Croatian Fonts for Users of LATEX
Darko ubrini¢ Published as Croatian Fonts in TUGboat, Vol 17, No 1, March 1996, here corrected and extended (2010) The original 1996 article is available at www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb17-1/tb50zubr.pdf
The aim of this note is to inform the users of interesting that, contrary to the Glagolitic Script, LATEX about the possibility of obtaining several new the numerical values corresponding to the letters of fonts: Croatian Glagolitic (round, angular, Ba²ka the old Cyrillic Script are rather inconsistent, since Tablet, quickscript, ligatures, the Baromi¢ broken the natural numbering of letters in tables is ruined. ligatures, caligraphic), Croatian Cyrillic, ste¢ak or- The reason is that the Cyrillic Script is essentially a naments and Croatian interlace patterns. Greek Script from the 9th century, and its natural Having in mind that the Croatian Glagolitic numbering was ruined by some letters introduced Script has a long history of at least 11 centuries from the Glagolitic Script for Slavic sounds that do (from 9th to 20th), it is not surprising that there no exist in the Greek language. exists a large variety of its handwritten and printed The font of the Ba²ka stone Tablet (carved in versions. The author has created several major • around A.D. 1100 on the island of Krk): types of this Script. • The so called round type, together with the cor- a,x A 1 responding numerical values, is the following: o,O O 80 b B 2 p P 90 v,V V 3 r R 100 A A 1 O O 80 g G 4 s S 200 B B 2 P P 90 d D 5 t,T T 300 V V 3 R R 100 e E 6 u U 400 G G 4 S S 200 7 { F 500 D D 5 T T 300 { Dz 8 h H 600 E E 6 U U 400 z Z 9 { 700 7 ω F F 500 y Ï 10 © ¢, 800 9 Dz 8 H H 600 i,I I 20 c C 900 Z Z 9 Q 700 ω { Ð, J 30 , 1000 Y Ï 10 ¢, 800 k K 40 2000 I I 20 C C 900 l L 50 3,4 semivowels J Ð, J 30 1000 m,M M 60 w Ja, Je K K 40 2000 n,N N 70 ¤ Ju L L 50 4,7 semivowels ¢ Jest-je M M 60 W Ja, Je N N 70 The Ba²ka Tablet is one of our most important 2 Ju cultural monuments (2 × 1 m2). The reason is that it was written in the Croatian language (with the In some documents there appear additional ver- elements of the Church Slavonic) as early as in >. It is sions of letters, like e.g. the spider-like h the 11th century. Its text comprises more than
1 400 letters and contains the earliest mention of Its golden period falls between the 12th and the a Croatian king written in the Croatian vernacu- 16th century: After that a decline of this Script en- lar: Zvnimir, kral hrvatskï (Hrvatska = Croa- sued, as a result of the penetration of the Ottoman tia), i.e. Zvonimir, the Croatian king, or in the Empire. Let us mention by the way that this pene- Glagolitic: tration lead to massive displacements of the Croats. z3v3nimir3 Its consequence is that even today one of the most widespread surnames in Hungary and Slovenia is kral3hr3vxt3sk3y Horvath, whose meaning is simply Croat.
There are also earlier monuments from the 9th cen- • The Croatian Glagolitic has hundreds of interest- tury that mention Croatian kings and dukes, but ing ligatures. Their quantity represents an infal- written in the Latin Script and in the Latin lan- lable indication of a very broad usage of our na- guage. tional Script. Let us present some of them: The reader will notice that several Latin and(or) Cyrillic letters appear on the table: O, I, M, N, T, V ( V). This is only one among nu- jur no ¦ ti = merous proofs of the parallel use of three Scripts " jutr ol 4 tl 8 am (Glagolitic, Latin, Cyrillic) and three languages (Croatian, Church Slavonic and Latin) in Croa- 9 ko oli to bl tia. The three-scriptural and three-language char- acter of the Croatian Middle Ages is a unique phe- li olju tr ¨ bo nomenon in the history of European culture. © br lo : ot ¤ tv • Since the 12th century the Glagolitic Script sur- vived only on the Croatian soil. Until that time 3 lt . pl tvo C go it existed also in some other regions, like in Bul- 1 lv po % tvr D gr garia, Macedonia, Roumania and Ukraine, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic Script. In Croatia H lï / pod # vd F ho there developped the so called angular form of the Glagolitic. lju ! pot 2 vl E hr ljud poto vo il A A 1 O O 80 ¢ ml potr $ vod £ ili B B 2 P P 90 0 ml£ povr vr § it V V 3 R R 100 G G 4 S S 200 mo ¥ pr 5 vt > iºe D D 5 T T 300 ; ms - prv ( zl A jaºe E E 6 U U 400 7 6 mº pt ) zo = jeje F F 500 9 Dz 8 H H 600 G mïl 7 so * zr ? jeºe Z Z 9 Q 700 ω Y Ï 10 ¢, 800 It is striking that a printed Glagolitic book, the I I 20 Brozi¢ breviary from 1561 (1081 pages), has as C C 900 ,J Ð, J 30 many as 250 ligatures. ,¡ 1000 A unique creation in the history of European K K 40 • 2000 printing are the so called Baromi¢ broken ligatures. L L 50 6 semivowel The idea was to add one half of a letter (say A of <,M M 60 £ Ja, Je A) to another (say B), to obtain a broken ligature N N 70 BA ba). Other combinations are also possible ¥ Ju (
2 D, D), (, ), L (L, L), V (V, V), T with D ( an Austrian count Cloz (19th century), one of the T, T). As an exercise, try to read the following ( proprietors of its sad remainings. well known name, the creator of TEX: The question of the origins of the Glagolitic Script is still a di cult open problem. There are DONALDKNUTH DONALD KNUTH −→ . basically two opposing groups of opinions: a) that it was created by St. Cyrill in the 9th century, and Broken ligatures were used in the Baromi¢ Missal, b) that it grew out over a longer period before the the incunabulum printed in the Croatian city of 9th century. Indeed, some of its letters are quite Senj in 1494 (in 1994 we celebrated its 500th an- close or equal to those appearing in Oriental Scripts niversary). Only three samples are preserved: one (South Semitic, Samaritan, Ethiopian, Armenian, in the Saltykov £edrin Library in St.Petersburg Cypriot, Cretan linear A and B, and even Protoin- (Russia), one and the only complete copy in the dian): a,b,i,y,k,s,m,w,6, Szeczenyi Library in Budapest (Hungary), and one >, x, etc. This is also the case with some of in Croatia on the island of Cres. When looking at the Croatian Cyrillic letters: ,2,5,V, the Baromi¢ broken ligatures, one has the impres- ¢. On the other hand, we do not know of any sion as if this incunabula was handwritten. of the Oriental Scripts from which the Glagolitic At this point I would be free to warn the inter- could be derived as a whole, or at least in a greater ested reader, who will probably start to dig in some part. encyclopedias to obtain more information, against Hundreds of Croatian Glagolitic monuments, some typical mistakes. The renowned Encyclope- both handwritten and printed, the oldest from dia Britannica claims that the Croatian Glagolitic the 12th century, are held in national museums has no ligatures at all, that its golden period falls in at least 26 countries: Austria: Vienna, Inns- in the 16th and 17th century and that even today bruck, Schwarzau, Linz, Güssing, Graz Bosnia the Glagolitic liturgy is in use among the Croats Herzegovina: Sarajevo, Fojnica, Posu²je, Hu- in some parts of Montenegro. The same mistakes mac, Banja Luka, Livno, neighbourhood of Jajce, appear in the monographies of the well known pa- Bulgaria: So a, Czechia: Praha, Sazava Den- leograph David Diringer. The French Encyclope- mark: Kopenhagen, Germany: Berlin, Weimar, dia states that the Glagolitic Script was simpli- Wertheim,Stuttgart, Magdeburg, München, Frank- ed during the centuries and became the Cyrillic. furt am Main, Trier, Tübingen, Bamberg, France: It would be more precise to say that the Cyril- Paris, Tours, Reims, Great Britain: London, lic Script is essentially a Greek Script, into which Cambridge, Oxford, Hungary: Budapest, Italy: several Glagolitic letters (or letters analogous to Rome, Trento, Padova, Firenza, Sienna, Tri- Glagolitic) were introduced for sounds that do not este, Aquileia, Cividale, Goriza, The Nether- ), dj, lj, exist in the Greek language, like £, º, ² ( lands: Delft, Norway: Oslo, Poland: Krakow, nj, ja, ju, je etc. The voluminous Spanish Encyclo- Holesnica, Wroclaw, Portugal: Porto, Rouma- pedia mentions the Vinodol Code (1288) written in nia: Sibiu, Russia: Moscow, St.Peterburg, Ser- the Glagolitic, but not the nation to which it be- bia: Belgrade, Slovakia: Martin, Slovenia: longs. In some encyclopedias it is wrongly stated Ljubljana, Mojstrana, Hrastovlje, Kopar, Novo that the Glagolita Clozianus from 11th century (or Mesto, Spain: Madrid, Salamanca, Palma de Mal- Klo£ev glagolja², as we call it) is of the Bulgarian lorca, Sweden: Stockholm, Uppsala, Switzer- origin. This beutiful book from the 11th century land: Basel , Turkie: Constantinople, Ukraine: was written in the Croatian recension of the Church Kiïv, Odessa, USA: New York, Washington, Slavonic language, using round type Glagolitic, and Princeton, and the Vatican. I would like to take had 512 pages. It was in the posession of Croatian the opportunity to send an appeal to those readers nobility of the Frankapan family until the 15th cen- who maybe know of any of the Croatian Glagolitic tury. After the death of the prince Ivan Frankapan documents held in private possession to inform me. in 1468, who kept it as the most precious value, the The reader living in New York can see the beuat- book arrived in Venice. Only 14 pages remained to iful Croatian Missal from around 1410 in the Pier- these days: 12 are held in Trento (Italy) and 2 in pont Morgan Library, called The New York Missal Innsbruck (Austria). The book was named after (reprinted by the Martin Sagner Verlag, Munich,
3 1976). In the Congress Library in Washington you the 53 pp of its text), using the Glagolitic Script. can see a sample of the rst Croatian incunabula It de ned the borders between dierent rulers in printed in 1483 (about 70 years before the rst Rus- Istria. Equally important are the city statutes of sian printed book). Six copies are in Croatia, two in many Croatian cities written in the Glagolitic, the the Vatican Library, one in the National Library in earliest dating from the 14th century. Here is a Vienna (Austria) and one in the Saltykov £edrin variant of the Croatian Glagolitic Quickscript (we Library in St.Petersburg (Russia). It was the rst provide also the angular type for comparison): missal in the history of European printing that was not printed in the Latin characters, as well as the rst one not printed in the Latin language. AA A 1 OO O 80 Probably the most valuable Croatian Glagolitic book is the Missal of Hrvoje (1404), held in the BB B 2 PP P 90 Library of Turkish sultans (Topkapi Saray) in Con- stantinople. Unfortunately, many of the Glagolitic VV V 3 RR R 100 documents dating after the 12th century (and hence GG G 4 SS S 200 without any doubt of the Croatian origin), held in national libraries in France (Paris, Tours, Reims), DD D 5 TT T 300 Great Britain (London, Oxford, Cambridge) and elsewhere, have a fairly imprecise signature: Code E E E 6 UU U 400 Slave. It is interesting that George de Sclavonie 7 FF F 500 (or de Corvatia, 14th century), a professor at Sor- bonne in Paris, left us several valuable Glagolitic 99 Dz 8 HH H 600 manuscripts written by his hand, held today in the Municipal Library in Reims. ZZ Z 9 QQ 700 ω • In the 16th and 17th century there began to ap- YY Ï 10 ¢, 800 pear some caligraphic Glagolitic letters in Croatian II I 20 CC C 900 printed books: JJ J 30 1000 A (A), V (V), D (D), Z (Z), I (I), K K K 40 2000 LL L 50 ^£ Ja, Je K (K), L (L), M (M), N (N), P (P), MM M 60 _¥ Ju R (R), S (S), H (H), (). N N N 70 • There are thousands of Croatian Glagolitic Quickscript documents, witnessing above all about the Croatian language and its very early use in of- Let us illustrate it with two examples: cial documents, and about highly organized civil DonaldKnuth, the creator of T X, and E life in the Middle Ages. Probably the most impor- Darkoubrini©, the author of this article. tant is the Vinodole Code from 1288. This is the earliest Slav Code after the Russian Pravda, which was written just a little bit earlier: in 1280. Very • Croatian Cyrillic (also called Bosan£ica) was important is the Istarski razvod (Istrian Demarca- quite widespread in Bosnia and in the Dalmatian tion), written over a longer period from 1275-1395 part of Croatia. Its developement can be traced in the region of Istria. It was written in three o - from the 12th to 19th century. According to the cial copies: in the Latin and German languages (in Austrian palegraph Thorvi Eckhardt, this Script Latin Script), and in the Croatian language (as was shows the greatest independence among all the expressly stated on more than twenty places within variants of the Cyrillic Scripts. Here it is:
4 Of course, it is composed of 1 e 2. I used the above interlace pattern as a headline for my popu- O O A A lar book on the history of the Glagolitic [2], which P P B B had a great success in Croatia. Somewhat more R R V V complex patterns are: S S G G T T D,>,5 D U U E E a F F , , H H 9 Dz Q OT Z Z ¢, I I C C #,2 Ð srrt K K Additional information about the Croatian L L ¢ semivowel Glagolitic can be seen at the URL: #L LJ J,& ja M M http://www.croatianhistory.net ¡ ju N N All the fonts appearing in this article will be avail- #N NJ able freely via the WWW at the URL
www.ctan.org/tex-archive/language/croatian/fonts/ Probably the most beutiful Croatian Cyrillic book is the Missal of Hval written in 1404, now held in In the case you use them, I would deeply appreciate the University Library in Bologna (Italy). to inform me. References • There exist more that 66, 000 mysterious tomb- stone monuments, mostly in Bosnia-Herzegovina [1] Darko ubrini¢: The exotic Croatian Glagolitic and Croatia, called ste¢ak, (13-14th century), some Alphabet, TUGboat, December 1992 of them having short engravings in the Croatian Cyrillic Script (e.g. Please do not disturb me, I [2] Darko ubrini¢: Hrvatska glagoljica (history of was like you and you will be like me), with inter- the Croatian Glagolitic Script, 400 p.), HKD esting and simple border decorations, like: Sv. Jeronima i Element, Zagreb, 1996 (in Croa- tian) NNNNNNNNNNN GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG [3] Darko ubrini¢: A Small Encyclopaedia of Croatian Glagolitic Script, HHHHHHHHHHH www.croatianhistory.net/etf/lex.html IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII [4] This article (LaT X and PDF) is available at These monuments belong to Krstyans, memebers E www.croatianhistory.net/etf/gl-font.html of the Bosnian Church, a Christian religious sect about which we still know very little. • Let me nish this article with some of the most Darko ubrini¢ typical Croatian interlace patterns appearing in University of Zagreb our preromanesque churches, built between the 9th Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Department of Applied Mathematics and 12th century. From about 300 preromanesque Croatian churches only are well preserved. The Unska 3 15 10000 Zagreb most widespread interlace pattern is Croatia 1eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee2 e-mail: [email protected]
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