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LIFE AND WORKS OF ~LLAMAH MUI:IAMMAD ANWAR SHAH KASHMIRl by Yunoos Osman Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (D. Phil) in the School of Religion and Culture, Faculty of Humanities, University of Durban-Westville. SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR SYED SALMAN NADVI JOINT SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR ABUL FADL MOHSIN EBRAHIM DECEMBER 2001 Dedicated to the loving memory of my father, Abdul Satar Osman, who encouraged me to pursue studies in Islam, but did not live to share the joy of this fruit and to my mother, Hanifa Satar, who continues to encourage me in my educational pursuits. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter One INSTITUTIONS OF mGHER ISLAMIC LEARNING IN INDIA: mSTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. Background 4 1.1 British Colonization 8 1.2 Reactions of Muslims 9 1.3 Some Institutions of Higher Islamic Learning 16 1.3.1 Dar al- (UlUm Farangf Ma~al 17 1.3.2 Al-Madrasat al-RaIJ,fmfyah 19 1.3.3 Dar al- (Ulum Deoband 20 1.3.4 The Aligarh College 27 1.3.5 Nadwat al- (Ulama' 29 Chapter Two BIOGRAPHY OF MUHAMMAD ANWAR SHAH KASHMiRI . 2. Family Background 33 2.1 Birth and Education 34 2.2 Teaching Career 39 2.3 His Demise 45 2.4 Eulogies 47 2.5 Shah saIJib's Children 49 2.6 Shah sa~ib's Character 50 2.7 Views of Scholars 52 Chapter Three A SURVEY OF SHAH $AQIB'S WORKS 3. Shah SaIJib's Scholarship 59 3.1 His Writings 61 3.2 The Holy Qur'an 62 3.2.1 Mushkilat al- Qur'an 62 3.2.2 Shortcomings of Mushkilat al- Qur'an 65 3.3. Metaphysics 66 3.3.1 Al-parb al-Khatim (ala lfuduth al- (Alam 66 3.3.2 Mirqat al-Tahrim Ii lfuduth al- <J.lam 67 3.4 Al- ~qa'id 68 3.4.1 Sahm al-Ghayb fi Kayd Ahl al-Rayb 68 3.4.2 Kitab al-Dhab (an Qurrat al- (Aynayn 69 3.4.3 (Aqldat aI-Islam fi lfayat (lsa 71 3.4.4 Ikfar al-MulIJidln 73 3.4.5 TaIJiyat al-Islamfi lfayat (lsa 74 3.4.6 Al-Ta~rlIJ bi ma Tawatara fi Nuzul al-MaslIJ 75 3.4.7 Khatam al-Nabiyln 76 3.4.8 Da (wat lfift al-Iman 78 3.5 Al-Fiqh 79 3.5.1 Fasl al-Khitab fi Umm al-Kitab 79 3.5.2 Khatim al-Khitab Ii FatiIJat al-Kitab 81 3.5.3 Al-Nur al-Fa'id ala Na?,m al-Fara'id 82 3.5.4 Nayl al-Firqadaynfi Mas'alah Rat al-Yadayn 83 3.5.5 Bast al-Yadayn 84 3.5.6 Kashl al-Satar (an SaWt al-Witr 84 3.6 Zoology 85 3.6.1 Khaza'in al-Asrar 85 3.7 Poetry 86 3.8 Politics 87 3.9 lfadlth 90 3.10 Unpublished Manuscripts 90 11 Chapter Four SHAH $AQIB'S CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF J:IADITH LITERATURE 4.1 His approach towards the Study and Teaching of Jfadfth 96 4.1.1 Tarjumat ai-Abwab 97 4.1.2 Legal Implications of the Jfadfth 98 4.1.3 Identifying the Ruwat 99 4.1.4 Import of the lJadfth 100 4.2 Hadith 101 4.3 Commentaries on Al-lamt al-Sa~f}J of Imam al-Bukhan 101 4.3.1 Faycj ai-Barf <ala al-Sa~f~ al-Bukharf 4.3.1.1 Special Features of Faycj ai-Barf 103 <ala al-Sa~f~ al-Bukharf 104 4.3.1.2 Shortcomings in Faycj ai-Barf <ala al-Sa~f~ al-Bukharf 108 4.3.2 Anwar ai-Barf Shar~ (alii al-Sa~f~ al-Bukharf 109 4.3.2.1 Special Features of Anwar ai-Barf Shar~ ala al - Sa~f~ al-Bukharf 111 4.4 Commentaries on Sa~f~ Muslim 112 4.5 Commentaries on Sunan Abf Da'ad 113 4.5.1 Anwar al-Ma~mad 114 4.6 Commentaries on Sunan al-Tirmidhf 115 4.6.1 Al- ~rf al-Shadhf 116 4.6.2 Ma (arij al-Sunan 118 4.6.2.1 Shortcomings in Ma (arij al-Sunan 121 4.7 Shah Sahib's. Contributions in Other Hadfth. Works 122 Chapter Five SHAH $AQIB'S UNIQUE STANCE ON CERTAIN ISSUES 5.1 Tajsfr al-Qur'an 125 11l 5.1.1 Ahl al-Kitab 127 5.1.2 AI-Nasikh wa al-Mansukh 128 5.2 <Ilm al-ijadfth 131 5.3 Legal (FiqhiJ Matters 134 5.3.1 India as Dar al-ijarb or Dar al-Aman 135 5.3.2 The taking and giving of interest 137 5.3.3 Tark AI-Muwalah 139 5.4 Matters pertaining to Muslim Women 142 5.4.1 Veiling the Face of a Woman 142 5.4.2 Dissolution of the Marriage of a Woman whose Husband Is Lost 146 5.4.3 The.Validity of the Marriage of a Girl without the Permission of her Parents or Guardian 147 5.4.4 A Woman traveling for ijajj without a Ma~ram 150 5.4.5 Muslim Women performing Salah in the Masjid 153 5.5 The Giving of Zakah to a Sayyid 154 5.6 The Learning of the English Language and Secular Sciences 156 CONCLUSION 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY 162 IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praise is due to Allah (SWT) Who made it possible for me to undertake this study and to complete it. I am grateful to Professor Syed Salman Nadvi, former Head of the Islamic Studies Department at the University of Durban-Westville, for his encouragement and guidance throughout the period of writing this dissertation. I am also thankful to Professor Abul Fadl Mohsin Ebrahim of the School of Religion and Culture at the University of Durban-Westville for his editorial comments. I would also like to express my gratitude to Mawlana Cassim M. Serna, Rector of Dar al- <Ulum Newcastle, Mawlana Abdul Haq Omarjee, Mawlana Yunus Patel, President of lamiat al-Ulema KZN, Mawlana Shabbir Kazi and Mawlana AI:lmad Omar for their assistance in providing me access to.the reference works cited in this dissertation. v I would be failing in my duty if I were to ignore the support given to me by my family. I wish to record my thanks to my wife for her moral support and patience throughout the process of my writing this dissertation. To my children, I am equally thankful for patiently bearing the pangs of my absence while I was engaged in my research. To my youngest daughter, Zakira, I wish to record my gratitude for typing out the manuscript. Vl INTRODUCTION (Allamah Anwar Shah KashmIri (d. 1933) was one of the most distinguished Islamic scholars of the Indo-Pale Subcontinent. He was recognised as an authority on (Ilm al-Jf.adfth (the science of Jf.adfth). His works on Jf.adfth won him the title of Shaykh al- Jf.adfth (an expert in the field of Jf.adfth) and was also acclaimed as a MulJ.addith (scholar of Jf.adfth). Although (Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri's speciality was primarily in the field of the science of Jf.adfth, he was equally competent to teach and write in other relevant Islamic sciences such as, al-Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) and (Ulum al-Qur'an (Qur'anic Sciences), etc. His research and findings sometimes led to him engaging into intense intellectual debates with other Muslim scholars in various parts of India. He had a passion for Jf.adfth and he spent all his life teaching the $ilJ.ah Sittah (The Six Authentic Collections of Jfadfth). Students used to flock to the institutions where he taught and it was considered an honour and privilege to study under him. (Allamah Anwar Shah KashmIri's contribution in the field of Hadfth benefited and continue to benefit scholars and students alike to this day. To date no systematic study on the life and works of ~llamah Anwar Shah KashmIri has as yet been accomplished in the English language. Biographies on him exist in the Urdu language and they are mostly of a popular nature and have generally not discussed in detail his academic uniqueness and peculiarities. Thus, the objectives of this study will be to: 1. Discuss the evolution of the Islamic institutions of Islamic learning in India and what impact it had in moulding and shaping the intellectual pursuit of (Allamah Anwar Shah Kashmiri. 2. Analyze his literary works and assess his contributions in the field of the science of Jfadfth and Jfadfth literature. 3. Examine his uruque position and individual stance on matters pertaining to TaJsfr al-Qur'an (Qur'anic Exegesis), 2 <Ilm al-Jfadfth (the Science of Jfadfth) and some Fiqhf (legal) issues. 3 Chapter One INSTITUTIONS OF mGHER ISLAMIC LEARNING IN INDIA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. BACKGROUND The history of the arrival of Muslims in India and their positive contributions in the field of knowledge and culture, the socio- economic sphere and political structure are all well documented.· Thus, this chapter gives an overview of the circumstances that led to the establishment of the institutions of higher Islamic learning in India and highlights the salient features of at least five prominent ones. When Muslims came to India they brought with them the message of equity and social justice which was non-existent in India at that time. 2 Many progressive features in the socio-cultural structure of the different communities in India, for example, respect for women and their rights, can be traced back to the influence of Islam.
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