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Robert Owen Vol ROBERT OWEN VOL. II ROBERT OWEN -J 13IOGRAPHr By FRANK PODMORE Author of "Modern Spiritualism," "Studies in Psychical Research," etc. WITH FORTY,FOUR ILLUSTRATION! TWO PHOTOGRAVURE PLATES, AND FACSIMILES Vol. II London: HUTCHINSON & CO. Paternoster Row 1906 CONTENTS VOL. II CHAPTER XV ORBISTON PAGE The Movement in Great Britain-The London Co-operative and Economical Society-Its Collapse-George Mudie­ Abram Combe-,-The Practical Society-'-Purchase of Orbiston-Plan oC the Buildings-Beginning of the"Com­ munity-Affirmation of Pure Communism-~lack Sheep in the Flock-Progress of the Community-Combe's Death-End of the Colony 347 CHAPTER XVI EARLY C~OPERATORS The London Co-operative Society-Its Debates-Austin, J. S. Mill and Thirlwall-the Devon and Exeter Co-operative Society-Its Collapse and Transformation into the Dow­ lands Devon Community-The C~perative Community Fund Association-William Thompson and the projected Cork Community-The London Auxiliary Fund-The Union Exchange Society--'-The Brighton Co-operative Benevolent Fund Association-The Brighton Co-operator -Rapid Multiplication of Co-operative Societies 374 VOL. II. v vi CONTENTS CHAPTER XVII LABOUR EXCHANGES PAGE Owen's Return to England-Death of his daughter Anne; of Mrs. Owen; of his daughter Mary-Owen's Money Affairs-'-30o Co-operative Societies in 183o-Thompson's .Directions for Establishment of Communities-The First Co-operative Congress-Projects for Founding Com­ munities - Productive Co-operative Societies - The Labour Standard-Bazaars and Exchanges--Opening of the National Equitable Labour Exchange-,-Labour Notes -Enormous Business Done-,-Forced to - Qllit its Pre­ mises~The United Trades Association-Undertakes the Management of the Exchange-Letters from S. Austin- Collapse of the Exchange-,-Causes of Failure . 392 CHAPTER XVIII TRADE UNIONS AND REFORMS Sunday Lectures-The Rotundanists-Owen's Attitude to Political Reform~Letter from John Gray-The National Political Union-Letter from Bronterre O'Brien-The Eight-hour Movement and the Society for Promoting National Regeneration-Memorial from Ebenezer Elliott and Others-Owen's Autocratic Attitude towards his Col­ leagues-The Co-operative ,Productive Societies-The Trade Unions-The Strike in the Building Trades-Inter­ vention of Owen and his Followers-The Grand National Consolidated Trades U nion-The Conviction of the Six Dorsetshire Labourers-Procession to the Home Office­ The Grand National Transformed into" The British, and Foreign Consolidated Association of Industry, Humanity and Knowledge" • 423 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER XIX REDEUNT SATURNIA REGNA 'PAGE- The New Moral World-Owen Breaks with Trade Unions and Co-operators-Relations Between Socialism and Chartism-Owen's Address to the Chartists-Tour on the Continent-Visits Pari~-Interview with King Ludwig, Metternich and Others~" The Association of All Classes of All Nations "-Owen's Retirement-The BooR if the New Moral World-His L~ctures-Congress of 1837- The National Community Friendly Society-The Uni­ versal Community Society of Rational Religionists­ Missionaries Appointed-Halls of Science and Social Institutions-Selections fro~ Social Hymns 452 CHAPTER XX THE NEW MORAL WORLD The Causes of the Evils in the World-The Five Fundamental Facts of Human Nature-The Eight Ages of Man in the New Moral World-The Occupations of the Several Ages -Happiness and Goodwill on Earth-The Lectures on the Marriages if the Priesthood-Marriage in the New Moral World-The Religion of the Future 477 CHAPTER XXI THE HOLY WAR Owen a Deist-His Public Discussion with Roebuck-Attacks by Brindley and Others-Owen Pl,"esented to the Queen -The Bishop of Exeter's Speeches Against Socialism in. the House of Lords-Replies by Melbourne and Nor­ manby-Owen's Public Discussion with Brindley-Per­ secution of the Socialists-Riots at Burslem and Bristol -Lloyd Jones at Bristol~Prosecutions of Socialist Lecturers-The "Rev." Robert Buchanan and the II Rev." Lloyd Jones-Holyoake and Others Imprisoned for Blasphemy 497 .V111 CONTENTS CHAPTER XXII QUEENWOOD PAGE Description of Tytherly-The Governor-Early Days in the Colony--:.. Time Tables of Classes and Concerts-Attacks from Without and Dissensions Within-The Balance Sheets of 1841-The Auditors' Report and the Com­ mittee's Comments-The Home Colonisation Society­ Owen's First Governorship.--Retrenchment and Reform -Description of Queenwood by an Outside Expert and by a Disciple--Owen's Second Governorship-More Money Needed-Congress of I844-New Governor and Directors Appointed-More Balance Sheets-Congress of 1845-A Heavy Deficit-End of the Community-Other Communities-The Society of United Friends-Manea Fen-Causes of the Failure 530 CItAPTER XXIII 1848 The End of Queenwood-The Lawsuit of I861-The Rational Society-The Rational Association Friendly Society-The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers­ Their Aiin-Their Success-Owen in the United States -Description of him by Adin Ballou-Owen and the .Oregon Question-His Election Address in I847-The French Revolution of 1848-0wen Goes to Paris-Inter­ views with Louis Blanc and Others-Pamphlets and Ad­ dresses-Letter from Hugh Doherty-Letter from Lord Brougham-Address to the Queen. 575 CHAPTER XXIV SPIRITUALISM: Later Publications-The Rational Quarterly Re'Oie?tJ-Con­ verted to Spiritualism-Rapping Mediums and their Methods-The Explanation-Spirit of the Duke of Kent -The Crowned Angel of the Seventh Sphere. 600 CONTENTS ix CHAPTER XXV LAST DAYS PAGB Removal to Sevenoaks~Letters to Rigby-The Social Science Assodation:':"Owen Attends the Meeting at Liverpool­ Journey to Newtown-His ,Last Illness-Death-The Grave 6xS CHAPTER XXVI CONCLUSION Owen's Personal Appearance-His 13ehaviour in Society­ Quotation from Macaulay-From Miss Martineau-Letter from Leigh Hunt-,-Address from Socialists at Cincinnati -Respect and Affection inspired by him-Brougham's Testimony-His Self-complacency and Arrogance-Owen not a Typical Man of Business nor a Social Reformer­ A Prophet of the Tradition of Rousseau-The Defects of his Philosophy-Extent and Character of his Influence Over his Contemporaries. 63 I INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS VOL. II 1l0BIlllT own, FIlOM THIl PORTRAIT BY W. H. BROOKB (PluJfIJ.. gr_,.e) FrOHtispil>u FACIJIIG PAGE A VIIlW OF THB OInlJlJlSCHANS AGRICULTURAL WORKHOUS&, HOLLAND 348 THIl OLD WOIlLD AND THIl NIlW 360 1l0BJlIlT OWBN, FIlOM THE CRISIS 376 THII\ EQUITABLE LABOUIl IlXCHANGE 4Q8 A LABOUIl-NOTB • 418 1l0BBIlT OWBN (1838), FIlOM A DIlAWING BY A. BDOUART 436 1l0BIlllT OWIlK, nOM A CRAYON DIlAWING BY S. B. 454 I THB HALL OF SCIIlNCB, MANCHESTIlIl 470 1l0BIlllT OWBN (ABOUT 1840) • 494 THIl GOBLIN SPIlITB; Oil, THB OLD WOMBJI AND THB BUGABOO • 510 PIlOTIISTANTISM venus SOCIALISM; Oil, THB IlBVIVAL OF GOOD OLD TillES • HARMONY HAU, AFTIlRWARDS QUIlIlNWOOD COLLEGE THJI FOUNDU AND THB PATRON OF SOCIALISM 550 1l0BBRT OWJlN, FIlOM A MIlDALLION BY MISS BBBCH 570 TH& SOCIAL INSTITUTION IN JOHN STIlBKT • 602 1l0B&IlT OWBN, FIlOM All &NGRAVING BY W1LLLUI FARQUHAIt 6rz lIi xii ILLUSTRATIONS I'A.CU'G PAGE ROBERT OWEN'S GRAVE IN 1860 628 A BRONZE PLAQUE, SYMBOLICAL OF THE LIFE OF ROBERT OWEN 638 ROBER'l' OWEN, FROM THE MEDALLION ON THE GRAVE 650 FACSIMILES ROBERT OWEN'S LETTER TO JAMES RI~BY (JUNE 9, 1855) 617 .. " " .. " (OCT. 7, 1855) 620 BIBLIOGRAPHY HE following bibliography of Owen's writings has been T compiled mainly from the Catalogue of the British Museum Library, supplemented from my own collection, and from the admirable bibliography by Professor H. S. Foxwell given in an appendix to the English translation of Anton Menger's TIte Righ.t to tlte Whole Produce oj Labour. Owen's works have little literary or bibliographical interest, and I have contented myself, therefore, with quoting in most cases the first edition only. A Statement Regarding the New Lanark Establishment. (Published anonymously.) Edinburgh, 1812: 8vo. A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Humaq Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice.... By one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the County of Lanark. First Essay. London, 1813: 8vo. A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application of the Principle to Practice. Second Essay. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. London,· 1813: 8vo. A New View of Society: or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of the Human Character, and the Application 655 ROBERT OWEN of the Principle to Practice. Third Essay. By· Robert Owen of New Lanark~ •.. Not published London, 1814: 8vo. A.New View of Society: or, Essays on the Principle of the Formation of Human Character, and· the Application of the Principle to Practice. Fourth Essay. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. •.. Not published. London, 1814: 8vo. Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing. System: with Hints for the Improvement of those Parts of it which are most Injurious to Health and Morals. Dedicated most respectfully to the British Legislature. By Robert Owen of New Lanark. London, I81S : 8vo. An Address delivered to the lnhabitants of New Lanark, on January I, 1816. at the opening of the Institution established for the Formation of Human Character. London, 1816: 8vo. Peace on Earth-Good Will towards Men. Development of the plan for the relief of the poor and the emancipa- tion·of mankind. London [1817]: 8vo. No. I. New View of Society. Extracted from the London daily newspapers of July 30 and August 9 and 1 I, 1817. With reference to a Public Meeting held at the "City of London Tavern .. on Thursday, August 14. 1817, for the consideration of a Plan to Relieve the Country from its Present Distress. Broadside Folio: 1817. No. II. New View of SoCiety. Mr. Owen's Report to the Committee of the Association for the Relief of the Manufacturing and Labouring Poor,.laid before the Com­ mittee of the House of Commons on the Poor Law, in· the Session of 1817; accompanied by his· address BIBLIOGRAPHY delivered in the" City of London Tavern" on Thursday, August 14, 1817•..
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