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Abasgi, , – in ancient China, –, Achaeans, , in Greco-Roman and Chinese ethnography, Adrianople, , – Aeëtes, in the Jin shu, –, , , – Aelius Aristides, , , use of in the Wars and the Jin shu, –, Aeneas, , , , , Aeschylus, Ardabur, Aestii, Areobindus, , Africans, Arianism. See Christianity Agathias, , , –, –, , , Aristotle, , , , , – attitude toward Sasanian Persia of, – Arminius, – Agricola. See Tacitus Artabanes, Agricola, governor of Britain, , Aspar, , Airs, Waters, Places. See Hippocrates astrology, –, Alans, – in Chinese ethnography, – Alaric, , in Greco-Roman ethnography, – Alexander Severus, in the Jin shu, Amalafrida, , Athalaric, , –, , , – Amalasuintha, , –, , , , characterization of, –, education of, – characterization of, – Athaulf, –, Amazons, Athens, , Ammianus Marcellinus, –, , , , Atreus, Augustine, ethnography of Sasanian Persia of, – Augustus, , – Anastasius, emperor, , , Aulus Gellius, Anecdota/Secret History. See Procopius Aurelian, , Anicia Juliana, Aurelius Victor, – Antae, –, , Avars, ethnography of, Antaeus, Ba 巴, Antiphon, Babylonians, , Aphrodite, Ba-Di 巴氐, –, , , See Di 氐 Apotelesmatika/Tetrabiblos. See Ptolemy of Ban Biao 班彪, Alexandria Ban Gu 班固, , , , –, , , Arbogast, , , –, Arborychoi, Dongguan hanji 東觀漢記, Arcadians, – Han shu 漢書, , –, , –, archaizing ethnonyms. See Scythians, See Si Yi/ –, , , , Four Barbarians, See Germani, See hostility toward barbarians of, – Massagetae, See Cimmerians, See Getae praise of Xiongnu individuals of, –
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Ba-Pu 巴濮, , Caesar, Julius, , , –, , , , , barbarian , , Chinese equivalents of, –, See Si Yi/Four Bellum Gallicum, , , Barbarians Caledonians, , , ethnic implications of, – Calgacus, , , etymology of, Cao-Wei 曹魏. See Wei kingdom etymology of, Caracalla, as semantic category, –, Carians, , barbarians Carthaginians, , , , , dichotomy/antithesis, , Cassiodorus, –, , , Chinese notions of, –, – praise of Gothic rulers of, – Greek notions of, – Cassius Dio, , perpetuation in Jin shu of, – Celts, , –, , , , , – perpetuation in Wars of Procopius of, Chang’an 長安, , , , , , – Chanyu 單于, , , , –, – Roman notions of, – Chaoxian 朝鮮, education of, – Chen Shou 陳壽, , , , as political actors, –, –, See Sanguo zhi 三國志, , , , political legitimacy Chen 陳 dynasty, , views of in early Tang dynasty, –, Chenghan 成漢 dynasty, , , –, See –, –, , –, , Di 氐 –, –, – rulers of, , – views of in Greece, Rome, and China, Chenhan辰韓, – Cherusci, views of in Late Antiquity, –, –, Chinese –, –, , –, –, as anachronistic term, , – ancient terms for, , basileus-βασιλεύς Chorsamantis, as imperial title, –, Chosroes. See Khosrow I Anoshirvan as title for barbarian rulers in the Wars, Christianity, , – –, , Arianism, –, , , , Bei Qi shu 北齊書. See Li Baiyao association with imperial office, – Belisarius, , , , , , , , Catholicism, –, –, , , , , –, –, –, – – persecution of under the Vandals, – Bellum Gallicum. See Caesar, Julius toleration of under the Goths, benxing 本性. See xing Chronicles/zaiji 載記, , –, –, Bixi 辟奚, , Black Cloaks. See Melanchlainoi contents of, – Black Sea, , , , –, , lack of ethnographic description in, – Blemmyes, lun colophons to, – Bochas, preface to, – Boethius, Chu 楚, warring state, –, Boniface, Roman commander, Chunqiu 春秋/Spring and Autumn Annals, , Boudica, , Britain, – Chunwei 淳維, , , , , – Britons, , , Cicero, , , Buddhism, –, , Cimbri, Burgundians, Cimmerians, , – Busta Gallorum, civilitas, , , , , Byzantium, , , , , , Classicist/Confucian tradition, –, , , See Constantinople , , , , , Claudius Gothicus, Cabaon, Claudius, emperor, , , Cadmos, Commodus, ,
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comparative study Drusus, of Greco-Roman and Chinese historiography, dynastic history/zhengshi 正史 – ethnography in, –, of Greece-Rome and China, –, –, format of, , –, , – Confucianism. See Classicist/Confucian tradition Early Middle Ages Europe and China, –, Confucius 孔子, , , –, , , , –, –, – Eastern Jin 東晉 dynasty, , , , , Constantine, –, , , –, –, , , Constantine VII, , – Constantinian dynasty, Egyptians, , , , , , , Constantinople, , , , , , , , Elagabalus, , , –, , , , , environmental determinism , , , in Fan Ye, Constantius I, , in Herodotus, Constantius II, , in Hippocrates, – Constitutio Antoniniana, in the Jin shu, – Croesus, , in Pliny the Elder, – Ctesias, , in Polybius, – Cui Hong 崔鴻, , in relation to empire, – Shiliu guo chunqiu 十六國春秋/Spring and in Seneca the Younger, – Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, in Sima Qian, – , Epitome de Caesaribus, , Cyclopes, Eratosthenes of Cyrene, , Cyrus the Great, , , , eschatoi andrōn-ἔσχατοι ἀνδρῶν, Cyrus the Younger, Ethiopians, , , , ethnicity Dagalaiphus, absence of as criterion of political legitimacy in Dai 代, Tabgach Särbi-Xianbei state, the Wars of Procopius, – Dalmatia, of barbarians and modern biases, – Danaans, as criterion of political legitimacy in the Jin Danaus, shu, – Danube, , , , , , , –, definition of, – , , as factor in Tang political legitimacy, dao 道, importance of ethnogenealogy in, –, Darius, –, , –, –, , –, – Dayuan 大宛, , of post-Roman kingdoms, , de 德, , , under Roman Empire, – Di 氐, , , , –, , , , ethnogenealogy. See ethnicity, See political –, –, , , –, See legitimacy Wu Hu ethnography Di 狄, , –, , –, , , , –, archaizing ethnonyms in, – –, –, –, –, , as body of discourse, – , –, , –, –, , genealogical paradigm of, –, , , , , See Si Yi/ in Chinese tradition, Four Barbarians in Greco-Roman tradition, Northern Di, , , in the Wars and the Jin shu, Dido, geography-climate paradigm of, Dingling 丁零, in Chinese tradition, Diocletian, , , – in Greco-Roman tradition, Diodorus Siculus, , in the Wars and the Jin shu, Dodona, historical paradigm of, Domitian, in Chinese tradition, Dongguan hanji 東觀漢記. See Ban Gu in Greco-Roman tradition, Donghu 東胡, , , in the Wars and the Jin shu,
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ethnography (cont.) Galates, in Chinese historiography, –, Galatians, – in Chinese philosophical and ritual texts, Galla Placidia, – – Gallic Empire, in Greco-Roman historiography, – Gallienus, rationalizing function of, Gao Yun 高雲, Etruscans, , , Gao Zhan 高瞻, Eudocia, , , Gauls, –, –, , , , Eugenius, Gelimer, , , –, –, – characterization of, – fall of Rome as a historical problem, as tyrant, Fan Ye 范曄, –, –, , , , Gepids, , , , , , ethnography of the Wuhuan 烏桓 of, Germani, , , –, , , , See – Franks Hou Han shu 後漢書, , –, –, as archaizing ethnonym, –, , Germania, –, –, See Tacitus Fang Xuanling 房玄齡. See Jin shu Germanic languages, , , Feng Ba 馮跋, , – Germanicus, Five Barbarians. See Wu Hu Germanus, , Five Element theory, –, , , Geta, Flavians, Getae, , Flavus, , Getica. See Jordanes Former Liang 前涼 dynasty, – Gibbon, Edward, Former Qin 前秦 dynasty, , , , Godas, , , –, See Di 氐 Godisthea, political legitimacy of, Gontharis, ethnogenealogy as factor in, Goths, , , –, –, , , Former Yan 前燕 dynasty, , , , , , , , , –, , , , –, –, See Särbi-Xianbei –, , , , , –, political legitimacy of, – , ethnogenealogy as factor in, – as barbarians, –, , rulers of, – barbarism of, Former Zhao 前趙 dynasty, , –, , ethnogenealogy of, – , –, , , , ethnography of, – See Xiongnu as Getae, ethnography of, – history of, – genealogy of, – injustice of under Theodahad, – political legitimacy of, – as liberators of Italy, – ethnogenealogy as factor in, – Ostrogoths, , , , , , , , rulers of, Fotudeng 佛圖澄, political illegitimacy of, –, – Franks, , , , , , , –, political legitimacy of, –, – , , , , , , rulers of, –, – as descendants of the Germani-Γερμάνοι, , as rulers of barbarians, – , –, Scandinavian origins of, ethnography of, – as Scythians, , , Fu Jian 符堅, , – Gouboulgoudou, Fu Rong 苻融, –, Great Yu 大禹, , , , –, , Funan 扶南, , , Greeks, , , –, –, , , –, Fuxi 伏羲, – –, , –, , –, , Fuyu 夫餘, , , , , , , , , ethnic identity of, , –, , , – Gabazes, as term for eastern Romans, , , Gaiseric, –, – Guan Zhong 管仲, , , , characterization of, – Gubazes,
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Gunthamund, as ideological expression, – Guoyu 國語, , , , in pre-imperial China, – shared features of in Greece/Rome and China, Han Anguo 韓安國, – Han shu 漢書. See Ban Gu speeches in Greco-Roman and Chinese Han Wudi 漢武帝, , , , historiography, – Han Zhao 漢趙 dynasty. See Former Zhao as vehicle for ethnographic discourse, dynasty – Han 漢 as ethnonym, , , , , , Homer, –, –, , , , , , –, , , , , , – Han 漢 dynasty, , , –, , , , , , as early ethnography, – –, , –, , , –, Iliad, , –, , , , , , , , , , , impact on later historiography of, – , , , –, , –, Odyssey, – –, , , , Honorius, , , , Eastern Han, , , Hou Han shu 後漢書. See Fan Ye fall of, – Hu 胡, , , , political legacy of, , –, –, as collective term for non-Chinese, , , political legitimacy during, – , , , , Hecataeus, , Huainanzi 淮南子, , , – Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃, , –, Huang Fushi 皇甫湜, characterization of, – huangdi 皇帝, Hellenistic period, , Huhanye 呼韓邪, , – Hephthalites, , , , humanitas, , , , , heqin 和親, , , Huneric, –, , – Heracles, –, characterization of, Hercules, Huns, , , , –, , , , Hermineric, , , , , Herodian, historian, Hyperboreans, Herodian, Roman commander, Herodotus, –, , , –, –, , , Iazyges, , –, –, , , –, , identity , –, , , , –, definition of, , , , , –, , Ildibad, –, –, , –, –, Iliad. See Homer , , –, India, , , , ethnography of Persia of, – Indians, , , impact on later historiography of, Indulf, – Isaurians, Heruli, , –, , –, , , Isocrates, , – –, Italians, , , , , , –, Hilderic, –, –, characterization of, – Italy, –, , , –, , , Hippocrates, , , as birthplace of Roman emperors, – Airs, Waters, Places, , – conclusion of wars in, – Historia Augusta, , East Roman reconquest of, historiography Frankish invasion of, in ancient China. See dynastic history Gothic rule over, –, – characterization in Roman expansion beyond, in Chinese historiography, – Theoderic’s rule over, – in Greco-Roman historiography, – Totila’s rule over, – classicizing historiography, , – Visigothic invasion of, of Procopius. See Procopius comparative approaches to, Jews, , , under early Tang dynasty, –, Jiang Tong 江統, –
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Jie 羯, , –, , , –, , , Later Zhao 後趙 dynasty, –, , , , , , See Wu Hu –, , , See Jie association with the Xiongnu of, , , rulers of, –, – Latins, , , , etymology of, Lazi, , , , physiognomy of, Leo, emperor, , Jin Chang 金敞, Leontius, Jin Lun 金倫, Li Baiyao 李百藥 Jin Midi 金日磾, –, , , , Bei Qi shu 北齊書, Jin Mudi 晉穆帝, Li Ban 李班, Jin She 金涉, Li Guang 李廣, Jin shu 晉書. See Chronicles/zaiji Li Ling 李陵, compilation, authorship of, , Li Shou 李壽, environmental determinism in, – Li Te 李特 ethnographic continuity in, –, –, characterization of, – Li Xiong 李雄, , Fang Xuanling 房玄齡 as author of, , Libyans, , fascicle on Si Yi/Four Barbarians in, Liji 禮記/Book of Rites, –, , , – Lilybaeum, – genealogical paradigm in, –, –, Liu Kun 劉琨, – – Liu Xuan 劉宣, –, geography-climate paradigm in, – Liu Yao 劉曜, historical context of, , , – Liu Yuan 劉源, , –, –, , historical paradigm in, – –, , , , lun colophons in, –, – characterization of, – modern assessments of ethnographic discourse Liu Zhiji 劉知幾, , in, –, – Lombards, , , , perpetuation of barbarian dichotomy/ loose rein, jimi 羈縻, system, –, antithesis in, –, –, – Lu¨Guang 呂光, political illegitimacy of barbarian regimes in, Lucian of Samosata, –, –, , Lucius Verus, positive portrayal of barbarians in, –, lun 論 colophon, , , , –, –, –, – –, –, –, structure of, –, – Lunyu 論語/Analects of Confucius, , Jin Wudi 晉武帝, Luoyang 洛陽, , , , , Jin 晉 dynasty. See Western Jin, Eastern Jin Lu¨shi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋, , , , , dynasty Lydia, , , , , , John the Lydian, – Jordanes, – Maeotis, , – Getica, – Magi, Jovian, Magnentius, usurper, , Julian, , , Makrokephaloi, Julio-Claudians, –, Malchus, Jupiter, , , Man 蠻, –, , , , , –, –, , , –, , , , , Khosrow I Anoshirvan, , , , , See Si Yi/Four Barbarians Kutrigurs, –, , Southern Man, , , Mandate of Heaven/tianming 天命, –, Later Liang dynasty 後涼. See Di 氐 , –, Later Liang 後涼 dynasty, Manilius, –, Later Qin 後秦 dynasty, , , , , Astronomica, –, , See Qiang Man-Yi 蠻夷, , , –, , rulers of, See Si Yi/Four Barbarians Later Yan 後燕 dynasty, , –, , , Marcian, emperor, , , See Särbi-Xianbei Marcus Aurelius, , , ,
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Maroboduus, Odenathus, Mars, Odoacer, , –, –, – Marxist historiography, , – as tyrant, –, – Massagetae, , , , , –, , Odyssey. See Homer , , Orosius, Massilia, Ostrogoths. See Goths Matasuintha, Mauritania, , paideia, Maxentius, Palmyrene Empire, Maximian, Parthians, Maximinus Thrax, , Pelops, Maximinus, usurper, periplus/periodos gēs, –, , , Maximus, the elder and younger, Persia, –, , –, , , , , , , Media, – , Melanchlainoi, , –, Persians, , –, , , , , , , Mencius 孟子, , , , , , , Mermeroes, , , Phaeacians, Min 閩, Pharas, , , Mo 貉, , philanthropia, Mo 貊, Philip the Arab, Mochus, Phoenicians, , Modu 冒頓, Phrygia, , Moors, , , –, –, , , phusis-φύσις, , , –, , in the Wars, – Mozi 墨子, physiognomy, Murong Han 慕容翰, in Chinese ethnography, , Murong Huang 慕容皝, as ethnic marker, Murong Jun 慕容儁, , – in Greco-Roman ethnography, –, –, characterization of, – –, – Murong Ke 慕容恪, in the Jin shu, , Murong Wei 慕容廆, –, –, –, in Procopius, , , pifa zuoren 披髮左衽, , characterization of, – Pindar, , Murong Yun 慕容雲. See Gao Yun Plato, , –, Pliny the Elder, –, Nan Qi shu 南齊書. See Xiao Zixian politeia-πολιτεία, , , –, , – Narses, , , – political legitimacy Nobatae, in ancient China, – nomos-νόμος, , , , , , dynastic succession, – North Africa, , , , , , –, of barbarian regimes in the Wars and the –, , , , –, , Jin shu, –, – , Buddhism and Christianity in relation to, Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝, , – , , definitions of, – Northern Qi 北齊 dynasty, , , , , , ethnic exclusivity of, – , , ethnogenealogy as factor in, , –, Northern Wei 北魏 dynasty, , , , , , –, – , , , , –, –, in Roman imperial system, – –, , See Särbi-Xianbei ethnic origins of emperors in, – Sinification of. See Sinification/Sinicization Polybius, , , –, , , Northern Yan 北燕 dynasty, –, – Poseidonius, assimilation to barbarians of, , – Postumus, Northern Zhou 北周 dynasty, –, , , Priscus, , –, , , Procopius Numa Pompilius, Anecdota/Secret History, , , ,
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Procopius (cont.) Rome, Buildings, city of, , , , , , , , career and works of, – , , , , classicism of, –, , , – Romulus, , , , , , , religious views of, , Romulus Augustulus, , , Wars Rong 戎, , –, , –, , , –, ethnographic continuity in, –, , , , –, , , , –, – , , , –, , , ethnographic dicressions in, – –, –, , , See Si Yi/ genealogical paradigm in, –, –, Four Barbarians Western Rong, , , , geography-climate paradigm in, – Rong-Di 戎狄, , , , –, , , historical context of, –, , – , –, –, –, , historical paradigm in, – , See Si Yi/Four Barbarians modern assessments of ethnographic Rong-Yi 戎夷, –, , , , See Si Yi/Four discourse in, – Barbarians perpetuation of barbarian dichotomy/ Ru 儒. See Classicist/Confucian tradition antithesis in, – weakness of barbarian dichotomy/antithesis Sabines, , , in, –, –, –, , Sallust, , , , , , , –, – Bellum Catilinae, Prudentius, Bellum Jugurthinum, Ptolemy of Alexandria, Salvian of Marseilles, Apotelesmatika/Tetrabiblos, Samnites, , Pulcheria, Sandil, Sanguo zhi 三國志. See Chen Shou Qiang 羌, , , , , , , , , Sanmiao 三苗, –, , , , , –, Särbi-Xianbei 鮮卑, , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , –, , –, , , See Wu Hu , , –, , , See Wu Hu distinction from Chinese of, – as descendants of the Donghu, ethnogenealogy of, – ethnogenealogy of, –, – ethnography of, geographical origins of, modern ethnonym of, Murong 慕容 branch of, , –, , Western Qiang, , , , , Qin 秦 dynasty, , , , , , –, , ethnography, genealogy of, – , , , –, , Northern Dynasties of, , , –, –, Ran Min 冉閔, – Sinification of, rex, , –, , , See Theoderic states founded by, – as title for barbarian rulers, – Sardinia, , , as title of Vandal rulers, Sarmatians. See Iazyges Rhine, , , , , , Sasanian Persian Empire, , , , –, Ricimer, , –, , , Romanitas, , Sasanian Persians, , , , , , , , Romanization , , , , in Strabo, – in Agathias, – in Tacitus, – in Ammianus Marcellinus, – Romans, , –, –, , , , , in Procopius, – –, –, –, –, , , Sauromatae, , –, , , , , , , , Sclaveni, –, , , as barbarians, – ethnography of, ethnic heterogeneity of, –, –, Scrithiphinoi, , –, – Scythians, , , , , , , , , , injustice of during Gothic War, –
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as archaizing ethnonym, , –, , , Song shu 宋書. See Shen Yue Southern Liang 南梁 dynasty, ethnogenealogy of, , Southern Liang 南涼 dynasty, , , See otherness of, – Särbi-Xianbei 鮮卑 Secret History. See Procopius Southern Yan 南燕 dynasty, , , , See Seneca the Younger, –, , Särbi-Xianbei 鮮卑 Septimius Severus, , Spring and Autumn period, , , , , , Serena, Severans, , Stilicho, , Shang 商 dynasty, –, , , , , , Stotzas, Strabo, , , –, , , , , , Shangshu 尚書/Shujing 書經/Book of Documents, –, , , , Suevi, Shanhaijing 山海經/Classic of the Mountains and Sui 隨 dynasty, –, , , , , , Seas, , , , , –, –, Shanrong 山戎, , Syrians, , Shegui 涉歸, Shen Yue 沈約, Tabgach/Tuoba 拓跋, , , , , Song shu 宋書, – association with the Xiongnu, Shi Hu 石虎, –, , Tacitus, , , , , , , , , , characterization of, – –, Shi Le 石勒, , –, –, –, Agricola, , , , , , , Annales, , characterization of, – Germania, , , , shi 史, Historiae, Shiji 史記. See Sima Qian Tang Taizong 唐太宗, , –, –, Shijing 詩經/Book of Odes, , , , , , , , , foreign peoples in, – Tang 唐 dynasty Shilian 視連, ancestry of, –, –, –, Shiliu guo chunqiu 十六國春秋/Spring and Bureau of Historiography of, , , , Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms. , , See Cui Hong 崔鴻 historiography under, –, Shipi 視羆, modern assessments of ethnographic discourse Shu 蜀 kingdom, under, –, –, – Shun 舜, , , , , political legitimacy of, – Si Yi 四夷/Four Barbarians, , , , , views of barbarians under, –, –, , , , , –, , –, – –, , , –, , Targitaus, Sicily, , , , , Teias, – Sidonius Apollinaris, , characterization of, – Silvanus, usurper, Tetrabiblos/Apotelesmatika. See Ptolemy of Sima Qian 司馬遷, , , , , –, –, Alexandria –, , , , , –, , Tetrarchy, , , , , , Tetraxitae, ethnography of, – Thebes, as first dynastic historian, Themistius, , Sima 司馬 clan of the Jin dynasty, themis-θέμις, Sinification/Sinicization, , , , –, Theodahad, –, , , –, characterization of, – Sisifridus, political illegitimacy of, – Sixteen Kingdoms, , , , , , , Theoderic, , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , Skythes, characterization of, – Son of Heaven/tianzi 天子, , , , education of, –, –, , as foil for Justinian,
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Theoderic (cont.) Valerian, emperor, , as imperial colleague of Anastasius, Vandals, , , , , , , , reign of, –, – –, –, , , , , as rex, , , –, , , , , , , as tyrant, , , , , , , –, Theodosian dynasty, , Arian Christianity of, Theodosius I, , , , , , – as barbarians, –, , Theodosius II, ethnogenealogy of, – Theophylact Simocatta, ethnography of, –, See Goths: Theudibald, ethnography of Theudibert, , history of, – Third Century Crisis, , luxury of, , Thracians, , , opposition to Moors of, Thrasamund, –, political legitimacy of, , – characterization of, – rulers of, –, – Three Kingdoms period, – Visigoths, , , , , –, , , Thucydides, , , , , , , , Vitalianus, –, Vitigis, , , , –, –, Thule, , characterization of, – tianxing 天性. See xing Volscians, , Tiberius, Totila, , , –, –, – Wang Maide 王買德, characterization of, – Wang Mang 王莽, , just rulership of, – Warring States period, –, , , , –, Touman 頭曼, , –, –, Trajan, , Wei Shou 魏收, , , Trojans, , –, , , , , , , Wei shu 魏書, , , – Wei 魏 kingdom, , Tufa Wugu 禿髮烏孤, Western Jin 西晉 dynasty, , , , , Tuoba Gui 拓跋珪, , , , , , , , Tuoba Hong 拓跋宏, , – Tuoba Tao 拓跋燾, Western Liang 西涼 dynasty, , –, Tuoba 拓跋. See Tabgach-Tuoba as ancestors of Tang imperial family, – Turdetanoi, Western Qin 西秦 dynasty, , , See Särbi- Tuscany, , Xianbei 鮮卑 Tuyan 吐延, Woqie 沃且, Tuyuhun 吐谷渾, chieftain, –, Woren 倭人, –, Tuyuhun 吐谷渾, people, –, Wu Hu 五胡/Five Barbarians (Xiongnu 匈奴, tyche-τύχη, Jie 羯,Di氐, Qiang 羌, Särbi-Xianbei tyranny, –, , , , –, 鮮卑), , , –, Chinese equivalents of, Wu 吳 kingdom, of Gothic regime, Wu 吳, warring state, , , in Procopius, – Wuhuan 烏桓, –, –, , , , , Tzani, , , , , Tzazon, – ethnography of, – Wusun 烏孫, Ulimuth, Utigurs, , –, Xenophon, , , , Xerxes, , , Vacis, Xia 夏 Valentinian dynasty, dynasty, , , , , , , , Valentinian I, as ethnonym for the Chinese, , , –, Valentinian II, , , , , , Valentinian III, Xianbei. See Särbi-Xianbei
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Xianyun 玁狁, –, , , , , , , , –, , , –, –, – , , , , , –, See Si Xiao Zixian 蕭子顯, Yi/Four Barbarians Nan Qi shu 南齊書, , Eastern Yi, , , , Xiaoshenshi 肅慎氏, , – Northern Yi, Xin 新 dynasty, in opposition to Hua 華, – xing 性, , Southwestern Yi, , , in the Jin shu, , Western Yi, Xiongnu Xia 夏 dynasty, , – Yi-Di 夷狄, , , , , –, –, political legitimacy of, – –, , , , , , , ethnogenealogy as factor in, – See Si Yi/Four rulers of, – Barbarians Xiongnu 匈奴, , , , , –, , , Yi-Rong 夷戎, , See Si Yi/Four Barbarians –, , , , , –, Yue 越, people, , , , See Wu Hu Yue 越, warring state, –, , as archetypal antagonist of China, –, Yuezhi 月氏, , , –, , –, early history of, zaiji 載記. See Chronicles/zaiji 載記 ethnogenealogy of, – zan 贊, etymology of, Zeno, emperor, , , , , , , first ethnography of, – , , genealogy of, , –, – Zenobia, in Jin shu fascicle , – Zeus, , , nomadic lifestyle of, –, – Zhanguoce 戰國策/Strategies of the Warring political legacy of, – States, Southern Xiongnu, Zhongshan 中山, warring state, , Xunyu 葷粥/獯粥/薰鬻, , , , , Zhou Wenwang 周文王/King Wen of Zhou, , –, Yan 燕, warring state, , Zhou Wuwang 周武王/King Wu of Zhou, , Yang Jian 楊堅, Yangtze, , , , , , Zhou 周 community, , –, , , Yao Hong 姚泓, –, Yao Yizhong 姚弋仲, –, Zhou 周 dynasty, –, , –, –, , Yao 堯, , , –, , , –, , , Yellow Emperor/Huangdi 黃帝, –, –, , , –, Zhouli 周禮/Rites of Zhou, –, Yeyan 葉延, Zoroastrianism, Yi 夷, –, , , –, , , –, Zuozhuan 左轉/Commentary of Zuo, –, –, , –, –, , , , , , , , –,
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