DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dissolving Mechanisms of Cadmium and Lead in Nitric Acid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dissolving Mechanisms of Cadmium and Lead in Nitric Acid Ind. Health, 1967, 5, 60. THE DISSOLVING MECHANISMS OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN NITRIC ACID Noboru HARA National Institute of Industrial Health, Kizuki-Sumiyoshi, Kawasaki (Received October 3, 1966) Strong acids are very effective to destroy the organic substances and they dissolve the metallic materials at the same time. The mixed acid of concentrated sulphuric acid and nitric acid or aqua regia is suitable for this purpose, and is used widely. But they are not always effective to dissolve the metallic elements. In this experi- ment, the solubilities of cadmium and lead or their oxides in the nitric acid are determined and the dissolving mechanisms of these two metals are found not to be the same. The solubilities of lead and its oxides have their maximum at some concentration of the acid, but those of cadmium and its oxide have not. In dissolu- tion of metallic substances, therefore, concentration of acid as well as its kind should be considered. The mechanism that metallic substances dissolve in the concentrated nitric acid (more than 1 N) is not similar to that in the diluted acid (pH 1•`7). The author determined the solubilities of cadmium, lead and their oxides in the concentrated nitric acid. PROCEDURE 1. Cadmium and its oxide. Fifty ml of various concentrations of nitric acid are put in 200 ml of Erlenmeyer flasks. The sufficient of metallic cadmium and its oxide are weighed accurately, and are added into these flasks little by little. The dissolving reaction occurs at once. The flasks are cooled by cold water until the violent reactions are over. And then the flasks are shaken for one hour at room temperature and left for a night as they are. They are shaken for one hour again on the next day. The contents of the flasks are filtered in vacuum through the glass filters. Cadmium in the filtrates is determined by dithizone method.1,2) The residues are washed on the glass filters with a large quantity of water to remove the adhered water-soluble materials thoroughly. Then they are dried and are weighed accurately. Cadmium. Cadmium dissolves in the diluted acid slowly generating hydro- gen. Generation of heat is a little in this reaction. But cadmium dissloves in the concentrated acid violently, generating the brown gas of nitrogen 60 DISSOLVING MECHANISM OF CADMIUM AND LEAD dioxide. The more concentrated the acid is, the more violent the reaction becomes. And the production of heat is abundant. Cadmium oxide. Cadmium oxide dissolves in the nitric acid slowly and generates heat a little. 2. Lead and its oxides. Fifty ml of various concentrations of nitric acid are put in 100 ml of Erlenmeyer flasks, and lead and its oxides are added into these flasks. In this time, the dissolving reactions are slow and generation of heat is very little. Then the flasks are shaken for one hour and filtered. The lead contained in the filtrates are determined by dithizone method3) or polarography.4) RESULTS There is a considerable difference between the dissolving mechanism of cadmium and that of lead. 1. Cadmium and its oxide. The solubility of cadmium in the diluted nitric acid is proportional to the concentration of the acid. But, with the rise of acid concentration, increase of the solubility drops gradually. Meanwhile, the solubility of cadmium oxide is proportiona to the concentration of the acid. Fig. 1. Solubility of metallic cadmium. Fig. 2. Solubility of cadmium oxide. Solid line indicates the observed Dashed line shows the theorical value. Dashed lines show the amount of dissolved cadmium theoretical values assuming the oxide. reaction proceeds as follows: 61 N. HARA 2. Lead and its oxides. Both solubilities of lead and litharge in the nitric acid are considerable large and reach the maximum at 2.5 N of the acid. And they decrease rapidly when the acid concentration exceeds this value. Comparing these materials, the solubility of lead dioxide in the acid is extremely small as shown in Table 1. The solubility of minium lies between these two groups. Fig. 3. Solibilities of lead and its oxides. Table 1. Solubilities of litharge and lead dioxide in the nitric acid. DISCUSSION 1. Cadmium. The dissolving mechanism of cadmium differs from that of cadmium oxide. Metallic cadmium. The dissolving process of cadmium in the nitric acid 62 DISSOLVING MECHANISM OF CADMIUM AND LEAD may proceed in the following three forms. Cd + 2HNO3 •¨Cd(NO3)2 + H2 (1) 3Cd + 8HNO3 •¨3Cd(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO (2) •¨ 2NO2 Cd + 4HNO3 •¨Cd(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 (3) From the results of experiments, it seems that the reaction (1) progresses in the diluted acid. When the concentration of the acide is about 2.5 N, the reaction (2) may progress. The reaction (3) perhaps takes place when the acid concentration reaches about 10 N, and generation of nitrogen dioxide is violent. Calculating from these three equations, it is known that the number of cadmium which reacts with one molecule of nitric acid is 0.5, 0.375 and 0.25 respectively. In other words, the number of nitric acid which reacts with the unit number of cadmium increases as the concentration of acid increases. Reaction (1) and (3) are shown as following models. (1) (3) In the reaction (1), no oxidizing action of the nitric acid takes place yet. But in the reaction (3), the generated hydrogen is oxidized to H2O by the action of the nitric acid, and the acid is reduced to nitrogen dioxide. The reaction (2), perhaps, progresses in following orders. 3Cd + 8HNO3 •¨3Cd + 2HNO3 + 6HNO3 •¨ 3Cd + (3O + H2O + 2NO) + 6HNO3 •¨ 3CdO + 6HNO3 + H2O + 2NO •¨ 3Cd(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO The principal point of this reaction is 2HNO3•¨30+H2O+2NO. Only two per eight molecules of the nitric acid react as oxidizing agent. Therefore this reaction is situated in the middle position of (1) and (3). It is thought that the oxidizing ability of nitric acid becomes more, as the acid becomes concentrated. Cadmium oxide. Cadmium oxide dissolves in the nitric acid as is shown in following single reaction. CdO + 2HNO3 •¨Cd(NO3)2 + H2O So, the solubility of cadmium oxide in the acid is proportional to the concen- tration of the acid very well. The solubilities of cadmium and its oxide which are determinated by dithizone method differ from those calculated by gravimetric method when 6 5 N. HARA the concentration of the nitric acid is very large. This is due to the squeezing out of the solid cadmium nitrate from the solution. By dithizone method, this cadmium nitrate is not determined as they do not enter into the filtrates. But the weight of cadmium nitrate are taken into account as dissolved part in gravimetric method, as they are removed by washing procedure. This discrepancy of solubility does not occur in the diluted acid, as the produced cadmium nitrate dissolves in the co-existent water thoroughly. If the sufficient amount of metallic cadmium is added into the fuming nitric acid, the reacting solution is solidified by the generated cadmium nitrate and the dissolving reaction ceases. But cadmium oxide dissolves almost completely in fuming nitric acid. These phenomene are due to generated water in the reaction. 2. Lead and its oxides. The curves of solubilities of lead and its oxides for the concentrations of the nitric acid are rather complicate. These phenomena can be explained by the way of oxidizing action of the acid. Lead and litharge dissolve in the nitric acid as follows. Pb + 2HNO3 •¨ Pb(NO3)2 + H2 PbO + 2HNO3 •¨Pb(NO3)2 + H2O Lead nitrate dissolves in water very well. So, from the equations mentioned above, it seems that lead and its oxides apt to dissolve as the concentration of the acid becomes larger. But the more the concentrated acid is, the stronger its oxidizing power becomes. Pb+2 begins to change to Pb+4 (lead dioxide). This material is very hard to dissolve. In short, lead has two oxidizing reactions. Pb0 •¨Pb+2 Pb+2 •¨ Pb+4 The latter reaction needs more strong oxidizing power than the former. When the concentration of the acid is over 2.5 N, Pb(NO3)2 is changed to PbO2 by the oxidizing power of the acid. So the solubilities decrease quickly. Minium is assumed to be composed of PbO2 and 2PbO. So it is natural that its solubility takes the middle value between that of litharge and lead dioxide. REFERENCES 1) Saltzman, B. E. (1953). Anal. Chem., 25, 493. 2) Sandell, E. B. (1959). Colorimetric determination of trace of metals. 3rd ed. p. 350. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 3) Sandell, E. B. (1959). Colorimetric determination of trace of metals. 3rd ed. p. 555. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York. 4) Lingane, J. J. (1941). Chem. Rev., 29, 1. 64.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of Composite Transparent Conducting Oxides Based on the Binary Compounds Cdo and Sno2
    October 2001 • NREL/CP-520-31017 A Comparison of Composite Transparent Conducting Oxides Based on the Binary Compounds CdO and SnO2 Preprint X. Li, T. Gessert, C. DeHart, T. Barnes, H. Moutinho, Y. Yan, D. Young, M. Young, J. Perkins, and T. Coutts To be presented at the NCPV Program Review Meeting Lakewood, Colorado 14-17 October 2001 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE The submitted manuscript has been offered by an employee of the Midwest Research Institute (MRI), a contractor of the US Government under Contract No. DE-AC36-99GO10337. Accordingly, the US Government and MRI retain a nonexclusive royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for US Government purposes. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.
    [Show full text]
  • The Preparation of Polysiloxanes from Halosilanes
    European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 205 066 Office europeen des brevets A2 © EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 86107474.8 © Int. CI.4: C 08 G 77/08 © Date of filing: 02.06.86 © Priority: 14.06.85 US 744708 © Applicant: DOW CORNING CORPORATION P.O. Box 1767 Midland Michigan 48640(US) © Date of publication of application: 17.12.86 Bulletin 86/51 @ Inventor: Marko, Ollie William Route 2 Box 60 © Designated Contracting States: Carrollton Kentucky(US) DE FR GB @ Inventor: Steinmeyer, Robert David 214 Deatherage Drive Carrollton Kentucky(US) © Inventor: Rentsch, Stefan Felix 5800 Siebert Midland Michigan(US) © Representative: Sternagel, Hans-Gunther, Dr. et al, Patentanwalte Dr. Michael Hann Dr. H.-G. Sternagel Sander Aue30 D-5060 Bergisch Gladbach 2(DE) © The preparation of polysiloxanes from halosilanes. ©@ This This invention relates to a process for the preparation of polysiloxanes by reacting halosilanes in the presence of metal oxides and sulfolane. Preferred metal oxides include anti- mony (III) oxide, antimony (V) oxide, cadmium oxide, calcium oxide, copper (II) oxide, indium oxide, iron (II) oxide, iron (III) oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese (II) oxide, mercury (II) oxide, nickel (II) oxide, thallium (III) oxide, tin (II) oxide, and zinc oxide. Improved yields and rates of reaction can be observed with the process of this invention. Croydon Printing Company Ltd. This invention relates to a process for the preparation of polysiloxanes from halosilanes. 14ore specifically, this invention relates to a process for the preparation of polysiloxanes by reacting halosilanes in the presence of metal oxides and sulfolane. Polysiloxanes are most commonly prepared by the hydrolysis of halosilanes.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium Oxide Ec Number: 215-146-2 Cas Number: 1306-19-0
    SUBSTANCE NAME: CADMIUM OXIDE EC NUMBER: 215-146-2 CAS NUMBER: 1306-19-0 MEMBER STATE COMMITTEE SUPPORT DOCUMENT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF CADMIUM OXIDE AS A SUBSTANCE OF VERY HIGH CONCERN BECAUSE OF ITS CMR 1 PROPERTIES AND BECAUSE OF ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON KIDNEY AND BONE TISSUES AFTER PROLONGED EXPOSURE, WHICH CAUSE PROBABLE SERIOUS EFFECTS TO HUMAN HEALTH WHICH GIVE RISE TO AN EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF CONCERN TO THOSE OF CMR AND PBT/vPvB2 SUBSTANCES Adopted on 12 June 2013 1 CMR means carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction 2 PBT means persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic; vPvB means very persistent and very bioaccumulative SVHC SUPPORT DOCUMENT – CADMIUM OXIDE CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES................. 9 1.1 Name and other identifiers of the substance ....................................................... 9 1.2 Composition of the substance............................................................................ 9 1.3 Physico-chemical properties .............................................................................. 10 2 HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING....................................................... 11 3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE PROPERTIES........................................................................ 12 4 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT ................................................................... 14 4.1 Toxicokinetics (absorption, metabolism, distribution and elimination)..................... 14 4.2 Kidney toxicity ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Decision of 10 June 2009 Amending, for the Purposes Of
    11.6.2009 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 148/27 COMMISSION DECISION of 10 June 2009 amending, for the purposes of adapting to technical progress, the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards exemptions for applications of lead, cadmium and mercury (notified under document number C(2009) 4187) (Text with EEA relevance) (2009/443/EC) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, cadmium-based optocouplers in all professional audio applications should become practicable by 31 December 2009. Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, (7) Substitution for mercury used as a cathode sputtering inhibitor in DC plasma displays with content of up to Having regard to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European 30 mg per display is currently technically impracticable, Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the but should be practicable by 1 July 2010. restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in elec­ trical and electronic equipment ( 1), and in particular Article 5(1)(b) thereof, (8) Directive 2002/95/EC should therefore be amended accordingly. Whereas: (9) Pursuant to Article 5(2) of Directive 2002/95/EC, the Commission has consulted the relevant parties. (1) Directive 2002/95/EC requires the Commission to evaluate certain hazardous substances prohibited pursuant to Article 4(1) of that Directive. (10) The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee estab­ lished by Article 18 of Directive 2006/12/EC of the (2) Certain materials and components containing lead and European Parliament and of the Council ( 2), cadmium should be exempted from the prohibition, since the elimination of these hazardous substances in those specific materials and components is still tech­ HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: nically or scientifically impracticable.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds
    Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Locating and Estimating Air Emissions From Sources of Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds Prepared for: Anne Pope Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Technical Support Division U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711 Prepared by: Midwest Research Institute 401 Harrison Oaks Boulevard, Suite 350 Cary, North Carolina 27513 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT ..................1-1 REFERENCES ....................1-4 2 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS .............2-1 3 BACKGROUND.......................3-1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT ................3-1 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, USE, AND EMISSIONS ....3-4 Production..................3-4 Use.....................3-6 Emissions ..................3-6 REFERENCES ................... 3-13 4 EMISSIONS FROM CADMIUM PRODUCTION ...........4-1 CADMIUM REFINING AND CADMIUM OXIDE PRODUCTION ...4-1 Process Description .............4-3 Emissions and Controls ............4-6 CADMIUM PIGMENTS PRODUCTION ........... 4-11 Process Description ............ 4-14 Emissions and Controls ........... 4-19 CADMIUM STABILIZERS PRODUCTION ......... 4-20 Process Description ............ 4-22 Emission and Controls ........... 4-24 OTHER CADMIUM COMPOUND PRODUCTION ........ 4-25 Process Descriptions ............ 4-25 Emissions and Controls ........... 4-29 REFERENCES ................... 4-32 5
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6.3 Cadmium
    Chapter 6.3 Cadmium General description Cadmium (Cd) is a soft, ductile, silver-white metal that belongs together with zinc and mercury to group IIb in the Periodic Table. It has relatively low melting (320.9 °C) and boiling (765 °C) points and a relatively high vapour pressure. In the air cadmium is rapidly oxidized into cadmium oxide. However, when reactive gases or vapour such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide or hydrogen chloride are present, cadmium vapour reacts to produce cadmium carbonate, hydroxide, sulfite, sulfate or chloride, respectively. These compounds may be formed in chimney stacks and emitted to the environment. Several inorganic cadmium compounds are quite soluble in water e.g. acetate, chloride and sulfate, whereas cadmium oxide, carbonate and sulfide are almost insoluble (1). Sources Cadmium is a relatively rare element (0.2 mg/kg in the earth crust) and is not found in the pure state in the nature. It occurs mainly in association with the sulfide ores of zinc, lead and copper. Cadmium has only been produced commercially in the twentieth century. It is a by- product of the zinc industry; its production is thus determined essentially by that of zinc. Before the First World War cadmium was not usually recovered from zinc plants or other nonferrous metals plants, which resulted in an uncontrolled contamination of the environment for decades. The average annual production of cadmium throughout the world increased from only 20 tonnes in the 1920s to about 12 000 tonnes in the period 1960–1969, 17 000 tonnes in 1970–1984; since 1987 it has fluctuated around 20 000 tonnes (2,3).
    [Show full text]
  • THE MONATOMIC IONS! 1. What Is the Formula for Silver? Ag 2. What Is
    Name: ______________________________ THE MONATOMIC IONS! 1. What is the formula for silver? Ag+ 22. What is the formula for cobalt (II)? Co2+ 2. What is the formula for cadmium? Cd2+ 23. What is the formula for chromium (II)? Cr2+ 3. What is the formula for manganese (II)? Mn2+ 24. What is the formula for copper (II)? Cu2+ 4. What is the formula for nickel (II)? Ni2+ 25. What is the formula for tin (IV)? Sn4+ 5. What is the formula for chromous? Cr2+ 26. What is the formula for lead (IV)? Pb4+ 6. What is the formula for zinc? Zn2+ 27. What is the formula for iron (III)? Fe3+ 2+ 2+ 7. What is the formula for cobaltous? Co 28. What is the formula for mercury (I)? Hg2 8. What is the formula for cuprous? Cu+ 29. What is the formula for lead (II)? Pb2+ 9. What is the formula for ferrous? Fe2+ 30. What is the formula for mercury (II)? Hg2+ 2+ 2+ 10. What is the formula for mercurous? Hg2 31. What is the formula for iron (II)? Fe 11. What is the formula for stannous? Sn2+ 32. What is the formula for copper (I)? Cu+ 12. What is the formula for plumbous? Pb2+ 33. What is the formula for tin (II)? Sn2+ 13. What is the formula for chromic? Cr3+ 34. What is the formula for fluoride? F- 14. What is the formula for cobaltic? Co3+ 35. What is the formula for chloride? Cl- 15. What is the formula for cupric? Cu2+ 36. What is the formula for hydride? H- 16.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium Oxide and Hydroxide
    300 Cadmium Oxide and Hydroxide COMPONENTS: ORIGINAL MEASUREMENTS: (1) Cadmium hydroxide; Cd(OH)2; [21041-95-2] Rozentsveig, S. A.; Ershler, B. V.; (2) Potassium hydroxide; KOH; [1310-58-3] Shtrum, E. L.; Ostanina, M. M. T4Udy (3) Sodium hydroxide; NaOH; [1310-73-2] Sove-6c.han.i.ya E£.ek:t!tokfWn. Akad. Nauk. (4) Lithium hydroxide; LiOH; [1310-65-2] SSSR, Otde£.. KfWn. Nauk 1950, 571-8. (5) Water; H 0; [7732-18-5] 2 VARIABLES: PREPARED BY: Concentration of the alkali hydroxides. T. P. Dirkse EXPERIMENTAL VALUES: Solubility of Cd(OH)2 in aqueous alkalies -3 Ccimol dm -3 calkalie/mol dm in KOH in NaOH in LiOH --- 6 6 I 9 x 10- 9 x 10- ----- 5 2.5 6 x 10- 5 x 10-5 traces 5 4 -5 4 9 x 10- 10- 4.4 x 10 -4 7 1.2 x 10 1.4 x 10-4 9 x 10-5 -4 4 10 1.5 x 10 1.6 x 10- 1.21 x 10-4 No temperature is specified for these results but the results appear to have been obtained at room temperature. The solubility determinations were incidental to the main purpose of the authors, which was to describe the electrochemical behavior of cadmium in these solutions. AUXILIARY INFORMATION METHOD/APPARATUS/PROCEDURE: SOURCE AND PURITY OF MATERIALS: The only statement about the procedure is No information is given. that the analytical results were determined by a polarographic method. Nothing is stated about the method whereby equilibrium was attained or verified. ESTIMATED ERROR: No information is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Cadmium and Zinc Nitrites. 169
    View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue RAY : CADMIUM AND ZINC NITRITES. 169 XV1.-Cadmium and Zinc Nitrites. By PRAFULLACHANDRA RAY. INview of the contradictory statements of the previous workers in this field, it seemed desirable to undertake a fresh investigation of cadmium and zinc nitrites. At the outset it may be pointed out that, so far as the nitrite- forming capacity of mercury and cadmium is concerned, the ques- tion is not one of the basic character of the metal. Mercury,* which occupies the lowest position in group IIB (in the electro- potential series), yields a fairly stable normal nitrite, because both its chloride and nitrite are very feebly dissociated in aqueous solution (RBy and Dhar, T., 1912, 101, 966). Thomsen found that mercuric oxide with its equivalent of aqueous hydrochloric acid evolves 18,920 calories, whereas with its equivalent, of nitric acid it evolves only 6400 calories, and to this difference he ascribes the reason that an aqueous solution of mercuric nitrate is completely converted into chloride by the addition of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Mercuric chloride in aqueous solution is again completely converted into the cyanide by the addition of hydro- cyanic acid. Cadmium hydroxide also behaves differently towards the ordinary mineral acids. Thus, whilst zinc and magnesium hydroxides with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, and hydriodic acids, respectively, give almost the same value for the heat of neutralisa- tion, namely, about 19,500 calories, with cadmium hydroxide the heat of neutralisation goes on increasing. Thomsen regarded the behaviour of cadmium oxide towards the above acids as exceptional, and on that account he refused to class cadmium hydroxide in the Published on 01 January 1917.
    [Show full text]
  • CPY Document
    eADMIUM AN eADMIUM COMPOUNDS Cadmium and cadmium compounds were considered by previous working groups, in 1972,1975 and 1987 (lARC, 1973, 1976, 1987a). New data have since become available, and these are included in the present monograph and have been taken into consideration in the evaluation. The agents considered are metallic cadmium, cadmium alloys and sorne cadmium compounds. 1. Exposure Data 1.1 Chemical and physical data and analysis 1.1.1 Synonyms, trade names and molecular formulae Synonyms, trade names and molecular formulae for cadmium, cadmium-copper alloy and some cadmium compounds are presented in Thble 1. The cadmium compounds shown are those for which data on carcinogenicity or mutagenicity were available or which are commercially important compounds. It is not an exhaustive list and does not necessarily include all of the most commercially important cadmium-containing substances. Table 1. Synonyms (Chemical Abstracts Servce (CAS) names are in italics), trade names and atomic or molecular fonnulae of cadmium and cadmium compounds Chemical name CAS Reg. No. a Synonyms and trade names Formula Cadmium 744-43-9 Cadmium metal; CI 77180 Cd Cadmium acetate 543-90-8 Acetic acid, cadmium salt; bis(acetoxy)- Cd(CH3COO)i (24558-49-4; cadmium; cadmium(II) acetate; cadmium 29398-76-3) diacetate; cadmium ethanoate; CI 77185 Cadmium carbnate 513-78-0 Carbomc acid, cadmium salt; cadmium CdC03 (93820-02-1) carbnate (CdC03); cadmium mono- carbnate; chemcarb; kalcit; mikokalcit; supermikokalcit Cadmium ch/oride 10108-64-2 Cadmium dichloride;
    [Show full text]
  • Stable Isotopes of Cadmium Available from ISOFLEX
    Stable isotopes of cadmium available from ISOFLEX Isotope Z(p) N(n) Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Enrichment Level Chemical Form Cd-106 48 58 105.90646 1.25% 81.00%-99.00% Metal Cd-106 48 58 105.90646 1.25% 81.00%-99.00% Oxide Cd-108 48 60 107.90418 0.89% 66.00%-99.00% Metal Cd-108 48 60 107.90418 0.89% 66.00%-99.00% Oxide Cd-110 48 62 109.903006 12.49% 95.00%-99.00% Metal Cd-110 48 62 109.903006 12.49% 95.00%-99.00% Oxide Cd-111 48 63 110.904182 12.80% 95.00%-97.50% Metal Cd-111 48 63 110.904182 12.80% 95.00%-97.50% Oxide Cd-112 48 64 111.902758 24.13% 88.00%-98.00% Metal Cd-112 48 64 111.902758 24.13% 88.00%-98.00% Oxide Cd-113 48 65 112.904402 12.22% 93.00%-96.00% Metal Cd-113 48 65 112.904402 12.22% 93.00%-96.00% Oxide Cd-114 48 66 113.903359 28.73% 99.00% Metal Cd-114 48 66 113.903359 28.73% 99.00% Oxide Cd-116 48 68 115.904756 7.49% 99.00% Metal Cd-116 48 68 115.904756 7.49% 99.00% Oxide Cadmium was discovered in 1817 by Friedrich Strohmeyer. Its name originates with the Latin word cadmia (meaning "calamine" or "zinc carbonate") as well as the Greek word kadmeia, with the same meaning. Cadmium is a bluish-white lustrous soft metal with a close-packed hexagonal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhaled Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles: Their in Vivo Fate and Effect on Target Organs
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Inhaled Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles: Their in Vivo Fate and Effect on Target Organs Jana Dumkova 1, Lucie Vrlikova 2, Zbynek Vecera 3, Barbora Putnova 2, Bohumil Docekal 3, Pavel Mikuska 3, Petr Fictum 4, Ales Hampl 1 and Marcela Buchtova 2,5,* 1 Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (A.H.) 2 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic; [email protected] (L.V.); [email protected] (B.P.) 3 Institute of Analytical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveˇrí97, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic; [email protected] (Z.V.); [email protected] (B.D.); [email protected] (P.M.) 4 Department of Pathological Morphology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic; [email protected] 5 Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-532-290-157 Academic Editors: Michael Routledge and Bing Yan Received: 29 February 2016; Accepted: 19 May 2016; Published: 3 June 2016 Abstract: The increasing amount of heavy metals used in manufacturing equivalently increases hazards of environmental pollution by industrial products such as cadmium oxide (CdO) nanoparticles. Here, we aimed to unravel the CdO nanoparticle destiny upon their entry into lungs by inhalations, with the main focus on the ultrastructural changes that the nanoparticles may cause to tissues of the primary and secondary target organs.
    [Show full text]