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Nota Científica Rev. Chilena Ent. 2012, 37: 81-85 PRIMER REGISTRO DE SMERINGOPUS PALLIDUS EN CHILE (ARANEAE : PHOLCIDAE) FIRST RECORD OF SMERINGOPUS PALLIDUS FROM CHILE (ARANEAE: PHOLCIDAE) Andrés O. Taucare-Ríos1 RESUMEN En base a cinco ejemplares colectados en peridomicilios de la ciudad de Iquique, Región de Tarapacá, se reporta por primera vez en el extremo norte de Chile a la araña sinantrópica y cosmopolita Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall, 1858). Se provee una descripción de la espe- cie, y se comenta respecto de las posibles vías de ingreso de este arácnido a Chile. Palabras clave: Araneae, Pholcidae, introducción, Chile. ABSTRACT Based on five specimens collected around houses in the city of Iquique, Región de Tarapacá, is recorded for the first time in northern Chile the presence of the synanthropic and cosmopolitan spider Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall, 1858). A description to recognize the species and comments on possible way of entry of this arachnid to Chile are given. Key words: Araneae, Pholcidae, introduction, Chile. La familia Pholcidae se encuentra amplia- longitud del cuerpo (Huber, 2000). Las hem- mente distribuida, y es una de las más diversas bras cargan con la ooteca bajo sus los quelíce- del orden Araneae, con aproximadamente 86 ros, la cual se compone de hilos entrecruzados géneros y 1.133 especies (Platnick, 2011), las y enlazados muy sueltamente (Huber, 2000; cuales habitan preferentemente en regiones Aguilera y Casanueva, 2005). tropicales alrededor del mundo. En muchas Los fólcidos ocupan diversos hábitats y de éstas, los fólcidos son conocidos por ser ecosistemas, encontrándose desde los desier- constructores dominantes de telarañas (Huber, tos a las selvas, y desde el nivel del mar hasta 2003). alturas superiores a los 4.000 msnm (Tauca- Los representantes de Pholcidae son de ta- re-Ríos, datos no publicados), sin embargo maño pequeño a mediano (5-9 mm) y tienen muchos de ellos habitan lugares húmedos y el prosoma casi tan largo como ancho. La ma- oscuros, como bodegas o sótanos en las casas yoria de estas arañas se pueden reconocer por (Huber, 2000; Aguilera y Casanueva, 2005). presentar 6 a 8 ojos, los tarsos pseudosegmen- Para Chile se han descrito 10 especies tados, y por la longitud de sus patas, las cuales distribuidas en cuatro géneros: Aucana, Chib- pueden ser hasta 20 veces más largas que la chea, Mesabolivar y Nerudia (Huber, 2000; Platnick, 2011), además de la cosmopolita Pholcus phalangioides Fuesslin, 1775, repor- 1 Departamento de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile. E-mail: tada para Chile como Pholcus americanus por [email protected] Nicolet (1849). Además de las especies ante- 82 Rev. Chilena de Ent. 37, 2012 riormente mencionadas, Aguilera y Casanueva guiendo las descripciones de Huber (2001) y (2005) señalan como probablemente presentes Saaristo (2001). La disección de la genitalia en Chile, dado a su amplia distribución mun- se realizó de acuerdo a Levi (1965). Las medi- dial, a las especies cosmopolitas Crossopriza ciones se realizaron con un micrómetro ocular lyoni (Blackwall, 1867), Physocyclus globo- incorporado a una lupa estereoscópica Leica sus (Taczanowski, 1874) y Smeringopus palli- S6E. Las fotografias fueron tomadas con una dus (Blackwall, 1858). Sin embargo, hasta la camara digital Sony SteadyShot de 14 mega- fecha no existen reportes oficiales de ninguna pixeles. de estas especies en territorio nacional. Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall, 1858) El objetivo de este trabajo es comunicar la (Figs. 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3) introducción de Smeringopus pallidus, siendo este el primer reporte de su presencia en Chile. Descripción. Tamaño corporal: Macho (5-7 Esta especie estaría por ahora restringida úni- mm). Hembra (7-9 mm). Prosoma circular, camente al extremo norte del país, el cual ha más ancho que largo. El opistosoma es alar- sido históricamente poco estudiado en lo que gado y tres veces más largo que el prosoma. arañas se refiere. El patrón pigmentario consta de una serie de Las capturas de los ejemplares estudiados manchas dorsales muy marcadas, presenta tres se realizaron en un ambiente peridomiciliario bandas amplias y longitudinales de color ma- de la ciudad de Iquique, Región de Tarapacá. rrón, y algunas manchas laterales de color par- El material recolectado fue identificado si- do sobre un fondo marrón claro; ventralmente Figura 1. Smeringopus pallidus. A. Vista dorsal, B. Vista ventral. Escala : 2,5 mm. Taucare-Ríos: Primer registro de Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall) en Chile. 83 Figura 2. Palpo izquierdo de Smeringopus pallidus. A. Vista prolateral, B. vista retrolateral. Escala: 0,3 mm. Figura 3. Vista ventral del epiginio de Smeringopus pallidus. Escala: 0,25 mm 84 Rev. Chilena de Ent. 37, 2012 presenta una banda longitudinal que se divide ampliamente distribuida (Brasil et al., 2005; en dos bandas paralelas en frente de las hilan- Indicatti y Brescovit, 2008). deras (Figs. 1A, 1B). Las patas son largas y de Es probable que esta araña haya llegado al color marrón uniforme a excepción de las pa- país por medio de mercaderías de importación telas que son de color blanco. El palpo del ma- que arriban en grandes volúmenes a la ciudad cho consta de un bulbo genital con dos apófisis de Iquique, posiblemente por vía marítima (Figs. 2A, 2B); epiginio de la hembra pequeño desde Asia, al igual que otras especies recien- y simple como se muestra en la Fig. 3. temente registradas en la región (Taucare- Ríos, 2011; Taucare-Ríos y Brescovit, 2011). Material examinado: Chile, Región de Tara- La ciudad de Iquique forma parte de una pacá, Iquique (20°16’14,80”S, 70°7’49,15”O), importante zona portuaria, por lo que consti- 20 msnm, 25-II-2011, G. Guzmán leg. (2♂, tuye un lugar ideal para que ocurran introduc- 1♀ y 2 juveniles) depositados en el Museo ciones de especies foráneas debido al fuerte de la Universidad Arturo Prat (MUAP, Ar intercambio comercial que existe con países 000010-15). asiáticos (Taucare-Ríos, 2011). Comentarios: Cabe destacar la ausencia de Debido al riesgo que conlleva el ingreso y registros de especies sinantrópicas de amplia establecimiento de especies de arañas exóticas en distribución en Chile (G. B. Edwards, com. la región, y la posibilidad de que éstas se trans- pers.). Huber (2000) menciona para América formen en invasoras (Cohen y Carlton, 1998) seis géneros representados por especies in- causando problemas a la salud humana, es que se troducidas: Artema Walckenaer, Crossopriza hace necesario intensificar los controles a las mer- caderías de importación tendientes a minimizar Simon, Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold y Prinsen, Holocnemus Simon, Smeringopus Si- el riesgo de introducción. En este mismo sentido, mon y Sphermophora Hentz. es imperiosa la necesidad de realizar inventarios El presente trabajo informa la presencia del locales para conocer la diversidad de arácnidos género Smeringopus para Chile, mientras que presentes en estas latitudes. los restantes géneros siguen estando ausentes en la araneofauna chilena. La inexistencia de repor- AGRADECIMIENTOS tes de especies sinantrópicas de amplia distribu- Agradezco los comentarios y sugerencias rea- ción quizás se deba en parte a la indiferencia con lizadas por el Dr. Antonio Brescovit. De la misma la que se les ha tratado, ya que por lo general manera agradezco al Dr. Bernhard Huber por la son consideradas arañas comunes que no tienen lectura crítica del mismo, así como también por mayor relevancia para los investigadores. facilitarme parte de la literatura utilizada. La especie Smeringopus pallidus posee una gran capacidad de dispersión, siendo con- LITERATURA CITADA siderada por Platnick (2011) como una especie ampliamente distribuida en muchos continen- AGUILERA, M. Y M. CASANUEVA, 2005. Araneo- tes (Huber, 2001; Beatty et al., 2008; Zhang morphae chilenas: estado actual del co- y Li, 2003). En América del norte este arác- nocimiento y clave para las familias más nido se introdujo a Estados Unidos (Florida y comunes (Aracnida: Araneae). Gayana, Texas) desde Asia (Edwards, 1993). En Amé- 69(2): 201-224. rica Central ha sido registrada para Panamá BEATTY, J., J. W BERRY Y B. A. HUBER, 2008. The (Nentwig, 1993) y las Antillas (Sewlal y Starr, pholcid spiders of Micronesia and Polynesia 2008). En América del Sur se conocen los ma- (Araneae, Pholcidae). The Journal of Arach- yores registros, estando presente en Ecuador nology, 36: 1-25. continental (Roth, 1997), Paraguay (Kochalka BRASIL, T. K., L. M. ALMEIDA-SILVA, C. M. et al., 1996) y Brasil, en donde se encuentra PINTO-LEITE, R. M. LIRA-DA-SILVA, M. C. Taucare-Ríos: Primer registro de Smeringopus pallidus (Blackwall) en Chile. 85 L. PERES Y A. D. BRESCOVIT, 2005. Aranhas de flora y fauna del museo de historia na- sinantrópicas em três bairros da cidade de tural del Paraguay. pp. 69-283. Salvador, Bahía, Brasil (Arachnida, Ara- LEVI, H. 1965. Techniques for the study of spi- neae). Biota Neotropica, 5 (1a): 163-169. der genitalia. Psyche, 72: 152-158. COHEN, A. N. Y J.T. CARLTON, 1998. Accelera- NENTWIG, W. 1993. Spiders of Panama: Bio- ting invasion rate in a highly invaded es- geography, investigation, phenology, tuary. Science, 279: 555-558. check list, key and bibliography of a tro- EDwaRDS, G. B. 1993. Crossopriza lyoni and pical spider fauna. Sandhill Crane Press, Smeringopus pallidus: cellar spiders new Gainesville, Florida, vi + 274 pp. to Florida (Araneae: Pholcidae). Florida NICOLET, H. 1849. Arácnidos. In Gay, C., His- Dept. Agric. Consumer Serv. Div. Plant toria física y política de Chile. Paris, Zoo- Ind. Entomology Circular, 361: 1-2. logía, vol. 3, pp. 319-543. HUBER, B. A. 2000. New world pholcid spiders PLATNICK, N. 2011. The World Spider Catalog. (Araneae: Pholcidae): A revision at generic Version 11.5 American Museum of Natural level. Bulletin of the American Museum of History.http://research.amnh.org/entomo- Natural History, 254: 1-348. logy/spiders/catalog/. (consultado el 20 de HUBER, B.
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  • Huber Table S1

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    Electronic Supplement Huber B.A. Beyond size: sexual dimorphisms in pholcid spiders Table S1. Male and female >bia 1 lengths in 495 species of Pholcidae, with sample sizes and sources. The table lists only those species where at least five males and five females were measured. Species Male tibia 1 N ♂ Female tibia 1 N ♀ Reference length (mm) length (mm) Aetana abadae 10,20 6 8,10 13 Huber et al 2015a Aetana gaya 7,60 10 5,30 11 Huber et al 2015a Aetana indah 8,84 5 6,70 8 Huber et al 2015a Aetana kinabalu 8,30 7 6,40 15 Huber et al 2015a Aetana kiukoki 8,20 48 6,10 56 Huber et al 2015a Aetana lambir 7,40 19 6,20 26 Huber et al 2015a Aetana libjo 8,60 6 6,70 9 Huber et al 2015a Aetana loboc 7,10 7 5,30 17 Huber et al 2015a Aetana manansalai 8,30 5 6,30 13 Huber et al 2015a Aetana mokwam 11,70 8 9,90 15 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Aetana omayan 10,40 8 8,20 16 Huber et al 2015a Aetana ondawamei 9,10 5 8,30 6 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Aetana poring 6,80 5 5,10 12 Huber et al 2015a Anansus debakkeri 1,07 7 1,03 8 Huber 2007 Anopsicus ana 0,73 9 0,81 8 Huber & Villarreal 2020 Anopsicus chiriqui 1,72 15 1,54 9 Huber 1998c Anopsicus tico 1,90 20 1,95 20 Huber 1998c Apokayana kapit 11,30 8 8,20 6 Huber & Leh Moi Ung 2016 Apokayana tahai 8,30 5 6,70 5 Huber 2011 Arenita fazendinha 0,59 15 0,47 22 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Arnapa arfak 6,80 5 4,70 7 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Arnapa tinoor 6,60 28 4,50 37 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Arnapa tolire 5,70 5 4,10 9 Huber & Carvalho 2019 Artema atlanta 15,40 19 13,20 20 Aharon et al 2017 Artema bunkpurugu 19,80 8 16,10 20 Huber
  • New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a Revision at Generic Level

    New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): a Revision at Generic Level

    NEW WORLD PHOLCID SPIDERS (ARANEAE: PHOLCIDAE): A REVISION AT GENERIC LEVEL BERNHARD A. HUBER Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 254, 348 pages, 1357 figures, 9 maps, 4 appendices Issued June 30, 2000 Price: $29.30 a copy Copyright ᭧ American Museum of Natural History 2000 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................... 04 Introduction ................................................................... 04 Materials and Methods ....................................................... 06 Acknowledgments ........................................................... 07 Phylogenetics ................................................................. 07 Terminal Taxa ............................................................... 07 Characters Scored ........................................................... 09 Characters Not Scored ....................................................... 32 Cladistic Analysis ........................................................... 34 Taxonomy—Pholcidae .......................................................... 41 Diagnosis ................................................................... 41 Description ................................................................. 46 Natural History .............................................................. 48 Composition ................................................................ 50 Key to New World Genera ..................................................