Limb - Review article The ANC’s 100 years: Some recent work on its his- tory in historiographical context Chris Saunders* Centenaries are often the occasion for publishers to bring out new work,1 and the centenary of the African National Congress, the oldest nationalist movement on the African continent, in 2012 has proved no exception. By the time of writing in mid-2012, however, few new works of substance had appeared to open up new perspectives on the history of the organisation over its hundred- year history. In January, the ANC’s Progressive Business Forum published a very expensive coffee-table book, Unity in Diversity, in celebration of the leaders of the ANC over the century. After a copy was presented to Nelson Mandela, it was launched at lavish events in Cape Town and Johannesburg in February, but its brief sections of text, interspersed with numerous full-page photographs, did not add anything to our knowledge of the movement over time.2 The journalist Heidi Holland brought out a new, updated edition of her 1989 book on the history of the ANC, now entitled 100 Years of Struggle: Mandela’s ANC. The sections dealing with the early ANC often reproduce, sometimes line by line, what she had written over two decades previously. Though she now includes a brief chapter on the ANC in power, and in an Epilogue begins to criticise Mandela, not only on failing to respond to the AIDS crisis, but also for not * Chris Saunders is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Historical Studies at the University of Cape Town. 1. The centenary of the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 2010 did not see any major new publication devoted to the Union over the cen- tury, though the Quarterly Bulletin of the National Library of South Africa did devote a special issue to the topic: 64, 3, July–September 2010. 2. R. Schoeman and D. Swanepoel (eds), Unity in Diversity: 100 Years of ANC Leadership (1912–2012) (BM Books, Johannesburg, 2012). The Sandton launch was attended by over 300 businessmen, 12 ministers and deputy ministers and 25 ambassadors. For information on Mandela receiving a copy, see for example http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?id=9339. 429 Limb - Review article dealing with corruption and for allowing the arms deal to be signed on his watch, her treatment remains anecdotal and relatively superficial.3 More significant, as representing new work on the ANC’s history, are two books recently published in the Jacana Pocket History series: the first history of the ANC Youth League from its establishment in 1944 to the present, and the first biography of Govan Mbeki.4 These follow the publication in the same series of a brief history of Umkhonto we Sizwe, which became the ANC’s armed wing, by Janet Cherry.5 All three are admirable short surveys, but their very conciseness inevitably means that they lack great substance.6 Other scholarly work is in the pipeline for publication later in the centenary year,7 but in mid-2012 it remained to be seen whether any of it would equal in importance the two monographs under review here, which appeared shortly before the centenary year began. The same size and 3. H. Holland, 100 Years of Struggle: Mandela’s ANC (Penguin Books, Johannes- burg, 2012). Other popular works included, C. Smith, Mandela and America (New Africa Books, Cape Town, 2012). 4. C. Bundy, Govan Mbeki (Jacana Media, Johannesburg, 2012); C. Glaser, The ANC Youth League (Jacana Media, Johannesburg, 2012). 5. J. Cherry, Umkhonto we Siswe (Jacana Media, Johannesburg, 2011). 6. The publicity for Bundy’s Govan Mbeki referred to him as “an intellectual gi- ant who radiated an unfailing commitment and devotion to the struggle for freedom … [and] set a sterling example of dedication to the rural poor and the working class of South Africa. A disciplined and hardworking member and leader of the ANC and SACP, he devoted his life to the struggle for the liberation of his people.” 7. Including a revised edition of S. Ellis and T. Sechaba, Comrades against Apart- heid: The ANC and the South African Communist Party in Exile (James Currey, London, 1992); a special issue of the South African Historical Journal on “The ANC at 100” (64, 3, September 2012); a collection of papers edited by A. Lissoni and others from the conference on “One Hundred Years of the ANC: Debating Liberation Histories and Democracy Today”, held in Sep- tember 2011 (Wits University Press, forthcoming in 2012); and a volume on liberation struggles in the region edited by H. Sapire and C. Saunders (UCT Press, forthcoming in 2012). A. Odendaal’s The Founders: The Origins of the ANC and the Struggle for Democracy in South Africa (Jacana Media, Johan- nesburg, 2012) is a major work on the background to the formation of SANNC in 1912. 430 Limb - Review article shape, they both run to five hundred pages.8 The one concerns the ANC to 1940, the other the ANC from 1994. To understand the importance of these two works, and of the memoir also under review, it is necessary to sketch some of the relevant historiographical context. As is well-known, a vast literature has been spawned on the ANC. Much of what emerged from within the ANC during the struggle was, hardly surprisingly, partisan, polemical and propagandistic, designed to help promote the ANC in that struggle. Since the advent of formal democracy, some writing on the ANC has continued in the same vein, glorifying the ANC’s role, while those disillusioned with the ANC have instead emphasised negative aspects, such as the promotion of violence implied in the concept of a people’s war and the horrific incidents that took place in the movement’s camps in Angola.9 With the coming of independence to tropical African countries around 1960, new histories of the new nations were written by scholars who looked back into the past to trace the road to independence, and tended to present independence as the goal of a struggle by a united people under the leadership of one or other “great men”. While there was no similar historiography in the South African case after 1994, what may be called a nationalist interpretation of our recent history has begun to develop in public discourse. This emphasises the armed struggle as the key force making for victory over apartheid, and tends to play down the negotiated settlement that was reached, based as it was on a series of compromises. The primary role of the ANC in the struggle, the heroism of its leaders and the importance of its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), are emphasised. Like the much more extreme version in Zimbabwe, which Terence Ranger has called “patriotic history”, this is a set of myths about the past.10 While 8. Both have predominantly yellow and green covers, with some black as well, making up the three ANC colours. 9. For example A. Jeffrey, People’s War: New Light on the Struggle for South Africa (Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg, 2009); P. Trewhela, Inside Quatro: Uncovering the Exile History of the ANC and SWAPO (Jacana Media, Johannesburg, 2009). 10. A similar approach is to be seen in Namibia, most notably in Sam Nujoma’s autobiography, significantly entitled Where Others Wavered (Panaf Books, London, 2001). 431 Limb - Review article history of course allows for different interpretations, historians must aim for the truth, based on the evidence available, and have a duty to puncture myths about the past, nationalist or otherwise. In the South African case, in a recent example of an attempt to do this, the American Scott Couper, the author of a major biography of Chief Albert Luthuli, has criticised what he calls nationalist writing that downplays Luthuli’s opposition, when president-general of the ANC, to the idea of turning to armed struggle in 1961.11 While we need more critical history of this kind, we also need to know, if we are to assess new work, how historical literature of the ANC has developed over time. To date, no scholar has analysed how the now vast and varied historiography of the ANC has evolved.12 All I can do here is to discuss, briefly and inevitably very selectively, some relevant works, emphasising scholarly writing, and focusing mainly on the history of the ANC as an organisation, rather than, say, on the individuals who worked within it.13 In his short history of the 11. Especially S. Couper, “Irony upon Irony upon Irony: The Mythologising of Nationalist History in South Africa”, South African Historical Journal, 63, 2, 2011, pp 339–346; and S. Couper, “Emasculating Agency: An Unam- biguous Assessment of Albert Luthuli’s Stance on Violence”, South African Historical Journal, 64, 3, 2012, pp 564–586. 12. Tom Lodge produced perhaps the closest approximation to this over twen- ty years ago, but he was concerned with the ANC’s own writing and he touched only very briefly on the way in which that writing had progressed chronologically. See T. Lodge, “Charters From the Past: The African Na- tional Congress and its Historiographical Traditions”, Radical History Review, 46, 7, 1990, pp 161–188. 13. For the more recent history of the ANC, there are now a dozen biographies of Nelson Mandela, while more than 20 of his close colleagues have writ- ten memoirs. Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom (Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1994), preceded by the autobiography of Albert Luthuli (Collins, London, 1962) and, for example, R. Kasrils, Armed and Dangerous: My Undercover Strug- gle against Apartheid (Heinemann, Oxford, 1993), was followed by many oth- ers, including those by Rusty Bernstein, Ahmad Kathrada, Jean Middleton, Jay Naidoo, James Ngculu, Archie Sibeko, Ray Simons, Raymond Suttner and Ben Turok.