/ V7'6 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY THE Joseph Whitmore Barry dramatic library THE GIFT or TWO FRIENDS OF Cornell University 1934 A DATE DUE PR1NTEDIN U.S. Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924088660588 EMILE ZOLA Photo by Cautin & Bcrger Emile Zola in his last days £MILE ZOLA NOVELIST AND REFORMER AN ACCOUNT OF HIS LIFE & WORK BY ERNEST ALFRED VIZETELLY ILLUSTRATED BY PORTRAITS, VIEWS, 6f FAC-SIMILES JOHN LANE: THE BODLEY HEAD LONDON £3" NEW YORK • MDCCCCIV Copyright, 1904. By JOHN LANE 1 ^ THE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS. , O. S. A. TO HIS MEMORY " If, upon your side, you have the testimony of your conscience, and, against you, that of the multitude, take comfort, rest assured that time will do justice.'^ — Diderot PREFACE This book is an attempt to chronicle the chief incidents in the life of the late Emile Zola, and to set out the various aims he had in view at different periods of a career which was one of the most strenuous the modern world has known. Virtually all his work is enumerated in the following pages, which, though some are given to argument and criticism, will be found crowded with facts. The result may not be very artistic, but it has been partially my object to show what a tremendous worker Zola was, how incessantly, how stubbornly, he practised the gospel which he preached. An attempt has been made also to show the growth of humani- tarian and reforming passions in his heart and mind, passions which became so powerful at last that the " novelist " in Zola seemed as nothing. Yet I do not think I can be charged with having neglected the literary side of his career. It is that which bulks most largely in the present volume, and that I think is as it should be ; for while Zola was certainly, and in some respects essentially, a Eeformer, the pen was the weapon with which he strove to effect his purposes. Designed more particularly for British and American readers, the book contains some passages which I should have abbreviated — omitted perhaps — if I had been address- ing a French audience. And some subjects, which, in that case, I might have treated more fully, have here been dealt with briefly. For instance, though I have enumerated all the viii PREFACE plays that Zola wrote, and most of those founded by others on his works, I have not entered into any real discussion of his views respecting the stage, or of his iadirect influence on it in France. I have thought it sufficient to indicate that such influence was exercised. A full examination of Zola's relations with the stage would have materially increased the length of a work which is long already, and which I have been anxious to keep within the scope of one volume — a desire which has made my task more difficult than it would have been had I used my materials in all their fulness. But I am distinctly of opinion that biographies in several volumes have nowadays little chance of surviving, even for a moderate number of years. With respect to Zola's share in the Dreyfus case everybody will recognise, I think, how difficult it is to narrate the doings of any one individual in such an intricate milee without constant reference to the other combatants and explanation of the many points at issue. Nevertheless, though I fully recognise that the deliverance of Captain Dreyfus was not effected by Zola only, that many other able and whole-hearted men co-operated in that great achievement,! have endeavoured to disentangle Zola's share in the battle from that of the others, saying of them only what has seemed to me strictly necessary to explain his actions. I mention this in order that none may think me unjust towards Zola's fellow-fighters. And though in some introductory pages I have endeavoured to indicate the primary causes of the Afl'air, such as I think them to have been, in the hope that the reader may be better able to understand the fury of the fray, I have not plunged into a discussion of the Affair itself. Besides, M. Dreyfus's case is now once more before the Cour de Cassation, and reserve on a variety of matters has therefore become advis- able. Further, for some years already, a far abler pen than mine, wielded by one of far greater authority, M. Joseph Eeinach, has been retracing the many episodes of the Affair, PREFACE ix and one may take it, I think, that " L' Histoire de 1'Affaire Dreyfus '' will not end without casting light even on matters which may still seem obscure. In one of my chapters I mention an episode in Zola's private life, which is already known to so many people that it would have been ridiculous on my part to have attempted to conceal it, even if it had been right to do so. I will not enlarge on the subject here, for it is discussed in its proper place; I will merely reiterate my conviction that if a biographer may well be kind to the virtues and a little blind to the errors of a man he has loved it is nevertheless his duty to his readers to omit nothing that may be essential for a right understanding of the man's life. Further, in another section of the book, I have recounted the incidents of the prosecution instituted against my father with respect to certain translations of Zola's novels. And in this connection I have had occasion to say something about certain fanatics, and also about the attitude of the majority of the British newspaper press before it realised that Zola was not so black as it had painted him. Even after the lapse of long years, such matters and their con- sequences cannot be recalled by one who suffered by them without some feeling of resentment. It is true that in my preface to the English version of Zola's last book I expressed my acknowledgments to the press generally for the leniency, patience, and even favour that had been shown to me from the time I began to re-introduce Zola's works to the British public. Those acknowledgments I am quite ready to re- iterate, in despite of the matters with which I deal in a chapter of the present book, for those matters belong to an earlier period. But a sense of duty and justice to my father, to my brothers and other relatives, to myself as well, has made it impossible for me to overlook the period in question, and what I regard largely as its aberrations. Besides, in a book intended for English readers, it is only fit that the ; X PREFACE attitude of the English public towards Zola should be dealt with. Most of the illustrations accompanying my text are from photographs, several of them taken specially for this book but I have to express my acknowledgments to the pro- prietors of the Illustrated London News for their kind per- mission to reproduce various views of the rooms in which much of Zola's life was spent. E. A. V. Mekton, Surket March, 1904 CONTENTS Chaptek Page I Inteoductoey — The Zola Family — Bieth OF Emile Zola 1 II Early Years: 1840-1860 24 III Bohemia — Drudgery — First BeoKs: 1860- 1866 53 IV In the Furnace of Paris: 1866-1868 . 80 " " V The First Rougon-Macquarts : 1868- 1872 109. VI The Path of Success: 1872-1877 .... 140 VII The Advance of Naturalism: 1877-1881 . 166 VIII The Battle Continued: 1881-1887 ... 206 IX The British Pharisees: 1884-1893 ... 242 X The Last " Eougon-Macquarts " — The French Academy — A Visit to London: 1888-1893 300 XI A Critical Glance : 1893 342 XII The Man — His Life Drama — A New- Departure: 1893-1897 390 XIII The Dreyfus Case: 1894-1900 419 XIV Last Years — Death: 1901-1902 .... 493 XV Conclusion — The Influence and Survival of Zola's Works 527 APPENDIX A. — Declaration of Zola's birth 541 B. — Declaration of his death C. — Note on some English translations of his novels INDEX 547 ILLUSTRATIONS I !l6mile Zola in his Last Days Frontispiece II Tlie Birtliplace of EmUe Zola Tofacepage 18 III Dam and Reservoir of the Zola Canal ... 40 IV Zola's Home, Impasse Sylvacanne, Aix ... 72 V The Boulevard Zola and the Banks of the Arc, Aix 110 VI flmile Zola, 1876-1880 144 VII Zola's Home at M^dan 184 VIII Zola in his Study 224 IX fimile Zola, 1888-1890 240 X Aix-in-Provence, the Plassans of his Books . 272 XI Fac-siraile Letter from Zola to E. A. Vizetelly 320 Xn Denise and Jacques 352 Xin Maltre Labori 384 " XIV Zola writing recondite " at Walton . 416 XV Penn, and Summerfield, Surrey 432 XVI Penn from the Garden, and Fac-simile Card from Zola to Vizetelly 448 XVn Emile Zola, September, 1898 464 XVIII Zola's Dining-room 476 XIX Mme. Zola at the Queen's Hotel, Norwood . 488 XX Zola's Bedroom 512 XXI M. Anatole France speaking at Zola's Funeral 522 EMILE ZOLA NOVELIST AND REFORMER INTEODUCTOEY THE ZOLA FAMILY — BIRTH OF EMILE ZOLA The meaning of " Zola '' — Localities of that name — The Zola famUy of Brescia and Venice — Giovanni Battista Zola, saint and martyr — The Abate Giuseppe Zola and his chequered career — The military Zolas of Venice — Benedetta Kiariaki and her offspring — Francesco, father of itmile Zola, — His military training — He becomes an engineer and plans one of the first " railways " in Europe — His service in the French For- eign Legion and its strange ending — He plans new docks for the port of Marseilles — His schemes for fortifying Paris and providing Aix in Provence with water — He meets Fran§oise Emilie Aubert — His roman- tic courtship and marriage — His home in the Rue St.