Betongteknikens Utveckling Och Betydelse För Svensk Vattenkraftsutbyggnad

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Betongteknikens Utveckling Och Betydelse För Svensk Vattenkraftsutbyggnad BETONGTEKNIKENS UTVECKLING OCH BETYDELSE FÖR SVENSK VATTENKRAFTSUTBYGGNAD RAPPORT 2018:481 VATTENKRAFT BETONGTEKNISKT PROGRAM VATTENKRAFT Betongteknikens utveckling och betydelse för svensk vattenkraftsutbyggnad MARTIN ROSENQVIST ISBN 978-91-7673-481-0 | © Energiforsk oktober 2018 | Omslagsfoto: Martin Rosenqvist Energiforsk AB | Telefon: 08-677 25 30 | E-post: [email protected] | www.energiforsk.se BETONGTEKNIKENS UTVECKLING OCH BETYDELSE FÖR SVENSK VATTENKRAFTSUTBYGGNAD Förord En grundlig redogörelse för betongteknikens utveckling och betydelse för den svenska vattenkraftsutbyggnaden har länge saknats. I och med fullbordandet av föreliggande skrift tillgängliggörs i samlat format ett omfattande underlag gällande vattenbyggnadsbetongens utveckling i Sverige. Hur betongen sammansattes, hur konstruktionerna utformades, samt vilka metoder som tillämpades vid betongarbetenas utförande är några av de frågeställningar som avhandlas i denna redogörelse. Vad som också framgår av redogörelsen är att många tekniska framsteg initierades av betongens bristande beständighet i vattenkraftsmiljön. För att sprida kunskap och förhindra att äldre misstag upprepades infördes det för första gången år 1924 statliga cement- och betongbestämmelser. Dessa bestämmelser, tillsammans med praktiska erfarenheter från genomförda kraftverksbyggen, utgjorde sedan basen för de egenhändigt framtagna anvisningarna för betongbyggnad, vilka parallellt gavs ut av Vattenfall och Vattenbyggnadsbyrån under mitten av 1900-talet. Föreliggande redogörelse har utarbetats av Martin Rosenqvist, verksam vid ÅF och dessförinnan Vattenfall. Projektet har finansierats av Energiforsks betongtekniska program vattenkraft. Följande personer har varit projektet behjälpliga: • Erik Nordström för tillgängliggörandet av arkivmaterial vid både Vattenfall och Sweco (f.d. Vattenbyggnadsbyrån). • Martin Hansson för att engagerat ha stöttat arbetet och tillhandahållit information kring kraftverk och dammar längs Lagan och Nissan. • Mårten Janz för att ha upplyst om skrifter av betydelse för arbetet. • Ylva Helmfrid Schwartz för att ha tillhandahållit privat bildmaterial. • Carl-Oscar Nilsson för att ha tillhandahållit bildmaterial från Uniper. • Göran Fagerlund och Harald Eriksson för givande samtal kring praktiska erfarenheter från tiden för vattenkraftsutbyggnaden. • Manouchehr Hassanzadeh för uppmuntran och insiktsfulla råd. Det idoga arbetet att granska manuskriptet till föreliggande skrift och ge förslag på förbättringar har utförts av Marcus Hautakoski och Erik Nordström. Intressenterna i Energiforsk Betongtekniskt program vattenkraft är Fortum Sverige AB, Jämtkraft AB, Jönköping Energi AB, Karlstads Energi AB, Skellefteå Kraft AB, Sollefteåforsens AB, Statkraft Sverige AB, Sydkraft Hydropower AB, Umeå Energi AB, Vattenfall AB Vattenkraft och Vattenfall Indalsälven AB. Monika Adsten, Energiforsk 3 BETONGTEKNIKENS UTVECKLING OCH BETYDELSE FÖR SVENSK VATTENKRAFTSUTBYGGNAD Sammanfattning Betongbyggnadsteknikens utveckling under 1900-talets första decennier banade väg för den storskaliga vattenkraftsutbyggnaden i både Sverige och andra länder. Föreliggande redogörelse har sammanställts utifrån mer än 450 källor för att ingående kunna skildra betongteknikens utveckling och betydelse för svensk vattenkraftsutbyggnad. Fram till och med sekelskiftet 1900 var jord, trä och sten dominerande byggnads- material i mindre dammbyggnader. Dessa material ansågs dock inte lämpliga att använda till de allt större kraftverken som planerades under början av 1900-talet. En anledning var att påkänningarna i materialen skulle bli större än brukligt. En annan anledning var att byggnadsarbetena skulle bli så omfattande att de skulle kräva oförsvarligt stora resurser i form av tid och kapital. Tack vare goda erfarenheter från nyttjandet av armerad och oarmerad betong inom husbyggnadsområdet sågs betongen som ett lämpligt byggnadsmaterial också för kraftverksbyggen. En stor fördel med betong var att den kunde formas efter behov. Dessutom bedömdes betongen ha minst lika goda egenskaper som natursten med avseende på täthet och beständighet. Sålunda byggdes det ett stort antal kraftverk och dammar av betong redan under 1900-talets inledning. I början av 1920-talet uppdagades det att många av vattenkraftens konstruktioner hade drabbats av allvarliga skador och läckage. Berättigade frågor ställdes om hur betongen skulle sammansättas och proportioneras för att erhålla god beständighet i svensk vattenkraftsmiljö. Frågorna besvarades genom utredningar. Resultaten av dessa utredningar ledde till utveckling av bättre cementsorter, lämpligare metoder för betongens proportionering, samt bättre tekniker för betongarbetenas utförande. Föreliggande redogörelse skildrar den utveckling som inleddes under sent 1800-tal och som kantades av både svåra problem och snillrika lösningar på dessa problem. Det övergripande syftet med att sammanställa en redogörelse för betongteknikens utveckling under svensk vattenkraftsutbyggnad har varit att förbättra kunskapen och förståelsen för vattenkraftens betongkonstruktioner. Redogörelsen ska kunna användas som stöd vid underhåll och reparation när osäkerhet råder kring hur en specifik konstruktion kan vara utformad. Detta gäller framförallt äldre kraftverk där ritningsunderlag eller annan viktig dokumentation kan ha gått förlorad. Hur betongen sammansattes och proportionerades, hur betongkonstruktionerna utformades, samt vilka metoder som användes vid betongarbetenas utförande är några av de frågeställningar som behandlas i redogörelsen. För att underlätta för läsaren delas utvecklingen av betongbyggnadstekniken upp i olika epoker med hänsyn till betongens sammansättning och proportionering, samt metoder för betongmassans gjutning och efterbehandling. Dessutom återges praktiska erfarenheter av betongens beständighet med hänsyn till respektive epok. 4 BETONGTEKNIKENS UTVECKLING OCH BETYDELSE FÖR SVENSK VATTENKRAFTSUTBYGGNAD Summary The development of concrete technology during the first decades of the 20th century paved the way for the large-scale hydro power development in both Sweden and other countries. This report has been compiled from more than 450 different sources in order to describe the development and importance of concrete during the Swedish hydro power development. Soil, wood and rock dominated as building materials in the construction of small dams up until the turn of the century in 1900. However, these materials were not considered suitable for use in the larger hydro power plants planned in the early 20th century. One reason was that the stresses in the materials would be greater than usual. Another reason was that the construction work would be so extensive that it would require unreasonable large resources in terms of time and capital. Thanks to good experience from the use of reinforced and unreinforced concrete in the building sector, concrete was also regarded as a suitable building material for the construction of power plants. One great advantage of concrete was that it could be shaped as desired. In addition, concrete was considered to have at least as good properties as natural stone in terms of water tightness and durability. Thus, many hydro power plants and dams were built of concrete in the early 20th century. At the beginning of the 1920s, it was discovered that many hydro power structures suffered from serious damage and leakage. Legitimate questions were asked about how the concrete should be designed and proportioned to meet the requirement of being durable when exposed to the climatic conditions of Sweden. The questions were addressed by extensive investigations. The results of these investigations led to the development of new cement types, more appropriate methods for concrete mix proportioning, as well as better techniques for concreting works. This report describes the development that began in the late 19th century and that was strewn with great problems and solutions to the problems. The main purpose of compiling a report on the development of concrete technology during the hydro power development is to improve the knowledge and understanding of hydraulic concrete structures. The report can be used as support for maintenance and repair works when uncertainties prevail about the design of a specific structure. This can be the case when drawings and other important documentation have been lost. How the concrete mix was designed and proportioned, how the concrete structures were designed, and what techniques were used during the concreting works, are some of the issues discussed in the report. To aid the reader’s understanding, the development of concrete technology has been divided into epochs with regard to the concrete mix design as well as the methods used for concrete pouring and finishing, In addition, practical experiences of the concrete performance and durability, with regard to each epoch, have been included in the report. 5 BETONGTEKNIKENS UTVECKLING OCH BETYDELSE FÖR SVENSK VATTENKRAFTSUTBYGGNAD Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning 9 1.1 Varför vattenbyggnadsbetong? 9 1.2 Syfte och mål 10 1.3 Avgränsningar 10 1.4 Källmaterial 11 2 Historisk tillbakablick 12 2.1 Elektrifieringen av Sverige 12 2.2 Utvecklingen av cement och betong 13 2.3 Utvecklingen av vattenbyggnadsbetong 15 3 Betongepoker 23 3.1 Betong i Sverige 23 3.2 Manuell bearbetning – stampning 26 3.2.1 Mager stampbetong (1890–1930) 26 3.2.2 Fet stampbetong (1890–1955) 27 3.2.3 Våt- och blötbetong (1900–1930) 29 3.3 Maskinell bearbetning – vibrering 31 3.3.1 Standardcementbetong
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