1559.4019 7.9157 Stable Au 79 198 197.968242 184365.8743 1565.8975 7.9090 2.695 d (continued) 820 Appendix A: Main Attributes of Nuclides Presented in This Book Table A.1 (continued) EB(MeV) Element and its Z A Atomic mass Nuclear rest Binding energy Half-life t / nucleon 1 2 nuclides M(u) energy EB (MeV) Mc2(MeV) Thallium Tl 81 208 207.982019 193692.6254 1632.2134 7.8472 3.05 min Lead Pb 82 205 204.974482 190890.6040 1614.2387 7.8743 1.73 × 107 a Pb 82 206 205.974465 191822.0821 1622.3258 7.8754 Stable Pb 82 207 206.975881 192754.8952 1629.0781 7.8699 Stable Pb 82 208 207.976636 193687.0925 1636.4462 7.8675 Stable Pb 82 212 207.976652 197413.9072 1667.8998 7.8675 Stable Bismuth Bi 83 209 208.980383 194621.5658 1640.2449 7.8481 Stable BI 83 212 211.991286 197426.2120 1654.3017 7.8033 1.01 h Polonium Po 84 210 209.982873 195554.8683 1645.2144 7.8344 15.6 min Po 84 211 210.986653 196489.8918 1649.7632 7.8188 0.516 s Po 84 216 216.001915 201161.5783 1675.9036 7.7588 0.145 s Po 84 218 218.008973 203031.1325 1685.4730 7.7315 3.167 min Radon Rn 86 220 220.011394 204895.3622 1697.7946 7.7172 0.9267 min Rn 86 222 222.017578 206764.1021 1708.1781 7.6945 3.8 d Radium Ra 88 224 224.020212 208628.5302 1720.3014 7.6799 3.657 d Ra 88 226 226.025403 210496.3452 1731.6097 7.6620 1602 a Ra 88 228 228.031070 212364.6211 1742.4720 7.6424 5.739 a Actinium Ac 89 228 228.031021 212364.0642 1741.7356 7.6392 6.139 h Th 90 228 228.028741 212361.4305 1743.0760 7.6451 1.91286 a Thorium Th 90 232 232.038050 216096.0679 1766.6924 7.6151 1.4 × 1016 a (continued) Appendix A: Main Attributes of
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    Nuclear Science—A Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart ©2018 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Appendix E Nobel Prizes in Nuclear Science Many Nobel Prizes have been awarded for nuclear research and instrumentation. The field has spun off: particle physics, nuclear astrophysics, nuclear power reactors, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons. Understanding how the nucleus works and applying that knowledge to technology has been one of the most significant accomplishments of twentieth century scientific research. Each prize was awarded for physics unless otherwise noted. Name(s) Discovery Year Henri Becquerel, Pierre Discovered spontaneous radioactivity 1903 Curie, and Marie Curie Ernest Rutherford Work on the disintegration of the elements and 1908 chemistry of radioactive elements (chem) Marie Curie Discovery of radium and polonium 1911 (chem) Frederick Soddy Work on chemistry of radioactive substances 1921 including the origin and nature of radioactive (chem) isotopes Francis Aston Discovery of isotopes in many non-radioactive 1922 elements, also enunciated the whole-number rule of (chem) atomic masses Charles Wilson Development of the cloud chamber for detecting 1927 charged particles Harold Urey Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1934 (chem) Frederic Joliot and Synthesis of several new radioactive elements 1935 Irene Joliot-Curie (chem) James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron 1935 Carl David Anderson Discovery of the positron 1936 Enrico Fermi New radioactive elements produced by neutron 1938 irradiation Ernest Lawrence
  • Supplementvolum-E18 Nu-Mber-41989 .__L,___Society

    Supplementvolum-E18 Nu-Mber-41989 .__L,___Society

    ISSN 0739-4934 NEWSLETTER I IISTORY OF SCIENCE SUPPLEMENTVOLUM-E18 NU-MBER-41989 .__L,___SOCIETY - WELCOME TO GAINESVILLE HSS EXECUTIVE BY FREDERICK GREGORY COMMITTEE "A SOPI-llSTICATED SLICE of small-town south": so wrote Jonathan Lerner PRESIDENT about Gainesville for Washington Post readers this past spring. Like the majority MARY JO NYE, University of Oklahoma of visitors to Gainesville, Lerner was impressed with the topography of the city, VICE-PRESIDENT which forms a hammock-a dry area, relatively higher than its surroundings, STEPHEN G. BRUSH, University of Maryland that can support hardwood trees. Residents of Gainesville are enormously proud of the extensive canopy that covers 46 percent of their town, the highest per­ EXECUTIVE SECRETARY MICHAEL M. SOKAL, Worcester centage of any Florida city. In addition to the majestic live oaks, the southern Polytechnic Institute pine, and a variety of palm trees, dogwoods and magnolias are also plentiful. TREASURER Unfortunately the HSS Annual Meeting is held at a time of year that misses the MARY LOUISE GLEASON, New York City blossoms of our giant azaleas, some older ones of which are as high as roof tops. EDITOR f obvious interest to historians of science is nearby Paynes Prairie, an 18,000- RONALD L. NUMBERS, University of acre wildlife preserve whose zoological and botanical life was described in vivid Wisconsin-Madison detail by William Bartram after his travels through the region in 1774. Meeting sessions will be held on the campus of the University of Florida, which, at least in this part of the country, is never to be mixed up with Florida State University in Tallahassee.