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Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics

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Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Introduction to Morphology Linguistics for Computer Scientists Session 4 Antske Fokkens Department of Computational Linguistics Saarland ni!ersity "# $ctober %""& uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology ' ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics $utline ' Introduction to Morphology Introduction *hat are morphemes+ % Subdomains of Morphology # Properties of Morphemes Morphemes and their shapes Morphological Processes 4 Morphology in Computational Linguistics Automata Finite State ,ransducers uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology % ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics $utline ' Introduction to Morphology Introduction *hat are morphemes+ % Subdomains of Morphology # Properties of Morphemes Morphemes and their shapes Morphological Processes 4 Morphology in Computational Linguistics Automata Finite State ,ransducers uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology # ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *hat is Morphology+ Morphology is the study of form and structure- In linguistics. it generally refers to the study of form and structure of /ords- uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology 4 ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *hat is morphology+ ,he term Morphology can refer to three different things a Description of the beha!iour of morphemes and ho/ they are combined- b Deri!ational. in0ectional and compositional processes of /ord formation occurring in a speci1c language- e-g- 23erman has a richer morphology than 4nglish5 c Description of such /ord formation processes- uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology 6 ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *hat are Morphemes+ Morphemes Morphemes are minimal meaning-bearing units7 e-g- talked contains t/o morphemes7 talk and -ed 8past9- Form-function pairs 8sound(sign-meaning9 :asic units of morphology Morphemes are the 2building stones5 of phrases uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology ) ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *hy study morphology+ 8'(%9 $ne of the main properties of language are the sound(meaning pairs *hen analy;ing language 8or learning a foreign language9. /e can<t simply list all e=pressions7 there is an in1nite number of them> So /e compose e=pressions into smaller units7 usually into phrases and /ords 8synta=9 uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology ? ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *hy study morphology+ 8%(%9 Can /e use /ords as basic sound(meaning units+ Problems7 ' De1nition of /ords is unclear % *ords can be composed of many components that contribute to meaning and(or grammar Se!eral applications in Computational Linguistics bene1t from morphological analysis 8more later9 uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology @ ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics *ords and Morphemes ,here are t/o main usages of the term word7 ' Surface form 8spoken or /ritten representation9 % Abstract form 8lemma or dictionary entry. e-g- bare in1niti!es in 4nglish. nominati!e single form of nouns in Latin9 ,he class of forms representing a /ord in different conte=ts is called a lexeme e-g- sing A Bsing, sings, sang, sung, singingC :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology & ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics A de1nition of /ords+ *ords can be described as units of language 8either seDuences of sounds. or signs9 that function as meaning bearers- :ut this is a fu;;y notion. e-g-7 talked in she talked e=presses both 2talking5 and past tense- Is more or less one /ord. or are there three /ords+ A structuralist solution7 morphemes uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '" ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics A language7 ''-''% phonemes ↓ 4."""-'".""" morphemes ↓ uds-logo An in1nite number of sentences Antske Fokkens Morphology '' ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics Morphs and Morphological Analysis ,he realisations of morphemes are called morphs7 e-g- 4nglish plural morpheme7 [E M:4F pl]7 -s. -es. -en. -∅ boy-s. bo=-es. o=-en. sheep ,hese different realisations of the same morpheme are called allomorphs- Morphological analysis Segmentation of e=pressions into basic units 8mostly starting from /ord-le!el9- Classi1cation of these basic units according to function- :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '% ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics ,ypes of morphemes Free Morphemes Free morphemes can occur independently- Free morphemes are common in both 4nglish and 3erman- e-g- boy. sing Bound Morphemes :ound morphemes must be attached to another morpheme. and cannot be used independently- e-g- [E M:4F pl] -s → boys :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '# ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics ,ypes of bound morphemes ,ypical bound morphemes are7 affixes 8boy+s. talk+ed9 clitics 8French7 je ne sais pas. je and ne cannot occur /ithout a !erb9 roots 8Spanish habl- needs an ending indicating person. number. mode. etc-9 uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '4 ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics Formati!es Morphemes are form-meaning pairs. but not all segmental forms ha!e an identi1able meaning7 Formatives are forms /ithout identi1able meaning e-g- Linking elements in 3erman compounds7 Geburt+s+tag 8:irthday9. Schwan+en+hals 8s/an neck9- :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '6 ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Introduction Properties of Morphemes *hat are morphemes+ Morphology in Computational Linguistics Pseudo Morphemes Pseudo-morphemes or cranberry morphemes are special cases of formati!es- ,hey are segment-able part of a comple= /ord. but do not ha!e an independent meaning7 e-g- cran+berry. rasp+berry re+ceive. con+ceive :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology ') ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics $utline ' Introduction to Morphology Introduction *hat are morphemes+ % Subdomains of Morphology # Properties of Morphemes Morphemes and their shapes Morphological Processes 4 Morphology in Computational Linguistics Automata Finite State ,ransducers uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '? ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Areas of Morphology *e distinguish7 Word forming7 Deri!ational morphology Compounding Inflection uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '@ ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Deri!ational Morphology allo/s to build comple= /ords by combining bound and free morphemes- Deri!ational operations are per de1nition optional. i-e- not reDuired by syntactic criteria- uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology '& ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Changes made by deri!ational morphemes 8a9 semantics. e-g- GclearH → GunIGclearHH A unclear 8b9 syntactic category. e-g- GderiveHV → GGGderiveHV IationHN IalHAdj A deri!ational 8c9 !alency of a !erb. e-g- G awH <it breaks< → GtIG awHH <he breaks it< 8Ja!asupai9 8d9 se!eral from the abo!e. e-g- GunderstandHV → GGunderstandHV IableH A understandable uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology %" ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics Compounding allo/s to build comple= /ords by Ku=taposition of free morphemes- [GsaleHIsIGmanH]. GGdishHIGwasherHH- Producti!e compounding results in an in1nite le=icon- !nglish phonetics teacher 8 98 98 9 <German =<phonology =<researcher= "avasupai morphology student : ;: ;: ; :ased on Crysmann %"") uds-logo Antske Fokkens Morphology %' ( )& Introduction to Morphology Subdomains of Morphology Properties of Morphemes Morphology in Computational Linguistics In0ectional Morphology 8'(%9 In0ection is reDuired by syntactic criteria. e-g- an 4nglish !erb must ha!e tense- It marks grammatical 8Amorpho-syntactic9 distinctions7 ConKugation 8!erbal categories97 ' person. number. gender %
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