Diseño Y Fabricación Semi Artesanal Con Vidrio En Uruguay

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Diseño Y Fabricación Semi Artesanal Con Vidrio En Uruguay TESIS DE GRADUACIÓN DISEÑO Y FABRICACIÓN SEMI ARTESANAL CON VIDRIO EN URUGUAY B.R. Silvana Nallem, Tutor Andrés Parallada. Informe inal | Diciembre 2017. Escuela Universitaria Centro de Diseño. Facultad de Arquitectura Diseño y Urbanismo. Udelar. TESIS DE GRADUACIÓN DISEÑO Y FABRICACIÓN SEMI ARTESANAL CON VIDRIO EN URUGUAY B.R. Silvana Nallem, Tutor Andrés Parallada. Colaborador técnico Daniel Acosta y Lara. Informe inal | Diciembre 2017. Escuela Universitaria Centro de Diseño. Facultad de Arquitectura Diseño y Urbanismo. Universidad de la República. Pág. - 6 Agradecimientos Son muchas las personas a quienes debo agrade- A mi Abuela, por creer en esta profesión e incenti- cer el haber podido realizar este trabajo, pero espe- varme a recorrerla, desde muchos años antes de mi cialmente quiero destacar a las siguientes: primer examen de ingreso. A Andrés, por el apoyo incondicional en estos casi tres años de trabajo y su gran capacidad de intepre- tar, sintetizar y ordenar todas mis ideas. A Daniel Acosta y Lara, por su tiempo y dedicación Es a mi abuela y a mi madre, a quienes les dedico en todas las instancias de taller que fueron necesa- esto y mucho más. rias para la elaboración del contenido de este docu- mento. A Beatriz, por el aliento a generar este texto, así como su asesoramiento técnico, observaciones y correcciones. A Daniell, por sus devoluciones y piezas clave de material histórico y de referencia. Al Fido y Fla, por este hermoso documento y su pa- ciencia hasta largas horas de la jornada. Al equipazo de los PM´s por los after ofice y espe- cialmente a la equipa Lorieto por su fuerza, apoyo y las tremendas fotografías que forman parte de este proyecto. A María, por todo el intercambio whatsapero des- de el otro lado del planeta, cualquier día a cualquier hora. A mi padre, por su profesionalismo y dedicación la- boral, ambos insumos para mantener el foco. A mis amigas, maridos e hijos, por su cariño, com- prensión, paciencia y sostén a lo largo de todos es- tos años de amistad. Gracias Lu, Emi, Eli, Gabita y Pao. A Carlo y Agustín, por estar siempre al irme desde hace 7 años, creer más en mi mucho más que yo y obligarme a superarme día a día. A Jorge, por su tranquilidad y paciencia. Por su compañia, sus silencios y sus exquisitos rissottos. A Micho, por sus palabras justas en los momentos justos. A mi madre, por enseñarme a dar cada paso en la vida por la felicidad que venga con él. Pág. - 7 Indice Pág. - 8 Tesis de graduación: Diseño y fabricación semi artesanal con vidrio en Uruguay. Índice Capítulo 1: El proyecto Pág. 11 2.C.2 | Estudios de Diseño nacional, Pág. 99 1.A | Introducción, Pág. 15 2.D | Justiicaciones para la siguiente etapa, Pág. 125 1.A.1 | Deinición de la temática, Pág. 16 1.A.2 | Antecedentes, Pág. 17 Capitulo 3: Desarrollo, Pág. 127 1.A.3 | Situación actual, Pág. 18 3.A | Luminarias referentes, Pág. 131 1.B | Marco teórico, Pág. 21 3.B | Conceptualización y ejecución, Pág. 143 1.B.1 | Planteamiento del problema, Pág. 22 3.B.1 | Analisis de tipologías, Pág. 144 1.B.2 | Hipótesis de la investigación, Pág. 23 3.B.2 | Inspiración: Mapa conceptual y bocetos conceptuales, Pág. 145 1.B.3 | Objetivos generales y especíicos, Pág. 24 3.B.3 | Bocetos de producto, Pág. 148 1.C | Marco metodológico, Pág. 25 3.B.4 | Deinición de modelo a prototipar, Pág. 155 1.D | Mapa del proyecto, Pág. 27 3.B.5 | Ensayos de volumen en taller, Pág. 163 3.D | Oservaciones para la etapa inal, Pág. 205 Capitulo 2: Investigación Pág. 29 Capitulo 4: Materialización, Pág. 207 2.A | El vidrio, Pág. 31 4.A | Muestras especíicas, Pág. 209 2.A.1 | Antecedentes históricos relevantes, Pág. 33 4.B | Desarrollo de producto, Pág. 221 2.A.2 | Naturaleza del vidrio, Pág. 49 4.C | Presentación del concepto de producto, Pág. 229 2.A.3 | Presentaciones del material, Pág. 53 Capitulo 5: Conclusiones inales, Pág. 245 2.A.4 | Procesos de trabajo, Pág. 57 Anexos, Pág. 249 2.A.5 | Reciclado de vidrio en Uruguay, Pág. 67 Bibliografìa, Pág. 251 2.B | Resumen sobre el vidrio en el Uruguay, Pág. 73 Glosario, Pág. 253 2.B.1 | Fábricas & empresas, Pág. 75 Material complementario, Pág. 225 2.B.2 | Artesanos & artistas, Pág. 79 2.B.3 | Espacios de formación privados, Pág. 85 2.B.4 | Talleres para trabajo en vidrio dentro de la Udelar, Pág. 89 2.C | Comunidad de Diseño en Uruguay, Pág. 95 2.C.1 | Linea de tiempo, Pág. 97 Pág. - 9 El Proyecto Pág. - 10 Tesis de graduación: Diseño y fabricación semi artesanal con vidrio en Uruguay. CAPÍTULO 1: EL PROYECTO Pág. - 11 El Proyecto Pág. - 12 Tesis de graduación: Diseño y fabricación semi artesanal con vidrio en Uruguay. ¨Desde hace un tiempo se ha comenzado a identiicar un nuevo modelo de producción, diferente a la seriada pero que mantiene sus estándares de calidad y con un lenguaje artesanal más actual. La demanda de productos únicos y cada vez más personalizables está cuestionando el modelo de producción en grandes cantidades. Los pequeños talleres se tornan cada vez más fuertes, debido a su capacidad de generar series cortas o productos notoriamente diferenciados. La práctica de diseño sustentable considera cada vez más el trabajo de los talleres de bajo consumo energético, mano de obra local y modelos productivos propios del lugar de origen. Frente a esta realidad, el diseñador debe involucrarse en el taller y lograr innovar sin inversiones tecnológicas importantes y mejorando la productividad, ayudando a convertir el taller en una empresa competitiva.¨ ¿Semi-artesanal o semi-industrial? modelos de producción para estas latitudes. Carlo Nicola y Agustin Menini, Universidad de Palermo, Argentina, 2009. Pág. - 13 El Proyecto Pág. - 14 Tesis de graduación: Diseño y fabricación semi artesanal con vidrio en Uruguay. 1.A | Introducción 1.A.1 | Deinición de la temática. 1.A.2 | Antecedentes. 1.A.3 | Situación actual. Pág. - 15 El Proyecto 1.A.1 | Deinición de la temática En la actualidad, egresados del Centro de Diseño do la participación activa de estos estudios en Industrial (Actual EUCD) y otros centros educa- el mercado nacional e internacional, ya sea por tivos, han logrado establecerse como estudios la venta directa de sus productos, presencia en de diseño con participación activa en el mercado exposiciones o por el vínculo en la venta de licen- nacional e internacional, principalmente en Brasil. cias a otros países; teniendo en cuenta el creci- La característica en común de estos estudios es miento de la competencia dentro de este rubro, la su presencia en todos los eslabones de la cadena exploración de nuevos materiales comienza a ser que implica el desarrollo de un producto: diseño un diferencial entre entre este grupo de diseñado- + cotización + gestión de la producción + comer- res, así como la conexión con distintas empresas cialización + seguimiento post venta, siendo la potenciando el vínculo y los saberes entre ambas principal razón de esto, la necesidad de tercerizar partes. la fabricación de sus productos. Es decir: los ob- jetos que diseñan son realizados por pequeños En resumen, existe un “nuevo diseñador urugua- o medianos talleres, así como industrias, depen- yo” con las características anteriormente descri- diendo de la magnitud de la propuesta. tas. El cambio constante y la diferenciación, no solo se presentará en las tipologías de productos Otra característica en común, es la producción en sino también en los resultados matericos de los pequeña escala con carácter semi artesanal (en- mismos. Necesariamente se deberá ahondar en tendiendo por pequeña escala no más de 5 uni- el vínculo con empresas, talleres, artistas, etc. dades aproximadamente de un mismo producto y donde se potencien los conocimientos de ambas por semi artesanal la producción donde la mayor partes, poniendo el foco en la reinterpretación de parte del proceso de producción se completa de los materiales y fomentando la producción y el di- forma manual por el artesano o fabricante y se seño nacional. utiliza la maquinaria para procesar la materia pri- ma o algunos procesos del producto). En ese contexto, la oferta de productos es varia- da, destacándose el mobiliario, accesorios y pe- queños objetos, y en menor medida alfombras y luminarias. 1 El principal material utilizado es la madera, segui- do por la cerámica, el metal y las ibras naturales como el mimbre y la lana. “Una de las grandes tareas del diseño hoy en día es acer- carse a la investigación de materiales, romper la barrera que separa al diseño con los expertos en materiales, para poder fusionar saberes. Uno de los desafíos más importan- tes para las áreas de la ciencia es ver cómo el uso de los materiales y la percepción que el usuario tiene de ellos, crean la personalidad del producto. Por su lado, el diseño como disciplina proyectual, encuentra sus dificultades para implicarse en las áreas científicas.”2 Tomando como referencia esta cita, y destacan- 1- Ver capítulo 2.C.2 detalle de los estudios mencionados. 2- Fragmento extraído de Tesis de graduación,” Desarrollo e innovación de materiales a partir de desechos provenientes de la extracción de gemas en el norte del Uruguay”, Pág.: 7. Autoes Belen Abal, Camila Mendez y Cecilia Casafúa. Ver bibliografìa. Pág. - 16 Tesis de graduación: Diseño y fabricación semi artesanal con vidrio en Uruguay. 1.A.2 | Antecedentes En el año 1994, un grupo de egresados del Centro el equipamiento del hogar y la oicina, organizado por la de Diseño Industrial (actual EUCD), tomaron la ini- empresa BIA en el año 2004. El objetivo de este ciativa de impulsar el Foro Internacional de Diseño concurso fue establecer un antecedente entre el y Marketing, con el objetivo de acercar aspectos diseño y la industria, así como generar el primer ca- avanzados del Diseño internacional y estrechar vín- tálogo de diseño impulsado por una empresa, de culos con profesionales de la región.
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