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INVESTIGATING THE REASONS WOMEN WEAR CHOKER NECKLACES

by
HEATHER ANN WILLIQUETTE
B.A., University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 2015

A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the
University of Colorado Colorado Springs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Arts
Department of Psychology
2019 ii
This thesis for the Master of Arts degree by
Heather Ann Williquette has been approved for the Department of Psychology by

Laith Al-Shawaf, Chair
Michael A. Kisley
Michelle J. Escasa-Dorne

Date 7-31-2019 iii
Williquette, Heather Ann (M.A., Psychology) Investigating the Reasons Women Wear Choker Necklaces Thesis directed by Assistant Professor Laith Al-Shawaf

ABSTRACT

Choker necklaces have been around for centuries, carrying with them different cultural and societal connotations. However, little to no research investigates the reasons why women continue to wear choker necklaces today. Three studies were conducted in an attempt to explain why women may choose to wear choker necklaces. The first study (N = 204) examined women’s self-reports pertaining to her physical appearance and behaviors, and men’s perceptions of a woman in a photo on various measures. For the photo evaluations, we manipulated three different photos of three different women to create two conditions of a woman either wearing a choker or not wearing a choker. Men were randomly assigned to one of these conditions and were asked to evaluate the photograph. Findings reveal that women who self-reported wearing chokers more frequently had higher sociosexual orientations than women who self-reported wearing chokers less frequently, and men perceived the woman in the Choker condition to have a higher sociosexual orientation than the woman in the Nonchoker condition. In the second (N = 103) and third studies (N = 99), we assessed other women’s perceptions of the women in the photo conditions. Women perceived the woman in the Choker condition to have a higher sociosexual orientation than the woman in the Nonchoker condition. Results indicate that choker necklaces may be a cue to women’s sociosexual orientation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1
Chokers May Indicate Submissiveness....................................................... 2 Chokers May Cue Sexual Accessibility...................................................... 3 Chokers May Advertise Femininity............................................................ 4 Chokers May Accentuate Biological Features............................................ 5 The Handicap Principle............................................................................... 8 The Present Study ..................................................................................... 11
II. STUDY 1.......................................................................................................... 13
Method...................................................................................................... 13
Participants.................................................................................... 13 Materials ....................................................................................... 14 Procedure ...................................................................................... 18
Analyses.................................................................................................... 20
Female Participants....................................................................... 21 Male Participants .......................................................................... 22
Results....................................................................................................... 24
Female Participants....................................................................... 24 Male Participants .......................................................................... 26 v
III. STUDY 2 ........................................................................................................ 29
Method...................................................................................................... 29
Participants.................................................................................... 29 Materials & Procedure.................................................................. 30
Analyses.................................................................................................... 30 Results....................................................................................................... 31
IV. STUDY 3........................................................................................................ 33
Method...................................................................................................... 33
Participants.................................................................................... 33 Materials & Procedure .................................................................. 34
Analyses.................................................................................................... 34 Results....................................................................................................... 35
V. GENERAL DISCUSSION .............................................................................. 37
Chokers as a Function of Sociosexual Orientation................................... 38 Chokers as a Function of Physical Attractiveness (Not Femininity)........ 39 Chokers May Not Indicate Submissiveness.............................................. 41 Chokers May Not Be Evolutionary Handicaps......................................... 42 Limitations & Future Directions............................................................... 43 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 47
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX A: INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL................. 58 APPENDIX B: STUDY 1 MATERIALS............................................................. 59 APPENDIX C: STUDY 2 MATERIALS............................................................. 77 vi
APPENDIX D: STUDY 3 MATERIALS............................................................. 88 vii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
1. Women’s Self-Reports of Choker Frequency and SOI-R ......................................... 24 2. Women’s Self-Reports of Choker Interest and SOI-R .............................................. 25 3. Women’s Self-Reports of Choker Interest and Physical Attractiveness.................... 26 4. Men’s Perceptions of Choker Frequency and SOI-R ................................................ 27 5. Women’s Perceptions of Choker Frequency and SOI-R (I) ...................................... 32 6. Women’s Perceptions of Choker Frequency and SOI-R (II) ..................................... 36

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

From the broad collars of Ancient Egypt (Brovarski, 1997), to the bone necklaces of Native American warriors (Bucci, 2015; Garber, 2016), to the Austrian kropfkettes of the mid- to late-1800s (Graff, 2016), to the colliers de chien or “dog collars” of the 1940s (Bucci, 2015), to the resurgence of plastic tattoo chokers in America in the 1990s (Graff, 2016; McCarthy, 2016; Schiffer, 2016), the popularity of choker necklaces has fluctuated in and out of different societies for centuries (Garber, 2016; Graff, 2016; Komar, 2017; Schiffer, 2016). Choker necklaces, more commonly known as “chokers,” are necklaces worn snugly around the neck. Chokers carry with them a number of cultural connotations and purposes, including the physical/spiritual protection of its wearer or an indication of the wearer’s status or royalty (Garber, 2016; Komar, 2017). The admiration for chokers as a fashion trend boomed in the 19th Century with Princess Alexandra of Denmark. It is believed that Alexandra started wearing lavish choker necklaces to hide a small scar on her neck (Bucci, 2015; Graff, 2016; Komar, 2017). English women were nevertheless inspired by her grandiose style and chokers soon became part of the 19th Century vogue in Westernized society.
Indeed, many women donned choker necklaces to conform with the fashion trends of that time period (Garber, 2016; Graff, 2016; Schiffer, 2016) and today, chokers have become a more modern trend in the United States (McCarthy, 2016). The history of
2chokers reveals an abundance of information on the cultural and societal purposes of chokers. However, little to no information can be found on the possible biological or psychological significance of choker necklaces. Are choker necklaces just an arbitrary fad, or might they have a biological basis? To answer this question, we’ve explored several possible explanations for why women may wear choker necklaces.

Chokers May Indicate Submissiveness

Many internet searches reveal there is a prevalent connotation among laypeople that underlies wearing a “choker” or “choker necklace”. This connotation is that chokers indicate some degree of submissiveness. Top search results from Urban Dictionary, Google, and other search platforms include terms like collar and submission, many of which stem from both men’s and women’s definitions of chokers. From these terms, it seems that people may perceive choker-wearing to indicate some degree of submissiveness in its wearer (Bhattacharya, 2016).
In traditional opposite-sex relationships, men typically show more sexual arousal from dominance and women typically show more sexual arousal from submission (Jozifkova, 2018). Could choker-wearing reflect a mating strategy whereby more submissive women attempt to attract dominant men? Previous research has shown that more dominant males often have more sex partners than less dominant males (Ellis, 1995; Hopcroft, 2006; Mealey, 1985). Being on top of the hierarchy both increased one’s chances of having multiple sex partners and maximized one’s chances of consequently passing on genes (Mealey, 1985).
Chokers being perceived as an indicator of submissiveness could be a product of either misinterpreting mating signals or executing a specific mating strategy. This
3suggests women who wear chokers are more submissive than women who do not wear chokers. Our first hypothesis is that chokers might indicate submissiveness. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces are more submissive than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that women who wear choker necklaces are perceived by others to be more submissive than women who do not wear choker necklaces.

Chokers May Cue Sexual Accessibility

Another common connotation of choker necklaces is that chokers are indicative of a woman’s sexual accessibility (Stephens, 2016). A search of the words “choker necklace” into Google or Urban Dictionary will bring up a plethora of memes, satirical images, and connotations related to chokers, with a large portion of those referring to the promiscuity of women who wear chokers (Stephens, 2016; Urban Dictionary, n.d.).
Men who are more interested in a high sociosexual orientation, or short-term mating and casual sex, prefer women who are more experienced in the bedroom (Buss, 2015). This is because past sexual behavior is a good predictor of future sexual behavior, so women who have had many short-term partners in the past may be likely to engage in short-term mating again in the future (Buss, 2015; Buss & Schmitt, 1993). Men who prioritize sociosexuality over commitment will often look for physical or behavioral cues in women that signal to them the woman may be receptive to casual sex.
If a man can quickly and efficiently interpret whether a woman is signaling her sociosexual orientation through use of a visible cue such as a choker necklace, then his expense of effort will not be in vain. This suggests the possibility that chokers might be a cue to women’s sociosexual orientation. Our second hypothesis is that chokers might cue
4sociosexual orientation. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces have higher sociosexual orientations than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that women who wear choker necklaces are perceived by others to have higher sociosexual orientations than women who do not wear choker necklaces.

Chokers May Advertise Femininity

In general, people tend to assess how physically attractive someone is by first looking at his or her face (Little, Jones, & DeBruine, 2011). Among women, facial femininity is one of the strongest statistical predictors of physical attractiveness (Cunningham, 1986; Gangestad & Scheyd, 2005; Grammer & Thornhill, 1994; Koehler, Simmons, Rhodes, & Peters, 2004; Little et al., 2011; Perrett et al., 1994; Rhodes, Chan, Zebrowitz, & Simmons, 2003). Estradiol, a type of estrogen correlated with fertility (Lipson & Ellison, 1996), is a hormone that contributes to specific facial features like a smaller chin, a smaller jaw, rounder eyes, and higher cheekbones (Farkas, 1987; Little et al., 2014). These facial features contribute to what is known as “facial femininity” (Little et al., 2011). When it comes to mating, men tend to prefer women who have these characteristics because these characteristics are indicative of women’s physical health & reproductive value. Specifically, women who possess these facial features are perceived as more youthful, more fertile, and more disease-resistant than women who do not have these facial features (Buss, 2015; Gangestad & Scheyd, 2005; Wheatley et al., 2014).
Men prefer women who have higher levels of estradiol and consequently perceive women with smaller chins and higher cheekbones to be more feminine (Farkas, 1987). Thus, if more feminine women are more likely to wear chokers, it is possible that men will perceive women who wear chokers to be more feminine. This suggests that chokers
5may advertise a woman’s femininity. Our third hypothesis is that choker necklaces might advertise femininity. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces are more feminine than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that women who wear choker necklaces are perceived by others to be more feminine than women who do not wear choker necklaces.

Chokers May Accentuate Biological Features

Previous research shows that evolved standards of attractiveness are indicators of fertility, health, and reproductive success (Buss, 2015; Gangestad & Scheyd, 2005; Perret et al., 1998; Singh, Dixson, Jessop, Morgan, & Dixson, 2010; Thornhill & Gangestad, 2006; Wheatley et al., 2014). One of these evolved standards of attractiveness in women is their Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR). WHR is a measure of a person’s fat distribution and is calculated by taking the circumference of the waist and dividing it by the circumference of the hips (Singh, 1994a, Singh et al. 2010). WHR starts developing for women during puberty and, due to increased levels of estrogen, involves the accumulation of fatty tissue on the hips, thighs, and buttocks (Lassek & Gaulin, 2007; Singh et al., 2010; Tovée, Maisey, Emery, & Cornellisen, 1999). This overall fat distribution plays an essential part in the perceived attractiveness of women, such that women who have broader hips and smaller waists, or women with a low WHR around .70, are considered by both men and women to be the most desirable mates (Singh, 1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 2006).
Over time, WHR has become a cue to women’s fertility and health, and this is particularly crucial to men who are looking for a healthy mate to carry and raise their offspring (Singh, 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 2006; Singh et al., 2010). A woman with a
6high WHR is more likely to be obese, which is connected to health problems such as diabetes and cardiovascular mortality (Huxley, Mendis, Zheleznyakov, Reddy, & Chan, 2010; Vazquez, Duval, Jacobs, & Silventoinen, 2007), is more likely to experience higher rates of various health problems such as heart disease, and may have more difficulty getting pregnant (Buss, 2015). Thus, a high WHR would not be evolutionarily desirable. A woman with a low WHR, on the other hand, tends to be reproductively successful and fertile and thus is perceived by men to be attractive (Marlowe & Wetsman, 2001; Singh, 1993, 1994a, 1994b, 1994c, 2006). Women who are looking for a mate may highlight their physical characteristics, such as WHR, as a mating strategy to attract a mate of the opposite sex; specifically, by drawing more attention to physical features that men find attractive and desirable in a potential mate (Singh & Bronstad, 1997).
There are numerous examples of cultural products worn in a way to accentuate desirable, biological features. For example, women who wear makeup are predominantly perceived to be more attractive (Etcoff, Stock, Haley, Vickery, & House, 2011; Graham & Jouhar, 1981; Mulhern, Fieldman, Hussey, Leveque, & Pineau, 2003; Osborn, 1996). Makeup helps to accentuate specific facial features such as youthfulness (Porcheron, Mauger, & Russell, 2013), the wideness of eyes (Jones, Porcheron, & Russell, 2018; Morikawa, Matsushita, Tomita, & Yamanami, 2015), and facial contrast between skin tone and the eyes and lips (Russell, 2003, 2009). Skirts and dresses with cinched waists accentuate women’s WHR (Barber, 1995; Singh, 1993). Finally, high heels accentuate women’s lumbar curvature (Lewis, Russell, Al-Shawaf, Ta, Senveli, Ickes, & Buss, 2017). Why do these cultural products draw attention to or highlight these specific biological features? These aforementioned physical features in women are linked with
7health and reproductive value. Women who accentuate these physical features may maximize their potential to attract a mate.
Chokers, like high heels, cinched-waist dresses, and makeup, may be cultural products that draw attention to a specific biological feature of women: the neck. There are certain properties of the neck that may be correlated with fertility and health. One of those properties is youthfulness or absence of wrinkles on the neck. Men tend to prefer younger women over older women for mates (Hill, 1945; Schwarz & Hassebrauck, 2012). This goes back to signaling fertility – a younger woman is more likely to be fertile and have the ability to nurture her young than an older woman (Buss, 2015). As a woman ages, she becomes less fertile. A telltale sign of aging is presence of wrinkles; then, a telltale sign of youthfulness would be absence of wrinkles. This suggests that chokers may draw attention to the presence or absence of wrinkles on women’s necks. Our fourth hypothesis is that choker necklaces accentuate the youthfulness of the wearer’s neck.
Neck width and neck length are also indicators of a woman’s physical health
(Han, Oh, Kim, Yang, Lee, Park, & Lee, 2015; Li, Zhang, Zhao, Xin, Guo, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Li, Yang, & Yang, 2014), which may affect how attractive she is to potential mates. A larger circumference of the neck is correlated with having more adipose tissue in the neck (Li et al., 2014) and tends to be predictive of obesity (Yang, Yuan, Fu, Wan, Zhu, Bu, Zhang, Du, Li, Ji, Gu, & Li, 2010). An excess of fatty tissue in the neck could be a sign of disease or physical unfitness (Li et al., 2014). Similarly, Han & colleagues (2015) found that neck length was significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors in women but not in men (Han et al., 2015). Leanness in a woman’s body, including in the neck, are physical signs that the female is healthy and physically fit. A
8woman with a long, slender neck may be viewed as more physically attractive than a woman with a short, wide neck. This suggests the possibility that chokers may draw attention to the length and the slenderness of the neck. Our fifth hypothesis states that choker necklaces may cue the length of the wearer’s neck. Our sixth hypothesis states that choker necklaces may cue the width of the wearer’s neck.
The laryngeal prominence, or Adam’s apple, is a sexually dimorphic trait that is more pronounced in men. When a male reaches puberty, his testosterone production increases significantly, which causes him to develop primary and secondary sex characteristics that include broader shoulders, a deeper voice, penile enlargement, and a larger, more prominent laryngeal prominence (Hau, 2007; Rhodes, 2006). These characteristics are considered more masculine because they are testosterone-dependent, and testosterone levels are typically higher in males than in females (Goymann & Wingfield, 2014; Harding, 1981). Females who have a larger laryngeal prominence may be perceived as less feminine because a large laryngeal prominence is testosterone dependent. This suggests the possibility that chokers may draw attention to lack of laryngeal prominence. Our seventh hypothesis states that choker necklaces cue the size of the wearer’s laryngeal prominence.

The Handicap Principle

To explain the phenomenon of prey engaging in showy demonstrations of their physical prowess when confronted by predators, “The Handicap Principle” was coined by Dr. Amotz Zahavi (Zahavi, 1975). When gazelles are approached by a group of hyenas, one would expect them to flee from the imminent danger. However, this is often not the case. Instead, gazelles prance and leap around in behavior known as “stotting”. Similarly,
9when a Frilled-Neck Lizard spots a Dingo, rather than instantly flee the predator, the lizard expands the frill around its neck and stands on its hind legs as if instigating a challenge. When concerning life-or-death matters, this display becomes an attempt to communicate with the enemy and is dependent on how convincing it is.
The reason prey put themselves at risk is to convince the predator that it has an abundance of stamina and strength, that it would be an unnecessary expenditure of resources for the predator to pursue it, and the predator would be better off chasing a weaker, slower counterpart (Al-Shawaf & Lewis, 2017; Zahavi, 1974). This is more an act of honesty than of deception, for the animals that can give a more convincing display are also the ones who actually have the excess strength and stamina to spare (Al-Shawaf & Lewis, 2017; Samhita, 2010). Essentially, the strongest, most adept individuals can afford to engage in these risky displays in front of danger – as in, an individual can afford to waste energy and time communicating with the predator – because it is fitter than the other individuals of its species (Al-Shawaf & Lewis, 2017; Huttegger, Bruner, & Zollman, 2015; Iwasa, Pomiankowski, & Nee, 1991; Samhita, 2010).
And, not only is this an important signal to a predator, but it can be an important message for potential mates as well. A mate that can afford to carry this burden, to engage in these behaviors, and still survive despite it, is a testament to its adaptability and fitness (Al-Shawaf & Lewis, 2017; Engqvist, Cordes, & Reinhold, 2015; Samhita, 2010). Natural selection favors the fittest individuals both in survival and reproduction. So, a female wanting to ensure the success of her offspring is looking for a mate that is not just strong and fast, but stronger and faster than average. The animals that are more capable of surviving are also more likely to pass on their superior genes (Engqvist, Cordes, &
10
Reinhold, 2015). Perhaps women who possess ideal physical features can afford to engage in wearing a choker necklace because it maximizes their desirability as mates. Like the gazelle ‘stotting’ when a predator is near, sexual selection tends to favor men and women who can communicate their mate value. For example, because chokers may make the neck look shorter and wider, women who have longer, thinner necks may be more likely to wear them because they can afford to sacrifice length and increase width without compromising their desirability as mates.
Based on this idea, we have formulated four different hypotheses about the neck based on the Handicap Principle. Each of these hypotheses yield two predictions. Our fourth hypothesis is that choker-wearing may be a cue to the degree of wrinkles on the neck. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces are younger than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that women who wear choker necklaces are perceived by others to be older than women who do not wear choker necklaces. Our fifth hypothesis is that choker-wearing may be a cue to neck length. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces have longer necks than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that choker necklaces may make the neck look shorter. Our sixth hypothesis is that choker-wearing may be a cue to neck width. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker necklaces have thinner necks than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that choker necklaces may make the neck look wider. And, lastly, our seventh hypothesis is that choker-wearing may be a cue to the size of the laryngeal prominence. This hypothesis leads to the predictions that women who wear choker
11 necklaces have smaller laryngeal prominences than women who do not wear choker necklaces, and that choker necklaces may make the laryngeal prominence look larger.

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    © 2020 HAGADONE DIRECTORIES Telephone Cross Reference 208-245 1 0691 Schmitz Michael 1144 Girtz Charles 1704 Dunlap Vicki 2127 Cochran Gary & 2476 Harpole Charles 0696 Marion Leon 1146 Schaum Judy 1716 Treutel P Barbara 2479 Avery School District 208-245 0702 Kremposki Rachel 1151 Haycock Joseph 1731 Williams Ray & Shirley 2131 Krier Joseph 394 0704 Fitzgerald John 1155 Reed Marcella 1732 Wolf Terrie 2132 Treadwell John 2485 Fink R & J 0123 Shoemaker D W & 0709 Branson Larry 1160 Mitchell Ken & Pam 1736 Moore Kevin & Sarah 2142 Saint Maries Joint 2493 Champagne Roberta Susan 0710 Morrison Stephanie 1161 Preyer John 1737 King David & Marcie School District No 41 2501 Buell Jack Trucking 0126 Shelden Annie 0727 Sindt Jerrad 1173 Vedder J P & Vicki 1741 Wilkinson Lee 2147 Beal Jas J 2507 Freeman Martin 0132 Janssen Robert 0743 Anderson Pamela 1183 Tallman A 1743 Lucas Catherine 2152 Saint Maries Joint 2511 Harpole Doug 0134 Buell Jack & Eleanor 0744 Short Andrew 1189 Lund R 1746 Lounsbury Shawn School District No 41 2516 NAPA Auto Parts 0135 Brusseau Mark & 0752 Nitcy Marie 1194 Osburn Tyrel 1747 Williamson Shane 2154 Page Richard 2516 St Maries NAPA Auto Theresa 0753 Coye Paul 1195 McDowell Ruth 1749 Ellinwood Jack & 2163 Martin Jack Ray & Parts 0141 Derry Andy 0756 Douglas Janie 1203 Whipple Doug Ronda Patty 2521 Benewah County 0160 Dickenson Rodney & 0770 Berard Eric 1204 Hodgson Robin 1753 Parker J 2164 Alderson Jim Public Defender Violet 0774 Spary Deann 1205 Schoenick Claudia 1756 Richards Rachel 2165 Pendell Ernest 2523 Dunham Mariah
  • Luxury Sale: Seized Assets from a Secured Party

    Luxury Sale: Seized Assets from a Secured Party

    Collector Cars > BIDITUP Auctions Worldwide > Luxury Sale: Seized Assets From A Secured Party Luxury Sale: Seized Assets From A Secured Party by BIDITUP Auctions Worldwide Thu, Nov 19, 2015 3:30 PM Pacific 07 Porsche 911, 89 Ferrari,82 Chevy Corvette,2014 &13 Mercedes G63 AMGs,Vertu Cellphones, Watches, Handbags, Jewelry, Audemar,Patek,Muller,Chanel,Louis Vuitton,Fendi,Valentino,Alice & Olivia) & More! Event Terms Red BCBG Dress Brand New w/tags size: 0 Lot #1 (Sale Order 1 of 335) Red BCBG Dress Brand New w/tags size: 0 Rachel Roy Strappless Dress, New w/out tags size 0 Lot #2 (Sale Order 2 of 335) Rachel Roy Strappless Dress, New w/out tags size 0 Nude Lace BCBG Strappless Dress New, w/out tags size 0 Lot #3 (Sale Order 3 of 335) Nude Lace BCBG Strappless Dress New, w/out tags size 0 Jade Long Sleeve BCBG Dress New, w/tags size 2 Lot #4 (Sale Order 4 of 335) Jade Long Sleeve BCBG Dress New, w/tags size 2 White House Black Market Black Dress w/ Pink Stones New, w/out tags, size S Lot #5 (Sale Order 5 of 335) White House Black Market Black Dress w/ Pink Stones New, w/out tags, size S BCBG Shanina Skirt Size 2 New w/tags size S Lot #6 (Sale Order 6 of 335) BCBG Shanina Skirt Size 2 New w/tags size S Alice & Olivia White Top New, w/tags size XS Lot #7 (Sale Order 7 of 335) Alice & Olivia White Top New, w/tags size XS Alice & Olivia Light Pink Long Sleeve Top New, w/tags XS Lot #8 (Sale Order 8 of 335) Alice & Olivia Light Pink Long Sleeve Top New, w/tags XS Alice & Olivia White Jacket New w/tags size 0 Lot #9 (Sale Order 9 of 335) Alice
  • The Heritage of Dress

    The Heritage of Dress

    Purchased by the AVary Stuart Boor Fund Founded A.D. 1893 Cooper Union Library^ THE HERITAGE OF DRESS PLATE I. Frontispiec Very early man in Java. {See page 5.) THE HERITAGE OF DRESS BEING NOTES ON THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF CLOTHES BY WILFRED MARK WEBB FELLOW OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON GKNERAL SECRETARY OF THE SELBORNE SOCIETY EDITOR OF " KNOWLEDGE " WITH TWELVE PLATES AND ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINE FIGURES IN THE TEXT NEW AND REVISED EDITION LONDON Zbc Uimes :Booft Club 1912 TO HIS WIFE HILDA E. WEBB AS A SMALL TOKEN OF AFFECTION THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED BY THE WRITER 20IOST PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION HTHE HERITAGE OF DRESS having been out of print for some time, the writer has taken the opportunity afforded him of issuing a second edition, and at the same time of making certain alterations in and additions to the text. Through the efforts of the present publishers the book has been produced in a compacter and handier form without curtailing it in any way, while the price has been halved ; a fact which should tend to carry the volume into those " quiet places " where Ruskin tells us science only lives " with odd people, mostly poor," WILFRED MARK WEBB. Odstock, Hanwell, April, 1912. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION TT would be difficult to find a subject of""more universal ^ interest than that of dress, and hosts of books have been written which deal \vT.th the attire that has been adopted at different times and by various nations or social classes.
  • Ballet Collectiontm Dear Friend

    Ballet Collectiontm Dear Friend

    The Professional Ballet CollectionTM Dear Friend, Since the Italian Renaissance courts inspired the first ballet performances to Misty Copeland’s most recent appearance with American Ballet Theatre, the choreographers of these artists have been influenced by the world around them. Whether it is the juxtaposition of the femininity of a ballet costume against the Brooklyn Bridge or the softness of nature surrounding a beautiful dancer in the park, we hope this book helps to spark your creativity to choreograph pieces for your dancers that truly ignite their passion for the art. The Art Stone Family 27458 27458 THE ENCHANTED FORREST BUSTIER: Brown glitter mesh, brown and mint sequined lace and tan twill TRIM: Mint sequin trim UNDERBODY: Brown glitter mesh, brown and mint sequined lace and tan twill TRIM: Mint sequin trim “DIAMOND” BAR PIN, ARM POUFS, CHOKER AND CROWN INCLUDED SIZES: Child: M-L, Adult: S-M-L-XL FOR IVORY PROFESSIONAL PLATTER TUTU ORDER # C912 FOR “DIAMOND” EARRINGS SEE ACCESSORIES Made in the USA Art Stone / The Competitor ® 3 27W131 4 www.artstonecostumes.com H136 27W131 MARRIAGE OF FIGARO LEOTARD WITH ATTACHED TUTU: Ivory lycra, ivory stiff tricot, pink stiff tricot and silver glitter mesh TRIM: Flower appliqués RIBBON BOW INCLUDED SIZES: Child: M-L-XL, Adult: S-M-L-XL FOR “DIAMOND” EARRINGS AND NECKLACE SEE ACCESSORIES Imported H136 SUGAR PLUM ZIPPER-BACK BUSTIER: Plum sheer over satin, and gold and plum brocade B512 UNDERBODY WITH ATTACHED SKIRT: Lavender lycra, plum sheer and gold and plum brocade TRIM: Gold braid and
  • Allowed Dress, Saddlery and Equipment for DRESSAGE When in Doubt, Ask the Technical Delegate!

    Allowed Dress, Saddlery and Equipment for DRESSAGE When in Doubt, Ask the Technical Delegate!

    4.10.20 - NEW RULES EFFECTIVE 4/1/20 or before Allowed Dress, Saddlery and Equipment for DRESSAGE When in doubt, ask the Technical Delegate! PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR From the time horses are officially admitted to the competition grounds by competition management, anyone mounted on a horse at any time on the competition grounds, including non-competing riders, riders on non-competing horses, and those competing in all classes and tests, including Para-Equestrian tests, must wear protective headgear as defined by this rule and otherwise in compliance with GR801. Any rider violating this rule at any time must immediately be prohibited from further riding until such headgear is properly in place. Protective headgear is defined as a riding helmet which meets or exceeds ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)/SEI (Safety Equipment Institute) standards for equestrian use and carries the SEI tag. The harness must be secured and properly fitted. The name and/or logo of an individual’s sponsor may be on protective headgear if permitted in accordance with GR1306 and DR121.1. Rider Dress All Tests and Classes through 4th level (includes, Intro, Rider tests, Equitation, etc.) ♦ Short, conservative-color coat with tie or cutaway coat with short tails, choker, stock tie or integrated stand-up collar, white or light-colored breeches or jodhpurs, boots or jodhpur boots. Gloves of conservative color are recommended. ♦ Riders through First level may wear half-chaps, gaiters or leggings in solid black or brown, without fringe, matching the color of their boots, and made of smooth leather or leather-like material.
  • Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure

    Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure

    IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (Mar. 2016), PP 01-16 www.iosrjournals.org Indian Tribal Ornaments; a Hidden Treasure Dr. Jyoti Dwivedi Department of Environmental Biology A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.) 486001India Abstract: In early India, people handcrafted jewellery out of natural materials found in abundance all over the country. Seeds, feathers, leaves, berries, fruits, flowers, animal bones, claws and teeth; everything from nature was affectionately gathered and artistically transformed into fine body jewellery. Even today such jewellery is used by the different tribal societies in India. It appears that both men and women of that time wore jewellery made of gold, silver, copper, ivory and precious and semi-precious stones.Jewelry made by India's tribes is attractive in its rustic and earthy way. Using materials available in the local area, it is crafted with the help of primitive tools. The appeal of tribal jewelry lies in its chunky, unrefined appearance. Tribal Jewelry is made by indigenous tribal artisans using local materials to create objects of adornment that contain significant cultural meaning for the wearer. Keywords: Tribal ornaments, Tribal culture, Tribal population , Adornment, Amulets, Practical and Functional uses. I. Introduction Tribal Jewelry is primarily intended to be worn as a form of beautiful adornment also acknowledged as a repository for wealth since antiquity. The tribal people are a heritage to the Indian land. Each tribe has kept its unique style of jewelry intact even now. The original format of jewelry design has been preserved by ethnic tribal.