Vol. 28, No. 38 September 23, 1985 ING REVIEW

1^ Vanguards of Reform

Engineer Sun Zhenguo (left), 44, ttie new manager of the Anshan Iron and Steel Company, getting first• hand information from a worker in the company's No. 3 steel making plant.

Anhui peasant Shi Dooqin, who two years ago set up a primary school with his own money, has trained many top students. Last year, he was cited as a national model teacher.

Assistant Engineer Luo Jundong, 28, is one of the designers for the International Trade Centre in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK Vol. 28, No. 38 September 23, 1985 Historic Meeting Rings Changes

The_ Fourth Plenary Session of the 12th Party Central CONTENTS Committee was held to pave the way for the national Party con• ference on September 18. The session passed the draft pro• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 posals on the country's Seventh Five-Year Plan and took a Reshuffle and Policy Continuity giant step towards bringing more younger people into the Party's LEHERS 5 leadership (p. 6). EVENTS & TRENDS 6-11 Plenum Sets Agenda for Party Reshuffle Ensures Continuity of Policies Conference Party Secretary Hu Acts on Letters With some older officials stepping down, from the central Deng Talk Links Freedom, Peace Nation Censures Shabby Products leading bodies to make way for younger, dedicated and better- Cities Make Plans for Yangtze educated people confirmed at the national Party conference, the Areo continuity of China's current policies will be ensured (p. 4). Beijing's YMCA Back In Action

INTERNATIONAL 12-15 A Fair Settlement of Korean Issue Benefits All United States: Jenkins Bill Haunts Asian Textiles The two parts of Korea are now charging their approaches Bulgaria: Privote Economy Mokes Strides towards each other. All parties concerned, especially the South Pacific: French Interests United States, should take positive action to help them achieve Under Fire reconciliation and co-operation, leading finally to the peaceful Sudan: Peaceful Settlement reunification of the country. A fair settlement of the issue Looks Dim Norway: Government Faces New benefits peace and stability not only in the Far East, but in Trials the whole world (p. 16). Observations on the Korean Situa• tion 16 Chinese Is Studied Over the World Visit to Tibet (III): Science Changes Highland Life 19 An on-the-spot report on the First International Symposium •Chinese Now Spoken Here' ... 24 on Teaching Chinese As a Foreign Language held in Beijing recently by Beijing Review correspondent points up the world• FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 27-28 wide craze for Chinese studies and the academic exchanges between the scholars of various countries and regions in teach• BUSINESS & TRADE 29-30 ing Chinese (p. 24). CULTURE & SCIENCE 31-32

SPORTS 33 Science, Technology Propelling Tibet Forward

BOOKS 34 In the last part of the Tibet series, our correspondent tells COVER: Details of the new mural, "Har• how the introduction of science and the use of local rich vesting Festival", which decorates the water, sun and wind resources have changed the life of the Tibetan Hall of the Great Hall of the farmers and herdsmen, who for centuries had been using dried People in Beijing. Painted by Zhu Youtoo 'dung as fuel and butter lamps for light (p. 19).

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Reshuffle and Policy Continuity

by AN ZHIGUO plete before the current national fore the readjustment. Among Political Editor Party conference. them, the proportion of people under 55 has increased from 10 to One of the major topics dis• Now, the reshuffling of the 30 perceint. Seventy-one percent cussed at the current national Com• Party and government leaders in all of them have college education, as munist Party conference in Beijing of China's 29 provinces, munici• compared with the 44.5 percent palities and autonomous regions is before the reshuffle. is the readjustment of the Party's basically complete. Except for central leading bodies. some top older officials in a few There has been much specula• On the eve of the conference, areas who are still needed at their tion over who will step down and 131 older officials, many of whom posts, the country's leaders are who will replace them at the are not in good health, have asked younger. Provincial Party secretar• Party, conference. This will to step down from the Central ies and governors average 58 and only be clear after the conference Committee, the Central Advisory 55.6 years old, 7.5 and 3.7 years and the coming 5th Plenary Ses• Commission and the Central Com• younger than before the reshuffle. sion of the 12th CPC Central Com• mission for Inspecting Discipline to Some are under 50. mittee end. According to reliable make way for younger people who sources, however, the reshuffle is are both good politically and pro• Progress has also been achieved still a partial one, even though a lot fessionally. in reshuffling the leading bodies of of people will be involved, because many central ministries and com- This is both a major policy de• consideration must be given to the cision and a concrete step towards smooth transition of power to abolishing life-long tenure in lead• younger people and a basic balance ing posts. It will be of great signif• must be maintained between the icance in ensuring the continuity The resignation of 131 from number of people going out and of China's current policies and pro• the CPC central leading the number of people coming in. moting reform of the cadre system. bodies set a good example The current reshuffle is a con• Since the Third Plenary Session in doing away the de facto tinuation of China's cadre system of the 11th Party Central Com• lite-long tenure in leading reform, which has been in progress mittee in late 1978, and especially posts in China. With some for several years. All the pro• since the nationwide administrative new faces appearing in the gramme's achievements so far, restructuring which began in 1982, top leadership of the Party however, are only a favourable be• satisfactory results have been and state, China's current ginning. The reform of the cadre achieved in reshuffling the coun• policies will not be affected. system will be synchronized with try's leadership. More than future economic development and 200,000 younger, revolutionary- the undertaking of other reforms. minded, better-educated and pro• Proceeding from the interests of fessionally competent people have missions.' Over the past year or the state and the people, many been promoted.to top posts at or more, about 100 middle-aged and veteran cadres have set a good above the county level. In the young people who are bold in example in the reshuffle of the process, 1.08 million veteran cadres blazing new trails have beem pro• central leading bodies by helping have retired. moted to the posts of ministers to do away with the de facto life• Last April, the Party Central and vice-ministers as well as to long tenure of leading posts. This Committee called for the readjust• other senior positions under the will have a far-reaching influence ment of leading bodies in prov• State Council. The average age on quickening China's reforms and inces, municipalities and central . of the major leaders of 81 depart• perfecting the cadre system in line ministries and commissions.. The ments under the State Council is with the country's modernization reshuffle was schedulfed to com• 56.6, five years younger than be• programme. 4 Beijing Review, No. 38. LETTERS Peng Di's Article experience. Fully aware as we Better [\/lutual Appreciated must be that we were seeing the Understanding emergence of a modern city out In the July 8 issue of your maga• of its past — and the material com• As for my wife, my friends and zine was an article I very much forts of its modern hotels are be• myself, we have a great love for appreciated — Image of US Media yond all praise. We were pro• the people of China and wish that — A Chinese View, by Peng Di, foundly impressed by thb respect some day a close understanding and former chief of the Washington and care shown everywhere for friendship between our nations will Bureau of the Xinhua News Agen• the preservation and maintenance come together. With the articles cy. I have been in the People's of its magnificent treasures from of your well-written magazine, the Republic two times and feel that the past. It has survived many de• readers should better understand his criticism of Fox Butterfield's cades and centuries of storm and the views of the people of China book was clear and concise. I upheaval but the sense of an an• and better understand the interna• know, too, of the policy the Peo• cient culture has not been lost. tional issues with regard to world ple's Republic has of self-criticism peace. and agree thoroughly on those two We of the Western world have points. come to recognize that many of I'd like to express admiration for our problems, moral and social, Chairman Deng Xiaoping and Pre• have their roots in the easy af• mier Zhao Ziyang for their efforts Thank you for your always-good to seek world peace. It is almost reading. I especially appreciated fluence to which we have become certain that it will be impossible his reference to the Christian too accustomed. China has pre• for me to ever meet these men, Science Monitor as I am a sub• served a standard of more simple therefore your magazine will keep scriber. living. There is little evidence of me informed of their views. I am Cornelia M. Roberts the insatiable greed that so often- a regular reader of your magazine Grayslake, USA with us sours our social and indus• and wish to express great thanks trial life; and this is seen in the I especially enjoyed the article for the prompt delivery of your comparative freedom of this great fine review. written by the Chinese correspond• city from the problems of crime. ent in Washington. The author's Everywhere there is felt to be a We only wish there were more style of writing is vivid or, should colour pictures. we say, humorous. The article certain contentment with life com• indicates how we should attack bined with pride in its heritage P.L. Wright imperialism without being at• from the past and its modern tacked. His argument, to put it achievement. Rightly or wrongly AZ, USA in a journalistic way, is unassail• we felt that despite the disap• Photo Exhibition Proposed able and reveals an international pearance of outward religious Usually, I only read the columns political reality — American super• forms, the spirit of its age-old phil• that attract me, such as "Culture power hegemonism. osophical culture, such as the and Science," "Letters" and Guy Row teachings of Confucius, was still "Sports," as well as articles about Quebec, Canada preserved in its traditions of today, in its courtesies and good manners. the economy. But sometimes I My wife and I paid our first also read other articles. visit to China earlier this year and We came in some uncertainty as I think you should organize would like to take this opportunity to the welcome a foreigner from some mobile colour photo exhibi• to add our support to the protest the West might expect. We have tions about China. I collected made by your contributor Mr. come away grateful for the ex• some photos from China Recon• Peng Di against some of the com• perience of the warmth, kindness structs and China Pictorial and ments of American reporters. and courtesy of a delightful people. sent them to exhibitions held in Coming as we do from a differ• Our only regret is the distance that cities near Trieste along the Adria• ent political background, we can too often puts you beyond the tic Sea, such as Strulijan, Smarie, only speak of our first impressions reach of many of us. Koper and I sola. of Beijing in terms not only of ap• RA. Bontoft do St. Quentin Bogomil Lilia preciation but of gratitude for the Britain Koper-Bidovceva, Yugoslavia

September 25, 1985 5 The Fourth Plenum of the 12th Party Central Committee in session.

Plenum Sets Agenda for Party Conference

The Fourth Plenary Session of the National Cdnference of thd the Central Committee discussed the 12th Party Central Commit• Chinese Communist Party, which and adopted in principle the draft tee was held in Beijing on Sep• convened two days later. proposals for the country's tember 16 to pave the way for According to its communique. Seventh Five-Year Plan. The doc• ument was submitted to the na• tional conference for further debate.

The participants also discussed the election of new officials to China's central leading organiza• tions.

Just before the meeting, 131 aging Party veterans, notably Ye Jianying and Deng Yingchao, widow of the late Premier Zhou Enlai, asked to be allowed to re• sign from the Central Committee, the Central Advisory Commission and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.

The communique praised "the exemplary deeds of all these vet• eran comrades in promoting this

Beijing Review. No. 38 succession in the interests of the did much to modernize the PLA to take leading posts. Party and the people." It also after the founding of the People's "Bureaucracy is like an invisible approved their resignations for Republic in 1949. In 1976, Ye wall between the Party and the inclusion in a report to the na• played a major role in toppling people, obstructing the implementa• tional conference. the gang of four. tion of policies, adversely affecting relations between the Party and The session was presided over The session extended a special the people and preventing the by Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping, salute to Ye Jianying for his "ma• Party's central tasks from being Zhao Ziyang, Li Xiannian and jor historical contributions to the carried out," Hu said. Party and the nation." Ye, 88, Chen Yun, all members of the took part in the democratic rev• Standing Committee of the Party To a letter from a worker who Political Bureau. olution led by Sun Yat-sen in the created a new brushless painting technique but who encountered a 1920s. During the anti-Japanese The plenary session was pre• lot of difficulties in his work and war he was chief of staff of the ceded by four days of preliminary life, Hu wrote: "We must base our Party's military commission, and meetings. decisions on facts and reason. Thai is the only way to win the sympathy and support of the peo• Party Secretary Hu Acts on Letters ple. It is no good following reg• ulations rnechanically without in• General Secretary Hu Yaobang "Some of our comrades should quiring into their whys and where• called on all leading cadres in have the interests of the whole fores or just procrastinate and do China to read and handle at least country in view and heed the nothing. one or two letters from the people voices of people not working in Hu Yaobang is also concerned every day. Unless they have the state enterprises," Hu said. about "minor" complaints. facts, and make decisions in a A letter from the Tianjin Inter• Through Hu's personal efforts, the down-to-earth manner to seek prac• nal Combustion Engine Research noted educator. Sun fingxiu, who tical results, they will be like deaf Institute asked the Party Central is known among Chinese children and blind people and com• Committee to improve production as "grandpa story-teller," was giv• manders without troops, he by giving researchers more re- en better housing while a shop warned. spoinsibility and preventing their clerk in Hunan Province was help• Since he took office six years equipment from lying idle. ed in finding his child who had ago, Hu has read more than 2,000 Hu Yaobang instructed the gen• been lost for three years. letters, keeping himself busy with eral office to see if the problem Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong, who them while travelling, or during of under-capacity operation was also handles hundreds of letters breaks in Party meetings. not limited to just one institute. He every year, considers correspond• "Letters are the voice of the said it was of major importance to ence an important tool for keeping people and give one a feel of the know the situation well and to in touch with the people and im• society's pulses," Hu said. encourage dedicated young people proving his work. With political stability and eco• nomic prosperity, the letters have gradually shifted away from ask• ing for investigations into wrong• PLACES IN THIS ISSUE ful charges made during the "cul• tural revolution." Letters received now deal more often with issues related to the current economic reform. After Hu Yaobang read more than 20 letters from peasants in Hebei Province asking for permis• sion to buy trucks and engage in the transportation business, he took up the matter with the Cen• tral Committee, which later grant• ed the peasants permission to do 1. Xinle (p. 8) 2. Nonjing (p. 10) 3. Wuhon (p. 10) 4. Chongqing (p. 10) so. 5. Foshan (p. 31)

September 25, 1985 7 In one letter to Chen, a lecturer tional strategic situation, we see knowing that his quest for com• from the People's University sug• China as well as the East and fort would end in disaster. But gested that it would be more prof• West European countries as forces five days later, when his two chil• itable to open the fourth floor of for preventing war and safeguard• dren tried to adjust the fan, both the Wangfujing Department Store, ing peace," Deng said. "The East died instantly of electrocution — which was then assigned for and West European countries have victims of an ill-fitting socket and offices. twice experienced the disasters of plug. war in this century." Chen adopted the proposal. On Soon Peach-Blossom electrio that floor, customers now can buy He also praised Austria's neu• fans were banned and the manu• jewelry, jade, silks and satins. Peo• tral diplomacy. facturer, a Jiangsu factory, was ple also enjoy Western foods and During their talks on September taken to court. The incident cold drinks there. 12, Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang heightened public indignation at a Last September, a primary school and the Austrian President market flooded by a sudden rush teacher wrote to Chen complaining spoke highly of the progress the of shabby, and often fake, prod• that she had been interrogated by two countries have made since ucts. the entrance guard in the Friend• they established diplomatic rela• It was not uncommon, for exam• ship Store. "Their rude attitudes tions in 1971. Both saw bright ple, to see cassette tape-recorders towards Chinese seems to indicate prospects for closer Sino-Austrian break down unaccountably while that they forget they are Chinese economic trade and technological the owners, who purchased them too," she said. In response to the co-operation. with months' savings, fail to locate letter, the mayor told the store to China and Austria hold similar factories that were supposed to re• look into the matter and to make views on safeguarding world peace pair their products under warranty. self-criticism. "The problem in the and easing international tension, Members of a recent Chinese An• attitudes among service personnel and this is a foundation for the tarctic expedition found it difficult must be dealt with," Chen wrote. development of bilateral political to open meals sealed in clumsily- relations, Zhao said. designed tins, while those who, The store leadership gave the were too fat or too tall had to wrong-doer a good talking to, and Vienna's efforts to boost bilater• endure the polar cold in sleeping immediately called a meeting to al trade and economic co-opera• bags that were either too short or discuss how to improve the work. tion with China are due to its full too narrow. confidence in Beijing's economic policies and political situation, the In Hefei, Anhui Province, enrag• Austrian President said. ed residents gathered downtown Deng Talk Links to vent their anger over poor- The two sides signed agreements quality commodities. "My son-in- Freedom, Peace on civil air transport and promot• law bought me two bottles of this ing and protecting mutual invest• as a Spring Festival gift," said an More and more countries have ment on September 12. old truck driver, brandishing a adopted independent foreign poli• Trade between China and Aus• bottle of liquor that bore a famous cies, and this is an important fac• tria last year hit a record US$136 brand name. "But it actually tast• tor for safeguarding world peace, million, as compared with US$50 ed no better than beverages made Deng Xiaoping said on September million in 1978 and about US$81 of sweet potatoes." A woman, vir• 13. million in 1983. Economic ex• tually in tears, told the crowd that changes totalled US$87 million in she once bought a package of milk In a meeting with Austrian Pres• the first half of this year, an in• powder for her baby, only to find ident Rudolf Kirchschlager, who crease of 36 percent over the same the product was a mixture of su• is on his first visit to China, Deng period a year ago. pointed out that war is not inevit• gar and starch. able although efforts are needed to Actually, passing shabby prod• maintain peace. "If war does not Nation Censures ucts off as famous brands is an break out in this century, there is oft-used gimmick for many manu• hope for world peace in the next," Shabby Products facturers hungry for a quick yuan. he said. When Shi Cangshu, a peasant Thus chemical fertilizer could be in Hebei Province's Xinle County, substituted for yeast in making The biggest force against war is bought a Peach-Blossom brand elec• cakes sold in> lavishly decorated the third world, he' added. tric fan from a local commodities boxes. In Fujian's Jinjiang Pre• "When we observe the interna• fair in July, he had no way of fecture, making and selling 8 Beijing Review, No. 58 News in Brief The Chinese Military Academy has founded the country's first military science prize — the Liu Bo- cheng foundation — which will award 100.000 yuan every year to outstanding teachers of military science. Liu Bocheng, one of the founders of the PLA, is an outstanding military theorist and strategist.

The "Yun-8" sea patrol Technicians at an Inner Mongolian magnetic material factory examine the airplane, the first of its kind quality of their products. made in China, recently pass• potentially dangerous fake drugs quality. Some factories, finding the ed rigid technical examina• became a lucrative industry. temptation for quick profits too tion and is about to go into A money-crazed man in Cheng• hard to resist, resort to cheating mass production. The air• du made a fortune selling and fraud. "In all this they have craft, made by a Shaanxi a particularly deadly liquor — wat• tossed away the 'quality first' prin• Province factory, updates er laced with industrial alcohol. ciple and put the interests of the earlier models in the series. The lethal brew caused a number state and the consumers in jeopar• of deaths. The man was convict• dy," said Zhu. Per-capita income of urban ed and executed, but the brutality Public alarm over the poor qual• Chinese worker families Is of the case is still a shock to the expected to reach 820 yuan public. ity of many industrial products finally spurred the state into ac• this year, an increase of 34.9 "This is sheer murder — a hei• tion. A nationwide inspection and percent over 1984 and 86.6 nous crime for which death is. in• examination campaign is now in percent over 1980. The aver• sufficient punishment," said Kong high gear, putting all factories age annua! increase is 13.3 Congzhou, a National People's under the watchful eyes of the percent — or 9.3 percent, if Congress Standing Committee government and consumers. . price rises are considered — member, commenting on the during China's Sixth Five- Chengdu "liquor." Echoed Xu Next month, the state will begin Year Plan period (1981-85). Dixin, a noted economist, compulsory inspections of major in• * * * "When someone is churning out dustrial products such as high- flawed products which are virtual• pressure containers, medicines, mo• riic 5,000-km Great Wall ly useless, he is not a producer tor vehicles, mining machinery and won top honour recently at but a saboteur." foods, according to Zhu Yulong, a nationwide poll to choose a quality control official under the the best of China's scenic According to Vice-Minister Zhu State Economic Commission. Un• wonders. Sun Moon Lake, a Rongji of the State Economic Com• der this new system, only products summer resort in Taiwan, mission, the deterioration in prod• meeting state-fixed standards will was also named one of the uct quality occurred as balloon• be granted production licenses. top 10. The others are Gui- ing capital construction invest• Those which fail their tests will be lin, Hangzhou's West Lake, ment and a consumer buying spree banned. Some 100 quality con• the Forbidden City, Suzhou, boosted demand for a wide range trol agencies will be set up under Huangshan Mountain, the of goods. This huge demand is the State Economic Commission Yangtze River Gorges, the often beyond society's power to to handle this task. mountain resort town of fill. To make up for production Chengde and Emperor Qin shortfalls, some departments take But only when major technolog• Shi Huang's terra-cotta war• the easy way out, setting high pro• ical breakthroughs are made can riors in the ancient city of duction quotas that force factories China come to grips with problems Xian. to raise output at the expense of related to product quality, noted September 23, 1985 9 Zhu Rongji. He called on enter• prises throughout China to tighten up their management, institute quality-control responsibility sys• tems and instill in their workers and staff a sense of pride in their work. "If we recognize the impor• tance of improving product quality and increasing their variety," he said, "we will be able to turn out goods that are among the best in the world."

Cities Make Plans For Yangtze Area Teacher Wins Award Shanghai and a number of Hao Youming, 51, an English teacher from the Beijing No, 25 Middle School, was awarded the title "People's Teacher" by "Beijing other cities along the Changjiang Ribao" (Beijing Daily) on China's first elaborately celebrated na• (Yangtze) River decided recently tional Teacher's Day. She has paid special attention to arousing to co-operate in developing the her students' interest in English, trying to make the subject lively giant waterway, ending years of ond interesting and guiding her students in their after-class reading. Here, Hao leads a classroom dialogue. fragmented planning and manage• ment in the central China basin. The delegates suggested all cities serves, 5.6 billion tons of phos• At a recent meeting inter-city of• along the river help one another in phorus and 39.5 million tons of ficials from Nanjing, Wuhan, marketing, technology exchanges copper deposits in the region. Its Chongqing and Shanghai exchang• and finance. reserves of vanadium and titanium ed- ideas on a future programme account for 96 percent of the na• for joint exploitation of the river. The economic development of tion's total. the Yangtze basin, the official Liao Bokang, Party Secretary of stressed, needs "leadership" from The Yangtze River has about Chongqing in Sichuan Province, Shanghai. They expressed willing• 220 million kilowatts of water said the Yangtze has great poten• ness to give the coastal industrial power resources, but only a small tial for transport, energy and agri• centre solid backing in its efforts proportion of this is now in use. culture— all major weak links in to develop new industries and in• the present modernization drive. crease foreign trade. "When this potential is fully tap• ped," he said, "it will benefit all Delegates from the upstream Beijing's YMCA the cities along the river." cities suggested that Shanghai fac• tories could move some of their Back in Action "Because of improper manage• facilities westward to the interior ment," Nanjing Party Secretary and concentrate on foreign trade, The Beijing YMCA and YWCA Cheng Weigao pointed out, "the technology imports and Sino-for- are open to all young men and wo• Yangtze River has been cut into eign joint ventures. One possible men with or without Christian con• many economic segments for a solution, they said, is for Shanghai victions, said Hou Fuyun, deputy long time. Many cities along the to restructure its economic strategy chief of the YMCA last week. river have been left in comparative around playing a greater role as a Hou, who just celebrated his isolation, feeling impotent to do foreign trade agent, rather than as 80th birthday, is now working to anything about the Yangtze an export commodity producer. re-establish the association's full valley's development. This would allow the other Yang• membership system. "Now that economic reform is tze River cities use Shanghai as underway, new hopes have emerg• their principle export outlet. "We want to increase contacts ed that this isolation will be ended The Yangtze basin, one of and exchanges with YMCA groups and individuals overseas, too," he and joint development can be pur-. China's best-developed areas, is added. sued for the benefit of all," he rich in natural resources. There said. are 15.4 billion tons of iron re• The YMCA is active in 96 coun-

10 Beijing Review. No'. 58 tries and promotes the religious, only to suffer much destruction China & the World intellectual and social welfare of during . the Anti-Rightist Move• young people. ment 1957 and it was forced 'No Chinese Secret to close down the next year. Dur• In its secluded courtyard in Links With Viet Nam' ing the ten years of the "cultural downtown Beijing, the words of A Foreign Ministry spokes• revolution" the YMCA was brand• the Bible are written on a wall: man recently denied the ru• ed as illegal. mour that China and Viet "For the son of man came not to Nam arc in secret contact. be served, but to serve." Following the downfall of the gang of four, Hou said, the Com• "There is no such a thing "This is the sole purpose of our munist Party called for the quick at all going on between association," Hou said. restoration of the YMCA as part China and Vict Nam." be Since reopening five years ago, of its united front drive. said. However, he confirmed Hou said, the Beijing YMCA has that Viet Nam had repeatedly In 1980, Hou, who spent much provided various courses for nearly proposed that the two sides of his life in the YMCA, and 3,000 students. More than 600 of hold secret talks on normaliz• several other old members were them have completed their studies ing bilateral relations, invited to return to fill leading and are now playing active roles posts. l-oi China, he stressed. in many fields. •Ihcrc it no point for any "I am quite convinced that the dialogue with Viet Nam so The students range from doctors Party's policy will never change long as it continues its ag• and teachers to workers and unem• again and I don't worry about any gression and occupation of ployed youths. In view of this, the risk connected with my present Kampuchea." school offers several classes, in• service," he added. cluding a two-year professional Radio Operator Returned training class in English, Japanese Among the YMCA's other mem• China is grateful to South and an advanced course in Ger• bers is Pan Xiaogang, 24, former• Korea for returning a Chi• man. ly a postgraduate student at the nese radio operator and the Beijing Foreign Studies University. ashes of the navigator who Because Beijing residents often Pan turned down a job offer died as a Chinese military find it difficult to get clothes made from a government department aircraft crashlanded there on or things repaired, they also when he joined the YMCA. August 24:.: but insists that operate short-term training courses Another young man, 23-year-old the pilot of the aircraft, who for tailors and appliance repair• Gao Changling, is the only practis• was reported seriously men. ing Christian among the young wounded during the accident, The organization sponsors lec• staff members of the Beijing also be returned, a Chinese tures, evening parties and other YMCA. Previously a factory work• Foreign Ministry spokesman celebrations. er, he became interested in the said on September 1 3. ,* church while attending an English In addition, it provides night W. Germany to Help class three years ago. When asked schools for people who want to about why he decided to take up Upgrade €«terprises take university entrance exams. Premier Zhao Ziyang met the work of the YMCA, Gao said l-oolhar Spaeth, governor of Students pay only a small tuition "I feel its tasks are noble and the West German state of fee. Mathematics class, for in• lofty, and I am freedom to believe Baden-Wuerttemberg. on stance, charges just seven cents for in Christianity." September 1 i to discuss each lesson. "We do all this not ways of strengthening co• for money, but for the benefit of operation between Chinese the society," said Li Baohuan who medium-sized and small en• is in charge of the school. terprises and their German The YMCA was introduced to counterparts. The premier China early in the 20th century by stressed the importance for Christian missionaries. It survived China to technically up• the Japanese invasion of China in grade its medium-sized and 1937, often providing care for the small enterprises so as to wounded soldiers and refugees. obtain satisfactory economic returns. The organization continued to operate after liberation in 1949,

September 23, 1985 INTERNATIONAL

US dollar are actually behind United States the trade imbalance. Because US exports to the Jenkins Bill Haunts Asian Textiles developing countries have surpass• ed those to the developed coun• tries, some Asian press writers The controversial Jenkins Bill may add 36,000 additional have warned the developing jobs for the US textile industry, but it could concurrently countries, if affected adversely cost the US 58,000 retail jobs and bring increased prices by protectionism, will turn against to American consumers. the United States. A Thai news• paper said that this would result in mutual vindictive actions, if the quotas. Us export revenue the United States ignored the ap• by ZHANG DEZHEN will thus decrease by US$1 billion. peal of its Asian trade partners And according to Newsweek and enforced the Jenkins Bill. It S its session resumes in magazine, Taiwan and Thailand further pointed out that the A September, the US Congress is will lose half of their annual Jenkins Bill, though it might again debating over the Textile textile exports to the United provide 36,000 jobs for the Ameri• and Apparel Trade Enforcement States. Pakistan and South Korea can textile industry, would tract Act, also called the Jenkins Bill. will be cut by one-third and 58,000 jobs from the retail The bill, sponsored by Representa• Indonesia by 85 percent. sector in turn. Besides, American tive Edgar Jenkins, a Georgia consumers would suffer price rises Democrat, and Senator Strom Because it gravely threatens the to the tune of US$2 billion, it Thurmond, a Republican from interests of most Asian countries, added. South Carolina, is aimed at the Jenkins Bill has drawn much dramatically cutting US textile fire from capitals around the re• There is also much domestic op• and clothing imports from Asia. gion. Chinese ambassador to the position to the Jenkins Bill. This The pending bill tries to carry United States Han Xu pointed out summer, US Secretary of State existing limits on Asian textile in a letter to President Ronald George Shultz and three other exports a step further. Textile Reagan's trade representative that Reagan administration officials quotas aside, further limitations the bill could have an adverse wrote a joint letter to both will be imposed on 110 fabrics influence on Sino-US trade Houses of the Congress criticizing made of cotton, wool and chemical relations. the Jenkins Bill. If implemented, fibres. Even fabrics of silk and they said, the bill would increase flax which are not included in the "The Jenkins Bill violates the the burden on US consumers, Multifibre Agreement are now General Agreement on Tariffs and bring retaliation from other coun• included. As a result of the bill, Trade and other bilateral agree• tries and erode US credit. The bill US textile imports will shrink by ments between the United States ran counter to the Multifibre 36 percent within 5 years. If and many developing countries. Agreement and would likely force enforced, the Jenkins Bill would To execute such an act will throw the United States to invalidate 34 mean heavy losses for fabric ex• the world textile trade into of its current bilateral trade porters. For example, it would cut chaos," Hongkong traders claimed. agreements, the officials said. US off 56 percent of China's textile apparel retailers and importers, as A Philippine apparel exporters well as shipping companies and exports to the United States in association called the bill "unfair" 1985, costing China US$500 truck companies, have founded million of foreign currency income and "discriminative." organizations to take action every year. In refuting the claim that the against the Jenkins Bill. Sharp dif• expanding US trade deficit is due ferences also exist in the Con• Hongkong stands to lose not to the textile imports, observers in gress, where some representatives only 13 percent of its current Southeast Asia point out that and senators have indicated that quotas, but also 70 percent of its mounting budget deficits, high in• they will try hard to prevent the exports now outside the scope of terest rates and the skyrocketing bill's passage.

J2 Beijing Review, No. 38 land, they turn out a huge amount Bulgaria of farm and sideline products — nearly 32.6 percent of the nation's Private Economy Makes Strides total, including 40 percent of its meat, 30 percent of its milk, 60 Government encouragement of Bulgaria's developing in• percent of its eggs, a third of its vegetables and half of its fruit. dividual economy has given its people more food. It is estimated that farmers draw one-third of their income from poultry. The plots, given free of private enterprises. by DING YIWEI charge, could be passed on through inheritance, although their However, some people are du• HE thriving private economy sale is not permitted. Part of their bious about its functions, and be• T in Bulgaria has yielded re• produce, the decision added, had lieve that it may grow so strong markable growth in farm and to go to the state barn while the that it will eventually weaken the sideline products, thus improving rest could be sold freely on the country's centralized leadership people's diet. Within four years local market. Moreover, citizens and planning. Some industrial and from 1981-84, ;per-capita meat were given tax rebates on income farming coalitions have even re• consumption Increased from 60 earned from their private sidelines. fused to aid the private sector as kilograms to 70 kilograms, and To inspire the individual sector, ordered by the government. milk rose from 200 litres to 214 the council further ordered state- To pave the way for the devel• litres. Increases were also reg• run industrial and farming coali• opment of the individual econ• istered for eggs, fruit and tions to aid individual enterprises omy, Bulgarian leader Todor vegetables. with seeds, breeding stock, seed• Zhivkov ordered that barriers hin• The rapid improvement is attri• lings, feed, tractors and trucks. dering its effective progress be buted to the country's insistence Of the 8 million people in cleanly removed. The Bulgarian on developing its individual econ• Bulgaria, 1.3 million are engaged press is also stressing the im• omy. The Bulgarian government in individual sidelines. On 12.5 portance of the individual econ• believes that the state-owned percent of the country's arable omy. sector alone cannot meet the country's needs. Private produc• tion, as an indispensible component of a socialist economy, should be encouraged instead of being elimi• South Pacific nated, officials say. Since the 1970s, Bulgaria has initiated a series of policies to spur French Interests Under Fire the private sector. In 1973, it ruled that families raising poultry, Paris continues carrying out its nuclear tests in French cattle, pigs or sheep, or growing Polynesia despite protests from south Pacific countries. vegetables or fruit trees, would be honoured as "model families." In Mururoa Atoll nuclear test site 1975, the Uth National Congress by Yl MING once again demonstrated France's of the Bulgarian Communist "Beijing Review" News Analyst determination to defend its stra• Party called on agricultural co-op ESIDES absolving the French tegic position, and not retreat from members, workers and clerks to go B secret service, the DGSE carrying out nuclear tests there. into individual sideline occupa• (Derection Generale de la Securite tions to promote agricultural pro• Exterieure), of carrying out a Earlier, on August 7, at the an• duction, especially livestock bombing attack on the anti- nual meeting of the South Pacific breeding. In 1979, the Council of nuclear protest ship, the Rainbow Forum, a treaty declaring the Ministers decided that besides the Warrior, the French government South Pacific a nuclear-free zone family plots allotted to peasants on August 27 also conveyed an• was unanimously endorsed. The for private sideline production, other important message — that treaty bans nuclear testing in the workers, clerks, citizens and re• France would not permit any in• area, which includes French tirees could also get 200 square fringement of its interests in the Polynesia. To seek acceptance of metres of land to grow vegetables Pacific. President Francois Mit• the treaty. New Zealand and and fruit, or raise livestock and terrand's September 13 trip to the Australian officials are expected

September 23, 1985 13 to visit London, Paris and radiation may have seeped into agents had been sent to the area Washington in the next few the surrounding sea. Rainbow to monitor the actions of Green• months. No answer seems forth• Warrior, the Greenpeace flagship, peace. In a prepared statement, coming from the Elysee Palace was due to lead a flotilla of pro• French Prime Minister Laurent before the envoys' arrival. test ships into the Mururoa area. Fabius appealed to New Zea• But the vessel was blown up on land authorities to inform French Nuclear tests in the South July 10 as it lay at anchor in the judicial organs of any evidence Pacific have become a major harbour at Auckland, New Zea• concerning the crime. If the bone of contention between land. One crew member, a photo• crime was committed by French France and the Oceania nations grapher, was killed in the blast. citizens, the statement said, the in recent years. Paris transferred The New Zealand police discover• French government will certainly its nuclear testing ground from ed a dinghy and an oxygen tank punish them under French law. the Sahara desert to French Poly• near the scene of the crime, both So the burden of the case is now nesia in the late 1960s, and about bearing French registration marks. on New Zealand, which must 70 underground tests have been A French couple carrying Swiss prove that French secret agents conducted at Mururoa Atoll since passports were arrested. 1975. All previous French govern• were guilty. ments have consistently followed In New Zealand's view, the France holds that the Rainbow a policy of developing nuclear bombing was arranged by French Warrior affair has a much more forces. In spite of economic dif• intelligence agents. Wellington complicated background. Its ficulties, the Socialist government held that the incident violated final goal, in fact, is to get the of President Francois Mitterrand New Zealand's sovereignty, and French out of the Pacific, Paris has augmented appropriations for demanded that France apologize. says. Hence, Fabius said, "As a nuclear forces annually since The French government, after nuclear and peace-loving country, coming to power in 1981.makin g an official inquiry, ab• France needs to protect its in• Through over two decades of ef• solved the DGSE and France of terests in the area as it considers forts, France has become the any blame for the sabotage of the them to be. But there are activi• world's third nuclear power, with Rainbow Warrior, but acknowl• ties directed against these in• an independent force of combined edged that French intelligence terests." strategic and tactical weapons.

On arms reduction, France does Sudan not rule out someday taking part in the Geneva talks. But it de mands that the United States and Peaceful Settlement Looks Dim the Soviet Union curtail their Prospects for a reconciliation between the Sudanese nuclear arms development first to government and rebel forces again look remote in view narrow the gap between the super• of increased guerrilla attacks on government outposts powers and France. Unless that is done, France refuses to yield and a number of towns. even an inch on the independent ernment declared a unilateral status of its nuclear deterrent. On by ZHAO ZHUXIU ceasefire and called for the re• the South Pacific countries' de• vival of the Addis Ababa Agree• mand for an end to nuclear tests HE Sudanese People's Libera• ment, which, abrogated by the de• in the area, Paris has not moved T tion Army (SPLA) has in the posed Nimeri, calls for more au• either. After the Rainbow War• past month extended its attacks tonomy for the south. rior incident, Mitterrand publicly northward, inflicting heavy losses ordered the French navy to use on government troops and civil• Garang has called the present force, if necessary, to stop pro• ians. The escalating fighting con• government a "continuation of testers from entering a 12-mile firms the view that efforts for the Nimeri regime" and has vow• zone around Mururoa. national reconciliation following ed to fight "until a real democrat• the overthrow of former Presi• ic regime is set up in Khartoum." The environmental group, dent Gaafar Nimeri last April He has ordered his forces to Greenpeace, and other ecological have failed. broaden the areas of assault groups claim that repeated under• from the south to the north. ground tests at Mururoa have Reber leader |ohn Garang has weakened the basic structure of so far rejected the government's A spokesman for the SPLA re• the atoll, and that nuclear peace overture, in which the gov- cently told the Sudan Press

14 Beijing Review, No. 58 Agency that the SPLA was fight• The prolonged internal strife in helping actual income grow. The ing for an overall settlement of the Sudan has shown that the prob• number of newly-bought private the nationwide issue instead of lem of southenn Sudan is not cars in the first quarter of this the southern Sudan problem likely to be settled by force. year increased by 33.4 percent, alone. In the meantime. Defence Government troops cannot be ex• compared with the same period Minister Osman Abdallah said at last year. Unemployment has a recent press conference that at• pected to wipe out the 15,000 dropped to 2.7 percent, one of the tacks on the government forces strong SPLA. Nor is it likely lowest rates in Europe. that Garang will, through were "imminent" and characteriz• The ruling parties are also tak• ed the situation as "highly tense force, realize his dream of re• structuring the government. But ing the initiative on security and liable to explode at any mo• policy. Most big political forces ment." Government reinforce• the present situation indicates that in Norway agreed that the coun• ments have been sent to the south the battle between the govern• try must rely on the North Atlan• where they began a counterattack ment and the Garang rebels will tic Treaty Organization (NATO) on the rebels, he said. "This is continue, and that a peaceful set• for its security. But since 1981 a necessity and not an option," tlement of the problem is not the Labour Party has differed he said. likely in the near future. with the Conservative-led coali• tion government on the security issue. The Labour Party has criticized government participa• Norway tion in the NATO decision allow• ing US medium-range missiles to Government Faces New Trials be deployed in Europe — a move which had been approved by the With only a one-seat majority in parliament, Prime Min• former Labour Party government. ister Kaare Willoch's three-party coalition won the vote in Then it clamorously advocated a Norway. But the struggle between the ruling parties and nuclear-free zone in Northern the opposition continues. Europe.

by FANG XIANGSHENG The economic situation in However, in July when the elec• Norway favoured the government tion campaign was in full swing, before the latest campaign. Since the Soviet Union held a huge COALITION government 1981, the economy has been rising naval exercise involving more A formed by the Conservative steadily. This year, the Central than 100 warships, including Party, the Christian People's Statistical Bureau predicts, the aircraft carriers, in the North Party and the Central Party edged country's traditional economy will Atlantic off the Norwegian coast. its way to a razor-thin one-seat grow at least by 4 percent and in• Its purpose was to rehearse block• victory this month in Norway's dustrial investment is set to in• ing NATO reinforcements to closest general election since Denmark and Norway. The So• World War II. crease by 20 percent or more. Meanwhile, North Sea oil ex• viet move forced the opposition The Conservative Party, led by ploitation is also going into high to dodge the security issue during Prime Minister Kaare Willoch. gear. From 1981-84, oil income the campaign. won 50 seats in the country's 157- alone was over US$16 bil• To compensate, the Labour seat parliament. 3 fewer than it lion. This not only improved the Party had to make an issue of formerly held. The allied Chris• state of Norway's international in• social welfare. It called for set• tian People's Party gained one come and expenses, but also ting up more kindergartens, giving seat, for a total of 16, while the brought vitality to its bleak ship• longer - maternity leave and im• Central Party also gained a seat building industry. proving medical treatment by us• and now holds 12. The opposi• ing the national oil income. These tion Labour Party won 71 seats, Inflation has been reduced propositions found favour with an increase of 5. Its ally, the So• to 5.7 percent, from more than some voters, but not enough to cialist Left Party took 6 seats. 10 percent four years ago when give Labour Party a majority. the Labour Party was in power, After the election. Willoch said while workers' income has Although the election has end• the result made the situation in increased over 8 percent. The ed, the fight between the ruling Norway even more unmanageable government has received US$3.5 parties and the opposition is still than before. million less in taxes since 1981, going on.

September 23, 1985 15 Observations on the Korean Situation

A welcome trend towards reconciliation between the two parts of Korea has appeared, but the Korean issue is still a long way from being settled. An early solution to the issue is possible, though obstacles exist. It would be better for the United States to take the initiative in withdrawing its troops from South Korea at an early date rather than waiting to be compelled to do so.

animosity between the two parts by TAO BINGWEI of Korea, each side keeps high II vigilence, preparing against any possible incursion and is ready to I turn the pre-war defence arrange• An early solution to the Korean ment into a war-time structure. If issue is possible. ORTY years ago, Korea was this antagonistic feeling continues In the past three decades since F artificially divided into two to develop, the situation on the the armistice, peace and stability parts. Following the armistice, Korean Peninsula is bound to de• have by and large prevailed. Con• while no fresh hostilities have teriorate. broken out on the Korean Penin• sistently following a policy of sula, it has all along been shrouded Against this historical back• peaceful reunification of the coun• in tension which is not only dis• ground, both sides in Korea have try, the DPRK holds that the quieting to the Korean people, but support from the countries that Korean issue should be resolved by also threatens to undermine peace maintain close ties with them. On the Koreans themselves, free from and stability in the Asian-Pacific account of its strategic needs, the any outside interference. President region in general and Northeast United States signed a military Kim II Sung has repeatedly stated Asia in particular. If such a state treaty with South Korea and has that the North has neither the in• of affairs is allowed to continue, it a miUtary presence there. Japan is tention nor the strength to attack is likely to bring about serious con• an ally of the United States and the South. It is safe to say that sequences. This is because: has close economic relations with so long as the South refrains from South Korea. China and the DPRK attacking the North, relative peace The huge troop concentrations are close neighbours. The Soviet and stability on the Peninsula can on both sides of the military de• Union, contiguous with the north• still be ensured. This will provide marcation line are in full battle ern part of Korea, also maintains a good atmosphere and favourable array, in a density never seen else• friendly relations with the DPRK. conditions for removing the tension where in the world. The United In case of any major contingency, and animosity and better facilitat• States unceasingly ships to South all the key countries concerned ing the solution of the Korean Korea large quantities of sophisti• would definitely not look on with issue. cated weapons, including combat indifference but would most prob• aircraft, naval vessels and even ably get directly or indirectly In the early 1970s, a dialogue nuclear weapons. Together with involved. was started between the North and South Korea, it has reinforced the the South and an agreement was military deployment south of the It is, therefore, imperative to reached on a national reconciliation demarcation line and carried out, remove the lurking elements of and the reunification of the coun• in consecutive years, massive mili• danger and seek an early and rea• try on the basis of the principles tary exercises. In these circum• sonable solution to the Korean of "independence, peaceful reunifi• stances, the Democratic People's problem in order to ease the ten• cation and national unity." After Republic of Korea is compelled to sion and maintain peace and twists and turns, a favourable take counter measures in streng• stability on the Peninsula, as well sequence of events eventually thening its defence capabilities. as to safeguard peace and security emerged in 1984. In that year, the in the Asian-Pacific region and in North proposed tripartite talks; the Also, owing to the deep-rooted the world at large. South accepted relief supplies of-

16 Beijing Review, No. 38 fered by the North; talks on eco• United States and Japan have, for consideration, or be accepted or re• nomic co-operation and Red Cross their part, taken a somewhat dif• fined by the other side, so that they talks between the two sides yielded ferent attitude towards the DPRK. can be well implemented with initial successes; and recently, pos• In such circumstances, if the two fruitful results through co-opera• sibilities for Parliamentary talks parts of Korea can maintain their tion. To treat each other with are being explored. All this indi• current momentum in the days to good faith, it is necessary for both cates that both sides are willing to come, they will undoubtedly speed sides to eradicate the animosity, move towards reconciliation and the resolution of the Korean issue. estrangement and distrust existing co-operation through dialogue, between them. To this end, the Great changes have taken place mutual understanding and mutual two sides need to work with joint in international relations apropos accommodation. The following efforts and take practical measures, of the situation on the Korean elements account for this situation, setting store by the overall interests Peninsula. Japan, the United which is the most favourable in of the whole nation and the entire Estates, China and the Soviet Union years: country. have established diplomatic rela• — The desire of over 50 million tions with one another. These re• The international community Korean people for national recon• lations are characterized by en• should, on its part, fully respect the ciliation and the reunification of hanced friendly co-operation, or independent stand of the Korean their country is stronger than ever steady development, or incipient nation. In international communi• before. Nobody can afford to fly improvement. Moreover, the cation involving the Korean ques• in the face of the will of the whole evolution of the Korean issue to tion, the world should whole• Korean nation. this day makes it impossible for heartedly help with, support and either big power to exploit the promote anything that will be con• — The two sides have had in• situation to its own advantage. ducive to reconciliation and co• termittent contacts for a decade They have no other alternative but operation between the two parts of and more. to face reality and respect the na• Korea, to an independent and tional aspirations of the Korean peaceful reunification of Korea — The heavy burden of military people. So, the present interna• and to peace and stability on the spending brings nothing but addi• tional environment is favourable Peninsula. tional hardships to the economic for reconciliation and co-operation development of both sides and between the two sides in Korea With its military presence in unfavourably affects living and is conducive to an independent South Korea, the United States standards. and peaceful reunification of bears unshirkable responsibilities Korea. for the settlement of the Korean — Given the fact that neither question. As is known to all, the side is capable of overwhelming or idea of holding tripartite talks be• Mi annexing the other, both sides have tween the North, the South and the come to realize that perpetuation United States was first made public Despite this welcome trend, the of the confrontation can only do in a "Joint Statement" during Korean situation is, after all, still harm rather than good, and that former US President Carter's a long way from being settled. the way out is to work towards visit to Seoul on July 1, 1979. The How to prcis' ahead with this fa• national reconciliation and co• North did not responded favourab• vourable trend, avoiding serious operation. ly until January 1984, when it of• setbacks — particularly any retro• ficially proposed holding such — The international community gression in the course of events — talks. In fact, this was a major hopes to see lasting peace and and, at the same time, work to concession on the part of the stability on the Korean Peninsula create conditions to facilitate an North, indicating that it is ready to without the outbreak of a new early and proper solution to the act in good faith for the settlement war. To this end, many countries Korean question, all this consti• of the Korean question. However, have tnade greater or lesser efforts tutes an arduous task to be under• it is puzzling that the United States, to help bring about a North-South taken by both Korean decision• as the original proponent of the reconciliation and the peaceful makers and the international tripartite talks, went back on its reunification of Korea by Koreans community. own proposition. Thus, the inter• themselves. As far as the two sides in Korea national community cannot but — The North has begun to adopt are concerned, good faith is most doubt whether the United States is flexible policies and readjust its crucial. If they act in good faith, truly willing to solve the Korean relations with the United States, any proposals or options put for• question. It is universally hoped fapan and other countries. The ward will be taken into serious that the United States will take a

September 25. 1985 17 realistic approach and agree to par• them. Therefore, it would be bet• bours. China hopes that the 50 ticipate in tripartite talks before ter for the US to show flexibility million Korean people will soon long. Since the United States has in its policy and take the initiative be released from the suffering repeatedly expressed its readiness at an early date by honourably caused by the partition of their foi- an early settlement of the withdrawing its troops from South country and realize the reunion of Korean issue by peaceful means, its Korea rather than waiting to be their kith and kin. We also hope positive response to, and actual compelled to do so. This will be that lasting peace and stability will participation in, such talks will not conducive to the successful solu• prevail on the Korean Peninsula only dispel the misgivings of the tion of the Korean issue and to . and in the Asian-Pacific region as international community, but also peace and security in the Asian- a whole. To this end, China has prove its sincerity by deeds. Pacific region. And after all, it made and will continue to make will be beneficial to the United positive efforts. China acclaims The major hurdle to the settle• States itself as well. every achievement scored by the ment of the Korean issue is the two parts of Korea on the path American military presence in Despite the emerging trend towards reconciliation and co• South Korea. The DPRK con• towards reconciliation and co• operation. China is not for the sistently maintains that the US operation between North and idea of "cross recognition" by the should withdraw its troops. In the South Korea, the United States has major states concerned, for this in United States, many people with continued its "Team Spirit" joint fact means creating "two Koreas" insight are aware that even in manoeuvers with the South, on a and perpetuating the partition of South Korea, there exists a strong scale that grows yearly. This the country. This runs precisely undercurrent against the US pres• serves no good purpose except counter to the long-cherished na• ence. Notwithstanding, the DPRK impairing the North-South dia• tional aspiration of the Korean has made it public that a US with• logue and making the North take a people for reunification at an early drawal is not a prerequisite for the more stern and hostile stance to• date. reunification of the country. This wards the United States. It is, illustrates that over the question of therefore, only reasonable for the The course of events shows that US troop withdrawal the North international community to appeal the situation on the Korean Penin• has adopted a flexible policy, for an end to military manoeu• sula has reached a new phase. Al• which demonstrates its positive at• vers in any form in the South. though there may still be twists titude. Yet, on this question, the Objectively speaking, provided and turns, independent and peace• position of the Reagan administra• that the United States and South ful reunification is in full accord tion contrasts strikingly with thai Korea act accordingly, the con• with the popular will and the gen• of the DPRK. The Reagan ad• sequent positive outcome is likely eral trend of events. In short, if ministration not only has reversed to be witnessed distinctly in the the two parts of Korea really make the decision of the Carter adminis• furthering of dialogues between headway from animosity to recon• tration on the phased withdrawal the two parts of Korea, and in ciliation and from mistrust to co• of the US ground forces from an ' improvement of relations be• operation, and if the interested par• South Korea, insisting that-the US tween the DPRK and the United ties, the United States in particular, ground forces should stay on for States. truly adopt a sensible policy, it will a prolonged period of time, but has yield good results. Such an out• The DPRK has time and again never stopped strengthening its come will be of historic signifi• expressed its readiness to improve capabilities. Obviously, this only cance to the Korean Peninsula, to relations with the United States serves to aggravate the animosity the Asian-Pacific region as a and Japan, and actions to this end between the two sides of Korea whole, to the relations between have been taken. Now is the and in no way helps bring about the interested parties and to their time for them to take positive steps a relaxation of tension or stability relations with the two parts of for improved relations with the in Korea. As time goes on, the Korea. • question of ending the US military DPRK. Improved relations will be involvement will eventually be a new positive factor for closer brought up by the two sides of contacts between the North and. Korea, or by them and United the South, an easing of the tension States jointly, with or without US on the Korean Peninsula, and an consent when the course of events early solution to the Korean reaches a certain stage, especially question. when the two sides will have made significant progress on the recon• IV ciliation and co-operation between China and Korea are close neigh•

18 Beijing Review. No. 58 Visit to Tibet (III) Science Changes Highland Uj

by ZHOU ZHEN However, only few people know for dissection. When the internal Our Correspondent that some points of the theory of organs have been taken out, the evolution of Charles Darwin (1809- body is dismembered. The bones 82), the famous English natural• are then smashed and the flesh is HE traditional culture of Tibet ist, have equivalent expressions in cut into small pieces to be mixed T the Tibetan medical sciences, with cheese, butter and barley finds expression not only in which date back to the 13th flour for the vultures. literature and art but also in century. science. The ceremony enabled early Tibetan doctors to know the human body in intimate detail, unlike Age-Old Tibetan Medicine their counterparts in the rest of the country. During a visit to the Tibetan for the Four Medical Books. En• Hospital in Lhasa, director Qiang- titled Lanliuli (Blue Coloured ba Chilie, 56, showed us replicas Glaze), the book describes the Rich Tradition of 250-year-old paintings used for stages of embryonic development teaching medicine. One of the in great detail. In 1704. under Tibetan doctors have developed paintings shows the inutero the edict of the King of Tibet, doc• medicines with curative effect for development of a human being; tors who could paint drew the 79 heart and blood vessel diseases, from the fish to the reptilian to colour drawings for the Four diseases of the nervous and the the mammalian stage. Medical Books, 51 of them being digestive systems and for rheu• human anatomy. matism. Director Qiangba Chilie According to Qiangba Chilie, said his hospital receives about these paintings supplemented the 700 patients a day. Tibetans, Hans Four Medical Books, a Tibetan Sky Burial and people of other nationalities masterpiece written in the 8th often come a long way for treat• century, that says the embryo is Tibetan doctors' understanding ment at the hospital, which will nourished from its mother through of the human embryonic develop• soon have a 200-bed in-patient the umbilical cord. The Teachings ment and the physicians' ability to department. of the Deceased Buddhists, which visualize and draw human organs, was excavated in 1285 in Tibet said Qiangba Chilie. can be at• Tibetan medicines are made and written in the 700s, also says tributed to an age-old Tibetan from preparations containing some the embryo has to go through the custom called the sky burial. 600 ingredients, including ani• three stages. As a burial ceremony commonly mals, plants and minerals. Com• In 1689 Tibet published a book used by the Tibetans, the dead are pared with synthetic medicine, that provides standard explanations laid on the celestial burial stone these medicines are cheaper and

September 23. 1985 19 have fewer side-effects. The phar• maceutical factory, which comes Potential for Energy Development under the direction of the Tibetan No major coal mine or oilfield its top floor, called East and West Hospital, produced 90,000 kg of has been found in Tibet. The 1.2 Sunshine Halls. French windows medicine in 300 varieties in 1984, million-square kilometre region, also have long been used by farm• Qiangba Chilie, himself an ac• however, has large tracts of forests ers and herdsmen, and window complished medical scholar, came that are concentrated in the low frames of Tibetan houses are paint• from a family with three genera• warm area. Although Tibetans ed black to better absorb the tions of physicians and entered a have traditionally used dung and heat. butter as their sources of fuel and Tibetan medical school when he During a visit to the locally was 13 years old. lighting, the area is rich in hydro- power, geothermal energy, solar famous solar energy-village, Jiang- Heavily influenced by the five and wind energy. These newer, ga in Duilong Deqing County, I elements (metal, wood, water, fire more efficient energy forms are visited Qiongbailabu and his and earth) used in traditional me• now beginning to spread through family. 1 was shown a metal solar dicine of the Han nationality, and Tibet as new facilities are built energy stove on the house balcony, the four elements (water, earth, and people become accustomed to on which the hostess, after read• wind and fire) used in traditional their use. justing the focus of the solar Indian medicine, Tibetan medi• blinds, boiled a kettle of water in cine, Qiangba Chilie said, has its Solar Energy 15 minutes. own unique features that are a Perched on the "roof of the "We used to spend 36 yuan a synthesis of both. Maintaining a world," arid Tibet is bathed in sun• month on six bags of cow dung," close link with astronomy and the shine for more than 3,000 hours a Qiongbailabu said. "Now except calendar, Tibetan medicine also year in most of its area, which ex• on rainy days, we always use the maintains that the vital energy and plains why its solar energy re• solar energy stove, which is eco• blood circulation inside human sources rank second in the world, nomical. Cooking has also become body change with the seasons. next only to the Sahara Desert. easier for my wife, too." Development Pointing at a solar battery com• Although solar energy has been posed of silicon pieces also on the For the further development of scientifically used to serve Tibetans balcony, the host said that after the Tibetan medicine, the Tibetan only in recent years, people there being exposed to the sun for a Hospital set up the Tibetan Medi• long ago adopted indigenous whole day, the power could be cine Research Institute and the methods to benefit from the long used for two or three evenings. Astronomy and Calendar Research hours of direct sunlight. The gran• Institute. The Autonomous Region diose Potala Palace, for example, The liangga village was picked recently started a Tibetan Uni• has huge glass French windows on by the Solar Energy Research In- versity, which offers a five-year programme on Tibetan medicine, a Paintings for medical teaching drawn 250 years ago. three-year course is offered by the Tibetan Secondary Medical School. An assortment of hospitals in Tibet provide a combination of Western and Tibetan medicines for their patients. Tibetans believe avidly in the curative qualities of the traditional medicines, but also show Interest in Western surgical procedures. Most Tibetans con• sider combining the two forms the optimal to ensure good health. Tibet has about 900 hospitals and clinics, with 7,000 doctors and medical personnel. In Tibet, al! people, whether of Tibetan or other nationality, enjoy free medical service.

20 Beijing Review, No. 38 stifute of the Tibetan Autonomous Efforts are being made to study Regional Science Commission to the feasibility of further co-opera• be used in a pilot project aimed at tion with foreign countries. popularizing solar stoves in Tibet. In addition to the geothermal The institute gave each of the 27 power station at Yangbajain, con• households in the village a solar struction of another in Laiigjiu of stove, and showed the villagers the Ari Prefecture in western Tibet how to use them. was begun last year. The Langjiu Institute representatives said that station's first generator, with a greenhouses were set up in Tibet capacity of 1,000 kw, will be put for vegetable growing in the 1950s into operation soon. and have since become popular. In the 1960s, solar energy bath• houses appeared in Lhasa, and the Wind Energy next decade saw the research and development of the solar energy Tibet is one of the windiest boilers and stoves. In order to regions in China, with wind popularize the use of solar stoves, velocity averaging three metres per the Solar Energy Research Institute second for 200 days a year, and also has recently brought in from the wind in northern Tibet is even other parts of the country 1,500 stronger. The use of wind energy in Tibet began in 1982. Fifteen Director Oiongba Chilie. solar stoves for sale to herdsmen at wind generators with a capacity of a 75 percent discount. In Naqu 2,000 w and 210 with a capac• district in northern Tibet, solar ity of 100 w were installed in the energy has been used to heat rural areas in Naqu district in institutions, schools and hospitals. northern Tibet. Three villages there have their electricity generat• Geothermal Power ed by the unit. Tibet is richly endowed with The Wind Energy Experimenta• geothermal resources. About 600 tion Centre located in this district geothermal fields have been is considered a major project of located. It is estimated that Tibet's the autonomous region. Upon the geothermal generating capacity will completion of its construction, top 800,000 kw. the centre will co-ordinate the Tibet's first high-temperature selection of the wind energy geothermal well was sunk in 1975 generators, collection of informa• at Yangbajain at the foot of the tion and training of technical per• snow-capped Nianqing Tanggula sonnel. Mountain, which was later expand• A patient pleased with the reliei ed into a geothermal power station. acupuncture provided her. Installed with four generators with Hydropower a combined capacity of 10,000 kw, Thanks to the crisscrossing Yar- the Yangbaijaln Geothermal Power lung Zangbo, the Nujiang, the Station has since 1982 supplied Lancang and the Jinsha Rivers, Lhasa with some 80 million kwh plus the many lakes throughout of electricity. It is now the major Tibet, the region is blessed with station in the Lhasa power grid and rich water resources. As a result, has drawn world attention. Ac• hydropower exploitation is a top cording to Wu Fangzhi, engineer priority in the region's energy con• and director of the station's struction. Preliminary surveys administration office, the station is show that natural water resources one of the United Nations' aid proj• in the region reach some 200 mil• ects. The main generator for the lion kw, which is about 30 percent new station was imported from of the nation's total water reserves. Japan, while its auxiliary equip• During the time of the 13th Dalai ment came from the United States. Foreigners visiting the Tibetan Lama (1876-1933), some Tibetan Hospital, showing great interest. September 23, 1985 21 Left: The Yongbojain geothermal field. Right. Cooking with a solar stove. students who were sent to study in tion. By the end of June 1985, mental farm, pioneered by Wang Great Britain returned to Tibet Tibet had built more than 700 himself. A graduate of a secondary with a 125-hp generator and start• small and medium-sized hydropow• agricultural school, Wang moved ed the region's first hydropower er stations, with a combined gen• to Tibet in the early '60s. Over the station in 1928. Unfortunately, the erating capacity of 113,000 kw, past 20 years or more, he and his small station located in the north• or 11 times more than that was colleagues have conducted quan• ern suburbs of Lhasa was destroy• available in 1965. The abundant tities of experiments at the 4,000- ed in a devastating flood in 1944. hydro-reserves have essentially metre highland station and have guaranteed a supply of electricity chalked up some useful achieve• Additional small hydropower to the cities and to one-third of ments. Wang and his crew succes• stations mushroomed in Tibet, how• the farming and animal husbandry sively introduced strong strains of ever, following its peaceful libera- areas. barley, wheat and rape, all of which are suitable for the cold- temperature highland. The re• search crew also studied the best Scientific Farming and Breeding sowing seasons for various crops Tibet is culturally backward. To have usually taken a laissez-faire at• and, tested weed-killers, insecti• overcome the drawback, modern titude towards insect plagues. In cides, chemical fertilizers, and ex• science and technology have been the Buddhist spirit of never killing perimented with watering promoted widely in the region in anything, the peasants would ask and machine-sowing technology. order to advance its comprehen• a lama chanting sutra instead of Through practice the team has sive development. having them killed. guided local cultivation in a pro• gressive direction. In 1975 they In 1979, Wang said, his county Fighting Superstition harvested 836.5 kg of wheat from was hit by a dry spell and by an each mu (equal to one-fifteenth of The Agricultural Science and increasing pea leave moths. County a hectare) of their experimental Technology Promotion Station in station officials went to the moth fields, a record in the nation. They Gyangze County is a national pace• infected area armed with cans of broke their own record, however, setter in promoting modern farm insecticides. The insecticides, two years later. science and technology and in which proved effective against the helping to combat sijperstitions moths, had a positive effect on the that can be a hindrance to pro• peasants, showing them the bene• Promotion of Farming gress. fits of such "modern technology." Technology According to Wang Yushan, The predecessor of the Agricul• The 30-plus staff members of agronomist and the county's tural Science and Technology Pro• the Gyangze County Agricultural deputy-head, peasants in his area motion Station was an experi• Science and Technology Promotion 22 Beijing Review. No. 38 Station often works in the sur• Tibet is one of the five major been planted on 300 hectares of rounding area under technological pastoral areas in China. On its 80 grassland. Handicapped by inade• contracts. The production teams million-hectare grassland live yaks, quate irrigation system, however, or individual peasants will farm Tibetan sheep, goat, horses and this strain has not yet become under the station's guidance and mules. Here the age-old breeding popular. merit by increased production. The method of relying on heaven for station, however, will compensate one's progress is now beginning to Improving Breeds change. the peasants for'any loss of crops On the pastureland in Dang• cultivated strictly in accordance Pastoral Construction xiong, which is known as the with their methods. "green corridor" about 180 kilo• The Grassland Management Sta• The No. 1 village in the Chang- metres north of Lhasa, artificial tion in Dangxiong County, with a insemination is used to breed yaks. bu Township has 46 hectares of staff of 15, teaches herdsmen to farmland with a previous per- Poor yak health is a major head• protect, grow and improve their ache for local herdsmen. To hectare yield of no more than grasslands. Station head, Qiang- 1,500 kg. The village's production, solve the problem, with the help ba Dawa, 39, a Tibetan, is a grad• of local herdsmen, Zhang Xiong, however, started to increase by 50 uate of the Inner Mongolian percent in 1978 thanks to the tech• a breeding specialist from the Dang University where he majored in xiong Livestock Farm, set out to nological guidance provided by the grassland technology. agricultural technological promo• improve the quality of the yaks. In tion station. The grain production Qiangba Dawa showed us an August and September last year of the 120-person village totalled experimental plot seeded with dif• Zhang inseminated with improved 100 tons in 1984. The villagers, of ferent strains of grass and skirted sperm 60 female yaks. The yaks course, were pleased with the by an irrigation ditch. After a few gave birth to 32 strong and adapt• bumper harvest, prompting other years of experiment, the station able yaks early this year. Efforts production teams to follow their head said, high-yielding and highly to improve the breeds of other lead. nutritious grass had begun to be animals have also paid off in other raised in the experimental plot. parts of Tibet. For instance, local The station also provides train• How to tide the peasants over oxen were inseminated with frozen ing courses for agrotechnicians. during the winter, however, re• sperm of the Ximentaer, the Bing- Through examinations, 243 stu• mains a problem. According to zhou and Beijing black-and-white dents in Gyangze County have be• Qiangba Dawa, the best strain of bulls. Their offspring now pro• come qualified agrotechnicians. grass is a local breed, which has duce twice as much milk as their mothers and are 70 percent heav• Farming in o scientific way. ier. The Lhasa white hen, a hybrid of Leghorn and local chicken, are highly resistent to dis• ease and lay more than 200 eggs a year per hen. The fine breed has been honoured with awards from the State Science and Technology Commission. Training the Talented Located along the Linzi Niyang River, the Tibetan Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, buih in 1971 and a branch of the Tibetan Nationalities Institute until 1978, has an animal husbandry and verterinary department and agricul• ture, forestry, water conservation, electricity and personnel training departments. Its 1,500 graduates are now active in the rural areas and on pastureland, contributing to the reconstruction of agriculture and animal husbandry in Tibet.•

September 23. 1985 23 'Chinese Now Spoken Here'

— A Report From the Ist International Symposium on Teaching Chinese As a Foreign Language

This development has created a cepted all of them," said Koshi• by WEI LIMING new demand for China specialists, mizu with a smile. Our Correspondent scholars and teachers. For educa• According to Koshimizu, who N the spring of 1953, a 20-year- tors, it has also raised questions hosted a Chinese class on Tokyo I old Austrian student travelled over how to expand enrolment, TV from 1975-83, more and more from the Tirol to Venice to fulfil train teachers of Chinese, improve Japanese have begun studying the what was then a very peculiar the quality of teaching, perfect language of their neighbour. More dream — he wanted, to learn Chi• teaching methods, compile ma• than 100,000 students are now in nese. Luckily, Otto Ladstatter terials and conduct co-operative formal courses, while about found an ethnic Chinese tutor at language programmes. 900,000 more follow the lessons Venice University, and thus be• It was against this background broadcast on radio or TV. The came the only Austrian scholar of that 260 Chinese and foreign Chinese text books he compiled his time to take up this difficult scholars recently gathered in Bei• began jumping off the shelves at a and challenging language. jing to convene the First Interna• rate of over one hundred thousand Now 52, Ladstatter is still at tional Symposium on Teaching Chi• copies a month, Koshimizu said. Venice University, as director of nese As a Foreign Language. The Since 1983, the Japan-China its Chinese Language Research In• participants came from 20 coun• Friendship Association has held an stitute. "Compared with the 1950s, tries — Australia, Austria, Bel• annual Chinese Lecture Competi• we have better facilities for stu• gium, Bulgaria, Korean Democratic tion. Koshimizu, who helps judge dents learning Chinese now," he People's Republic, Denmark, the competition, noted that it noted. France, Czechoslovakia, Federal draws more participants than any Chinese specialties have been Republic of Germany, Malaysia, other language contest. Most are instituted in universities and col• the United States, German Demo• housewives. "These housewives leges in more than 50 countries and cratic Republic, Japan, Thailand, have turned out to be the best regions. In some places, Chinese Singapore, New Zealand, Italy, In• speakers," he added. "This shows has been added to primary school donesia, the Great Britain and the extensive scale of the Chinese or high school curricula. In China China —as well as from Hong• lesson craze. Many people believe itself, more than 60 universities kong. they will have a better understand• and colleges have language classes ing of Japanese culture if they for foreign students, giving clear Craze for Chinese study Chinese." indication that Chinese language studies are booming since the One day in 1982, Dr. Masaru Sandra Mantici of the Oriental country opened its doors to the Koshimizu, a professor at the Institute in Milan, Italy, said with outside world. In the past, when Tokyo Foreign Languages Univer• great pride that her country was few China-related jobs were avail• sity, was startled to find that the the first in the Occident to teach able, people studied the Asian lan• number of students attending his Chinese. Its first class was held guage out of an admiration for an• Chinese class had suddenly risen to when the Yuan Dynasty (1271- cient Chinese culture and curiosity some 430. He found that a similar 1368) came to power in China. about that mysterious land. With rush had also hit his department's "More and more people have be• the rise of prospects for cultural other Chinese classes. This appar• gun studying Chinese since the and economic contacts with China, ent overnight craze for Chinese 70s," the Italian scholar added. however, many countries now feel had caught the teachers unpre• According to Dr. Michael Sawer, they must make up for a shortage pared. What were they to do with director of the Modern Language of Chinese speakers. all those students? "Well, I ac• Department of the Canberra

24 Beijing Review, No. 38 Higher Education Institute and experiences gained in teaching completing their Chinese courses, president of the Australian Asso• Chinese. he noted. "These materials con• ciation of the Chinese Teachers, tain every lecture their teacher Chinese language courses are avail• The development of Chinese gives, supported by tapes. In this able in eight Australian Universi• teaching and learning urgently way, the students are able to study ties, two colleges and, in Rich• needs a great deal of new, more and review the lessons by them• mond, in two primary schools. lively teaching materials, par• selves." ticularly audio-visual aids. The Chinese is also taught in 186 older teaching methods were often In Singapore, where ethnic Chi• universities and colleges in the outdated, said Dr. William H. nese account for 76 percent of the United States, attracting about Baxter of Michigan University. "I population, English 'and Chinese some 10,000 students. Extensive learnt how to say 'proletariat' be• are compulsory in primary schools programmes are underway in fore 1 could say 'restrooms'," he for Chinese children. To better France, Britain and Canada. South added. promote primary Chinese educa• Korea spent US$810,000 on the tion, the nation's Ministry of Edu• compilation of a Chinese diction• Almost all the participants were cation in 1974 set up a group to ary, the largest of its kind in the involved in developing teaching oversee textbook compilation. It world. The project involved 130 materials suitable for students in also devised ways to train students specialists and lasted 10 years. their own countries. The most systematically in speaking and Since the 1970s, Singapore has popular book on spoken Chinese writing. Educational TV program• been popularizing Mandarin Chi• turned out to be About China, com• mes were shown twice a week to nese by encouraging the study of plied jointly by Beijing University, arouse local interest in Chinese. A Chinese phonetic alphabets. "Al• Beijing Teachers' University, the survey made in 1982 showed that most every day people from big Beijing Languages Institute and the new teaching aids are 40 per• companies phone to ask about Wellesley College of the United cent more efficient than the old short-cuts for learning to speak States. ones. Chinese," said Lin Shan, who re• Chinese characters are difficult During the Beijing symposium, presented the island nation at the to learn, said Dr. Timothy Light, the participants also probed the conference. director of the Oriental Culture, difficulties in studying Chinese and Languages Department at New posed by their own mother tongues Academic Exchanges York's Columbia University, and or from the angle of philology. The symposium received about many American students find it Many Japanese thought it would 180 papers, some of which were hard to follow the class. Columbia be easy to learn Chinese since their read during the forum. The parti• students accumulate a pile of own language uses so many Chi• cipants also spoke on their own books half a metre high before nese characters, Koshimizu said. In fact, Chinese and Japanese characters are different not only in The symposium in session. pronunciation but in meaning. Soon after they begin their studies, many students found it hard to re- learn characters they thought they had already "mastered." In com• piling future textbooks, he said, special attention should be paid to differentiating between Chinese characters and Japanese. For English-speaking students, incorrect sentence structure is a major problem, added a scholar from Australia. The participants also discussed how to use modern teaching aids in Chinese, The 72-year-old Dr. Wang Fangyu, a senior US Sinolo• gist and professor of the Seton Hall University, suggested that in some countries computers could be

September 23, 1985 25 used alongside other audio-visual aids such as TV and tape re• corders. In spite of the impressive word storage capacity of the com• puters, the machines still have problems in making sentences, he added.

When asked about differences in Chinese education between the mainland and Taiwan, Wang said Taiwan impressed him with the flexibility of its teaching methods, while mainland China appeared more accomplished in linguistic theory.

Another interesting topic widely discussed at the symposium was how to test the students' mastery Panel discussions. of Chinese. Liu Xun from the Bei• jing Languages Institute elaborat• 1950s at the Beijing Languages In• setting up a centre to train Chinese ed in his report the theory that stitute, whose successes in this field language teachers and compile lies behind how to design test were acclaimed by the participants. teaching materials for students at papers and the experiments the various levels. Thus far, represen• institute has conducted. There are now about 1,000 tatives from Federal Republic of foreigners studying there. Al• Germany, the United States, Hong• Dr. Li Yingzhe, director of the though the institute has assembled kong and Singapore have asked the East-West Languages Department more than 300 books and other Beijing Languages Institute for of the US Hawaii University, also teaching materials, they are not teaching aids adapted to their local reported the standard of the United often used abroad due to poor dis• conditions. States adopts in testing the tribution. Dr. Timothy Light from students who study Chinese. The the United States said that he was Also at the request of the del• criterion, Dr. Li said, is (hal amazed to find so many textbooks egates, the Beijing Languages In• whether a student can express and reference materials had been stitute will set up a Chinese lan• his mind in the best understand• printed in China. guage information centre geared to able and acceptable structure, provide foreign teachers with whether he or she can use the right Suggestions prompt aid. • intonation in different occasions and on different topics. Proposals for the establishment of a world Chinese language Dr. Bill Jenner from Britain teachers association or a world hoped the Beijing Languages In• Chinese language education re• stitute will be able to work out an search association, won the en• authoritative test paper of Chinese dorsement of all participating in for foreign students. Liu Xunth e Beijing symposium. The organi• readHy accepted this and promised zation will help concentrate efforts to complete the project in two towards co-operation in this field, years. they agreed, adding that the world Chinese Language Teaching Re• Present at the symposium were search Institute under the China Chinese linguists Wang Li and Lu Education Association and the Shuxiang, along with more than Beijing Languages Institute should CORRECTIONS: In issue No. 37, page 100 language teachers. take the lead in setting up the as• 19, left-hand column, third paragraph, line 10 should read "in 1960. Danzeng sociations. Jiacuo went home." In our last issue, Chinese courses have been avail• on p. 31. the caption of the photograph of the coin should have read "it?: able for overseas students since the The participants also suggested diameter: 70 mm. . . ."

26 Beijing Review. No. 38 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

not neglect the topic on Chinese If I Were Mayor fine traditions.

Kind parents and devoted children. from "UAO WANG" In five months, 1,740 would-be- To support one's parents is the mayors wrote 1,535 letters, and (Outlook Weekly) duty of children. This is a tradi• offered 2,453 proposals on city tional virtue of the Chinese na• management. Some have been tion and has brought about the N last March, Guangzhou wag• adopted and carried out, and fundamental family structure — I ed a campaign "If 1 Were some others have been put on the three generations under one roof. Mayor of Guangzhou." Mayor Ye city governmental agenda. Xuanpiing published an article on This structure, people believe, has this matter, in which he said, "All Guangzhou's mayor Ye praised some good points: First, parents the leaders should listen to criti• the participants as "mayors with• will not feel lonely; second, cism, no matter how it is irritating out seals" and wrote do'vn in his parents can share some of the to the ear, and encourage people own name on the memorial cards household chores with their to offer proposals on government given to these "mayors" "Thank children; third, children have work." you. citizen." more chances to show their filial feelings to their parents and bridge The activity aroused the in• the gap between the old and terests of the local residents, even the young. overseas Chinese, some of whom drafted "mayor's order," while Keep the Fine Of course, we should not come others visited units to offer to a conclusion arbitrarily that it suggestions, calling themselves Traditions is good to have more traditional "one-hour mayors." extended family or to encourage more nuclear family. Today, it is The youngest among the from "GONGREN RIBAO" "mayors" was a sixth-grade impossible to get all the family (Workers' Doily) student. The pupil wrote that if members to live together. People he were mayor, he would improve believe that the generation gap HE spirit of "don't be hungry the contents of all the billboards can be filled and the feelings of T for fame and desire" was con• in the streets, place them in order two generations can be bridged, sidered a virtue in ancient China. and make Guangzhou more beau• Confucius (551-479BC) devoted that the old and the young can tiful. all his life to writing while lead• live harmoniously as long as the One-third of the suggestions ing a hard and wandering life. old understand the youths, while were on traffic. Guangzhou has Tao Qian (372-427), a great poet the young people care about their 90,000 automobiles, 40,000 motor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, gave parents. bikes and 1,500,000 bicycles. In up his title for a life of farming, addition, some 30,000 motor because he "refused to surrender Be polite and a good neighbour. vehicles from other cities drive for five dou of grain," and began China is crowned as a nation of into the city each day. As a to live a poor but honest and courtesy and righteousness, en• result, the traffic is so crowded upright life. Liu Yuxi (772-842) couraging people to respect others. that the situation mandates im• wrote On a Shabby Room, depict• mediate attention. ing his sense of pride of his poor Japan imported and developed material life that was rich in China's Confucianism and took On April 4, the city government spirit. The article has been lauded advantage of the doctrine on invited 18 "mayors" to its office for generations. and listened to their ideas for harmonizing family relations, the solving the traffic problems. The Today, people have every rea• relations between labourers and participants worked out three son to lead a good life. This is capitalists, and between friends. regulations for strollers, bicycles the purpose of revolution. When This is one of the major reasons and motorbikes on the basis of we are discussing the modern for lapan's economic develop• some related laws. ways of life, however, we should ment.

September 23. 1985 27 Good relations between neigh• and do not need to worry about of producing goods such as beer bours stem from politeness. Two their family. as well as, if not better than other countries. Therefore, it is wrong thousand years ago, it was a To remain devoted in old age. It to spend money in pursuit of custon to invite new neighbours is a Chinese custom to say to foreign expertise, when that exper• to one's home when one moved newly-weds "may you be happy, tise can be found in China. to another place. Good neighbours and remain devoted to each other always take care of each other. in your old age." This is the ideal They feel safer when they are out way for a couple to" live. Monkeys Took Revenge Response to Price Reform fTom •W>NGMIN RTBAO" from "JINGJI RIBAO" people. (Peasant Daily) (Economic Doily) To the question "What is the NE day, Lan Yungeng, a peas• OST people responding to a purpose of the price reform?" 74.3 O ant of Jucun Village in Qu- M stirvey in which they were percent of the people answered, zhou City, Zhejiang Province, saw asked their opinions of China's "to enliven the economy;" 16.9 a band of monkeys jumping hap• recently instituted price reform percent said they did not know; pily from one tree to another. He said they thought the reform would and 7.1 percent said the reason for threw stones at them for his per• help improve living standards in the reform was "to make money verse pleasure. China. for the country." About 77 percent of those ques• The next day when Lan was About 70 percent of the respon• tioned said the reform will help out, an old monkey led all the dents agreed with the statement boost the country's economy while younger ones to stage a counter "the price reform will result in the about 18 percent said they didn't offensive. The monkeys stole improvement of the living stand• know if the reform would help the Lan's dozens of chickens, brought ards," while 8 percent disagreed country's financial situation. them to the forest and plucked with the statement and about 21 Almost 4 percent said the reform them. Then the monkeys returned percent said they didn't know. would not boost the economy. them. As Lan came back, he found The survey, which was adminis• When asked if they thought the all his chickens bleedings. He tered in 27 counties and cities in reform would end only in higher looked up at the monkeys in Beijing and Henan, Zhejiang, prices, 35.2 percent of - the people the trees and saw them smiling at Hunan and Anhui Provinces, said yes, while 59.4 percent said him. He suddenly knew he had gathered opinions from 2,409 no. suffered at the hands of these animals. The next day, more than 100 monkeys made another attack, Importation and Superstition pulling up all Lan's one hectare of China fir saplings. Lan had to replant the saplings. Unexpected• ing national self-respect and con• ly, as he left, the monkeys damag• from "RENMIN RIBAO' fidence. ed them in the same way. Lan (People's Daily) Companies have spent money could do nothing but complain. NEW superstition has arisen. in the pursuit of that "foreign ex• A And if allowed to continue, cellence" and have later learnt that that superstition could be a*n eco• the product or products could be nomic drain to hinder China's just as easily and as well manufac• economic advancement. That be• tured in China. lief says all foreign-made products It would be wrong to say every• are of higher quality than goods thing rnade in China is better than made in China. That assumption those made abroad. This is not is erroneous, no good to maintain- true either. But, China is capable 28 Beijing Review, No. 38 tracts with 32 oil companies from Bright Prospects for Offshore Oil 12 countries on the joint explora• tion and exploitation of its offshore "New oil reserves have been dis• offshore gas and oil wells are ex• oil. The contracted blocks cover covered and some new oilfields pected to go on stream each year the Bohai Sea, South Yellow Sea have started operation, while the in the days to come." Basin, the Zhujiang (Pearl) River oil wells in the Chengbei Oilfield, Qin said China started exploring Mouth Basin of the South China a Sino-Japanese joint venture, will and extracting its offshore oil with Sea, the Beibu Gulf and the Ying- begin pumping its first batches foreign oil companies in 1979. In ge Sea. One hundred exploratory this month," said Qin Wencai May 1980, China signed five oil and 59 producing wells have been general manager of the China Na co-operative contracts with oil com• drilled, and oil and gas found in tional Offshore Oil Corporation panies from Japan, France and the 21 formations. A number of high- in an interview with Beijing Re United States, and in 1982 open• yield oil and natural gas wells have view. Qin also said: "Oil is ex ed the first round of bidding for also been drilled, which has all pected to be recovered at the offshore oil co-operation with for• put China among the top of list of 'Wei' 10-3 oilfield in the Beibu eign countries. the world's oil recovering nations. Gulf of the South China Sea in Compared with some foreign the second half of 1986, and new China has now signed 23 con- countries, China's offshore explora• tion is still in its infant stage, but rhe "Bohai No. 10" platform of the Bohai Oil Company operating in, the its prospects for oil production South Yellow Sea area. are bright. Britain, for example, began its oil exploration in the North Sea in 1964 and drilled 205 exploratory wells over an area of 240,000 square kilometres, one well for every 1,200 square kilometres. It was not until 1970 that it discovered large oil• fields. China, in comparison, drill• ed 34 exploratory wells in two years over an area of 150,000 square kilometres in the Zhujiang River Mouth Basin, one well for every 4,400 square kilometres. Five oil- and gas-bearing structures were discovered there. More than 500 oil-bearing structures have also been discovered in China's conti• nental shelf, but 80 percent of these structures have not been drilled. This fact shows that China is teeming with offshore oil re• sources. China is now holding its second round of offshore oil bidding, in which 23 foreign oil companies have participated. It is expected that a number of cil contracts will be concluded by the end of this year. Although oil prices have dropped on the world market, foreign cil companies are still in-

September 25, 1985 29 terested in the exploration and de• of cotton cloth, knitwear, towels Meng Qingping, a newly pro• velopment of China offshore oil and bath towels to other countries moted cadre of the Hainan govern• resources. while importing the equal value of ment, said that Hainan will, as To encourage foreign oil compa• wool-polyester blended fabrics, always, continue to welcome over• nies to step up their exploitation chemical fibres, wool for overcoats seas Chinese, compatriots from of China's small and medium-siz• and artificial wool and furs from Hongkong and Macao and busi• ed oilfields, the China National Poland and the German Demo• nessmen of other countries to ex• Offshore Oil Corp. has adopted cratic Republic in the first half of ploit Hainan's offshore and land some flexible measures, including this year. oil resources and develop import one that allows for a block's ex• and export trade and the tourist pansion if the contracted area industry. has proven to be dry. It is Hainan Holds on stipulated during the second round of bidding that if an To Open Policy oilfield produces less than I mil• Mitsubishi Exports lion tons of crude oil a year, char• Despite the auto resale racket ges for the use of the mining area that was recently exposed, the is• Batches of'Lemons' will be exempted. land's policy for absorbing foreign Serious defects have been dis• investment will not change. covered on model FP 418 Mitsu• Textile Trade Hainan's economic and trade re• bishi trucks, which were imported lations with foreign countries have from Japan in the fourth quarter Grows Apace been developing normally. In the of last year. Chinese buyers of first half of this year, local officials these inferior Japanese trucks are Since the beginning of this year, signed with foreign firms 48 con• demanding compensation. the China National Textiles Im• tracts worth US$48 million in port and Export Corporation has overseas investment. In addition, Quality problems in all the 31 made rapid progress in signing con• the volume of imports and exports Japanese trucks, which were tracts with foreign countries. The on Hainan amounted to US$151 bought by the Xinjiang Cereals corporation has now signed ex• million from January to June and Oil Transport Company and port contracts valued at 1,114 mil• 1985. put into service last December and lion Swiss francs (about US$535 April this year, have been report• million) with businesses from var• Since the central government de• ed. The problems include cracked ious countries, which accounts for cided in April 1983 that Hainan, chassis, poor tires, windshields 83 percent of the corporation's China's second largest island, that crack, loose rivets and gearbox 1985 contract value. should accelerate its development and air-conditioners malfunctions. and construction, the island has Although Mitsubishi has sent In recent years, China has step• completed 15 key projects, includ• technicians to examine and repair ped up its textile trade with the ing the expansion of its airport, the some of the trucks, their help has Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and construction of wharfs, and tele• not solved the problem. The truck Cuba. China's textile imports communications, tourist and trans• owners have had to stop using and exports will be valued at about portation facilities. Eight more their trucks, and have suffered 1,464 million Swiss francs this heavy economic losses. year. Of this, exports will total key «projects are expected to be 1,338 million Swiss francs, 86.1 completed this year. The Zhejiang Provincial Grain percent increase over 1984. Imports A number of Chinese-foreign Bureau has since last October pur• are expected to reach 68.09 million joint ventures and industrial enter• chased 65 8-ton FP 418 NL trucks Swiss francs, a 16.6 percent in• prises financed by Hainan and in four separate batches. Chassis crease over the previous year. The other cities and provinces have crevices have been spotted on 13 Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, been established, while some old trucks and quality problems are Czechoslovakia and the Genhan enterprises have also been revamp• reported on 24 other trucks. More• Democratic Republic are among ed. These efforts enabled Hainan's over, buyers from Jiangsu, Liao- the countries which haye marked• industrial output value to top ning, Jilin, Shanxi and Hubei ly increased their imports of Chi• 1,000 million yuan in 1984, an in• provinces have also discovered nese textiles. crease of 29.9 percent over the similar defects. In order to balance the exchange year before. Earnings from ex• China ordered 5,800 Mitsubishi of goods, the corporation export• ports exceeded US$50 million for trucks, 5,000 of which have al• ed 55 million Swiss francs worth the first time. ready been shipped to China. 30 Beijing Review, No. 58 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

A dozen more Soviet movies in• Soviet Opera Adapted in Beijing cluding The Battle of Stalingrad and A Great Turning Point are also on view throughout the country.

Shiwan's Ceramics In New Guises

As people stepped into the hall of the Shiwan modern ceramics ex• hibition, they thought the exhibit pieces were cultural relics. When they looked closer, however, the visitors found that what they were seeing was new porcelain ware — vases, jars, lamps and wall decora• tions— that only resembled an• cient works in their colours, shapes and designs.

An opera set in the Soviet Union ing, solemn, simple and vigorous. The exhibition, which ended in during World War II, Dawn is Beijing in late July, showed 100 Last summer, when Fu visited Quiet Here, is being staged in Bei• pieces by three potters, Mei Wen• the Soviet Union with a troupe of jing by the Opera Troupe of the ding, Zeng Li and Zeng Peng. The Chinese singers and dancers, he Chinese People's Liberation Army works of the three artists, two of showed much interest in the opera General Political Department. whom — the Zengs — are brothers, and asked his Soviet counterpart and whose styles are distinctive Composed by K. Morchanov, the if he could provide a copy of the and new, indicate the development opera contrasts the peaceful child• score. To his pleasure, he was 01 a new trend in Shiwan tradi• hoods of five soldiers against the given a piano score. tional ceramics. "They have freed suffering the war brought to the themselves from the popular tradi• Soviet people. Last May, his Soviet friend pre• sented the troupe a complete copy tional style of Shiwan porcelain The leading male role is played of the opera's orchestral score and arts," said Liu Kaiqu, president of by 28-year-old baritone Fu Haijing, offered to help them rehearse the the Chinese Art Gallery. In so who won the Benson and Hedges work. doing the artists have emphasized Gold Award for Singers in Lon• techniques that date back 3,000 don in 1983 and then took further The Chinese adaptation has years. honours at the First International been well-received by Beijing Marjam Helin Vocal Competition audiences already familiar with the Located in the southwest part of in Helsinki last year. Though an book and movie of the play, which Foshan, Guangdong Province, Shi• accomplished singer of Chinese have long been popular in China. wan has been a noted porcelain and foreign lyrics, Fu was not fa• producer for nearly 800 years. The Chinese Central Television miliar with Russian music before Compared with Jingdezhen, the Station and the Beijing Television he joined the cast of Dawn. most famous porcelain producing Station are also showing The Sec• centre for more than 1,000 years, For Fu, then, the opera is a risk ond Echelon, a movie describing Shiwan's clay is rougher, making and one in which he succeeds. He the industrial reform of the Soviet it unfit for exquisite dining- or creates a vivid characterization of Union, and Junior Alexander, an• tea-sets, but is best for making the Soviet peasant-turned soldier other Soviet movie set in World figurines, animals and other dec• that manages to be at once flow• War II. orative articles.

September 23, 1985 3/ (from JeH. to right) Flot vase with ideoflcopiis, wall decoration of snake and tigsr design, amphora with 4*tigns, straighl-necked per- MQU, »a»e in cactus ball warrior.

Mei and the Zeng brothers have of hyperbole and changing shapes. worked for years at developing Zeng successfully uses animal their ceramic techniques. The shapes in his spectacular piece wall three, however, continued to play decoration of snake and tiger A Pitiful Plaything and Other up the more traditional styles in• design. Also attuned to the tradi• Essays stead of imitating the Western tional styles, Zeng created his ren• styles, as many other artists had dition of the pottery warriors (Panda Books) been doing. from the Tang Dynasty (618-907). by Li Cuangtian Mei Wengding's amphora with Lin Yong. a well-known painter animal designs is typical of much who works at the Guangdong Art Most of these essays by Li of his work. In this piece, one Studio, spoke for many of the ex• Guangtian were written in the hibit's viewers when he said, "I can see that Mei "borrowed" the 1930s or 40s. A poet and a hu• have seen the artists' souls and bronze patterns from the Shang manist, he gives authentic de• and Western Zhou dynasties feelings in their works. It is hard pictions of the grinding poverty (C.1600-771BC) and incorporated to find much art that reflects the them into his own work. The re• artists' ideas and feelings, for the and simple pleasures of ped• creation in the amphora is classic individual style is not easy to bring lars, carters, fishermen, pil• and elegant and has retained the out. Perhaps some viewers do grims and beggars. A poor severe and mysterious air of the not appreciate the exhibit, maybe actress, a landlord's concubine, they even hate it. But, I think if bronze ware that was used in goes out of her mind when she sacrificial ceremonies in the art can get people so angry or so fails to bear a son; a peasant Shang Dynasty. excited, it is socially beneficial." sells his land and cow to buy Because Mei has a good com• The three artists have produced o bride, only to have her es• mand of painting and calligraphy, nearly 600 works in one year and cape on his wedddig night. have had shows in Guangdong and ideographs and seal characters These and other tragedies of have become the major decorative Hongkong. village life are presented pattern in his works, such as in sympathetically but with no the flat vase with ideographs, giv• ing his pieces a typically oriental hint of sentimentality, enrich• style and the charm of ancient cul• ing understanding of old ture. Chinese society.

Zeng Li's works are often in dark blues and reddish browns and appear thick and hard as metal, such as the straight-necked perforated vase. Zeng used the Order from your local bookseller or write to: shape of a cactus and created a unique vase in cactus ball shape, China International Book Trading which is entirely different from Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) the traditional styles. P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China

Zeng Peng is the youngest of the three artists, and is a master -5' »-»M>-*'S«»i>,-?-.'!!',»,>.».>:5:>i»i>,9,3^5.;>.> 32 Beijing Review, No. 38 tournament, held in the southwest Women's Soccer in China city of Guiyang in August. Eight teams from 13 ethnic groups took part, including Mongolian, Hui, Zhuang, Uygur, Korean and Ti• betan sides. The tournament, first held in 1983, is aimed at bringing China's minorities together in friendly competition. None of the eight teams finished the Unity Cup undefeated.

Playeis from China's Guangxi team and the Singapore team battling it out at the International Women's Football Invitational Tournament held in Guangzhou. Selected Stories of Gu Hue Although women's soccer has Gold Cup in Tianjin and the 1984 been around in China off and on Hundred Flowers Cup in Shen• (Panda Books) for more than 2,000 years, the yang. Four new novelettes by sport has only recently become a China's best teams are those Gu Hua: "Pagoda Ridge," popular event here. from Liaoning, Guangxi, Tianjin "The Log Cabin Overgrown Played with a leather ball that and Shaanxj. A top-notch centre With Creepers." "It Hap• somewhat resembled a soccer ball forward, Dong Qiuyan, 20, from pened in South Bay" and during the Western Han Dynasty Anshan City, scored and assisted (206BC-24AD), women played with 15 goals at the 1983 Interna• "Ninety-Nine Mounds." The the game for the imperial court. tional Women's Football Iiivita- author writes with great Since then the sport flourished in tional Tournament in Guatigzhou feeling about the life of China until the Qing Dynasty and was awarded the prize for peasants in a remote moun• (1644-1911) when its development best player. tainous area of Hunan prov• was arrested by the practice of Despite its achievements, ince and their sufferings binding women's feet. women's soccer in China still has during the chaotic decade, The contemporary version of a long way to go befoiis it can and creates many moving women's soccer began to appear hold its own against the world's and memorable characters. in China in the 1970s, and its best players. Training younger popularity has grown steadily. In players and making soccer part of 262 pages 18 X II cm Paper 1981 China held its first women's the women's sports curriculum in cover soccer invitational tournament in high schools and grade schools Published by Chinese Literature Yunnan Province, in which 11 would help promote and advance Press provincial teams participated. In the sport in China. 1982 Beijing played host to the Order from your local bookseller National Women's Football In• or write to; vitational Tournament. Since then Cup Sought by China International Book Trading a variety of competitions have Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) been held between China's Minority Booters P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China women's soccer teams. Among those tournaments have been the Tibet struck for top honours in 1983 Paean Cup in Shanghai, the China's National Unity Cup soccer September 23, 1985 33 BOOKS

Archaeological Findings and Studies

"China's golden age of archaeol• of the remote past. tion on capital sites reflects the ogy is right arouind the corner," The book also traces the origins rise and (fall of the slave system, the predicted Guo Moruo (1892-1978), of human life in China, affirming economy of the feudal society and a well-known writer and archaeol• that the Chinese lived in this land the unique ancient architecture.'' ogist, in 1930 when China had while the part on ancient tombs as early as 700,000 years to 800,000 just begun its archaeological re• explains the rigid estate system and years ago. search and had published a small the life of the people of different number of booklets on its achieve• The Neolithic Age chapter of the classes and strata. The part devot• ments in the area. book provides a historical outlines ed to other subjects demonstrates of the primitive clan society in the richness of the culture of dif• The golden age Guo Moruo China and analyses the physiolog• ferent dynasties, such as the oracle spoke of arrived following the ical features of Neolithic Age man bone inscriptions of the Yin ruins, founding of New China in 1949. as well as his habits and customs. the bronzes of the Shang and West• Archaeological Findings and Stud• ern Zhou Dynasties, metal coins ies in Neiv China (in Chinese), Prior to 1949 China unearthed it of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770- edited by the Archaeological In• some relics from the Neolithic Age t 221BC), the bamboo slips of the M stitute under the Chinese Academy that included articles from the Qin (221-206BC) and Han (206 ft of Social Sciences and published by Yangshao and Longshan. Cultures BC-220AD) Dynasties, the stone the Cultural Relics Publishing on the middle and lower reaches of reliefs, the brick carvings and the House, records the achievements the Huanghe (Yellow) River. The metallurgical, textile and paper- of 30 years of that age from 1949 exact origins and distribution of making techniques of the Han Dy• to 1979. Archaeological Findings these two cultures, however, have nasty and the cave arts of the Wei has illustrations of the earliest not been verified. Since the found• (220-265) and Jin (265-420) Dynas• known examples of Chinese ing of New China, about 7,000 ties. characters, which were found on cultural sites of every stage of tlje Neolithic Age have been found pieces of bone, called "oracle Archaeological Findings can pro• throughout the country. Among bones," in the Yin ruins in north• vide people interested in econom• the better-known sites are the Xin- ern Henan Province and which ics, social history and fine arts, kailiu site in Heilongjiang Prov• date back to the Shang Dynasty as well as in science and techni• (c. 1600-tIOOBC). The book also ince and the Xinle site in Liao- que with important and worth• + has examples of bone inscriptions ning Province, both in northeast while materials on part of man's from the Western Zhou Dynasty China, the Astana site in north• history in China. ». (c. 1100-771BC), which were west China's Xinjiang Uygur Au• discovered in Qishan, Shaanxi tonomous Region, the Mencun site — Wen Yi Province. From the inscription on in north China's Inner Mongolia, it a piece of bronze ware uncovered the Karuo site in southwest Chi• in Qishan, one can learn about na's Tibet Autonomous Region, the changes of the land system in the Tanshishan site in southeast T the Western Zhou Dynasty. China's Fujian Province and the Shixia site in south China's Guang• Before liberation, only a few dong Province. sites of the Paleolithic Age had it t been located. Since the founding The fruitful archaeological study of New China, Paleolithic Age of the dynasties has helped con• •f'l sites have been discovered in nearly temporary society to understand «• every province and autonomous re• the value of ancient Chinese cul• it gion, with the exception of Fujian ture. The book chronicles the a and Xinjiang. Thanks to these achievements of every dynasty in -t findings, the archaeologists have three parts — capital sites, ancient been able to chronicle these sites tombs and other subjects. The sec•

54 Beijing Review, No. 58 ART PAQE

Sculptures by Chen Daotan

Born in Wuhan, Hubei Province in 1919, sculptor Chen Daotan now works in the Shanghai Oil Painting and Sculpture Studio. He becomes known for his simple, elegant, vivid and lyrical pieces. Despite his success, the artist constantly tries to improve his skills.

Huang Daopo, an ancient Textile Technician.

A Boy.

A Girl. Two Resistance War Militia. BLUE SKir«i*-

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