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South Africa's 20-Year Journey in Water and Sanitation Research

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South Africa's 20-Year Journey in Water and Sanitation Research South Africa’s 20-year journey in water and sanitation research South Africa’s 20-year journey in water and sanitation research Contents Minister’s Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 WRC CEO’s Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Informing policy and decision making ............................................................................................................................... 19 The water research journey of transformation ............................................................................................................ 49 Transforming South African society ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Empowering communities .......................................................................................................................................................... 85 New products and services for economic development ................................................................................105 Sustainable development solutions ..................................................................................................................................139 Human capital development ..................................................................................................................................................169 The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Water Research Commission, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products or Prospects 2014 and beyond .................................................................................................................................................181 services constitute endorsement or recommendation. Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................................................................190 © 2014 Water Research Commission All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the copyright holder. Editor: Lani van Vuuren Authors: Inga Jacobs, Mitzi du Plessis, Kim Trollip and Lani van Vuuren Design, layout and typesetting: HPG Advertising Printed in the Republic of South Africa ISBN 978-1-4312-0577-6 SP 77/14 WRC | South Africa’s 20-year journey in water and sanitation research Minister’s Foreword The role of R&D in solving South Africa’s water challenges. Water is life: Sanitation is dignity. The water that quenches your thirst in Siyabuswa, Mpumalanga and Qunu, Eastern Cape, does the same for communities in Sandton, Gauteng and Bishopscourt, Cape Town, and of course countrywide. Water does not discriminate. It is without a doubt the research, undertaken those standards. Since then, the country has by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and made satisfactory progress with regard to its network of partners and experts that has improving access to water supply: It reached informed our many water legislation and water universal access to an improved water source management successes in South Africa over in urban areas, and in rural areas the share of the past two decades. those with access increased from 66% to 79% from 1990 to 2010. After the end of apartheid, South Africa’s newly elected government inherited huge We can look back on the past 20 years with services backlogs with respect to access to great pride. Today we stand on the shoulders water supply and sanitation. About 15 million of giants who pioneered democratic South people were without safe water supply and Africa’s water legislation. We undertake to over 20 million without adequate sanitation continue this proud tradition of building upon Minister of Water and Sanitation, services. The government thus made a strong the solid foundations that had been put in Nomvula Mokonyane commitment to high service standards and to place. high levels of investment subsidies to achieve 1 WRC | South Africa’s 20-year journey in water and sanitation research WRC | Minister’s Foreword The demands on South Africa’s water research and development initiatives. The We require of the WRC continued assistance resources are growing as a result of population initiatives supported by the WRC have been in strategic identification of needs in the growth rate, rapid urbanisation, economic of importance to our water sector, providing water sector and we continue to commit to development, demand for higher levels of the scientific basis for the development of new investing in knowledge creation, transfer and service and as aquatic eco-systems are policies and strategies as well as process- and dissemination in strategic research areas. negatively impacted and require rehabilitation. product-directed technologies. In addressing the water and sanitation Nomvula Mokonyane challenges in South Africa, research plays a The DWS recommits to ensuring that the WRC Minister of Water and Sanitation primary role, because the decision-making remains at the cutting edge of water-related that’s based on scientific research is what’s research in South Africa. going to be sustainable going into the future. Looking ahead New ideas and innovations informed by research and development (R&D) in partnership The recent renaming of the Department with the WRC will be welcomed so that we indicates our intention to promote integrated can continue to break new ground informed by approaches to meeting South Africa’s societal science and technology. and water-sector needs. In the first week of August 2014 we convened a two-day Summit The Department of Water and Sanitation where all stakeholders in the water family came (DWS), as the WRC’s shareholder, works together and defined our working relationships. closely with the WRC to provide the sector with knowledge and capacity. This is focused In order to ensure the delivery of water and on ensuring sustainable management of water sanitation services to all South Africans, the resources and enhancing water services. Department is charged with the responsibility of integrating its work, through infrastructure The role of research development for the eradication of backlogs and sustained delivery of quality services to the South Africa, during the past twenty years of people of South Africa. To facilitate effective democracy has seen a series of factors that and timely investment, a comprehensive reshaped the water science and technology investment framework for the water and The WRC has – during the 20 years landscape. sanitation sector is being developed. of democracy – mobilised the development of research expertise The Department depends upon the WRC and Capital investment in new water and sanitation over a wide range of disciplines, its network of partners and experts to continue infrastructure for the entire value chain including to contribute towards improving the quality the refurbishment of existing infrastructure over resulting in a significant expansion and the capacity of South Africa’s research the next ten years is projected to require an and upgrading of expertise in the base and its ability to undertake water related estimated R670 billion. South African water sector. WRC CEO, Dhesigen Naidoo, WRC Executive Manager, Dr Inga Jacobs, Water and Sanitation Minister, Nomvula Mokonyane, 2 Acting Director-General, Trevor Balzer and Deputy Minister, Pamela Tshwete at the National Water Summit in 2014. 3 WRC | South Africa’s 20-year journey in water and sanitation research WRC CEO’s Foreword Democracy in action: improving people’s lives through water research Access to water was historically dominated by those with access to land, as well as political and economic power. In 1994, we inherited a South Africa with an antiquated water law derived from a history of conquest and expansion. Inevitably, water under apartheid was used in the interests of the privileged class and the white minority. In the twenty years since, the world has become as the continent with the strongest average a remarkably different place. South Africa has growth rate, albeit it from a lower baseline, but been through a rollercoaster ride of divided continues to show the promise of sustainable experiences. The black euphoria of liberation in growth despite the lukewarm global recovery. 1994 combined with cautious optimism among the white folk was a cocktail that characterised The story of South Africa during this period the start of our fledgling democracy. Over time of time is reflected by the story of water we experienced galvanising of the South African resources, water use and sanitation, and “rainbow nation” under the stewardship of Tata, in particular our water laws. South Africa’s former President Nelson Mandela, arguably one antiquated water law, embodied in the 1956 of the greatest leaders in human history. Water Act, was in force in 1994 and its effects were humiliating to the majority of our The world has seen leading economies people. We could
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