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Feasibility Study of Geothermal Utilization of Yangbajain Field in Tibet Autonomous Region, P.R

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Feasibility Study of Geothermal Utilization of Yangbajain Field in Tibet Autonomous Region, P.R GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 2008 Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 3 IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland FEASIBILITY STUDY OF GEOTHERMAL UTILIZATION OF YANGBAJAIN FIELD IN TIBET AUTONOMOUS REGION, P.R. CHINA MSc thesis Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Iceland by Sun Caixia Beijing Institute of Geo-Exploration and Technology No. A2. Lishuigiao, Chaoyang District Beijing P.R. CHINA [email protected] United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme Reykjavík, Iceland Published in December 2008 ISBN 978-9979-68-249-3 ISSN 1670-7427 This MSc thesis has also been published in June 2008 by the Faculty of Engineering – Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Iceland ii INTRODUCTION The Geothermal Training Programme of the United Nations University (UNU) has operated in Iceland since 1979 with six month annual courses for professionals from developing countries. The aim is to assist developing countries with significant geothermal potential to build up groups of specialists that cover most aspects of geothermal exploration and development. During 1979-2008, 402 scientists and engineers from 43 countries have completed the six month courses. They have come from Asia (44%), Africa (26%), Central America (15%), and Central and Eastern Europe (15%). There is a steady flow of requests from all over the world for the six month training and we can only meet a portion of the requests. Most of the trainees are awarded UNU Fellowships financed by the UNU and the Government of Iceland. Candidates for the six month specialized training must have at least a BSc degree and a minimum of one year practical experience in geothermal work in their home countries prior to the training. Many of our trainees have already completed their MSc or PhD degrees when they come to Iceland, but several excellent students have made requests to come again to Iceland for a higher academic degree. In 1999, it was decided to start admitting UNU Fellows to continue their studies and study for MSc degrees in geothermal science or engineering in co-operation with the University of Iceland. An agreement to this effect was signed with the University of Iceland. The six month studies at the UNU Geothermal Training Programme form a part of the graduate programme. Six UNU-GTP MSc Fellows completed their MSc degree in 2008, the biggest group to date. It is a pleasure to introduce the first woman and the thirteenth UNU Fellow to complete the MSc studies at the University of Iceland under the co-operation agreement, Ms. Sun Caixia of the Beijing Institute of Geo-Exploration and Technology – BIGET. She has a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology and completed the six month specialized training in Geothermal Utilization at the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in October 2005. Her research report was entitled “A different approach for an existing geothermal utilization project in Beijing”. A year later, in September 2006, she came back to Iceland for MSc studies in Mechanical Engineering at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, within the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Iceland. In May 2008, she defended her MSc thesis presented here, entitled “Feasibility study of geothermal utilization of Yangbajain field in Tibet Autonomous Region, P.R. China”. Her studies in Iceland were financed by a fellowship from the Government of Iceland through the UNU Geothermal Training Programme. We congratulate Ms. Sun Caixia on her achievements and wish her all the best for the future. We thank the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of the University of Iceland for the co-operation, and her supervisors for the dedication. Finally, I would like to mention that Caixia’s MSc thesis with the figures in colour is available for downloading on our website at page www.unugtp.is/yearbook/2008. With warmest wishes from Iceland, Ingvar B. Fridleifsson, director United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I want to acknowledge United Nations University - Geothermal Training Programme for the financial support to my MSc study in the University of Iceland. I sincerely want to express my appreciation to the director of UNU-GTP, Dr. Ingvar B. Fridleifsson, and the deputy director, Mr. Lúdvík S. Georgsson for giving me this precious study opportunity and their selfless dedication. I am deepest and sincerest grateful to my supervisor Dr. Páll Valdimarsson for his excellent and generous technical help and the heartfelt support and encouragement during my thesis study. Also I want to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Thorleikur Jóhannesson from Fjarhitun Consulting Engineering for sharing his deep knowledge and great help. I would also like to thank Thorbjörg Saemundsdóttir from Enex Consulting Engineering for her kindly help in financial study of the thesis. My devout thanks to the professors in Engineering Faculty of the University of Iceland for their patient teaching and sharing their knowledge and experiences during these two years study. I would also like to thank all the fellows in UNU-GTP for the memorable friendship the experience. I would like to thank all staff and our assistants from Orkustofnun (Nation Energy Authority of Iceland) and ISOR (Icelandic Geo-Survey) for their kindness. Finally, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my family, my parents and sister for their moral supports. Especially, I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my husband whose love and encouragement enabled me to complete this work. iv ABSTRACT This study investigates the feasibility of the renewable energy utilization in Tibet, which is known as the “world roof” with highest elevation and splendid natural scenery. Based on the available energy assessment and market analysis, a technical and economic feasibility study is carried out on geothermal utilization of Yangbajain field with the objective of solving both electricity shortage and lack of space heating so as to improve the Tibetan people’s living condition. The technical feasibility study is to set up thermodynamic model of proposed different power generation scenarios and long distance district heating system to analyze and optimize each scenario by using EES and Matlab programmes. Four alternative scenarios optimized for new power plant design are double flash cycle (Scenario 1), hybrid single flash and ORC cycle with isopentane as working fluid (Scenario 2), pure ORC cycle with isobutane as working fluid (Scenario 3), and hybrid single flash and Kalina cycle (Scenario 4). The conceptual design of district heating system with about 90km distance from Yangbajain to Lhasa is as well carried out. The results indicate that all power cycles are technically feasible at different efficiency and heating system can be put up under appropriate design and construction. A financial viability evaluation is performed for all scenarios using engineering economic Present Worth (PW) value analysis method with objective to figure out Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of each system. The most optimum power cycle scenario is Scenario 1 with IRR value of 31.84%, followed by Scenario 2 with IRR value of 22.15%. The district heating system has low IRR value of 3.13% due to the high investment cost of long distance transmission pipeline. However, as an entire system of CHP power plant, the optimum system can yield 8.92% IRR value at pure commercial investment level. Since it will be a subsidized programme from the central government, it can reach 10.78% of IRR value without loan interest payment. If the expected IRR of the investment company is 10.00%, it proves this project is economically feasible. The environmental protection in Tibet is the most important to be emphasized to carry out such a big infrastructure project. As a renewable energy application, this project will benefit the region and local people. At the same time, environmental protection should be conducted during the whole process of proposal, designing and implementation for sustainable development. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Main concerns of the study .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 An overview of the present work ......................................................................................... 1 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND ENERGY ASSESSMENT ......................................................... 2 2.1 Brief introduction of Tibet and Lhasa .................................................................................. 2 2.2 Energy assessment and utilization ....................................................................................... 2 2.2.1 Main energy resource assessment ........................................................................ 2 2.2.2 General energy utilization and status ................................................................... 3 2.2.3 Utilization of conventional energy ....................................................................... 3 2.2.4 Utilization of hydropower .................................................................................... 4 2.2.5 Utilization of solar and wind energy ...................................................................
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