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The Dark Side of Emotion in Decision-Making: When Individuals with Decreased Emotional Reactions Make More Advantageous Decisions

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The Dark Side of Emotion in Decision-Making: When Individuals with Decreased Emotional Reactions Make More Advantageous Decisions Cognitive Brain Research 23 (2005) 85–92 www.elsevier.com/locate/cogbrainres Research report The dark side of emotion in decision-making: When individuals with decreased emotional reactions make more advantageous decisions Baba Shiva,T, George Loewensteinb, Antoine Becharac aTippie College of Business, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA bDepartment of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15123, USA cDepartment of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Accepted 5 January 2005 Available online 16 February 2005 Abstract Can dysfunction in neural systems subserving emotion lead, under certain circumstances, to more advantageous decisions? To answer this question, we investigated how individuals with substance dependence (ISD), patients with stable focal lesions in brain regions related to emotion (lesion patients), and normal participants (normal controls) made 20 rounds of investment decisions. Like lesion patients, ISD made more advantageous decisions and ultimately earned more money from their investments than the normal controls. When normal controls either won or lost money on an investment round, they adopted a conservative strategy and became more reluctant to invest on the subsequent round, suggesting that they were more affected than lesion patients and ISD by the outcomes of decisions made in the previous rounds. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Theme: Substance dependence and risk-taking behavoir Topic: Emotion Keywords: Decision-making; Individuals with substance dependence; Investment task 1. Introduction consequences seen in VMPFC patients and ISD, the first attempt to establish a link between the two using strategies Although orbitofrontal cortex abnormalities have been applied to the study decision-making in neurological patients observed in individuals with substance dependence (ISD) for was conducted by Grant and colleagues, who investigated the several years [10,30,42,44,45], very little attention was paid mechanisms of decision-making in cocaine addicts using the to the role of the prefrontal cortex in addiction. However, Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) [2,22–24]. Since then, several patients with damage to the ventromedial region of the groups have used similar strategies and found a relationship prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and individuals with substance between substance abuse and poor decision-making dependence show similar behaviors: (1) they often deny, or [31,35,37]. We have also used strategies applied to the study they are not aware, that they have a problem; and (2) when of decision-making and its influence by emotions in neuro- faced with a choice to pursue a course of action that brings an logical patients, and we investigated these mechanisms in immediate reward, at the risk of incurring future negative ISD. Studies have shown that the abnormal mechanisms of consequences, including the loss of reputation, job, home, processing drug reward in ISD generalize to other rewards, and family, they choose the immediate reward and ignore the including monetary reward [8,9]. This explains the abnor- future consequences. Because of this bmyopiaQ for future malities found in ISD when processing reward and punish- ment information that are not related to drugs, but rather T Corresponding author. Fax: +1 319 3353690. information related to reward and punishment in general, E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Shiv). such as the monetary reward used in the IGT paradigm. 0926-6410/$ - see front matter D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.006 86 B. Shiv et al. / Cognitive Brain Research 23 (2005) 85–92 All results from these previous studies are in line with an [7]. For example, most people will not voluntarily accept a increasing body of research in neuroscience and psychology 50–50 chance to gain $200 or lose $150, despite the that has highlighted the positive roles played by emotions in gamble’s high expected return. Myopic loss aversion has decision-making [3,11,15,16,27,28,34,36]. Despite growing been advanced as an explanation for the large number of evidence that ISD and patients who are dysfunctional in individuals who prefer to invest in bonds, even though their capacity to process emotional information normally, stocks have historically provided a much higher rate of which is critical for helping individuals make decisions that return, a pattern that economists refer to as the bequity are advantageous in the long term, there are reasons to premium puzzleQ [33,40]. believe that, under certain circumstances, such individuals In line with research showing (1) that neurological might actually make better decisions than normal indivi- patients with focal brain damage in areas (e.g., VMPFC duals [11]. An example described by Damasio [11] concerns and insular/somatosensory cortex) that hinder their capacity a patient with damage to the orbitofrontal region of the to process emotional information normally take risks in prefrontal cortex who was driving under hazardous road pursuing actions even when they result in catastrophic conditions. While other drivers were hitting their brakes in losses [4], and (2) based on anecdotal evidence mentioned panic on an icy patch, causing their vehicles to skid out of earlier, which suggest that such patients may, under certain control, the patient crossed the icy patch unperturbed, gently circumstances, behave more efficiently than normal subjects pulling away from a tailspin, and driving ahead safely. The [11], Shiv et al. [39] found that these same patients make patient remembered the fact that not hitting the brakes was more advantageous decisions than normal subjects when the appropriate behavior, and his lack of fear allowed him to faced with the types of positive expected value gambles perform optimally. A broad thrust of this research is to delve highlighted above. Specifically, Shiv et al. [39] used a into this latter possibility, that ISD, who have abnormal decision-making instrument known as the dinvestment task,T emotional reactions that perhaps translate into bfearQ which simulates real-life investment decisions in terms of (conscious or unconscious) of the negative consequences uncertainties, rewards, and punishments. The task, closely of their drug use in real-life, might, in certain situations, modeled after a paradigm developed in previous research to demonstrate advantage in making rational decisions. Indeed, demonstrate myopic loss aversion [21], was designed in most of us learn from early on in life, that logical, rational such a way that the rational choice of participants would be calculation forms the basis of sound decisions. Many people to invest in every single round because the expected value say that emotion can only cloud the mind and interfere with on each round was higher if one invested than if one did not. good rational decisions. Thus, can we reconcile these The results revealed that lesion patients with abnormal opposing views regarding the role of emotions in decisions? emotional circuitry experienced less myopic loss aversion, Can we demonstrate instances in which individuals who lost and made more advantageous decisions. In other words, their capacity to process emotional information normally they earned more money by investing in more rounds than make more advantageous decisions than normal indivi- individuals with an intact emotional circuitry. These results duals? The primary goal of this study was to reveal this suggest that dysfunction in neural systems subserving negative side of emotions in decision-making in (1) a group emotion leads to reduced levels of risk aversion, and, thus, of individuals with substance dependence (ISD), (2) a group leads to more advantageous decisions in cases where risk- of patients with focal brain lesions known to be critical for taking is rewarded. processing emotional information, and (3) a comparison In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ISD, who have group of normal healthy individuals. In relation to the group alsobeenshowninpreviousresearchtosufferfrom of patients with brain lesions, we included patients with abnormalities in neural systems critical for processing either bilateral damage to the ventromedial region of the emotional information, would make more advantageous prefrontal cortex (which includes the orbitofrontal region), decisions in the investment task, similar to the lesion or right side damage to the insular/somatosensory cortex. patients. Such a finding would provide additional support The rationale for including both types of lesions was that for the idea that emotions play an important role in decisions (1) damage to either area leads to severe deficits in emotions to take or avoid risks. and decision-making [4,11], and (2) most importantly, We note that our use of the term bemotionQ is in a broad previous evidence has suggested that ISD may have sense. It includes baffectQ, and is central to bsomatic abnormalities in any one, or both, of these two regions, markersQ, a concept that was developed to address the i.e., the ventromedial prefrontal and insular/somatosensory problems of decision-making encountered in patients with cortex [5]. certain kinds of prefrontal damage and with compromised Recent evidence suggests that even relatively mild emotions. As explained by Damasio in 1994 [11] bsomatic negative emotions can play a counterproductive role among markers are a special instance of feelings generated from normal individuals in some situations [7]. Most people
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