More allomorphs Phonological Analysis separate phonemes or allophones? Complementary distribution • Akan Phonology II 3 allomorphs for a negative marker: • minimal pairs? Yes - phonemes (contrastive/phonemic) NCTU FLL Phonetics and Phonology sp13 The situation in which phones NEVER occur Week 10 Y. Lai • in complementary distribution? in the same phonetic environment, Yes - allophones e.g., [p] [ph] in English No - free variation

[x]!voiceless velar fricative Complementary distribution in [k]!voiceless velar stop English letters Free variation Japanese drill [c] !voiceless palatal stop Greek a i u e o • print [ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative k • cursive - handwriting, variations 1. [kano]! “do”!! ! 9. [ҫeri] “hand” (allograph) in different contexts • Alternative pronunciations of a word in s shi [ʃi] 2. [xano]! “lose”!! ! 10. [kori]! “daughter” which one sounds is substituted for t chi [tʃi] tsu [tsɯ] another without chaning the word’s n 3. [ҫino]! “pour”!! ! 11. [xori]! “dances” meanings. h 4. [cino]! “move”!!12. [xrima] “money” m 5. [kali] ! “charms”!! 13. [krima] “shame” e.g. ‘often’, ‘the’ y 6. [xali] ! “plight”!!14. [xufta] “handful” l r 7. [ҫeli]! “eel”!! ! 15. [kufeta] “bonbons” w 8. [ceri]! “candle”!! 16. [oҫi] “no”

[x]!voiceless velar fricative [x]!voiceless velar fricative [k]!voiceless velar stop [k]!voiceless velar stop Greek Greek [c] !voiceless palatal stop [c] !voiceless palatal stop Environment Practice [ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative [ҫ]!voiceless palatal fricative singular plural Gloss [k]:! before [a], [o], [u], [r] [k] vl velar stop • dɑl dɑl- lɑr branch 1. [kano]! “do”!! ! 9. [ҫeri] “hand” 1. [kano]! “do”!! ! 9. [ҫeri] “hand” k-x • [x]:! before [a], [o], [u], [r] [x]! vl velar fricative gyl gyl- ler rose 2. [xano]! “lose”!! ! 10. [kori]! “daughter” 2. [xano]! “lose”!! ! 10. [kori]! “daughter” k-x • [c]:! before [i], [e] [c] vl palatal stop diʃ diʃ- ler tooth 3. [ҫino]! “pour”!! ! 11. [xori]! “dances” 3. [ҫino]! “pour”!! ! 11. [xori]! “dances” kol kol- lɑr arm c-ç [ҫ]! before [i], [e] 4. [cino]! “move”!!12. [xrima] “money” 4. [cino]! “move”!!12. [xrima] “money” • [ҫ]! vl palatal fricative zel zel- ler dog 5. [kali] ! “charms”!! 13. [krima] “shame” 5. [kali] ! “charms”!! 13. [krima] “shame” k-x k-x kɯz kɯz- lɑr daughter 6. [xali] ! “plight”!!14. [xufta] “handful” 6. [xali] ! “plight”!!14. [xufta] “handful” Complementary distribution ? ____ phonemes? _____allophones? kul kul- lɑr slave 7. [ҫeli]! “eel”!! ! 15. [kufeta] “bonbons” 7. [ҫeli]! “eel”!! ! 15. [kufeta] “bonbons” 8. [ceri]! “candle”!! 16. [oҫi] “no” 8. [ceri]! “candle”!! 16. [oҫi] “no” Vowel harmony

Assimilation /n/ Dissimilation German devoicing makes neighboring segments more similar by copying or A segment becomes less similar to its neighboring sound spreading its features • I can ask aɪ kæn æsk • Homorganic nasalization. Change the place of I can see aɪ kæn si articulation of a nasal consonant so that it agrees with • 5th Fifth /fɪfθ/ to [fɪft] • German has both voiced and voiceless the place feature of articulation of a following consonant • I can bake aɪ kæm bek • • obstruents as phonemes, but when they 6th Sixth /sɪksθ/ to [sɪkst] • I can play aɪ kæm ple • • occur at the end of words, they become • in+excusable, in+attentive, in+tolerable, in+definable, in voiceless. +novation, in+surmountable • I can go aɪ kæŋ ɡo • impossible, imbalance, immaterial, • incomplete, inglorious Distinctive Features Feature values Feature values • [+ feature] or [-feature] to indicate the • [+ feature] or [-feature] to indicate the • For two phones/sounds, to contrast meaning presence or absence of that particular presence or absence of that particular there must be some difference b/t them feature feature What are YOUR e.g., the phonetic feature of voicing • e.g., [b] is [+voiced] and [p] is [-voiced] • e.g., [b] is [+voiced] and [p] is [-voiced] distinguishes [s] from [z] distinctive features? • When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature or a phonemic feature

Features in ASL Natural Classes Phonological rule Greek Signs can also be broken down into features: • Phonological rules often apply to natural • classes of sounds • The location, movement, and handshape are distinctive features • A natural class is a group of sounds described by a • Palatalize velar consonants before front small number of distinctive features vowels • Minimal pairs can be found to prove that • Natural classes can be defined by + and – feature these features are distinctive values • There are also nondistinctive features of [+velar] ! [+palatal] / ___ [-back] ASL such as whether a sign is articulated with the right or the left hand