Can We Plan for Social Sustainability? a Study of Stora Sköndal, Stockholm

EXAMENSARBETE INOM SAMHÄLLSBYGGNAD, AVANCERAD NIVÅ, 30 HP STOCKHOLM, SVERIGE 2020

Can We Plan for Social Sustainability? A Study of Stora Sköndal, Stockholm

ERIKA SVENSSON

KTH SKOLAN FÖR ARKITEKTUR OCH SAMHÄLLSBYGGNAD

Abstract

The foundation Stora Sköndal is currently planning a city development programme with a focus on creation of a modern, socially sustainable urban district. The programme is called “Framtidens Stora Sköndal”. With close collaboration with the city planning office in Stockholm and with the aim to contribute to the goals that the City of Stockholm has set for a development of a coherent and socially sustainable city, the foundation aims to build “an inclusive area, characterized by empathy and an open-minded attitude” where people from different backgrounds, different origins, with different economical, physical, and psychological abilities can meet and live together.

The programme plan encompasses new housing for approximately 10,000 additional dwellers and thousands of new workplaces. It also includes for example, six character areas and six principles for urban planning that have been developed for the programme to support the goals of creating a socially sustainable urban district of Sköndal. The programme is planned to be implemented by 2035 hence, within this study it will not be possible to draw any conclusions on the final result. Rather, this study is a descriptive study that discusses theory, visions, programme documents and the process behind the programme and the different actors involved.

The study has showed that the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal has a potential to deliver at least some part of the visions and goals they aiming at. However, the process and the implantation of a socially sustainable district can meet challenges along the way. The individuals have been shown to play an important role in the development and implementation of the programme. Furthermore, the steering effects of economy seems to trump even strong ideas and visions. Politics are other factors that have been showed being a game changer.

Key Words: social sustainability, Stora Sköndal, social capital, urban planning, knowledge transfer, process, cohesion, community stability, safety, place identity, accessibility, well-being Sammanfattning

Kan vi planera för social hållbarhet?: En studie om Stora Sköndal, Stockholm.

Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal planerar och utvecklar för närvarande ett program för urban stadsutveckling med fokus på att skapa en modern, socialt hållbart stadsdel. Programmet heter ’Framtidens Stora Sköndal’. Med nära samarbete med stadsplaneringskontoret i Stockholm och med målet att bidra till Stockholms stads mål för att skapa en enad stad som är socialt hållbar, vill stiftelsen bygga ”ett inkluderande område som kännetecknas av empati och en öppensinnad attityd ”där människor med olika bakgrund, olika ursprung, med olika ekonomiska, fysiska och psykologiska förmågor kan mötas och leva tillsammans.

Programplanen omfattar nya bostäder för cirka 10 000 ytterligare invånare och tusentals nya arbetsplatser. Den inkluderar till exempel sex karaktärområden och sex principer för stadsplanering som har utvecklats inom programmet för att stödja målen med att göra Sköndal till en socialt hållbart stadsdel. Programmet är planerat att vara klart år 2035, varför det inom ramarna för denna studie inte kommer vara möjligt att dra några slutsatser om det slutgiltiga resultatet. Snarare är denna studie en beskrivande studie som diskuterar teori, visioner, programdokument och processen bakom programmet och de olika inblandade aktörerna.

Studien har visat att programmet för Framtidens Stora Sköndal har potential att leverera åtminstone en del av de visioner och mål de har för avsikt att leverera inom programmet. Individerna som

representerar de olika aktörerna involverade i planprocessen och implementeringen har visat sig spela en avgörande roll i utvecklingen och genomförandet av programmet. Processen och implementeringen av det socialt hållbart distriktet pågår under en väldigt lång period och det finns många utmaningar längs med vägen. Ekonomins förutsättningar och styrande effekter trumfar även starka idéer och visioner. Politik är en annan faktor som har visat sig påverka betydande delar av programmet utifrån hur det initialt beslutades utformas.

Nyckelord: social hållbarhet, Stora Sköndal, socialt kapital, stadsplanering, kunskapsöverföring, process, samanhållning, lokalsamhällets stabilitet, säkerhet, plats identitet, tillgänglighet, välmående

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my gratitude to all who, in different ways, have supported me during this period of research and writing.

First, I would sincerely like to thank my supervisor Maria Håkansson, who has been an amazing supervisor that throughout the hole working process have supported me in my work. She has been a constructive and supporting discussion partner, always contributing with interesting feedback, insights and guidance.

Many thanks to the interviewees who been so helpful and generous with their time answering my questions and sharing their views and understandings. Their knowledge and insights have been of great value for my work.

Also many thanks to dear Andrea Saleh and James Fenske, I am so thankful for their valuable support and contribution to my degree project.

Finally, I would like to thank my husband Mattias, who so many times and with curiosity have engaged in discussions about my research project and encourages me in my work. This process should not have been the same without him.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ...... 7 1.1 Social sustainability and urban planning...... 8 1.2 The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm and the vision set for year 2040...... 9 1.3 Framtidens Stora Sköndal - a vision for a socially sustainable urban district ...... 9 1.4 The Foundation Stora Sköndal ...... 12 1.5 Research aim and questions ...... 13 1.6 Delimitations ...... 13 2. Social sustainability and planning ...... 14 2.1 The global perspective on social sustainability ...... 14 2.2 Social sustainability and its different dimensions in the urban context...... 14 2.3 Social Sustainability and the role of Social Capital ...... 16 2.4 Social sustainability in urban planning practices in a Swedish context: From theoretical framework to practical politics and implementation ...... 17 2.5 Social sustainability in Stockholm ...... 19 2.5.1 Suggestions for the living and urban environment of Stockholm ...... 19 2.5.2 Stockholm - a mosaic of success and failures ...... 20 3. Theoretical framework...... 23 3.1.1 The theme of Social Cohesion ...... 23 3.1.2 The theme of Community stability ...... 24 3.1.3 The theme of Place identity...... 25 3.1.4 The theme of Accessibility ...... 25 3.1.5 The process...... 26 4. Methodology ...... 26 4.1 Research approach and purpose ...... 27 4.2 Data collection ...... 27 4.2.1 Desk research...... 28 4.2.2 Semi-structured interviews ...... 31 4.3 On-line survey ...... 34 4.4 Unstructured field observations ...... 35 4.5 Analysis...... 35 5. Case study: Framtidens Stora Sköndal and social sustainability ...... 36 5.1 Sköndal – today’s physical environment ...... 36 5.1.1 Stora Sköndal ...... 36

5.1.2 Lilla Sköndal ...... 40 5.1.3 (South) West area ‘the Old district’ of Sköndals...... 42 5.2 The case ’Framtidens Stora Sköndal’ ...... 43 5.3 The programme for Stora Sköndal – approved documents ...... 45 5.4 The process behind the programme: ...... 46 5.5 The six character-areas of Stora Sköndal ...... 47 5.6 The six principles for the urban construction ...... 48 5.7 Area specific characters of Stora Sköndal – enhancing social sustainability ...... 50 5.8 Focus on social and ecological functions for public places ...... 52 5.9 Mobility ...... 53 5.10 The 4 M-houses ...... 54 5.11 The Culture strategy - a way to create social sustainability in Sköndal ...... 55 5.12 Child consequence analysis ...... 55 5.13 Social consequence analysis ...... 56 6. Results and Analysis – Social sustainability in Stora Sköndal ...... 57 6.1 Analytic framework: how to understand Stora Sköndal’s vision and programme from a socially sustainable, urban planning viewpoint ...... 57 6.2 Social Cohesion ...... 58 6.3 Place identity and community stability ...... 62 6.4 The child and the youth perspective...... 65 6.5 Safety ...... 66 6.6 Accessibility ...... 67 6.7 The Process - how to go from vision to a lived environment with social sustainability...... 69 7. Discussion ...... 76 7.1 The process – the planned and the possible outcomes ...... 76 7.2 The lonely player ...... 78 7.3 Youth, the silent group in the planning process ...... 79 7.4 Connecting social dimension to territorial dimension to create ‘everyday rubbing’ ...... 80 7.5 The future ...... 82 7.6 Framtidens Sköndal - a step away from monoculture, but still not ...... 83 7.7 Summarizing conclusions...... 83 7.8 Limitations, priorities and recommendations for further research ...... 86 8. References ...... 88 9. Annexes ...... 92

List of Abbreviations

DHS – Delegationen för hållbara städer – the Delegation for sustainable cities

CSSS – The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm

List of organizations, authorities and reports

Swedish names are followed by an English translation

Delegationen för hållbara städer (DHS) – the Delegation for sustainable cities

Kommissionen för ett socialt hållbart Stockholm – The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm

Kommissionen för ett socialt hållbart Malmö – the Commission For a Socially Sustainable Malmö.

Boverket – National Board of Housing, Building and Planning

Social hållbarhet i stadsutveckling? Uppföljning av tio projekt i Svenska städer. – Social sustainability in urban planning? Monitoring of 10 projects in Swedish cities.

Kan social kapital byggas in i våra bostadsområden och därmed förbättra invånarnas upplevda och mentala hälsa? - Can social capital be ´built into’ our living areas and thereby improve the residents’ perceived and mental health?

Stadsbyggnadskontoret- The city planning office

Från delad till enad stad. Översiktsplanering för social hållbarhet. – From a split to a united city - Comprehensive planning for social sustainability

Skillnadernas Stockholm – Stockholm of Differences

Stad i samverkan. Stockholms stad och civilsamhället. – City in collaboration. The city of Stockholm and civil society

1. Introduction

Stockholm is a fast-growing city that has increased its number of residents every year since the 1980’s. During the last decade alone, it grew with 152 000 inhabitants, which corresponds to nearly half of the population of Sweden’s third largest city, Malmö. For the coming decade (2019-2028), the number of inhabitants is expected to grow with a further 141 000 persons (Tillväxt- och regionplaneförvaltningen. 2019). Hence, urbanisation has been intensified and this trend is predicted to continue for the foreseeable future. Parallel to the urbanisation trend, there is a trend of higher life expectancy1 and a migration influx. Consequently, Stockholm has a big population of elderly people to take care of and a significant number of non-Swedish born residents. In Stockholm, 25 percent of residents are born in another country, whereas in Sweden as a whole the average of non-Swedish born residents is 19 percent (SCB 2019). A significant variety of ethnicities are therefore represented throughout the country, especially in the region of greater Stockholm and in other lager cities.

With the rapid urbanisation trend, changing demographic patterns and a housing shortage, come urban challenges and tensions. Stockholm and other Swedish cities are facing a severe housing shortage, high costs for housing and insufficient affordable housing. Thus, it is difficult for many people to get a decent and secure place to call home. Challenges within the urban context are many. For example, it is, and will become even more difficult to recruit staff to work within the elderly care sector. Researchers also agree that the integration of migrants and the creation of a coherent city are other complex challenges (Nilsson 2016, Dahlin 2016).

The global and national trends and challenges presented above, together with Swedish housing policies are some explanations for the residential segregation that exists in Stockholm (and other cities in Sweden). It has become a fact that residential areas often consist of either a concentration of low- income people, or a concentration of middleclass and high-income residents. Furthermore, residential racial concentration is a common phenomenon in Sweden (SCB 2018). Different residential areas consist of either a majority of ethnic Swedes or a majority of non-Swedish born residents.

Hence, the willingness and capacity to deal with the demographic and ethnic diversity and the cultural differences that exist among and between the residents of Stockholm will be crucial for how Stockholm will be able to create a socially sustainable city for the present and the future to come (Abrahamsson. 2013. p. 11).

The concept of sustainability has gained political momentum in Sweden and the discussions and ways of implementations for socially sustainable cities have been prioritised by local and national politicians during the last decade (see more details in section 1.1 and 1.2).

This is a study of the residential district Sköndal in southern Stockholm and its urban development project called Framtidens Stora Sköndal (see section1.3) with high ambitions to create a socially sustainable district in line with the sustainability ambitions of the city of Stockholm. This chapter will introduce the reader to the concept of social sustainability in an urban planning context in general and in specific present how the developers of Framtidens Stora Sköndal i.e. the Foundation Stora

1 According statistics from SCB, men’s life expectancy have gone from 72,2 years 1970 to 80,72 years 2018. Life expectancy for women during the same period have gone from77,06 years to 84,1 years. http://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/sverige-i-siffror/manniskorna-i-sverige/medellivslangd-i-sverige/

Sköndal, have approached and interpreted the concept within the context of the city of Stockholm. Lastly, the problem formulation for this report will be presented.

1.1 Social sustainability and urban planning Depending on where and how one lives, the qualities that a place offers to its residents such as; distance to work-places, public transport, recreation, schools, amenities, nature and attractive places, the quality of life of residents will be affected in different ways.

During the last decades, sustainability issues have gained importance in the political discourse as central factors to work with for our societies in general, and in specific within urban planning. Since the UN-member states in 2015 signed the Agenda 2030 agreement the three dimensions of sustainability, i.e. ecological, economic and social sustainability, have gained even more acknowledgement among politicians, organisations, civil actors and people in general. This has been visible in Sweden, not least in the area of urban planning where the concept of social sustainability often is in focus. The concept is neither absolute nor constant, hence, it varies depending on time and space as well as, the current context and discourse of each place. It comes with many descriptions and it is often diffusely defined, which makes it complicated to describe, understand and work with (Legeby et al. 2015 p. 9).

Despite this, or maybe because of this, national and local politicians in Sweden have produced several reports and guidelines to improve knowledge and different methods on how to understand the concept of social sustainability in the urban context, how to put it into practise and how to build socially sustainable societies. One example of that is that in March 2011, the Swedish Government appointed the ‘Delegation for sustainable cities’ to work with urban sustainability issues. The assignment extends until May 2022 and the overarching goals for urban planning in Sweden are formulated like this:

“Sustainable cities are inclusive and accessible urban environments that offer all people an attractive and green living environment. Proximity makes it easy to live your everyday life and to make your way with sustainable transport such as walking and cycling. A holistic approach to planning together with smart solutions contributes to cities where people can live climate smart, healthy and safe.”(Hållbar stad 2020)

One of the commission’s explicit assignments is to work for “strengthening the social dimension in sustainable urban development” (Regeringen 2011).

Furthermore, initiatives have also been taken on the city level throughout the country. For example, in 2015 the City of Stockholm established ‘the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm’ with the mission to analyse the different living conditions of the residents of Stockholm, to come up with recommendations on how to mitigate the (unfair) differences and promote a socially sustainable development of the city (Löfvenius 2016. p. 7). The city of Malmö has had their commission working for a socially sustainable city, and so has Gothenburg. (Lundquist 2014, Stigendal & Östergren 2013).

Another document that reflects the current discourse among local politicians in Stockholm is ‘Vision 2040 – A Stockholm for Everyone’. The Vision 2040 together with three selected reports from The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm (CSSS) will be described in the following section with the aim to better understand how the concept of social sustainability is defined for Stockholm.

1.2 The Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm and the vision set for year 2040. In 2015 the city of Stockholm established the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm (hereinafter CSSS) with the aim to analyse the different living conditions in the municipalities within Stockholm county and to give recommendations and actions for how to create an equal and socially sustainable city. In practice, this implies that the CSSS shall provide Stockholm city with a toolbox for monitoring and budgeting in a fashion so that societal resources are used in a way that more residents can realize their lives and ambitions through studies and/or work. Focus shall be on social sustainability, within the frames “set up” by nature. The local economy shall be the toolbox that creates the socially sustainable society desired for Stockholm (Bremberg et al. 2015. p. 9).

The commission’s work, which shall be based on scientific grounds and be performed in collaboration with “independent researchers”, resulted in several reports within the following four focus areas:

• Upbringing & education • Label & livelihood • Living & urban environment • Democracy & safety From the myriad reports produced by the CSSS, I have selected three to work with for my research. The most relevant findings from them are presented and discussed in section 2.5.

‘Vision 2040 - A Stockholm for Everyone’ is a document presenting the vision for how Stockholm should be by 2040, where all parts of the vision have a focus on sustainability. All committees and corporate boards within the city's organization are commissioned to work in the direction of the vision. The document was approved in 2015 (Stockholm stad 2015).

1.3 Framtidens Stora Sköndal - a vision for a socially sustainable urban district 7 kilometres south of Stockholm city lies the district of Sköndal. The district is home to around 10,000 residents (Stockholms stad 2018a) and it is located between the heavily trafficked highways 73 (Nynäsvägen) and 229, the Flaten nature reserve and the lake Drevviken. A significant portion of the land area within the Sköndal district is owned by the Foundation Stora Sköndal. This area is called ‘Stora Sköndal’ (see Figure 01) and is approximately 84 hectares in size (Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal 2020a).

The foundation Stora Sköndal is currently planning a city development project with a focus on creation of a modern, socially sustainable urban district. It is called “Framtidens Stora Sköndal” (the Stora Sköndal of the future) (Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal 2020a). The whole area of Stora Sköndal will until year 2035 undergo a significant transformation via the urban development project. The programme plan encompasses new housing for approximately 10,000 additional dwellers and thousands of new-work places. The project has been approved by the City planning office in Stockholm. The first phase, ‘the Magnolia plot’ (Magnoliatomten) started in 2017 and residents are expected to move in during the summer and fall of 2020 (see Figure 02). The redevelopment of the area has now entered its second phase, 2a (Jöhnemark 2020, Stockholms stad. 2019).

Figure 01 Left map shows parts of Stockholm and its southern suburbs. The red lines marks the district of Sköndal, surrounded by highway 73 to the west and 229 to the and north. The eastern side of Sköndal is adjacent to the nature reserve Flaten, and the southern part meets the waterfront of lake Drevviken. Right map shows the Sköndal district and the programme area of Stora Sköndal i.e. the case study area for this thesis work. Source: Adopted from Google maps. 2020 and Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal. (2016).

Figure 02 The area encircled with red dots shows the programme area of Stora Sköndal. The area marked in orange is the planned area and the first phase, the Magnolia plot. Source: Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal (2016).

The vision that the project Framtidens Stora Sköndal is based on is the desire from the foundation to make a place and a space where the urban challenges that Stockholm is facing today can be met. Challenges addressed in the vision are; lack of housing, providing good communication and Factsheet 1 ecological sustainability. Stora Urban planning goals for Framtidens Stora Sköndal Sköndal aims to “be an inclusive social sustainability implicates that: area, characterized by empathy and an open-minded attitude • The urban district is built to be inclusive. Why there There is an explicit ambition to be will be both rental and private housing options. an important actor when it comes “There will be room for everyone here”. to reaching the goals that have • The district will be built with a variation of been defined by the City of architecture & form that aims to emit openness & Stockholm. Hence, Stora Sköndal being welcoming. It shall also facilitate meetings aims to create a united, equal and through multifunctional places such as the accessible city that facilitates innovative M-house that is both a garage and a meetings between people and to meeting place. be a role model for planning with • The district is environmental friendly. The area has a focus on social sustainability.” great natural resource that shall be taken care of where people from different in the best way. The district shall provide minimal backgrounds, different origins, environmental impact and characterized by with different economical, biological diversity where the beautiful nature and physical, and psychological the city district melt together in a natural way. abilities can meet and live • The district implements new technics to improve together. (Stora Sköndal. Vision., the quality of life. E.g. smart key solutions or Landskapslaget et al. 2019a). strategically placed charge poles (laddstolpar) Stora Sköndallström et al. 2019a

Figure 03 Factsheet 1 presents the urban planning goals formulated by the Foundation Stora Sköndal.

To do so, The Foundation Stora Sköndal’s objective is “to work for a socially sustainable area where schools, health care, nature, dwellings, workplaces and associations offer togetherness and safety” (ibid). As mentioned above there are some clear connections between the foundation’s vision and developing plans for creating a socially sustainable district of Stora Sköndal and the general visions made by the city of Stockholm and the guiding documents made by the CSSS.

1.4 The Foundation Stora Sköndal The actor behind this urban planning project with high ambitions of building a socially sustainable urban region in Stockholm is a non-profit organization that was founded in 1898 in Gävle, Factsheet 2 with the purpose to educate deacons. Since 1905 it Key words for Framtidens Stora has been based in Sköndal in Stockholm. Sköndal: At Stora Sköndal’s webpage, they introduce • Inclusion – possibilities for themselves as “a foundation that without profit togetherness & belonging. works with; support, care, welfare, education and • Variation – diversity in research. We work for making it possible for architecture, activities, housing & individuals to grow and develop from within their own unique conditions.” (Stora Sköndal 2020b). in external environment. Today they host and give support to a range of • Environmental consciousness – people through their services and activities, such as to plan, construct & manage the elderly care, preschool, unaccompanied refugee area with as little as possible children, neurologic rehabilitation, a university and environmental impact. people with disabilities (ibid). Their work is done Urban planning goals: without profit and within a diaconal philosophy i.e. 1. Let new streets, places and to serve people without expecting anything in buildings mirror the focus on return. diversity and variation. In the area of Stora Sköndal, (where the foundation 2. Let the nature and the water in and the majority of their activities are based) there the unique environment be are many old buildings that require maintenance prominent in the cityscape. and restoration. The foundation also wishes to 3. Be able to provide both rental expand and grow with their activities within and tenant-owned dwellings to psychiatry, education, research, elderly care etc. These are all expensive undertakings, and to be able meet different needs. to expand and restore, the foundation has decided Landskapslaget et al. p. 7 (2016) to sell off some of their land.

Figure 04 Factsheet 2 Key words and goals for the programme ‘Framtidens Stora Sköndal’

By doing so, Stora Sköndal visualizes the possibilities to expand and diversify their ongoing work in the area. Through the planned densification and investments in the area, the foundation foresees expansion, development and improvement of their undertakings at the same time as they can be an important actor and role model of how a socially sustainable area can look. (Landskapslaget et al. 2019a. p. 7., Stora Sköndal. Vision)

Figure 05 Image of Stora Sköndal, located south of Stockholm city2 Source: Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal

1.5 Research aim and questions There is a need to understand the definition of social sustainability within the built environment in the Swedish context and how the concept is connected to planning practise and implementation so that it can function as a tool for creating sustainable cities. Authorities on different levels (national as well as local) and researchers are producing a growing number of reports and analyses on the subject.

The main question is if the national and the bigger cities’ local policy-work, aiming to create social sustainability, actually generate more socially sustainable cities. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate if the implementations planned for Stora Sköndal can contribute to a more socially sustainable district and thereby to a more sustainable Stockholm.

To find answers to this overarching query, the following research questions are applied:

1) What factors are claimed both by theory and policy to contribute to social sustainability?

2) How are the visions for Stora Sköndal interpreted and applied in the urban planning process, related to a social sustainability framework?

3) Who are the actors and what role have they played?

4) Are there any long-term strategies to secure social sustainability in the implementation phase of the plan?

1.6 Delimitations When I refer to the concept of social sustainability, I refer to it in an urban planning context. I have chosen to look at the concept mainly from a contemporary Swedish and Stockholm based perspective.

Though the programme for Stora Sköndal is merely in its initial phase and a lot is yet to be done before the district is finalized and the answer on whether the foundations goals are achieved or not will not be included in this study. Rather, this study will be a descriptive study who discusses theory,

2 Image from: https://www.storaskondal.se/om-oss/

visions, programme documents and the process behind the programme and the different actors involved.

2. Social sustainability and planning

This chapter presents different international and Swedish views on knowledge about social sustainability within urban planning from theoretical and policy perspectives. This forms part of my theoretical framework, and together with material on my case, stands for the foundation of this research report.

2.1 The global perspective on social sustainability With the mission from the General Assembly of the United Nations to create “a global agenda for change” the World Commission on Environment and Development, under the lead of the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, wrote the “Brundtland report” ‘Our Common Future’. It was published in 1987. Social sustainability was not mentioned as a specific concept for sustainability. Rather a range of sustainability issues including economic, social and ecological aspects were all discussed under the umbrella-concept of sustainability and how our actions and priorities in the present affect future generations: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland 1987). However, social issues related to the urban context were addressed also by then. For example, when claiming “that unbalanced growth is increasing interregional disparities and creating economic and social imbalances that can have serious consequences in terms of national unity and political stability” (ibid). Similar unwanted consequences are addressed by the CSSS as well (see following sections).

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the UN includes cities and communities as one out of 17 specific goals to focus on. UN’s sustainable development goal number 11, ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ focuses on the importance of creating sustainable cities in a context of rapid urbanisation and when two thirds of the world population is expected to live in urban spaces by the year 2050. In the UN’s presentation of what a sustainable city is, they refer to “creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and building resilient societies and economies. It involves investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in participatory and inclusive ways.” (UNDP. 2020).

2.2 Social sustainability and its different dimensions in the urban context. The concept of social sustainability is multi-dimensional and encompasses layers of complex concepts such as; health, safety, inclusiveness, social network, liveability, well-being and so on (Abrahamsson. 2013, Dempsey et al. 2011).

Even though the social aspects of sustainability have not always been explicitly outlined (as in the Brundtland report) it is more frequently discussed as a concept on its own and then often in the context of urban planning. However, the exact definition is more difficult to frame and its meaning varies in different theoretical approaches as well as in different policy documents. For example, the Commission for a Sustainable Malmö focuses on public health where as the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm focuses on a more universal concept of well-being that is achieved through the components of safety, solidarity and possibilities of self-fulfilment (see chapter 1.3). These

disparities of the concept are the main motivation of Dempsey et al. to “explore the definition of social sustainability within the urban context” (Dempsey et al. 2011). In their study they mainly use British urban references and mainly focus on the two following dimensions in their discussion: “equitable access and the sustainability of the community itself”. (ibid).

Their study resulted in a definition of five dimensions of collective aspects that affect the urban social life at community level. The authors consider these important as determinations of life quality on a local neighbourhood scale. The five dimensions are:

• Social interaction/social networks in the community • Participation in collective groups and networks in the community • Community stability • Pride/sense of place • Safety and security Other researchers that have scrutinized the concept and meanings of social sustainability are included in the research network “Social Sustainability and Social Disintegration in Scandinavian Cities”. Under the flag of the network, Hans Abrahamsson (2013) discusses how the meaning of the concept “just and social sustainability in a Swedish, urban context can be understood”. He presents how globalisation is affecting Scandinavian countries and how geographical poverty is changing due to globalisation and migration flows. This change creates social tensions that are visible on the local level in Swedish cities. “A global South starts to grow side by side with a global North, without territorial borders” (Abrahamsson 2013). However, Abrahamsson sees possibilities in these globalisation trends and migration flows. Possibilities in the sense of opportunities for Nordic countries to create a fair and socially sustainable North, including migrations from the global South. At the same time as he sees potentials, he underlines the risks that can come with growing income and health gaps among the residents in cities, gaps that can grow to social conflicts (ibid p. 2).

Hence, the concept of social sustainability does not have an universal meaning, rather it is to be defined and interpreted depending on the specific social context it ought to be evaluated and understood in. (ibid p. 6). Abrahamsson connects the concepts of safety, development and justice, to social sustainability and argues that these three concepts are the pillars that social sustainability is based on. As illustrated in Figure 06 conditions for social sustainability spring from a society that provides the three concepts of safety, development and justice to its residents.

In this report, Abrahamsson’s concepts and their contents will be sorted under some of the five (5) theoretical themes I have defined for my analytical framework. The five themes will be presented in chapter 3.

Figure 06 Abrahamsson’s triangle showing the three pillars that he argues social sustainability are based on. Source: Abrahamsson (2013) p. 13)

Social equity i.e. social inclusiveness and possibilities to perceive societal belonging are important ingredients for a socially sustainable society. Social equity is a concept that encompasses non- discriminatory possibilities for its residents when it comes to economic social and political participation.

2.3 Social Sustainability and the role of Social Capital One concept that often is referred to when social sustainability is discussed, is the concept of Social capital. It is emphasized as an important factor to achieve wellbeing and there is a growing number of researchers that agree that social sustainability in our society and residential areas often depends on the level of social capital existing there. (Emmelin & Eriksson 2012. p. 5., Leyden 2003., Kawachi et al. 1999., Wood et al. 2008, Dempsey et al. 2011). Social capital is about “strengthening civic participation and localized empowerment via social interaction and sense of community” (Dempsey et al. 2011. p. 289). Dempsey et al. argue that socially sustainable communities on a long-term basis shall be equitable, inclusive and socially, ecological and economically sustainable (ibid. p. 290).

The authors Maria Emmelin and Malin Eriksson describe social capital as: “social capital includes our social networks, our social support, our possibilities to take part of the society, and the degree of social cohesion in our local community” (Emmelin & Eriksson 2012. p. 5). In 2012 their article “Can social capital be ´built into’ our living areas and thereby improve the residents’ perceived and mental health?” was published for the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Malmö. In the report, residential environments are in focus since life expectancy and health have been proven to vary significantly in Malmö depending on which living area one lives in. The authors argue that physical form, access to material amenities and not least psychosocial factors in living areas have an effect on the residents’

health. Hence, presence of amenities and services at a local level are significant but according to the report, the importance of network, a sense of belonging and social, relations are even more important. Other things the report presents as important factors that have effects on the residents’ health condition are the “local climate, the norms and the degree of trust and safety that exists in the area” (ibid).

In Emmelin and Eriksson’s report, five (5) central issues with scientific support were presented as important for the creation of socially sustainable cities. The explicit goal of the report and the Malmö commission’s work is to understand how to decrease the different health conditions that residents in Malmö have. To do so, the commission focuses on “social determinants for health and un-health […] examples of determinants are the early childhood years, school, unemployment, income, participation in the society, living environment, segregation and alienation” (Emmelin & Eriksson 2012).

The five suggestions are; “Facilitate social interactions by providing third spaces for interactions, Invest in attractive green- and recreational areas, Meet the need of safety, Improve the reputation of exposed areas, Create a balance between interconnecting and bridging social capital” e.g. create inclusive environments where cohesion between different kind of people is encouraged (Emmelin M. & Eriksson 2012., Dahlin Å. 2016). The different suggestions of how to create social sustainability in Malmö can all be recognized in the recommendations made by CSSS and in the different theories on social sustainability. All suggestions fit into one or more of the theoretical themes that I have created as an analytical framework presented in chapter 3.

2.4 Social sustainability in urban planning practices in a Swedish context: From theoretical framework to practical politics and implementation Social sustainability in the context of urban planning in Sweden has been given more attention during the last decade. Political initiatives on both national and local city levels around the country have been given priority to work with the concept. It is not only the several delegations for socially sustainable cities mentioned in earlier chapters that are working with these issues. Other examples are project supports that have been given to different construction projects with the aim of enhancing sustainability questions and how to work with it. For example, during the period of 2009-2014, the Delegation for Sustainable Cities (hereinafter DHS) are financially supporting (via the so-called DHS- support) up to 98 projects with the aim to promote sustainable urban planning. To understand how these projects in practice have approached the concept of social sustainability, Boverket, the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning decides to follow up ten (10) of the projects3. They do that via a report written by Eva Gustavsson and Ingemar Elander. In Gustavsson and Elander’s report to Boverket, they are linking the practical work done with the ten projects to scientific discussions on social sustainability. Based on the result, they have made a model of analysis. In their report “Social sustainability in urban planning? Monitoring of ten projects in Swedish cities”, they present several examples of how social sustainability has been approached and implemented as “practical policy” within urban projects (Elander & Gustavsson 2014. p. 41). Gustavsson and Elander use a theoretical framework in the form of a sustainability-pyramid (Figure 07) to frame the concept of social sustainability. The pyramid is a result of an earlier study on sustainability and urban planning projects

3 The project owners for 9 out of 10 projects are municipalities or municipal housing company. There is only one case where there is a private project owner (i.e. Krokslätt’s industries) as in the case of the development project of Stora Sköndal.

that the pair performed in 2013. (Gustavsson & Elander. 2013). The ideas behind social sustainability and the sustainability pyramid are presented by the researchers as “a vision and a comprehensive value that can be specified in different directions and with different focus”. This idea is in line with what earlier have been stated in this report that the meaning and content of social sustainability can varies and differ from time to time, and between places. The pyramid also shows that social sustainability as interpreted by Gustavsson and Elander is closely related to actual goals and action implementations for urban planning.

Figure 07 shows the “sustainability pyramid: From vision and values to goals, actions and indicators” Adopted from Elander and Gustavsson (2013)

According to Gustavsson and Elander’s report, the financial support from Boverket and DHS made it possible for the involved project partners to staff-increase their projects in the housing areas. The report also states that the DHS-support has contributed to a “strengthening of management with coordinating and/or communication skills”. These persons have been given important roles for outreach, coordination, strategic work and communication. As a general understanding presented by the authors of the report, it seems like the projects supported by Boverket should have been realized even without the funding, but more as traditional construction projects and not with focus on sustainability. Hence, the support served as a catalyst to enhance the sustainability aspects selected for each of the project and additionally, the projects have been well documented and disseminated at “conferences, exhibitions and at other events” (ibid . 42-43) and in this way served as branding and knowledge sharing.

Malmö, Gothenburg and Stockholm, have the mission to deepen and disseminate knowledge about how urban segregation and social sustainability relate to the built environment. One of the

conclusions found from this project was that socially related goals within urban planning must not stay on a policy level, but rather, through clear leadership be implemented in urban development projects. (Dahlin 2016 p. 10)

2.5 Social sustainability in Stockholm Even though the three reports written for the CSSS, selected for this research, are written within the same time period and for the same specific town, i.e. Stockholm, it is clear that also the authors of these reports have had difficulties to define the concept of social sustainability. However, one thing that is identified as important for the context of Stockholm is the importance of Stockholm being a cohesive city4. The goal with a socially sustainable Stockholm is that the city’s amenities and services shall be able to provide all residents with possibilities to develop, based on their individual conditions. (Löfvenius 2016. p. 9). Goals with similar meaning can be found in the document ‘Vision 2040’ where it is stated that differences in living conditions between urban districts and groups shall be reduced and that public amenities and services shall be extended and better distributed throughout Stockholm (Stockholms stad. 2015).

2.5.1 Suggestions for the living and urban environment of Stockholm In the report ‘From a split to a united city’ the author Åsa Dahlin claims that “urban planning shall contribute to, equal living conditions throughout the entire city and increase trust and social capital. It is important to meet the need of good housing for everyone and to create well-designed and safe public spaces, such as squares, streets and parks. It also concerns the ability to plan for accessibility to workplaces, public transport, schools, and other societal services, recreation, sport, and a vibrant cultural life.” However, Dahlin outlines two specific, two challenges that obstruct social sustainability in Stockholm, they are the lack of housing and the spatial segregation, often in combination with ethnic segregation (Dahlin 2016. p. 4).

Dahlin’s report also specifies some potential opportunities with urban planning and how it can be a tool to strengthen social sustainability in Stockholm by “reinforcing social value-creation”, on a short and long term basis. For example, special profile projects are suggested to strengthen specific vulnerable areas and Dahlin suggests that a proactive analytical model for Social Value Creation (SVA) shall be used throughout the planning processes in Stockholm. Other concrete actions she suggests with the aim to make Stockholm socially sustainable are related to knowledge development and sharing between researchers, municipalities and other actors involved in the urban planning process. She claims that knowledge transfer from “good examples” of projects with a focus on social sustainability are important for inspiration and learning (ibid p.p. 32-34).

Getting back to the issue of social and spatial segregation in Stockholm, Dahlin underlines this societal phenomenon as a severe problem for the city and its residents. She points at an investigation performed by ‘the Delegation for sustainable cities’ that claims, “this kind of segregation increases the risk of creating intolerance and antagonism between groups if they do not meet in the city”. According to the same investigation, socio-economically weak households tend to be concentrated in less attractive areas, which leads to even further “isolation, marginalisation and stigmatisation” (ibid p. 13). It is clear that segregation is considered as the main problem and rootcause of many of the existing

4 As the title of one of the report suggests; From a split to a united city. Comprehensive planning for social sustainability.

societal challenges the city is confronting (further examples of these challenges will be highlighted in the chapters). To break the trend of segregated areas, Dahlin suggests investments to upgrade the marginalised districts. This can include investments that are either physical (built environment) or social, i.e. support for activities that strengthen the creation of local social capital.

Furthermore, Dahlin suggests that planning should avoid creating areas with monocultures. The reasoning behind this is that different groups of people ought to meet and interact within an area, district or city, to avoid marginalisation and stigmatisation between groups. In Dahlin’s report, she often returns to the issue of spatial segregation as a severe challenge that can put future stability and wealth in Stockholm at stake. In the vision document, when presented how Stockholm looks like in 2040, the current situation and challenges with segregation and some groups being marginalized is turned into an asset and advantage for the city. Hence, the vision states that in the future, “Stockholm offers unique possibilities for people with different backgrounds to meet & extend experiences” and that people’s personal differences and different experiences are expected to be considered as assets both in cultural and work life (Stockholms stad. 2015).

In order to create a socially sustainable city, urban form is often considered an important tool to work with. The streets are presented as important places for interaction in the local context. Architecture, urban constructions and the flow of people in an area are important to enable the desired social processes in a district. The location of the buildings in relation to the streets, placement of entrances etc. Other aspects that urban planning shall enhance, according Dahlin’s report for CSSS is the childe- and equity perspective and the city shall make sure that all districts will have equally good access to greenery, water and a clean city (Dahlin 2016 p. 28).

As a tool to counteract on stigmatisation of areas and different individuals and groups, Dahlin suggests that the urban form shall be designed and shaped such as it promotes the development of social capital, and that shall be done by promoting different kind of interactions among people (ibid p 28).

2.5.2 Stockholm - a mosaic of success and failures The report ‘Stockholm of Differences’ portrays an image of Stockholm as a growing, successful city that offers many opportunities for its residents. At the same time, it reveals an image of a city with increasing differences and with exposed socioeconomically weak groups – a polarised city where the spatial and ethnic segregation is very strong. To scrutinise the different living conditions of residents of Stockholm, the report is divided into the following five chapters; wellbeing & health, upbringing & education, work & provision, living & urban environment, democracy & safety (Bremberg et al. 2015).

The patterns of the different living conditions among the residents are a recurring issue throughout all the themes of the chapters, where statistics almost always show a clear relationships between residential areas and the residents’ socioeconomic status. Hence, the spatial segregation affects all residents of Stockholm, in one way or another. Typical examples from the statistics analysed by Bremberg et al. (2015) shows data from different districts of Stockholm, often comparing some of the wealthiest districts with some of the poorest5. As illustrated in Figure 08 and Figure 09 the statistics from Stockholm County Council on public health, show that both self-estimated bad health rather than good health and for example, caries damage in children are strongly related to the social and spatial segregation that exists in Stockholm. Hence, there is a strong correlation between where one

5 Measuring average income among the residents.

lives and one’s actual and perceived health. Other behaviours and patterns in the society that vary significantly between the different districts are for example, life expectancy (that differs eight years between a person who resides in the upper-class district of Östermalm from a person residing in Skärholmen6), level of education, income level, level of employment etc. Löfvenius highlights that there is a correlation between areas where residents have a low sense of trust, and lower socioeconomic status; “Districts with low levels of trust also have lower socioeconomic conditions and vice versa” (Löfvenius. 2016. p. 9). This phenomenon is illustrated in Table 01, that shows the turnout of national elections from some districts in Stockholm. The highest number of voters compared to the lowest, differs by over 42%. Ålsten and Södra Ängby represent areas of Stockholm with the highest average income and also noted the highest turnout in the elections while Rinkeby and Husby represent areas with some of the lowest average incomes and lowest results election turnout (ibid p.p. 17-27).

Figure 08 (the left image) shows the percentage of three-year-olds with caries damaged teeth divided by district. A color scheme presents the statistics for the respective years between 2006 and 2014.

Figure 09 (the right image) shows the percentage of selfestimated bad health rather than good health for women and men respectively. Both images show how the statistics are divided by district within Stockholm (Adopted from Bremberg et al. 2015).

Table 01 shows the two Stockholm districts with the highest and lowest turnouts in national elections in 2010 and 2014. The column on the right shows the average income the age group 20- 64 from each district. (Adopted from Bremberg et al. 2015, Stockholms stad 2018c-f)

District Turnout in 2014 Turnout in 2010 Difference Average income (in SEK, 2017) Rinkeby 51,7% 49,8% 1,9% 213 200 Husby 56,7% 55,2% -1,5% 240 400 Södra Ängby 94,0% 94,1% -0,1% 843 400 Ålsten 93,6% 93,5% -0,1% 794 200

6 Östermalm is commonly known for being one of the most exclusive urban districts of Stockholm. Skärholmen represents one of the districts with high percentage of unemployment and foreign-born residents and in the comprehensive plan, it is appointed as one out of four focus areas where the city specially will focus on urban planning, housing construction and social sustainability (Stockholms stad. 2018g, Stockholms stad. 2017).

Bremberg et al. (2015) explain that there is an understanding among researchers that a divided city limits the possibilities in life for many of the city’s residents. Hence the goal with achieving social sustainability in Stockholm is that all ‘Stockholmers’ shall be given opportunities for self-fulfilment, based on individual conditions. The ultimate goal of social sustainability in Stockholm is to achieve well-being among the residents. In concrete terms, the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm claims that it is about how the city government, via preschools and schools, can smooth out differences among the residents. When it comes to children, the report mentions the importance of giving equal opportunities so they can reach the national knowledge goals. Other examples are that the city “shall ensure basic individual rights such as the right to work and the right to housing, affordable housing and that all residents of Stockholm have the right to a vibrant and safe local environment […] and accessibility” (Bremberg et al. 2015. p.p. 5-9). Furthermore, the city emphasizes the importance of people’s right and ability to participate and have influence, as important cornerstones for the creation of trust and safety. As illustrated in Figure 10, the three goal areas; self- fulfilment, solidarity and safety are important components within the society to achieve strengthening of social sustainability. Together, the goal areas are meant to create the wellbeing among all residents that Stockholm city so desires.

Figure 10 shows the goal areas that the CSSS presents for increased social sustainability. (Adopted from Bremberg et al. 2015. p. 10)

Löfvenius approaches the issue of participation by discussing the importance of trust among people and to societal institutions. She claims that without trust there is no incentive to participate and be involved in societal changes. Research also shows civil society to have an important impact on people and their ability to trust and their willingness to participate. However, participation and civil society engagement have changed in their nature - from membership-driven associations towards engagement in loose networks and movements advocating single question issues. Hence, Löfvenius recommends for the city to do an in-depth analysis of what kind of actors are supported and how the city can be more flexible and adapt to the new patterns of behaviour. The aim is to understand how the city reaches out to different actors and how there can be a better balance among the actors representing civil society, social movements and networks that are supported by the city. Löfvenius therefore suggests that the city shall promote and create equal opportunities for local civil society organisations. Furthermore, she addresses a special need for support to citizen-driven meeting-places in vulnerable areas. (Löfvenius 2016. p. 8-10)

One important driver of change that the CSSS points at and backs up its strategies around is the importance of creating a coherent city. Research shows that a more equal income distribution within a society has several beneficial effects, e.g. in the form of stronger cohesion, lower criminality and a subjectively better health and sense of well-being. (Wilkinson and Picketts 2009, Östergren via Bremberg et al. 2015). This kind of argument is reflected in the Vision 2040 document that portrays

Stockholm by 2040 as a city that gives all residents equal conditions and that the reduced social gaps have made Stockholm into a ‘good example-city’ (Stockholms stad. 2015). Bremberg´s report looks at the connections between urban qualities and socioeconomic index, i.e. what kind of qualities of an area affect the end price for an apartment. A local investigation made for the city of Stockholm points at the tendency that people with high income and higher education tend to choose places of living in highly dense districts with more urban qualities. The study shows that one driver of demand when it comes to the attractiveness of a location is what kind of amenities and other qualities important for everyday life that are within a walkable distance from home. The same study also shows that the most socioeconomically vulnerable residents live in districts with less urban qualities. (ibid pp 60-62, Spacescape and Evidens. 2012.)

In Spacescape and Evidens’ report, Sköndal is given as an example of an older suburban area where urban qualities, such as accessible amenities, is low at the same time as the socioeconomic status is at a medium or high level compared to other areas of Stockholm (Bremberg et al. 2015. p. 61). This is explained by the assumption that many of the house owners likely can afford a car and therefore are less affected by larger distances and lack of access to amenities and public transport. Yet another factor that is highlighted in Bremberg’s report as contributing to housing segregation is the change of housing stock in Stockholm. The proportion of tenant-owned apartments in Stockholm has since the 1980s, gone from being around 25 % of the total housing stock to around 50%. At the same time as the population has increased significantly (see chapter 1) the number of rental apartments has decreased. For Example, during the period from 1998 to 2014, the number of rental apartments was reduced by 69,000 units (ibid p. 61).

3. Theoretical framework.

After scrutinizing the chosen theories on social sustainability in urban planning I have made a thematic summary based on five themes. Each theme includes key elements outlined in the chosen reference theories and literature, as important for the creation of socially sustainable cities. The five theoretical themes are summarized and explained below, together with features closely related to the respective theme. The first four themes relate to how humans react and act if different things are in place. For example, public spaces, closeness to amenities and nature, connectivity, work opportunities etc. The fifth theme ‘the process’, however, differs a bit from the other themes. Hence, it concerns more the working process behind urban development project aiming at creating social sustainability.

3.1.1 The theme of Social Cohesion In the theme of ‘social cohesion’, the key concepts are; sustainability of communities, social networks, interaction, inclusiveness, provision of a variety of social opportunities, social belonging, non- discriminatory possibilities.

Hence, social cohesion encompasses values such as social inclusiveness and possibilities for individuals to perceive societal belonging. The research highlights that this is an important ingredient for a socially sustainable society. It is a concept that encompasses non-discriminatory possibilities for its residents when it comes to economic, social and political participation (Abrahamsson 2013. p. 7). Consequently, it is important on both a national and local level. This theme includes factors that relate to relationships and interactions between individuals, it concerns the social trust that is built up due to that interaction and the social networks. This phenomenon of trust between individuals is often

referred to as social capital. Social capital is divided into three variations; bonding, bridging and linking. Bonding is explained as the strengthening of cohesion among people with similar backgrounds. Linking social capital refers to the connections that occur between people representing different power positions. (Löfvenius 2016. p.p. 22-23). The variant that Wallman Lundåsen & Trägårdh articulated as especially important for the “geographically segregated city of Stockholm” is bridging social capital. Hence, the authors refer to the isolating effects of housing segregation in the city and that it is important to create places and contexts where people with different backgrounds, that normally do not interact, meet and build networks (ibid. p. 22).

The networks research referred to as important for the creation of social capital can be both weak and strong. On a community level, the research finds that both the weak and strong networks are important within neighbourhoods when it comes to building social capital and providing “a variety of social opportunities” (Skjaeveland et al., 1996 via Dempsey et al. 2011. p. 295). Furthermore, Dempsey et al. claims that neighbourhoods with strong social networks also can contribute to “feelings of safety and sense of well-being” (ibid. p. 295). Hence, the spillover effects of social capital are important in several ways and the effects are also in line with what the CSSS and the Vision 2040 outline as key elements and desirable goals for Stockholm and its residents.

Other urban features that can work in favour of social cohesion and interaction, according to Dempsey et al. (2011) are density and land-use mix. The researchers claim that these two features of an urban landscape encourage more participation among the residents and that the activities are more likely to be of a diverse nature (ibid p.p. 295-296). Density and land-use mix are also features that are explicitly outlined and elaborated with the aim of supporting the creation of social sustainability in the district Stora Sköndal (see chapter 5).

Brandon C Bouchillon refers to Putnam’s study that shows that in, virtually advanced countries there is a growing lack of trust among people in societies that have an “increase in ethnic and social heterogeneity”(Putnam, 2007, p. 147 via Bouchillion 2014). Further Bounchillion research have shown that people not only tend to trust less in the societies where diversity has increased, they also tend to engage less in civic groups and volunteering is less frequent. Rather people stick closely to their own group (2014). More diversity in a social network have showed to undermine social trust among people in their neighbourhoods. However, Bouchillion (2014) claim that there is one exception to this and it is among youth 16-25-year-olds where studies have shown that socialising with “diverse others had a significant, positive influence on trust”. Why Bounchillion suggests, “youth may provide the best opportunity breaking the cycle” of multicultural societies that undermine social cohesion.

3.1.2 The theme of Community stability In the theme of ‘community stability’, the key concepts are; safety, security due to social networks, (perceived) safety and well-being, anticipation of work and income, education and health, stay.

Another factor that Dempsey et al. (2011) relate to social sustainability is stability within communities. This is achieved when residents stay in the same area for a long time. The effect of community stability is that it creates “a place where people want to live, inhabit, and work in today but also in the future” (Abrahamsson 2013. p. 10). It is about the feeling of belonging and trust, it is about the relationships between the dwellers. It is important to have a society and inhabitants with social capital and with social cohesion (ibid p. 9).

One factors the researchers argue can contribute to people’s long-term stay in an area is the existence of strong social capital in the community (Dempsey et al. 2011. p. 296). The question of safety is

closely related to the issue of community attachment and place identity. Researchers argue that the perceived safety in an area is important for the community, how residents interact with each other, the feeling of well-being and the willingness to stay in the area, and in this way creates a neighbourhood with residents that are happy, proud and prone to stay in the area for a long period of life. (Dempsey et al. 2011, Barton et al. 2013). Other factors that researchers bring up related to community stability are what Abrahamsson et al. (2013) call safety and development. Hence, two out of Abrahamson’s three main concepts presented in chapter 2.3 fall, in this report, under the theme of community stability. Abrahamsson et al. explain their contemporary definition of safety (discussed in an urban context) as something that concerns anticipation of e.g. work and income. The definition of development relates to economic growth in general and more specifically to possibilities for education, life quality and public health. Even though these are factors that generally are not regulated or controlled at a community level but rather on a city or national level, they are important to mention as factors that affect the community stability also on the local scale. This argument can be reinforced by the statistics from the CSSS presented in section 2.5. regarding significant differences in health, trust and political engagement in districts of Stockholm with low and high socioeconomic populations.

3.1.3 The theme of Place identity. In the theme of ‘place identity’, the key concepts are; pride, sense of place, well-being, stay.

Dempsey et al. (2011) have identified the factor of place identity, the sense of pride and belonging to a physical place – as an important element for the creation of social sustainability. The authors argue that it both concerns a sense of belonging to the physical environment and to the “people who inhabit it” and that a carefully chosen design of spaces and buildings (e.g. land-marks) can play an important role to the local place identity and the attachment its residents have, (or do not have) to it. When the researchers refer to the “socio-spatial connections within” an area, they refer to it as the “sense of community” that exists i.e. the common norms and the neighbourhood-specific culture. The common norms and cultures of a place can vary significantly between areas within the same city.

3.1.4 The theme of Accessibility In the theme of ‘accessibility’, the key concepts are; connectivity, closeness to key services, walking and biking routes, schools, public transport, social justice i.e. accessibility to culture, public space and opportunities of self-fulfilment and development.

Yet another thing that researchers agree on as being important when territorial and social dimensions are to be coupled in a district, is the issue of accessibility. Values such as closeness to key services such as schools, day-care, public transport, walking and biking routes are important in a local community. (Barton et al. 2003). The CSSS highlights, in particular, the importance of public space in the form of places for meetings. Based on the recommendations from the researchers Wallman Lundåsen & Trägårdh (2015) the city of Stockholm “should support the creation of places where meetings can take place and networks take form” (p. 27). As examples of places that can serve this purpose, the researchers mention Folkets hus7 or parks. Further, they underline that it is especially

7 The first building named Folkets hus ,‘the People’s house’, in Sweden was build and inaugurated by the labour movement in the city of Malmö in 1893. Folkets Hus is a concept that was introduced in Sweden by the labour movement and it has a purpose to serves as a meeting place for local communities to facilitate meetings and engagements of all different sort. However, often with political- or educational purpose. Today activates for

important to provide support and to facilitate meetings and interactions among residents in districts with many new residents and in the more vulnerable districts of Stockholm (ibid p.p. 27-28).

Another way of looking at accessibility is presented by Abrahamsson when he discusses accessibility via the concept of justice in the urban context. He then refers to the importance of acknowledging culture and political influence as well as the distribution of material and immaterial means (Abrahamsson 2013. p 7). Social justice, he argues, concerns a just distribution of resources and the possibilities for each individual (regardless of age, ethnicity or income), to use them. It is about access to public space, transport, water, cultural activities, amenities and so forth (ibid. p. 9) and an access that supports each individual in their everyday life. Accessibility in the form of accessible possibilities for each individual is also what the CSSS is focusing on when talking about the importance for the city to make it possible for each individual to build self-fulfilment.

3.1.5 The process In the theme of ‘the process’, the key concepts are short and long-term strategies. The fifths theoretical themes is slightly different than the four other. This one, concerns the process behind urban development for social sustainability, i.e. strategies on short and long- term to support urban development enhancing social sustainability. It mainly concerns two kind of processes; the plan process and the dialogue process. Results from research done by Erlander and Gustavsson show that the many parallel and partly interwoven processes complicates the actual work and also the possibility to evaluate the results. Hence it is difficult to know which parts of the different processes contributed to what result. Furthermore, the “parallel projects reinforcing each other” (Elander and Gustavsson. p.p. 1-6. 2014) which complicates the evaluation aspects even more. The argument that parallel projects can reinforce each other can be related to what the CSSS says concerning knowledge transfer and the importance to update and chare contemporary knowledge and lessons learned among other actors involve in similar projects to strengthen each individual project but also the total outcome on for example, a city level. As another part of the process, the research couple underlines the importance of the participatory processes and the inclusion of dwellers and workers in the developing area, it is important to anchor the ideas and work of the project plans (ibid p. 15).

4. Methodology

To better understand in which context the visions for Framtidens Stora Sköndal exist, and what the prospects are to go from vision to urban planning implementation of social sustainability, I have studied literature and theories concerning social sustainability for sustainable urban planning. Three reports from the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm (CSSS) have been selected. For this report I will specially consider two of them from the focus area ‘Living & urban environment’ and one from the focus area ‘Democracy & safety’, produced by the CSSS during 2015-2017. Hence, they particularly elaborate questions concerning social sustainability in our built environment as well as, how to create social capital and trust on a local level. Together with Vision 2040 made by the City of

youth and elderly people are common to take place in the Folkets hus buildings. (Folketshusochparket.se. 2020, Folkets.se. 2020).

Stockholm and selected theories they will form part of the theoretical framework and bring an understanding of how the concept of social sustainability is interpreted among steering politicians and how the city aims to work with the concept in practice. The three reports are: ‘From a split to a united city - Comprehensive planning for social sustainability’, ‘Stockholm of Differences’ and ‘City in collaboration. The city of Stockholm and civil society’ (Bremberg et al. 2015, Dahlin 2016, Löfvenius 2016).

To better understand the local and contemporary context I have conducted field studies and analysed local and social media related to Sköndal. Several unstructured field observations have been conducted during the period of February-March, June and August.

Interviews have been conducted and policy documents studied to get an insight and better understanding of how social sustainability issues have been handled in practice within the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal and to understand how the different actors involved in the process have worked with the programme and what their experiences are.

The main objective of this was to identify specific values for social sustainability in urban planning in the Swedish context in general, and in Stockholm and the project Framtidens Stora Sköndal in specific, not least to get an insight into the working process from vision to implementation.

The study is a descriptive study who discusses theory, visions, programme documents and the process behind the programme and the different actors involved. Here follows a description of how I approached the different methods together with an explanation of why I chose the specific methods for this research.

4.1 Research approach and purpose The choice of research topic came from my interest in urban societies and how urban planning impacts people’s everyday lives. As explained in the introduction and background chapters, a lot of political effort has been invested in defining and finding out how to create socially sustainable cities. The programme of Framtidens Stora Sköndal has an explicit aim of contributing to the goals of the city of Stockholm and of building a socially sustainable city. The case of Framtidens Stora Sköndal is, in its current form, a quite unique urban planning project where a private landowner with high ambitions for social sustainability plays an important role together with the city of Stockholm, and I intend to provide insights on the case that might lead to new learnings and questions on the topic.

Social sustainability within urban planning can be understood as a buzzword, frequently being used but with less actual meaning and impact. It is a normative concept, that like a chameleon, changes meaning depending on when in time and where in place it is being used. In line with what the CSSS and Dahlin highlight as important, the purpose of this research is to create awareness and knowledge on the topic of social sustainability within the Swedish urban planning context, using the learnings and insights from the case of Framtidens Stora Sköndal.

4.2 Data collection The data used for my study have been collected via four different methods: Desk research of municipal planning documents, documents from the project owner and strategic documents of relevance for social sustainability within urban planning. Furthermore, social media with connections to Sköndal have been studied throughout the whole research period with the aim to follow local discussions, trends, attitudes and current events and initiatives. Semi-structured interviews with key actors have

been conducted; A Facebook survey with residents in Sköndal was made; and unstructured field observations done on bike and by walking the area of Sköndal and the planning area of Stora Sköndal. The methods complement each other regarding their strengths and limitations. The desk research has been vital for understanding the details of the programme, the visions for the area and the theories supporting them, whereas the interviews, the survey and the field observations have been important for the collection of primary data and to bring place-specific and contextual understanding for this report (O’Leary 2014. p. 201).

4.2.1 Desk research A desk study has been conducted with the aim of gaining an overview and deeper understanding of the plans for the case study area of Stora Sköndal and the key actors involved in the urban planning programme called Framtidens Stora Sköndal. Both primary and secondary sources have been used. To select reading material the search engines KTH Primo, Google Scholar and Scopus have mainly been used. To further assure an effective search for information and previous research on the topic, I used keywords I have found earlier in the process. In the next step, I read subtitles and abstracts to select relevant literature to include in my research.

The primary data comes mainly from the two key actors; “The Foundation Stora Sköndal” i.e. the land and project owners, and the City planning office in Stockholm. The documents from the planning office are public and accessible on their web page. Hence, I have scrutinised primary data from the City Planning Office in Stockholm e.g. official planning documents concerning the urban development projects in Stora Sköndal. Other important documents I have studied are the vision documents made by the Foundation Stora Sköndal, strategy and guiding documents made by the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm (CSSS) and Vision 2040 that is a document presenting the vison of how Stockholm shall be by year 2040. An overview of the most important primary data documents are presented in Table 02, together with a short document description. Among the many different documents that have been written by the CSSS, I have selected three. The reports that were selected are the ones I considered most relevant for this report and the topic of socially sustainability and urban planning.

As secondary data, I have used previous studies and articles on urban planning projects with the aim of reinforcing social sustainability and theories concerning social sustainability within urban planning. Literature used in previous research is mainly from Swedish contexts.

Table 02 Overview of the primary data sources used for the desk study. The documents are colour-coded depending on the organisation they come from. Documents from Stockholm City’s planning office Documents from CSSS Documents from the Foundation Stora Sköndal Documents from the City of Stockholm

Primary sources

Title – Original/ Author & Date Type of document Document Description English of publication Program för Stora Approved document The programme examines Stockholm City Sköndal del 1 av 3. (by the City Planning the suitability of existing Planning Office Godkännandedok- Office, City of urban development plans & 2019-05-16 ument Stockholm) shall serve as a support for

the future detailed plans of Programme for Stora the expansion & Sköndal, part 1 of 3. densification of the district Stora Sköndal until 2035. The programme examines Program för Stora the suitability of existing Sköndal del 2 av 3. urban development plans & Strukturplan Approved document shall serve as a support for Stockholm City (by the City Planning the future detailed plans of Planning Office Office, City of the expansion & 2019-05-16 Programme for Stora Stockholm) densification of the district Sköndal, part 2 of 3. Stora Sköndal until 2035. Structural plan. Part 2 focuses on structural planning. Program för Stora The programme examines Sköndal del 3 av 3. the suitability of existing Förutsättningar och urban development plans & shall serve as a support for konsekvenser Approved document the future detailed plans of Stockholm City (by the City Planning the expansion & Planning Office Office, City of Programme for Stora densification of the district 2019-05-16 Stockholm) Sköndal, part 3 of 3. Stora Sköndal until 2035. Conditions and Part 3 focuses on consequences. conditions and consequences. Stora Sköndal Social The SCA aims to: analyse Made for the the social conditions of the Konsekvensanalys (SKA) Landskapslaget Foundation Stora district today, analyse the & Spacescape for Sköndal. (registered consequences of the the Foundation Social Consequence and approved by the structural plan and give Stora Sköndal Analysis for Stora City Planning Office, recommendations for 2019-01-30 Sköndal (SCA) City of Stockholm) further work to create a socially sustainable district. Barnkonsekvensanalys The CCA aims at: Stora Sköndal (BKA) Bringing in a child Made for the perspective and from the Landskapslaget Foundation Stora child’s perspective what & Spacescape for Sköndal. (registered values, important places, the Foundation Child Consequence and approved by the possibilities and challenges Stora Sköndal analysis (CCA) City Planning Office, within and around the 2019-01-30 City of Stockholm) programme area, existing and suggested ones. Vision för The vision document Vision document for stadsbyggande i Stora presents the ideas and The Foundation the urban Sköndal – nya möten visions that the landowner, Stora Sköndal constructions at the på historisk mark the Foundation Stora

Vision for urban district of Stora Sköndal, have for the urban construction in Stora Sköndal. planning programme. Main Sköndal – new focus lies on sustainability meetings on historic in general and specificically land. social sustainability. Hållbarhetsprogram för The aim with this document stadsutveckling av is to clarify goals and Stora Sköndal questions concerning the Jöhnemark A.M. urban development area of for the Guiding and steering Stora Sköndal. It shall also Foundation Stora Sustainability document. be a comprehensive Sköndal programme for urban document that guides and 2017 planning of Stora steers the urban Sköndal development towards its sustainability goals. Kvalitetsprogram för The intention is to be a joint Magnoliatomten. Inom framework for common området Stora Sköndal goals, principles and requirements for the A binding document Landskapslaget, development programme for goals- principles- Ebab, and the final urban design and requirements for Kjellander + of the land area called Quality programme the land Sjöberg for the Magnoliatomten. The for the Magnolia plot. development of Foundation Stora quality programme is the Within the area Stora phase 1 Sköndal foundation of the detailed Sköndal. (Magnoliatomten). 2016 plan process and a guiding document for the exploitation of the Magnolia plot. Stad i samverkan. A report within the focus Stockholms stad och area ‘Democracy & safety’ civilsamhället that consists of Löfvenius, for the recommendations and Commission for a Report for the actions for the City of Socially Commission for a Stockholm to promote a Sustainable City in collaboration. Socially Sustainable development for a socially Stockholm The city of Stockholm Stockholm. sustainable city. Focus lies (CSSS). and civil society. on institutional and local 2016 trust, civil society and how to build social capital via collaborations. Skillnadernas stad A report within the focus Bremberg et al. Report for the area “Living & urban For the Commission for a environment”. A guiding Commission for a Stockholm of Socially Sustainable document with the purpose Socially Differences Stockholm. to “give an overall picture of Sustainable differences in living Stockholm.

conditions in the city of 2015 Stockholm” Bremberg et al. (2015) Från delad till enad Recommendations and stad. Översiktsplanering actions for the City of Dahlin. för social hållbarhet Stockholm to promote a For the Report for the development for a socially Commission for a From a split to a Commission for a sustainable city. Focus lies Socially united city. Socially Sustainable on housing and urban Sustainable Comprehensive Stockholm. environment and Stockholm. planning for social strengthening of the social 2016 sustainability. sustainability perspective in urban planning. Vision 2040 – Ett The vision document is a Stockholm för alla. joint goal- image of what kind of city Stockholm shall be by year 2040. The focus Vision document for City of lies on social, ecological and Vision 2040 – A the City of Stockholm financial sustainability. Stockholm for Stockholm. 2015 Recommendations on how Everyone the city shall work to realize the visions are included in the document.

4.2.2 Semi-structured interviews Other important primary data used for this study are extracted from the conducted interviews.

In accordance with Wengraf’s recommendations, I divided the interview questions (IQs) in a way so they had a coherent connection to my research questions. Hence, each question is necessary and potentially provides information that can be used to bring clarity to the research questions and the aim of the study. (Wengraf 2011. p. 3)

With the aim to collect in-depth qualitative data concerning the vision and programme Framtidens Stora Sköndal and the processes behind it, I used semi-structured interviews with selected key persons from; the Foundation Stora Sköndal, the City Planning Office in Stockholm, the foundation’s primary consultancy firm EBAB and the property developers from the first phase (hereinafter the Magnolia phase) (O’Leary 2014. p. 217). By doing so, I aimed to get an understanding of how the people working with the programme perceive the programme and its potentials to go from vision to an implementation designed to strengthen social sustainability specifically in Sköndal and in general also in Stockholm.

The selection of the interviewees was done after analysing the main actors important for the development of Framtidens Stora Sköndal. Key persons involved in the development programme in Sköndal were selected and a first contact established over email. At an initial stage the interviews were planned to be conducted during a physical meeting at the City Planning Office and at the Foundation Stora Sköndal’s office based in Sköndal. Given the extraordinary circumstances with the COVID -19 pandemic the plane were changed and five out of seven meetings were conducted over the phone.

Two interviews with property developers were conducted over email, i.e. interviewee F and G. Table 03 presents an overview of the interviewees, their role, date of interview and a short comment.

All individuals asked to be interviewed accepted the request, hence the interview material is based on the chosen person’s comments, understanding and information. However, there is one exception and that is interviewee B, who replaced the CEO of the foundation. Given the extraordinary circumstances of the spread of COVID 19 and the fact that the foundation Stora Sköndal works with elderly care it was a very hectic time for the foundation and the interview with the CEO was cancelled and unfortunately not able to be realised at a later stage. Summing up, there were two interviewees representing the foundation Stora Sköndal, interviewees B and D8. Interviewees A and C represented the City Planning Office in Stockholm and both have worked with the Programme since it started in 2015. Interviewees E, F and G represent the property developers that bought land from the foundation during the Magnolia phase and have built properties on their plots. The phone interviews were recorded and transcribed, with the exception of the interview with interviewee C who asked specifically not to be recorded.

The questionnaire used for the interviews was developed during desk research. I collected research questions based on information that I found throughout my desk studies. I designed an interview form with the purpose to help answer my research questions, aims and objectives (O’Leary 2014. p. 201).

8 Interviewee D is not employed directly by the Foundation Stora Sköndal but contracted by the Foundation via a consultancy firm specialised on real-estate development.

Table 03 Overview of the interviews conducted for this research. Overview of interviews Date of Mode of Interviewee Role Comments interview interview Interviewee A was a co- worker at the City Planning Office working together with Urban planner & interviewee C during the project leader for Phone meeting initial period of the Framtidens Stora 18 March, with semi- development of the A Sköndal at the City 2020 structured official programme for Planning Office interview. Framtidens Stora Stockholm Sköndal.

From 2019 interviewee A is the official project leader of this programme. On behalf of the foundation, Interviewee B follows & Market & Phone meeting communicates about the communications 20 March, with semi- project Framtidens Stora B director at the 2020 structured Sköndal, internally & Foundation Stora interview. externally. However, she Sköndal do not has a position as urban planner (nor related background). Interviewee C was the initial project leader for Landscape architect & the work with the Urban Planner, former Programme for Phone meeting project leader for Framtidens Stora 30 March, with semi- C Framtidens Stora Sköndal at the City 2020 structured Sköndal at the City Planning Office & has interview. Planning Office been deeply involved in Stockholm the development of the programme from the beginning until 2019. Project leader & sustainability strategist (ecological- & social) Phone meeting Interviewee D is a for the development of 15 April, with semi- consultant contracted by D Framtidens Stora 2020 structured the Foundation Stora Sköndal via Real- interview. Sköndal estate development consulting firm

Interviewee E represents Property developer in Phone meeting two projects from the Stora Sköndal. with semi- developers side from the Manager for nursing 27 May, structured Magnolia phase in the E homes & new rental 2020 interview and project Framtidens Stora properties at real- additional e-mail Sköndal; a rental estate firm correspondence. apartment property & a nursing home property Interviewee F represents Property developer in 13-25 May, E-mail one of the developers F Stora Sköndal. Project 2020 correspondence from the Magnolia phase Property developer in Interviewee G represents Stora Sköndal. Project 13 May -3 E-mail one of the developers G Manager at real-estate June 2020 correspondence from the Magnolia firm phase

4.3 On-line survey An online survey was conducted via the Facebook-group “Sköndalsbor” (hereinafter FB-survey). The FB-survey was made with a Google Docs tool and all respondents’ comments are anonymous. The purpose of the survey is to find out how the dwellers of Sköndal perceive their district: What are the place-specific values that the residents most appreciate, what do they want to keep, what do they dislike and is there something they would like to change within the district? Figure 12 shows the questions posted on Facebook to the dwellers in Sköndal. Figure 11 shows the number of participants and the distribution of male and female respondents. The age span of the respondents is from 16 to 82 years old. However, the majority of the respondents are found in the age span between 30 and 49. Only one respondent above the age of 80 and one below the age of 20 participated in the survey. In the analysis chapter, some of the answers are presented in clusters to illustration how the empirical result meet the theory in this case study.

Figure 11 The number of participants in the survey and the distribution (presented in percent) of men (blue) and women (red). Source: own FB-survey (2020)

Figure 12 shows the layout of the FB Survey as introduced on Facebook for the respondents and a summary of the 12 questions related to residing in Sköndal. Own illustration & photos.

4.4 Unstructured field observations Unstructured field observation have been conducted on bicycle and by walking throughout major parts of the Sköndal district. The field observations were performed on a few occasions during the months of February, March, June and August. Notes have been taken with reflections from my observations and photos have been taken as a tool to reminder of the observations and to be used to illustrate my examples for the reader. The architectural annual rings of the different districts are clear and the different parts of the district have their own distinct characteristics. The areas and place- specific characteristics will be described in section 5.1.

4.5 Analysis In my theory section I present a thematic summary based on five theoretical themes. Each theme includes key elements outlined in the chosen reference theories and literature, as important for the creation of socially sustainable cities.

The theoretical themes are partly used as a mirrors in my analytic chapter, to intertwine my theory with my empire. However, based on the findings in my empirical material, I found it necessary to add a couple of themes to the analytic discussion to be able to grasp all important empirical findings. Consequently I added the themes ‘the child and youth perspective’ and ‘safety’. In addition to that, I

grouped the themes ‘place identity’ and community stability’ into one theme. Hence, the empirical material showed a logic to that.

5. Case study: Framtidens Stora Sköndal and social sustainability

To understand the historical and physical context in which the urban planning project ‘Framtidens Stora Sköndal’ is and will be developed in, the different areas of Sköndal and the landowner i.e. the foundation Stora Sköndal will be presented. This chapter will also include an in depth presentation of the case ‘Framtidens Stora Sköndal’.

5.1 Sköndal – today’s physical environment Stora Sköndal forms part of the greater district of Sköndal an area characterized by its different architectural ‘annual rings’. A common feature for all areas within Sköndal is that nature always is present: the lake Drevviken, the walking paths along it with its capes with viewpoints over the lake and the Sköndal area. Old trees inbetween buildings and houses and the hilly topography are other place-specific characteristics. The Sköndal-area is relatively isolated from the rest of Stockholm since there are no metro connections near the area. Despite the fairly short distance to Slussen in central Stockholm (8,9 km) it takes almost 40 minutes to get there by public transport, first by buss and then by metro9. The heavily trafficked road 73 goes along the western part of Sköndal and road 229 (Tyresövägen) cuts through the northern part. Despite the noise barriers along the western part, the noise from the traffic is significantly present in many of the areas of Sköndal.

Figure 13 shows the area of Sköndal with the surrounding, heavily trafficked roads 73 and 229. Source: Google maps, Sköndal. (2020-03-25)

5.1.1 Stora Sköndal Entering the Stora Sköndal area the different institutions such as the elderly care institute Villa Skönviken and the Ersta Sköndal campus are present. So are the old buildings and landmarks that have been in the area since the beginning of the last century. For example the church and Kristinahuset. The outdoor pool and the small natural beach with a wooden jetty built to facilitate people with different forms of disabilities to get access to the pool and the natural beach area by the lake, are other facilities that characterize the area.

9 Compared to a destination on a corresponding distance but placed along the metro line e.g. Farsta (9.9 km from Slussen) the journey from Farsta will take approximately 25 minutes. Only one mode of transport is needed to reach Slussen.

A B

Figure 14 Some of the characteristic landmarks of Stora Sköndal. A: the Stora Sköndal’s church and clock- tower. B: in the forefront another old clock-tower and in the background the Kristinahuset and the lake Drevviken. Own photos.

A B

C D

Figure 15 Images of the wooden jetty built to facilitate people with different form of disabilities to get access to the water. Photo: A: View over the jetty and the lake Drevviken. B and C: the ramps instead of stairs. D: View from the wood jetty and Kristinahuset in the background. Source: own photos.

A B

D C

Figure 16 Photo A & B shows the nature beach with wooden jetty to facilitate people with different form of disabilities to get access to the water from the beach. C & D: the pool area with ramps and other facilities for people with disabilities. Source: own photos

A B

C D

Figure 17 Images of some of some of the activities that take place in the area of Stora Sköndal. Photo A: Institution Villa Skönviken (elderly care), B & C: day-care center for dogs and daily activity centre for people with disabilities (covered by the law, LSS10), D: Kristinahuset with café, restaurant and conference centre. Source: own photos.

The surrounding nature, including the lake with its many different habitats, greeneries and paths has a strong presence in the area (see figures; 12, 13, 14 & 15).

10 LSS is the law on support and service for people with certain disabilities (Sveriges riksdag 1993)

A B

D C

Figure 18 Images of the waterfront. A: Public benches by the walking trails and with view over the lake. B. Viewpoint along the trail. C: One out of two wooden jetties in the area, adopted to facilitate for wheelchairs and public barbecue area by the water. D. view over the lake Drevviken, the nature beach and the Flaten nature reserve. The images also reveal the many old trees and old buildings in the area. Source: own photos.

5.1.2 Lilla Sköndal The area of Lilla Sköndal is characterised by its newly built housing area with mainly single houses, townhouses and chain houses. The garage and a place for car parking adjacent or directly in connection to the house bodies is a typical feature of the area, as well as the many cul-de-sac streets and enclosed courtyards. It is a quiet, low-density, villa area where nature with the old trees, wooded hills and parks are interlaced with the many small-town streets with modern houses. A few buildings with apartments are also located within the area (see Figure 19).

Figure 19 Shows street views and typical house structures with town houses and courtyards, single houses, cul-de-sacs11, and private car parkings adjacent to the house bodies, in the newly built area of Lilla Sköndal. Own photos.

5.1.3 (South) West area ‘the Old district’ of Sköndals In the south-western part of Sköndal there is an area, typically characterized by its approximately 160 small wooden, single-family houses. These houses are a result of the self-construction project that took place in Stockholm during the first decades of the 1900s and in Sköndal during the 40s and the 50s (Stockholmskällan. 2020)12. The houses are typically small with wooden facades surrounded by gardens with mature greenery and old fruit trees. In addition to flourishing gardens, the typical house owner also has place for at least one private parking lot adjacent to the house.

Figure 20 Map from 1949 over the area of Sköndal. The city of Stockholm made available 160 lots for the self- construction (självbyggeri) of “small cottages” (småstugor). The layout of the houses shows the three house types that were accepted within the concept of self-construction in the area (Stockholmskällan 2020).

11 Dead end streets. 12 Municipal land was made available for families from the lower income groups to build small cottages with gardens. In Sköndal 51 out of the 160 cottages was specifically reserved to families with a family member that suffered during a longer time of tuberculosis (Stockholmskällan 2020).

Figure 21 Street view from the west area; the ‘old district’ of Sköndal. This is how the self-construction project looks like today (compared to Figure 20), with mainly small one-family houses with wooden facades surrounded by gardens and place for private car parking.

5.2 The case ’Framtidens Stora Sköndal’ The foundation Stora Sköndal is currently planning a city development project with a focus on the creation of a modern, socially sustainable urban district called “Framtidens Stora Sköndal” (Stiftelsen Stora Sköndal 2020a)

Together with Stockholm’s city planning office, the foundation Stora Sköndal has established a programme including plans for approximately 4 400 new dwellings, 1 500 new workplaces, service amenities etc. A majority of the already existing amenities and historic buildings are planned to be preserved, however some dwellings will be demolished to give space for new construction. The Urban Planning Office Stockholm claims that “there is very good potential for urban development in Stora Sköndal” (Scheibe Lorentzi. 2019). A significant and big development programme has started where the foundation Stora Sköndal, the city of Stockholm and other actors are developing the area with the aim to create a mixed, dense urban district with the many kinds of facilities that are required for a multifunctional area to thrive. In factsheet 3 (Figure 22), a list of projects planned for the area is presented.

In total, after the implementation of the project, the whole area is expected to offer housing for around Factsheet 3 10,000 persons and workplaces for around 2000-3000 The mixed city district ‘Framtidens persons (Stora Sköndal. Vision). Stora Sköndal’ shall include All work with the plans and project implementation is following features (approx.): based on the joint visions of the foundation Stora Sköndal and the city of Stockholm. The vision is based • 4300 new dwellings (out of on the idea of creating a more cohesive structure in 350 units are for persons with the district. This shall be realized by the construction special needs of “new streets and passages, new buildings, green • 1500 new work places structures, parks and public spaces. All extension phases shall have closeness both to service amenities, • 15,ooo sqm new premises urban life and good relations to nature, greenery and • 61 preschool sections water” (Landskapslaget 2016). • Extended health care • Three schools The first phase, the Magnolia plot (Magnoliatomten13) • Extended campus including has started and the residents are expected to move in during summer and fall of 2020 (Jöhnemark. 2020). If secondary school and high the plans proceed as expected, approximately 300 school dwellings per year will be built in the area until 2035. • One sports facility adapted for (Stockholms stad 2018). persons with disabilities • 3 town squares

• 2 city parks • 3 activity- and area parks • 5 km walking and biking paths

Stockholms stad 2018, Borg and Styring p. 31 (2019).

Figure 22 Factsheet 3 presents a list of projects planned for the area of Stora Sköndal.

13 Adopted by Stockholm planning office, 19th of October 2017.

Figure 23 Overview map of the programme area of Framtidens Stora Sköndal (marked with red dotted lines) and phase 1 area; the Magnolia plot (marked with orange). Landskapslaget et al. (2016)

5.3 The programme for Stora Sköndal – approved documents This section is presenting the content and, for this research, most relevant findings of the programme for Stora Sköndal. This includes the, by the city Planning Office in Stockholm, approved documents for the developing of Framtidens Stora Sköndal.

The programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal shall function as a base for the different, forthcoming detailed plans for the extension of Stora Sköndal, with the aim to be finalised by 2035. The three main documents are: ‘Programme for Stora Sköndal part 1’, ‘Programme for Stora Sköndal part 2 the Structural Plan’ and ‘Programme for Stora Sköndal part 3 Conditions & Consequences’. Beyond these documents, there are many more documents, such as Social Consequence analysis and Child analysis etc. The documents selected for this research are listed in Table 02.

According to the City Planning Office of Stockholm, the programme for Stora Sköndal is in line with the overarching visions for Stockholm as described in “Vision 2040”. The programme for the city development in Stora Sköndal, “can contribute and be a role model of how a sustainable urban district with focus on social aspects can look like” (Borg and Styring 2019. p. 8). ¨

The timeframe for the programme runs from December 2015 to 2035. During this timeframe the different phases, from start PM, the detailed plans and building expansions of the area are planned to be implemented and finalized (see Figure 24).

The programme aims to meet the needs for new spaces for meetings, new living areas and an infrastructure that better connects the Sköndal area with the rest of Stockholm. The mobility plan focuses mainly on a sustainable mobility, prioritizing pedestrians, biking and public transport. The area as it looks today is not well connected nor well accessible. This is also described in the programme as an issue that need to be improve. (ibid p. 11)

Cultural and historic values shall be taken care of and so also the biological diversity and resilience of the area. Closeness and togetherness are important values, that the plan wants to reinforce by placing important nodes strategically in the surrounding nature so as to inspires residents to adopt a healthy and inclusive living and working environment (ibid p. 9).

To create a socially sustainable environment the plan includes building a dense and mixed urban area. The idea is that this kind of area shall create closeness and trust among the dwellers, and hence, foster a socially sustainable neighbourhood with strong social capital (ibid p. 9).

Figure 24 The different steps of the process of the work with the programme for Stora Sköndal. The arrows shows how the process starts with a “start PM”, and continues through investigations, and approvals and finally the approved detailed plan and implementation (for each phase). Each arrow represents the different phases of implementations of the different areas within the district of Stora Sköndal. (Borg and Styring (2019) p. 16)

5.4 The process behind the programme: When talking about the process two aspect in particular are addressed: One is the process of involving citizens and actors in Sköndal to include them in the process of the transformation of an old district and the development and of a new district. As the programme is presented, there are aims of having an inclusive planning process where the voices of the residents and people working in the area are included throughout the whole planning and developing process. This have been done via several workshops were different groups have been represented. The City Planning Office (Stadsbyggnadskontor) had its firs dialogue in May 2016 – the Sköndal dialogue14 with the purpose to listen and gather knowledge from and about the local residents and environment. Different interest groups were invited with the aim to include a diverse range of people. Groups that were invited were; representatives from housing organisations, cultural and sports organizations, staff from schools,

14 Sköndalsdialogen

youth councils and, executive staff at the foundation Stora Sköndal. Approximately 80 percent of the invited parties participated. The result was summarized in a report that has been one of the supporting documents for the development of the programme for Stora Sköndal. This will be discussed further in the analysis in chapter 6.7.

The aim stated for the process of how to develop the programme is that the process shall be dynamic and “adapt to new knowledge, new policies and new needs” that might occur during the timeframe of the project (Borg and Styring 2019).

Another part of the process is the general process of following the different steps between the ‘Start PM’ and final implementation (see Figure 24). Each step comprises several elements and documents. One important issue is to reassure that the goals and visions are followed through to the end and to the implementation of the programme. It is important that the different actors have a good understanding of the goals and that they accomplish what is stated in the agreements. To do so the foundation have made the Quality Programme (QP). The QP is a binding document with the ambition to create a joint framework for common goals and principles for the programme area and the different actors involved in the process. The property developers agree to the requirements in the QP via signing the agreement (Landskapslaget et al. 2016).

Follow-up and evaluation of the QP- requirements will be done by the foundation Stora Sköndal in collaboration with the city. Example of requirement is that the report Vision 2040 – A Stockholm for Everyone, shall be followed by the involved parties and that each property developer need to specify how they work with strategies for sustainable travel and transport (ibid).

5.5 The six character-areas of Stora Sköndal In the programme six different “character-areas” (see Figure 25) are presented along with how they are planned to be developed. The characters of each area described in the programme are based on how the areas look before the development projects started and how the respective area’s character will be developed throughout coming project phases. Each character-area is defined with its specific “sociotopic values” (sociotopvärden15). For example, the Magnolia plot’s sociotopic values defined in the Programme for Stora Sköndal are: “event, recreation, rest, meetings, floral splendour and cultural history”. Examples of Lövholmen & Ekbacken’s sociotopic values are; “events, playground, floral splendour and rest”. Examples of some sociotop values of Kyrkbyn are; “picnic, barbecue area, cultural history, bathe, ball games, nature experience and rest”. Berga strand’s values are; “event, playing in nature, nature experience and bathe” etc. Finally, the sociotopic values of the character area of Västra Flaten and Skogsbyn are; “exercise, outlook, recreation, rest”. (Borg and Styring. 2019 p.p. 59-77)

15 The concept of sociotop was introduced by the landscape architecture student Alexander Ståhle and was defines as a public space and “a place for people’s activities and experiences” or “ a specific place, usage and importance in a specific culture”. Each sociotop (i.e. place) has its own user value and importance depending on who uses the place and for what it is used. Hence, the local culture and the regular users can define the sociotopic value of a place. Example of Sociotop can be Central park in NY or the waterfront walking trails in Sköndal. When talking about sociotops, the value that the users give the place, is in focus.

Figure 25 showing the area of Stora Sköndal with its six character-areas: Magnolia, Lövholmen & Ekbacken, Kyrkbyn, Berga strand, Västra Flaten and Skogsbyn. The image is based on the different maps over the character- areas” presented in the Programme for Stora Sköndal, in the chapter for the Structural plan. Source: Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019b).

5.6 The six principles for the urban construction To build a “resilient and robust urban structure” six principles for the new urban constructions have been defined within the programme for Stora Sköndal. They ought to work as guidelines and are defined based on the four main areas of challenges that might arise during the project period. The challenges are within social life, cultural & natural environment, and mobility. The six principles are listed below and illustrated with maps in Figure 26 and Figure 27. Here follows a short description of each principle:

The principle ‘The cultural environment placed in centres, (map 1) encompasses the social-historical values of the area and the old cultural buildings will be “preserved in its entirety and from here, the new urban district will grow […] the new local center will be in direct connection to this cultural environment” (Borg and Styring 2019 p. 28)

The Principle ‘Three plateaus are woven together’ (map 2) aims to make the orientation in the area better. The buildings shall take account for the surroundings for example, higher buildings are planned for the area adjacent to the forest and lower buildings nearby the water.

With the principle ‘Dense and permeable structure’ (map 3) the goal is to take into account the presents of the Flaten nature reserve and the ecological system. The idea is to make permeable and less dense structure where buildings meet nature, and a more close and denser structure in the more

urban areas. “The courtyards have clear boundaries and shall be directly connected to common indoor places, stairways and roof terraces” (ibid)

Figure 26 shows the maps that illustrate the three of the six principles for urban construction: map 1) the cultural environment place in the center; map 2) three plateaus are woven together; map 3) Dense and permeable structure. Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019).

The principle ‘Many street and path connections’ (map 4) aims to connect the district from within but also with surrounding districts with many streets and paths that prioritize walking, biking and public transport. New car free connections will be added to Lilla Sköndal and Flaten.

‘A pearl belt of multifunctional places’ (map 5) is a principle that aims to contribute to safety in the area. Both quiet and active places will be developed. “Recreation paths connect target points for socializing, culture and outdoor life” (ibid).

The principle for ‘An actively shaped urban edge’ (map 6) aiming to connect the urban environments with the several nature and parklands. Nature will be preserved around the district and can be “active and recreational environments with cultural and sport functions” (ibid).

Figure 27 shows the maps that illustrate the three of the six principles for urban construction: map 4) many streets and path connections; map 5) a pearl belt of multifunctional places; map 6) An actively shaped urban edge. Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019)

5.7 Area specific characters of Stora Sköndal – enhancing social sustainability Conservation and development of social life, nature, culture and mobility are high priority within the programme for Stora Sköndal.

In the structural plan some specific values are underlined for special caution when it comes to preservation. One of them is the socioecological values that exist in Sköndal due to the closeness to nature and water (Borg and Styring 2019. p. 32). In this context, the actively shaped urban edges and the permeable structure are mentioned as important to create a balance between the built environment and nature. Some of the already existing buildings are mentioned as playing an important role for making a coherent environment with room for meetings both outdoors and indoors. Large areas around the lake Drevviken and the nature reserve Flaten will be more accessible and become public places. However, new constructions and planning shall reinforce and connect the places in a better way. It is the foundation that is responsible for the structural plan and the aim is to create a physical environment, with buildings and surrounding nature that improves the conditions to share “everyday life with neighbours, colleagues and fellow students” (ibid p. 32). The housing structure will go from a low level of construction to a higher and denser one. The aim is to continue to offer rental apartments for seniors, students, people with special needs and exposed groups. However, approximately 50 percent of the apartments shall be tenant-owned, with the purpose to create a more diverse neighbourhood.

The sociocultural value of offering sports facilities for people with functional variations will increase. Today there is a wooden pier and a beach with facilities that support persons with disabilities. This will be complemented with a sports hall “for all” that is adopted to people with different functional variations.

The scales and volumes should contribute to a neighbourhood with “a structure that is trustful and safe” and that is in balance with the adjacent nature. Hence, close to forest areas buildings up to 12 floors are suggested, while closer to the lake, no more than four-floor buildings should be allowed. However, these buildings are often suggested to be in the same blocks, but their location depends on their placement within the block and what the adjacent surroundings consist of, for example, a main street, a forest, a lake etc. (see examples in Figure 27 and Figure 28).

When referring to trustful and safe environments, the programme brings up to the two principles, of which the first is the “principle of closeness” - closeness to institutions, public parks and service amenities. For example a maximum of 200 meters to the nearest greenery, not more than 500 meters to playgrounds and activity areas, bus stops shall be reached within a distance of no more than 400 meters and recreation such as sport, outdoor life and culture shall be around the corner. The “principle of eyes on the straw” means that the architecture and planning enhances meetings among people moving around in the areas. This is suggested to be realised via the active ground floors that each block shall have. (ibid. p. 38)

Figure 28 shows an example of an area model with 4 to 12 floors. Source Borg and Styring p. 36 (2019)

Figure 29 shows an example of an area-model with 5 to 12 floors. Source: Borg and Styring p. 36 (2019)

Stora Sköndal shall be developed into a mixed city district. The aims presented in the programme and vision documents describe an area with around 50 % rental housing and 50 % tenant-owned apartments, including the 4,300 new dwellings and approximately 15,000 square meters of new premises. Each area shall include a diverse setup of housing tenures in order to avoid housing monocultures. It is important that each area includes different housing options for the dwellers, e.g. rental, tenant- owned, housing for seniors, students and apartments for people with special needs etc (see Figure 30).

Active roof landscapes with chaired roof terraces and cultivation possibilities are area-specific characters for Stora Sköndal.

The chaired roof landscapes aim to offer a togetherness which also might contribute to a safer area.

Figure 30 The ground floors in the mixed city district. Source: Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019)

5.8 Focus on social and ecological functions for public places In Stora Sköndal there are parks, nature trails, plazas, lakes for swimming and ice-skating (during the winter season) etc. Both blue and green structures are present and play a central role for the identity of the area today and are meant to do so also in the future. The eastern shore park with nature bathing area by the lake, Lövholmen, the park around Kristinahuset, jetties, the ‘experience trail’ at Lövudden and the entire nature reserve of Flaten are examples of existing sociotopes with appreciated values (see Figure 14 to Figure 18).

According to the programme plans, Stora Sköndal’s activities, services and public spaces, in the more urban areas, and also in the nature areas, shall all be connected to each other through pathways according the urban construction principle of ‘Many street and path connections’. In the programme-plans the “nature parks” are described as some of the most important nodes in the area. Hence, nature is an important value and identity for the area also in the future. (Borg and Styring. 2019. p. 39). These public places in Stora Sköndal, often in a nature-close environment, offer activities both for those who want to be physically active but also just for contemplation and rest.

Figure 31 Access to public spaces, parks, trails and squares. Source: Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019).

5.9 Mobility In general, the Stora Sköndal programme aims to provide for better connectivity to the rest of Sköndal and to surrounding areas such as Farsta and Skarpnäck. The accessibility and the physical environment do not meet good standards for infrastructure as it is today: “the area has historically been isolated from its surroundings and so it is today […] the street structure in the area is difficult to orient in, inaccessible and is perceived as unsafe” (Borg and Styring 2019p. 11)

The programme says the new project, with more dwellings and workplaces will provide the basis for a new sustainable mobility plan and that there will be an increased need for development of the mobility plan for the area. The suggested focus is on pedestrians, commuting bikers and public transport with bus, but also a new metro stop is mentioned as one of the mobility options that should be justifiable with a more dense area and a significant increase of people living and working in Sköndal (Borg and Styring. 2019. p. 51). The suggested location for the metro entrance is either at Sköndal’s center, Skogsbyn or at Berga square. Another suggestion is that the city provides a new entrance at Skarpnäck metro which will be within a 10 minute bike ride from Sköndal’s northern area (and approximately 20 minutes biking from the southern area). The aim with the new infrastructure is to

encourage environmentally friendly mobility options, and hence, parking lots for cars should have less priority and be less accessible than walking, biking and public transport.

5.10 The 4 M-houses The M-houses planned for Stora Sköndal will provide for possibilities, meetings, environment and mobility (in Swedish: Möjlighet, Möten, Miljö och Mobilitet). They will cater for locals for rent and cover around 50% of the need for car parking in Stora Sköndal. On the street level there are plans for active facades, on top of that a couple of floors for parking, above the parking floors there are plans for yet another couple of floors of apartments. Finally, the roofs are planned to be shared neighbourhood roof terraces. According to the programme for Stora Sköndal, each M-house is suggested to harbour activities with a specific theme within culture, innovation or recreation. The themes suggested for the M-house ‘Paradiset’ are: “meeting, food and entertainment”, the theme for the M-house ‘Wood-tech’ is: a permanent place for the Swedish forest and wood industry with focus on innovation, architecture, design, technique and sustainability issues. The M-house ‘Universum’ has the suggested theme of “play, movement, experience and knowledge for children under the age of 15 years old”. The fourth M-house ‘Peace and sustainability center’ is suggested to host exhibitions, think tanks, seminars and a digital platform and creative workshops for children and youth (ibid p. 55). The location of the M-houses and an illustration over how they can be designed is presented in Figure 32.

Figure 32 The map shows the suggested locations for the M-houses and the names of the suggested themes for the respective M-house. The M-house illustration shows how the M-house can be distributed by functions on the different floors. Source: Adopted from Borg and Styring (2019)

5.11 The Culture strategy - a way to create social sustainability in Sköndal To further reinforce and ensure the focus on social sustainability the foundation Stora Sköndal have made a cultural strategy. The purpose is to bring in aspects of social sustainability also to the project development process. To achieve that they suggest to focus on activities that are connected to; “art, culture, creative businesses, entrepreneurship, and the leisure industry”. (Borg and Styring. 2019 p. 42). The Foundation aims to increase the possibilities for local consumption and production of art and culture, they want to give the residents in Sköndal possibilities to “realize their dreams and ideas through their own creation and creativity, culture and education”. The Foundation’s intention is to create conditions for new collaborations with the City of Stockholm, the region of Stockholm and private actors. Additionally, the goal is to connect research to the intended activities and collaborations to “develop methods that can measure how art and culture can promote social sustainability”. Some of the existing buildings are mentioned in specific as suitable as art and craft studios or as café or microbrewery (ibid).

5.12 Child consequence analysis The Child Consequence Analysis (CCA) is one out of several analytic documents with the purpose to guide coming detailed development plans for Stora Sköndal. Interviews, workshops and meetings with children, parents and educators at local preschools and schools were conducted during 2018 and the CCA-report was finalized in January 2019. The aim of a CCA is to consider children and take into account the children’s perspectives in the developing area. To do so, the report shall “see and make visible what values, important places, environments and challenges that exist in and around the programme area”- from the child- and child’s perspective (Landskaplaget et. al. 2019b). The report has two approaches which are; the child perspective that is a description of the adults’ view as representatives for the children, and the child’s perspective that is when a child describes their own suggestions and ideas. According to the CCA-report the interviewees were all children from Sköndal, with the exception of the group representing high school students, out of whom only a few actually lived in Sköndal. This might depend on the fact that the dialogue with the high school youths was conducted at two youth centres in the nearby area Hökarängen, and not in Sköndal

Communication and traffic related challenges are highlighted from several perspectives in the CCA. This concerns the lack of communication, overloaded public transport (buses) and unsafe, crowded roads. Figure 33 illustrates how the options for pedestrians and bikers to leave northern part of Sköndal looks like. In the current infrastructure, car and buss traffic are prioritised over pedestrians and bikers. Consequently, the streets are perceived as unsafe, insufficient and as barriers in the district (Landskapslaget et al. 2019b p. 14). Youth are often dependent on the buses to get to school and activities and are therefore extra sensitive to traffic interferences. This adds another challenge to the social and ecological sustainability goals. Hence, there are no future plans from the City of Stockholm to connect Sköndal with the metro, and the district is planned and built in a way that makes it difficult for public busses and private cars to share the often narrow streets.

A B

C D

Figure 33 Pedestrians and bikers need to go over or under road 229 that is very heavily trafficked. A: the cross road with two red lights before crossing the road. C: A dark and bushy biking and walking paths that, in northern direction, ends up in an industrial area just north of the crossroad (A ). The second option to cross the road is via the tunnel (C ) under road 229, also that is a dark option, not least during the darker half of the year. Not far from the tunnel (C), there is a road bridge for pedestrians. All these options are surrounding by parallel roads and few places where people naturally stay at, hence these are people-empty streets.

5.13 Social consequence analysis In accordance with the recommendations from the report ‘From a spit to a united city’ a social consequence analysis has been conducted, based on the programme suggestions for the development of Stora Sköndal. The Social Consequence Analysis (SKA) method is presented as a method that the three biggest Swedish cities shall apply when developing physical areas. The aim is partly to improve the living conditions for the most vulnerable groups in our societies and partly to create awareness, about issues concerning social sustainability, for the people that work with development and urbanisation in different forms (Dahlin. 2016. p.p. 35-36)

The purpose of the SKA report is to understand how different life conditions and needs are met and to create an understanding of the consequences of the structural implementations. It also contains

recommendations for continued work with the physical changes of the development programme in Stora Sköndal. Through this report “the different conditions and possibilities that the urban form provides get clarified” (Landskapslaget et al. 2019a p. 5).

The model is based on four goal images (visions) for a socially sustainable area: 1) vibrant public places, 2) access to public services, 3) accessible urban environment 16and 4) mixed buildings (ibid p. 8). One aspect that Landskapslaget et al. emphasize as important is that the programme shall promote social interaction and create good conditions for local businesses.

Landskapslaget et al. describe the goal visions as follows: The vibrant urban places shall be well distributed in the entire area, how it is planned affects what kind of recreational activities and meetings that can happen. Access to public service shall meet the needs of people in different life stages and with different needs. Mixed buildings shall provide people with different life conditions access to the built environment. Housing, work places and other locales in the area shall “facilitate everyday life and provide possibilities for meetings among people”.

6. Results and Analysis – Social sustainability in Stora Sköndal

The discussion in the following section is divided into themes grounded on the empirical and theoretical material gathered throughout my investigation. Throughout the process of work with the case of my thesis, it has become clear that there are some issues that have stronger connection to both theory and the empirical material than others. The themes have been selected based on key factors that the empirical material have indicated as being crucial for the creation of social sustainability in the urban context of Stora Sköndal and Stockholm. The same themes are also frequently referred to in theory, and hence this section connects my empirical material with what the theory says. I have selected six different empirical themes as my analytic framework, to guide the analytic discussion and bring me closer to the answers to my research questions. This section aims to present the main findings.

6.1 Analytic framework: how to understand Stora Sköndal’s vision and programme from a socially sustainable, urban planning viewpoint As brought to light in the theoretical section, it is not easy to find a general and easily explained definition of social sustainability. The concept is complexed and the many different scales in time and place can certainly change its meaning and key elements. I sometimes feel the concept encompasses everything and therefore also nothing within our urban societies. Due to the challenges of finding and understanding an ‘as good as possible’ definition of social sustainability adopted to the conditions of Stora Sköndal and Stockholm the analysis will focus on specific themes selected based on the different theoretical discussions presented in chapter 2.

This research is interested in both the outcome of the planning area in Stora Sköndal itself but also in the process around the strategies and implementations for Framtidens Stora Sköndal. Hence, the

16 Accessible urban environment refers to how the area is connected to surrounding areas. Infrastructure and public transport are important factor that are analysed within this goal image. (Landskapslaget et al. 2019a)

themes to structure the analytical discussion are; Social Cohesion; Place identity and Community stability, the Child and the Youth perspective, Accessibility and Process.

6.2 Social Cohesion The vision 2040 for Stockholm, the CSSS and theories on social sustainability all describe social cohesion as an important feature for the well-being of our cities and residents (Abrahamsson 2013, Löfvenius 2016, Dempsey et al. 2011). Social cohesion consists of a mosaic of social patterns in our societies and relates to inclusiveness and relationships among different individuals etc. A desired effect of the interaction among people is social capital, i.e. a sense of belonging and trust between residents. As presented in chapter 2.4 researchers divide social capital into different variations where bridging social capital is most relevant for the matter of this section. Bridging social capital is about connecting people who normally do not interact with each other. For urban planning to support the existence and effects of bridging social capital, research claim it is important to create places and contexts where people who normally do not interact meet and this is also something that was highlighted by interviewee C (Abrahamsson. 2013, Interviewee C).

As introduced in the theory chapter 2, Dempsey et al. (2011) discuss the importance of, “Social interaction and social networks in the community” and how it concerns different ways and levels of interaction among the people living in the same neighbourhood. In the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal, it is clear that a lot of effort is invested to make the design of public space in the new district into a tool to create opportunities for recreation and interaction (e.g. Figure 34). The two interviewees and urban planners (interviewees A and C) that work and have worked as project leaders with the development of the programme also confirm this intention. Public spaces and blocks are planned to be designed with the ambition to facilitate spontaneous and organized meetings and encourage interaction among the dwellers. Another intention is also that the area shall attract people from elsewhere. Hence, places planned to supporting social interaction are for example, rooftop gardens, the M-houses that are planned to offer a range of activities of different kinds, and not least the existing nature and waterfront in form of a recreational space accessible for both the dwellers of Sköndal and people from elsewhere (see Quote 01).

(Interviewee C & A)

Hence, the values and focus that have been given to the creation of a variety of meeting spots in Stora Sköndal might be important features for urban planning implementation with goals for social cohesion. Further, these planned urban-designed implementations might also be a way to facilitate the dimension that Dempsey et al. (2011) call “participation in collective groups and networks in the community”. However, from the answers to the FB survey, it is clear that the major changes in the plans for Framtidens Stora Sköndal, come with many challenges. The densification and exploitation of land will not only bring a situation to Sköndal with decades of noise pollution and physical disturbances from construction, it will also bring more people together and put increasing pressure on the highly appreciated greeneries and waterfronts.

With a manifold increase in population and reduced green space comes a variety of challenges. As citations from the FB survey indicate, there are already some polarisations to struggle with internally in Sköndal. A perceived increase in criminality, as well as noisy and crowded streets due to construction work are negative consequences of the growing district that the respondents dislike to (see FB quote 01).

Dempsey et al. (2011) claim that there are especially two features that encourage more interaction, namely high density and land use mix. This claim supports the idea of densifying Stora Sköndal and offering housing for a diverse population. The aim of creating a diverse population in Stora Sköndal is something that frequently is mentioned in the documents from the Foundation Stora Sköndal as well as in the programme documents from the City Planning Office. Hence, the plan is to continue and expand the possibilities to offer accommodation for groups such as; students, refugees, elder people, residents who prefer to buy but also for those who rent. By applying the principles of density and land use mix together with the detailed plans to include residents for specific groups with specific needs, the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal might provide better conditions to realise the visions of creating a socially sustainable area and make a coherent district in Stora Sköndal. Or as interviewee E says: “We believe that it is important to make the nursing homes a part of the rest of the society and not only place them in a field outside the densely built-up areas. Partly for the sake of the elderly, but also to make it accessible for relatives and the ones working in the nursing homes. That is super important!” The answers from the questions in the FB survey concerning what the residents in Sköndal like about their neighbourhood and why they live there, several answers indicate that also the residents have a positive attitude when it comes to the land use mix of the district and the mix of people that this results in (see FB survey quote 1). However, the answers to the question of what the residents wish to change in Sköndal and what they dislike reveal a situation with perceived increased criminality and local polarisation. The safe, small-town feeling that many residents describe as an important characteristic of Sköndal is challenged, and many answers claim a feeling of decreaast safety due to criminality and an impression that socioeconomic gaps divide the population in Sköndal. One answer even reveals an explicit desire to get rid of the refugees living in the area. (see FB quote 01). These quotes can be seen as a reflection of what Abrahamsson (2013) comments on when it comes to the global migration flows and their consequences in northern countries. Similar to Bremberg et al. (2015), he points out social tensions and growing income and health gaps among the residents in cities, gaps that can grow into social conflicts. But, Abrahamsson also highlights the possibilities and opportunities with the globalisation trends and migration flows and suggests that they are an opportunity for Nordic countries to create a fair and socially sustainable North. Some of the respondents reveal a similar positive attitude to the mix of people, claiming that it is something positive which characterizes the area (see FB quote 02).

FB quote 01 (FB survey quotes 1)

FB quote 02 (Facebook quote 2) Sköndal already has today a variation of land use and the intention is that housing offered to, for example, seniors, refugees and students shall remain but also be extended throughout the different phases of the urban development project together with a direction of reaching a balance of 50% rental apartments and 50% tenant-owned dwellings. (Borg and Styring (2019b).

In accordance with what theories say, the programme enhances the importance of creating places for meetings. Being that in public parks or squares in the so-called “pearl belt with multifunctional places” that will be connected via the “many streets and paths connections” (see Figure 34 and chapter 5.6) or in the meeting spots in or around the new buildings. Other examples, highlighted in the programme, where interaction and relationships between the dwellers can grow are rooftops with space for cultivation and at the four M-houses presented in the programme as an innovative and important solution to strengthen local cohesion and result in social capital (Borg and Styring 2019b). However, Interviewee D’s comment reveals that the M-houses existence in practice is not guaranteed (see Quote 02) and interviewee E explains that the rooftop garden is only for the elderly residing at the nursing home and not accessible for public use (see Quote 03). According to interviewee D, the rooftop gardening might not even be desirable given the weather conditions with stronger wind on top of roofs compared to cultivation plots on the ground. Hence, challenges related to the actual implementation of the programme are not only related to financial schemes, they can also be of practical nature or even less desirable in practise than in theory or vision documents.

Figure 34 Illustrates three principles for urban constructions within the programme that relate to the plans for implementation of meeting places: 1) Many street and path connections, 2) A pearl belt of multifunctional places, 3) An actively shaped urban edge. Source: Adopted from Borg and Styring p.p. 28-29 (2019).

(Interviewee D)

(Interviewee E)

The M-houses are presented as a unique feature to work with interaction and activities on the local scale in the area. This is clear both from the interviews and the programme descriptions (see Quote 04). However, there seems to be a discrepancy between the notion of how realistic it is to actually implement the ideas of M-houses when looking at the answers from the interviews. The representative from the City Planning Office indicates that the M-houses will be implemented while the interviewee representing the foundation Stora Sköndal sees that financial thresholds might stand in the way of pushing the suggestion forward and making it a part of the strategy to create social sustainability. (See Quote 02 and Quote 04) For example, the existence of the M-houses seems to very much depend on whether any of the construction firms want to build them, even though it is likely to be an investment with a financial loss. This also goes for the rooftop gardens described in the programme as an important feature for creating meeting places and gatherings for neighbours (Borg and Styring (2019b) p. 66).

(Interviewee A)

6.3 Place identity and community stability Place identity and community stability are frequently emphasized as important features among theories on social sustainability within urban planning (Dempsey et al. 2011, Barton et al. 2013). They also have strong connections both in my empirical material and the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal The place identity can in many ways determine the well-being of the dwellers. Hence, if one can identify oneself, feel proud over one’s neighbourhood and well connected with the neighbours, it is a contribution to a person’s general wellbeing. On the other end of the spectrum, the feeling of not belonging to the local culture, norms and neighbours can have negative effects on a person’s wellbeing. The existence of a correlation between place identity and the dwellers´ health is something that the authors Emmelin & Eriksson (2012) argue for. They claim that “local climate, the norms and the degree of trust and safety that exists in the area” affect residents’ health conditions. A positive place identity and community stability have the effect on a place that Abrahamsson (2013) explains as “a place where people want to live, inhabit, and work in today but also in the future”. The answers from the FB survey indicate that place identity and community stability in Sköndal are quite strong, however also challenged. As Figure 35 shows, people tend to stay in the area for many years (see also FB quote 03). Connecting this research result to theory, researchers relate long-time stay in an area to the existence of a strong social capital in the community (Dempsey et al. 2011). In the case of Sköndal, the bonding social capital i.e. strengthening of cohesion among people with similar background seems to be in place, and have a positive impact on the place identity and community stability. Hence, a significant part of the answers to why people live in Sköndal and what they like with the district are related to family ties (sometimes over generations), or friends living there. Notwithstanding, there are also some answers revealing that things are changing with the densification and that these changes are not always welcomed and desired by the dwellers (see FB quote 04).

FB quote 03 Answers on the question: Why do you live in Sköndal?

FB quote 04 Answers on the question: What do you appreciate with Sköndal? In the interview material, it is explained that the foundation have a plane for how to invite the dwellers and visitors to know more about the programme Framtidens Stora Sköndal, the visions behind it and the work to come. The already existing strong place identify among many dwellers that the answers from the FB survey indicates can be important to work with by including and introducing the dwellers to the work and not least the visions of the programme. The foundation have a plan for that but given the pandemic it have been postponed for an uncertain period of time (see Quote 05).

(Interviewee B) Another factor that almost all the respondents in the FB survey mention as important for their area is nature. Based on this result, I understood that the place identity for the dwellers in Sköndal is strongly

connected to the closeness to nature and water. The natural surroundings are mentioned as one of the resounding reasons why people have moved there and why they like their neighbourhood. (see FB quote 05).mThe accessible nature is also one of the main features the respondents underline as important to preserve for the future. Hence, with a few exceptions, all respondents answered with different wordings that the nature and the small-town feeling are what they consider important to preserve when developing the district. Other types of answers are mainly focused on the community, where concepts such as “the Sköndal-spirit”, “openness” and “togetherness” (FB-survey answers) are mentioned as positive and valuable features of the area. A few answers also mention physical spaces and buildings as important to preserve for the future (see FB quote 05).

Theory argues that place identity has to do with the sense of pride and belonging to both the physical environment and to the people with whom one shares the space (Dempsey et al. 2011). Just as theory connects a positive place identity with community attachment, I understand the survey responses from the dwellers in Sköndal as a confirmation of what the theory says. Hence, the answers reveal that many dwellers have lived in the area for a long period of life (see Figure 34). Several answers show that people move back to the area to live near other family members and the perceived positive spirit among the dwellers is something appreciated. Worth noting is that the majority of the dwellers that answered that they lived in the area less than five years live in the newly built district ‘Lilla Sköndal’ or in the centre of Sköndal. Hence, the few years of residing in the area is likely an effect of the expansion and the new dwellings. While the older areas are inhabited by people who like their neighbourhood and choose to stay there for many years, or even move back after trying other places elsewhere.

FB quote 05 Answers to the questions of what people like about Sköndal and what they would like to preserve.

Figure 35 shows the result from the FB Survey question “How many years have you lived in Sköndal? The number of dwellers is showed on the y-axis and the number of years they have lived in Sköndal is shown on the x-axis. Source: own FB-survey (2020).

6.4 The child and the youth perspective The child and youth perspective has strong connections both to theory and empirical results. In the FB survey, many respondents expressed worries about the lack of activities for the existing group of youth and not least for the coming generation of youth, given the many small children that have moved to Sköndal, and that will move there when more housing will be in place. The respondents express concern about the lack of schools, not least the absence of a secondary school (7th to 9th grade) and high school.

When it comes to the lack of nearby secondary schools, it has a real effect on relatively young children that have to start commuting to school at the age of 13 as Sköndal offers no option of secondary school within the area. As highlighted in section 6.6 on accessibility, there are many criticisms from the dwellers concerning the commuting traffic, with overloaded buses and construction that hinders traffic passing smoothly through the district. The important bus stop to exit and enter Sköndal, the Northern Sköndal stop, is also highlighted as an unsafe place with muggings and youth robberies (see FB quote 06). However, the programme includes a new school that comprises preschool classes and up to ninth grade. It supposed to be in place approximately by year 2029 (see Quote 06).

(Interviewee A) The Child Consequence Analysis (CCA) done for the programme area highlights the child perspective and what values and important places that exist from a child’s perspective. Considering the comments from the FB survey, the dwellers pinpoint several existing challenges concerning children and youth within and around the programme area. To relate this discussion to youth, these factors will most probably also affect youth in their self-dependency and possibilities to access other parts of the town not adjacent to their home district. In the perspective of social sustainability this is problematic as youth might be a group among Sköndal dwellers that are impeded in their life due to lack of communications and lack of local amenities suitable for this age group (Landskapslaget et al. 2019b p.p. 8-10).

With the additional approximately 4500 new dwellings and around 1500-2000 new workplaces that are planned for the district, public transportation and communications are important issues to deal with. The situation today is already problematic and from the interviews in the CCA it appears that the buses that the youth are dependent on to go to school are often overloaded during rush hour and several buses in a row pass without room left to let more passengers on (Landskapslaget 2019b. p. 29). Several answers from the FB-survey confirm this situation as something problematic for all residents but not least for the youth in the area that need to go to school in other districts of Stockholm and who less likely have access to other mobility options (see FB quote 06).

FB quote 06 Answers to the question “What do you like less about Sköndal? The CCA-report has a weakness. According to the report, the interviewees were all children from Sköndal, with the exception of the high school students, whom only a few actually lived in Sköndal. It seems that the youth of Sköndal are a so-called silent group that have not been able to make their voices heard in the process of preparation and development of the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal. The same group is also “silent” in my own FB survey where only one person in the age span of 13-21 answered. In relation to youth in Sköndal, there are several respondents that express concerns that there are many youth in the area but not enough for them to do. This sometimes results in a sense of reduced safety or frustration (see FB quote 06)

However, from the unstructured field observations and information accessed from the Facebook group ‘Sköndalsbor’, several appreciated places and activities area offered for the younger generation of residents in Sköndal have been observed. For example, there is a sea and land scout corps that is very active using both the nature on land and the water for their activities. During spring and summer marshal arts classes for youth have been offered as an outdoor activity in the area. Not least, the summer offers many options for swimming and playing and places for hang outs by and in the water.

6.5 Safety Safety is another thing that theory connects to social sustainability. For example, Abrahamsson et al. (2013) argue that safety is one of the most important pillars that social sustainability is based on, and they define safety (discussed in an urban context) as something that concerns anticipation of e.g. work and income. It is also one of the goal areas that the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Stockholm (CSSS) claims as being an important component in our societies to strengthen social sustainability. It is a complex concept that encompasses several meanings. Another commonly discussed definition of safety and perceived safety is protection from crime, violence and other kinds of unwanted aggravations. These different ways of defining safety in the urban context are both recognized in theory as significant components for social sustainability. However, for this analysis, the main focus will be on safety in the latter form since that kind of safety shows a stronger connections to my empirical material. Safety issues in the form of crime-related safety seems to be an important issue for the dwellers of Sköndal. A perceived increased in crime in the area is something that worries many of the respondents in the FB survey (see FB quote 07).

FB quote 07 Extracts of answers to the question ‘What do you like less about Sköndal?’ See note concerning Skarpnäck17

Safety, in the way that Abrahamsson et al. (2013) defines it i.e. as the ability to anticipate work and income is nothing that is addressed by the FB survey responders i.e. the dwellers of Sköndal. However, it is addressed in the vision and programme where local job creation is highlighted as one of the important components within the programme. Hence, it is stated that the area shall offer work places to around 2000 to 3000 persons (Stora Sköndal. Vision). This goes well not only with what the theory claims as being important for safety in the sense of work and incomes, but also for the sake of accessibility to workplaces and service. Accessibility will be further discussed below in section 6.6.

However, in the way that it is discussed in the vision programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal and by the CSSS, the focus is more on how design of our public spaces and buildings can contribute to safety and perceived safety. It is also related to as an important component for the community stability and the local trust that exists, which is why safety is strongly connected to the concept of social capital and community stability.

6.6 Accessibility Accessibility is one of the most important issues to consider when planning for a socially sustainable city. Theory highlights several things as important facilitators of people’s lives when they are accessible. As Dahlin (2016) underlines it can be accessibility to “work-places, public transport, schools, and other societal services, recreation, sport, and a vibrant cultural life”. One issue related to accessibility in Sköndal that stands out in my empirical material as something troublesome is the situation of public transport and the small crowded streets that are not dimensioned for the existing traffic situation with construction vehicles and a constantly increasing population. Another important issue to highlight in the case of Sköndal is the access to school. However, that is discussed in section 6.4, The child & youth perspective. The empirical material shows that the accessibility to recreation in form of using the surrounding nature, the water and parks is something that is highly appreciated among the responders in the FB survey (see FB quote 08. The answers often tell that the closeness to nature even is a strong reason for why many of the residents have moved there and why they like it a lot. Some respondents mention the constant construction, crowded streets and changes in the area as reasons to move from the area. (see FB quote 04) A frequent comment concerning access to services is the lack of restaurants, small shops and cafés, services which are often referred to as something that can make the central areas more dynamic and lively (see FB quote 09)

17 Skarpnäck is a neighbouring district and an end station of one of the green metro lines of Stockholm.

FB quote 08 Answers to the question “What do you like with Sköndal?”

FB quote 09 FB answers on the question ‘What would you like to add to Sköndal?’ Stora Sköndal is (relatively) isolated and cut off from surrounding areas with two big highways, a lake and a nature reserve. Even though Borg and Styring (2019) suggest locations for new metro stops within Sköndal and adjacent to Sköndal, there are no real plans from the City of Stockholm to connect the metro line to the district. Hence, it is likely that it will continue to be isolated even in the future, post 2035. In addition to that, there is a notable complicated situation concerning traffic and crowded streets within the area, but also at the entrance by road 229. As for the current traffic situation and the ongoing expansion of Sköndal the FB survey shows a strong discontent and worried voices over the situation. In addition, comments from several of the interviewees show a strong connection to how important accessibility, not least in the form of connectivity, is for the community and its well- being in everyday life. In other words, theory and the empirical material is telling the same story, i.e. it is very important for the well-being and everyday life of the dwellers to be connected and have good access to transport, amenities workplaces etc. Almost all of the respondents in the FB survey highlight the chaotic traffic situation, crowded buses, or lack of alternative ways to access the area as something that negatively affect the daily life for the residents (see FB quote 08). Current situations and concerns for future development are clearly situations that worry many of the respondents. Several respondents also blame the ongoing construction for the situation and there is a fear that the situation will deteriorate much more due to the continuous construction plans and the significant increase in the number of residents in the district.

FB quote 10 FB survey answers show a strong discontent over the situation concerning infrastructure and accessibility issues.

The explained complicated traffic situation might also be to the disadvantage for the Foundation Stora Sköndal and its objectives to create a socially sustainable neighbourhood as research shows that people with “longer daily commutes are less likely to participate in community affairs” (Putnam 2000

via Dempsey et al. 2011 p. 296). Not only jammed traffic and delayed buses affect the commuting time for the residents. For residents in the southern part of Sköndal it takes around 30-40 minutes to reach Slussen, and it is necessary to make two to three changes of travel mode. Only the bus travel within Sköndal reaches approximately 10 minutes. This can be compared to the travel time for someone living by the metro line in Farsta that has an estimated travel time of 19 minutes and no change of transport in order to reach Slussen.

If public transport does not offer a good and smooth solution for the dwellers to travel, that can jeopardize the sustainable mobility plans for the area. One fact that might challenge the sustainable mobility plans is the existing infrastructure of Lilla Sköndal and the old area in the western part of the district. As mentioned in chapter 5.1 the old area with single-family dwellings and the recently developed area of Lilla Sköndal are built in a way that encourage and facilitate private car ownership. In addition to this, the entire district is secluded from other parts of Stockholm and has a generally weak connectivity with public transport. This together with the discontent from the dwellers concerning the local public transport, are factors that might foster car-dependency among the residents. It may also, decrease the incentives to go from car use to other more sustainable means of transport.

Another thing that might challenge the high ambitions to make Sköndal a district with a sustainable transport profile and a new sustainable mobility plan with focus on pedestrians, commuting bikers and public transport with bus (Borg and Styring 2019) is the parking situation for the new dwellers, workers and visitors. According to the programme, the streets shall give priority to pedestrians and bikers instead of cars. The M-houses shall cover around 50% of the need for car parking in Stora Sköndal and each M-house is planned to have a couple of floors for car parking (Borg and Styring. 2019). However, as the result from one of the interviews indicates, these plans might be jeopardised. Given the comments from interviewee D and the issue of who in the end is responsible for the actual construction and running of the M-houses i.e. who is willing to take the costs even if it is a loss business? (see quote 2). I have not seen any plan B for where the cars will go if the parking lots planned for the M-houses will not be provided. The crowded streets are already as the situation is today, something that affects many of the dwellers’ lives in a negative way. The competition for street space and who and by how it shall be used is a complicated issue already as it is today and the future solutions offered to the dwellers of Sköndal are vulnerable when as many as 50% of the car parkings spots are at stake (if the M-houses do not get built). One thing that might be an advantage for Sköndal concerning mobility is the many local work places planned for the area i.e. around 2000 to 3000 job opportunities. Given people living in the area or nearby choose to work in their own district and given the city provides a well-designed and planned sustainable mobility infrastructure, the pressure from cars can be reduced. However, the many workplaces can at the same time contribute to higher pressure on commuting traffic and an influx of cars to the area if employees live elsewhere. In addition, the planned expansions of elderly care centres might contribute to more visitors who need to access the area to visit family members and friends. No matter how one view the situation, accessibility is a vulnerable issue in Sköndal, both today and in the future.

6.7 The Process - how to go from vision to a lived environment with social sustainability. The examples from Elander and Gustavsson’s report (2014), (see chapter 2.6) shows that one effect of the project support from DHS and Boverket (with the aim to include social sustainability issues in developing projects) is that it has served as a catalyst to enhance and increase knowledge and

understanding related to social sustainability in the urban context. Knowledge transfer is one recommendation that the CSSS also addresses as important for Stockholm to promote a development for a socially sustainable city (Dahlin 2016). My empirical material indicates that the effects of knowledge transfer have been seen in Stora Sköndal, both from the involved actors but also among the dwellers in the district. In the Facebook survey, 70.7 % of the respondents answer that they know about the urban planning projects planned for Stora Sköndal and 65.3% answered that they in some way have participated in some kind of dialogue connected to the developing plans (see Figure 36).

This kind of involvement and citizens participation also lies in line recommendations in the programme that aims to having an inclusive planning process to capture the voices of the residents and people working in the area. My empirical material also shows that many of the responders have participated in some kind of dialogue related to the urban development of Stora Sköndal. The answers have mainly a neutral tone but, one answer reveals scepticism towards the method of citizens participation and the actual effect of it. “I believe that it is difficult to find the right channels through where one can influence. Despite protests and appeals from the Farsta district committee concerning certain issues, it was built anyway. It feels like it does not matter what people think as long as someone else earns money in the other end.” (FB quote)18 . This quote can be related to the programme that, at an initial stage, should include 3800 new dwellings. Hence, the programme was accepted in 2015 with a total number of 3800 new dwellings. However, in May 2019, a political alteration concerning the total amount of dwellings that should be permitted to be built in the area was given legal force. In May 2019, The political decision was made to upgrade the final number of apartments within the programme with another 700 dwellings (Scheibe Lorentzi Anette. 2019). This is done despite that results from the planning consultations (samråd), resulted in a reduction of the initial plan for number of dwellings. “Through the processing of the structural plan, the exploitation, i.e. the number of dwellings, has decreased from 4400 to 3800” (Borg and Styring 2019a. p. 22). Interviewee C reflects on the concerns of legitimacy of the participatory process and the importance to keep it credible by actually keep the trust of the citizens (Quote 06)

(Interviewee C) As discussed in chapter 2.5.2 trust is an important component for the creation of a Social Sustainable city (Löfvenius. 2016).

However, there have been a fairly good outreach and there is an engagement from the residents side. Additionally, several of the answers from the survey reveal a consciousness and appreciation about issues related to social sustainability. Hence, the dwellers refer to Sköndal as an area that they like because:

18 One of the responders’ answer to the question “Have you or any family member participated in any form of dialogue related to the urban development plans in Sköndal? If yes, what and when?”.

FB quote 11 Quotes answering the question of what the residents like with Sköndal.

Figure 36 The number of answers (92) in percentage on the question whether the respondents are aware of the urban planning plans for Stora Sköndal or not. Red color represents NO, and blue represents YES.

Another aspect concerning the process and knowledge transferring, a comment from interviewee E revealed that the collaboration with Stora Sköndal also has had an impact on the involved partners and property developer IKANO’s way of working (see Quote 07). Interviewee E explains how IKANO brings their experience from the work in Sköndal to their bigger projects in, for example Elinegård in Malmö where they bought a big plot of land that is under development and will result in around 1500 dwellings of different modes and mixed use; rental, tenant-owned, town-houses and nursing homes. Further, interviewee E explains that the company has other bigger development projects e.g. the former Telia headquarter in Farsta and, the industrial area in Årstaberg, etc. where they apply some of the ideas on how to work to strengthen social sustainability via creating a safe and liveable area (see Quote 08).

(Interviewee E)

(Interviewee E) Both the City Planning Office and the foundation Stora Sköndal express that the development project ‘Framtidens Stora Sköndal’ should be a role model for planning with focus on social sustainability (Stora Sköndal. Vision., Landskapslaget et al. 2019a, Borg and Styring. 2019. p. 8). Dahlin (2016) also discusses in her report for CSSS, the benefits of having good examples to learn from and recommends knowledge transfer as a tool to strengthen the work for social sustainability within urban planning in Stockholm. Given the comment from interviewee E and the responses from the FB Survey (see Quote 07 ,Quote 08 and answers from FB survey Figure 36 ), it seems like some parts of the ideas and values have spilled over to implementation in urban planning in other projects where IKANO develops urban districts. From the survey answers it also appears that there exist a common consciousness among the residents about some of the features that the concept of social sustainability encompasses and the values of it (see FB quote 11).

Interviewees A, C and D highlight another issue that seems to be important when it comes to the process of going from vision to implementation of socially sustainable cities. It concerns the persons and actors behind the initiatives. Their answers witness a common understanding that the individuals behind a planning initiative, such as Framtidens Stora Sköndal, and their collaboration capacity and will to push the project towards the same direction, are very important factors that affect the results. The work with Framtidens Stora Sköndal is stated as one example of what factors are important to be in place to succeed with the urban planning implementations to reach the goals with the vision (see Quote 09, Quote 10 and Quote 11).

(Interviewee C)

(Interviewee D)

(Interviewee A) Another example that can show the importance of individuals and the effect of increased knowledge and awareness of the concept of social sustainability is the different result before and after a shift of management and internal politics within the foundation Stora Sköndal. Lilla Sköndal (see 5.1.2) is a newly build area that had no sustainability visions behind it, rather it was a way for the foundation to get money to invest in other activities within the foundation (Interviewee D and Quote 12).

(Interviewee A) However, behind the ambitious vision and programme for ‘Framtidens Stora Sköndal’ lies collaborative work both on a municipal level and on the landowner and property developers’ side. It is likely that knowledge transfer or capacity building have occurred along the way for the people working with urban planning, both on the municipal level but also on the private side. Awareness of some of the aspects that theory underlines as important for the creation of social sustainability seems to exist. But, what is the actual effect of it within urban districts or cities? Is this only what Borg mentions as “red washing” i.e. something that companies and actors use to build up an attractive sustainability profile and branding. Or, is it a genuine will to make a difference in our cities? It is difficult to say from the material extracted for this study. However, it seems like money talks no matter who is in control. Interviewee D likes to have a more positive viewpoint on this matter and says that:

(Interviewee D) Gustavsson and Elander’s (2014) report shows that one important incentive for the development projects to include the sustainability features into their projects was the financial support they were given. Even though the foundation always worked with social aspects and they are the initiator of the vision for Framtidens Stora Sköndal, financial issues can be one barrier for realisation of the programme. When I ask interviewee A about potential barriers and challenges, economy on several levels are presented as potential challenges for the realisation of the programme (Quote 14)

(Interviewee A)

Something else that is important to highlight when discussion the process is the Quality Programme (hereinafter QP) and its role in the process of implementing the visions and goals stated in the programme. The QP is a binding document that includes requirements on what the involved actors need to fulfil within the frames of the collaboration e.g. “report on three focus areas where the project reinforces a sustainable lifestyle” (Landskapslaget et al. 2016. p.31). Hence, the document shall make sure that the property developers follows the joint framework for common goals, principles and requirements for the development programme and the final urban design of the land area (see Quote 15). However, as interviewee D indicates, it is not always easy for the foundation to follow up on the property developers and to which extend they follow the QP. And, interviewee D do not seem to support the idea of using reprisals if the shall-requirements are not followed. Rather she suggests that the most important thing “to do is to make sure to bring in actors to the project, with same philosophy and will to work for joint goals” (Interviewee D) in general and social sustainability in specific.

(Interviewee D) With the planned development in Stora Sköndal there will be some redistribution of land. Some of the land will be sold off to constructors, while other parts will be transferred to the City of Stockholm. (Interviewee A and D). The latter mainly concerns, streets, parks and squares. The fact that the City will take over ownership and management of great parts of the public space in the district can be an advantage for the development of the project and provide opportunities for the City to steer the way they plan and wishes to use the land. Just as Dahlin mentions in her report on social sustainability, the City of Stockholm can use the advantage of owning land to “influence the social processes in the city”

(Dahlin 2016) and in this way implement the strategies for strengthening social capital, local cohesion and other measurements in the process of creating a socially sustainable city.

One explicit expectation of the project is that it can serve as a role model for how urban planning with focus on socially sustainability can be done (see chapter 1.4 Stora Sköndal foundation) – in the planning phase and in implementation phase. To serve as a role model, it is important to be exposed and disseminated – so that others can learn and know from the gained experiences. This part of the process is also highlighted in the reports made for CSSS where for example knowledge transferring and a creation of a bank that gathers “good-examples” of successful projects are suggested as a tool for developing socially sustainable urban planning (Dahlin. 2016. p.p. 33-34). Looking at the answers from interviewee B, knowledge sharing is something the foundation works with (see Quote 16.

(Interviewee B)

7. Discussion

In this chapter, the study’s result on the relation social sustainability and planning will be discussed. The chapter ends with a sum-up of the conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for future studies on the topic.

7.1 The process – the planned and the possible outcomes Already in the beginning of this research, it became clear that the concept itself, ‘social sustainability’ is difficult to define and it has been suggested that it encompasses different meanings depending on time and place. E.g. even within the Swedish city contexts, different cities focuses and define the concept differently (see example of Malmö and Stockholm as presented in chapter 2.2). This can of course complicate the work in progress and the processes around the implementation of social sustainability in urban planning, and in this case in Stora Sköndal. Looking at the example of Stora Sköndal, one can imagine that our society consider some things as important factors for social sustainability when the programme started to be developed in 2017, but that some norms, knowledge and ideas have changed by 2035 when the programme is planned to be implemented and realised. In addition to that, the concept itself has an inherent meaning and reason to exist (sustainability) as a concept that considers the future and the values yet to come. Hence, this re-definable concept motivates that the work processes and the people working with social sustainability issues need to be

flexible and be able to adopt and change along the way. Why just, as the CSSS recommends, knowledge exchange and education are important.

All documents used for the qualitative analysis indicates that planning can play an important role for the creation of social sustainable cities. Knowledge on how different urban features and how human behaviour function can support the aims and goals of making our cities more socially sustainable. However, the limitations are there and there are several challenges that can affect the direction of a project and change the direction of the first stated visions and ambitions. From the empirical material for this research there are mainly two factors enhanced: the first one is the steering effects of economy, things that changing the economic situation and frames that the project exists in or around. E.g. the corona pandemic forced the project to slow down and postpone some activities (interviewee B) and as mentioned by interviewee A the programme for Stora Sköndal is “designed based on a dense city and a large demand for housing” (see chapter 6.7 and Quote 14) and this demand can change if the economic situation changes. The changes of planning schedule forced by the corona pandemic have been costly and in the end these costs are likely to effect the end price for the apartments and the goal to have affordable housing can be even more difficult to reach. This can in its turn effect the goal of creating a mix district with a mix group of people habiting it.

The second concerns the human factor, such as the actual individuals working within a project, in collaboration or in periphery of the project. The empirical material shows that the individuals working with the project have significant impact of the formation of it and the outcome. I believe that the two very differently made development projects within Sköndal sets a good example of that. For example, when the foundation Stora Sköndal first sold their plot of land for the developing of the area Lilla Sköndal, there were no urban planning ambitions else than getting money to finance the main activities that the foundation works with i.e. elderly care, education etc. (see chapter 6.7 and Quote 12). That resulted in a small, suburban area with (mainly) single family houses with private car parking, one-direction streets, narrow streets with no space for buses in form of public transport. Hence, an urban development without urban principles for social sustainability. A decade or so later, the same actor (the foundation Stora Sköndal) together with the City Planning Office and sustainability strategist consultants make a very ambitious plan for a district characterized for its social sustainability. Several comments from the empirical material indicates that there are some people that have played an especially important role in this change of attitude and strategy. For example, interviewee D mentions that one of the co-workers at the consultant firm suggesting this idea of development of a socially sustainable district to the director and management team at the foundation, instead of just selling off the land. Interviewee D believes that that dialogue was a seed that was sowed and grew into something bigger i.e. the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal, a socially sustainable district. Several comments from the empirical material also indicates that the first project leader working with the project and the programme for Stora Sköndal, was an important person driving the process and the work forward at the city planning office. Also the director and the former property manager of the foundation Stora Sköndal have been mentioned as important individuals behind the concept and ideas of Framtidens Stora Sköndal (interviewee A and D).

As highlighted in the analytic chapter, the interview material shows several similar examples of when people working with the process are mentioned as very important for the direction, content of the development and the outcome of the programme. Interviewee D also mentions that nowadays, there are a lot of experience and knowledge on sustainability among property developers in general. Everybody talks about sustainability, even social sustainability in specific. Both interviewee B and D enhances the importance of finding partners that believe and are engage in the vision and the concept

that the foundation have for the district. “It is crucial for us to connect partners that believe and want this together with us” (Interviewee B).

Another example is from interviewee E who explains that the company has developed their own strategy document on how to work for sustainability and how to build sustainable living environments. And, as presented in the analytic chapter, his property development company have brought knowledge form the work with Framtidens Stora Sköndal into other projects they work with around Sweden where they now implementing some aspects from the concept of social sustainability to other new housing areas. In general, all interviewees seem enthusiastic about the social sustainability approach, however from their own perspectives.

7.2 The lonely player With the programme Framtidens Stora Sköndal, the foundation Stora Sköndal has an explicit ambition to reach the goals that the city of Stockholm have outlined. Hence, they wants to contribute to the creation of a united, equal and accessible city where meetings between people from different origins, backgrounds and socioeconomically conditions can take place (Stockholms stad. 2015). This is also the ‘Stockholm’ that the CSSS portrays. However, the reality of year 2020 looks quite different from what these actors wish to become. With the housing policies that exists in Sweden today (see IBF19; Abrahamsson. 2013) and the effect it have come to have, not least in Stockholm, it is difficult to steer monoculture away from our housing districts. Hence, each district have different status and monetary value and private economic margins of the people will limit the ability the city have to plan away from monoculture unless housing policies does not change radically. Stockholm did not construct gated communities with physical gates and walls, but the system has in practice created them. Hence, on one hand, the inner city and some suburban villa districts more or less exclusively consist of dwellings that only people with good financial stability have access to. On the other hand, some areas are mainly habited by week economic households. This distinct division of people, based on socioeconomic and racial factors have resulted in a disparity of diverse cultures and norms within the different districts around Stockholm. As presented in the chapter 2, the residential racial segregation is strong in Stockholm, and the effects in form of health and well-being connected to that is significant. With the high ambitions of creating a mix area of Stora Sköndal the programme Framtidens Stora Sköndal can be a player that changes the direction of the spatial segregation, but as a lonely player the result will be week on a Stockholm level. In Sköndal, however, the result can be significant. Another challenge however, on the way to reach the goal of building a mix area, is the price model for how to determine rents on rental apartments, the so called ‘Bruksvärdesprincipen’ 20. 50 percent of the total amount of the apartments in Stora Sköndal are planned to be rental apartments. According statistics they tend to be fairly expensive, and not what could be considered as affordable housing21 (SCB 2018).

19 IBF, the Institute for Housing Research: https://www.ibf.uu.se/om_ibf/ 20 The price model ’bruksvärdesprincipen’ is regulated in the Rent Act. ‘Bruksvärdesprincipen’ means that the rent must be determined to a ”reasonable amount”. The reasonable amount is determined by comparing with rents for other equivalent apartments – preferable within the same area. The apartments to compare with shall have rents set after collective negotiations (www.hyresrattsforeningen.se/globalassets/blanketter/din-hyra.pdf ) 21 In 2018 a newly built rental apartment with three rooms and a kitchen had an average rent (at a national level) of SEK 9,936 a month. In Stockholm the rent is even higher (SCB. 2018).

7.3 Youth, the silent group in the planning process In the empirical material and the programme documents both from the FB-survey and in the Child Consequence Analysis there is a concern about the youth and their situation. The concern relates to some different aspects. It is the current situation with lack of local schools, need to commute and unsafe public space. The concern is also directed to the situation with lack of places for youth and the issue of lack of access to these kind of amenities that youth normally inquire for.

There are no high schools nor schools for students at elementary school grade 7 to 9 (högstadiet) in Sköndal, hence youth in the age of approximately 13 to 19 travel to schools located in other parts of Stockholm. However, in phase 2 a school is included in the programme. This is likely to be of great importance for all the child families and children residing in the district.

However, a concern is how the Child Consequence analysis was conducted and the lack of contacts with youth that actually live in Sköndal when conducting the dialogue workshops. To find students representing grade 7 to 9, youth from the local handball team was invited to the dialogue (Landskapslaget et al. 2019b. p. 6). The youth from the local handball team are youngsters that are active in sports activities and cannot be considered as representatives of all youth of that age span in the area. Another activity was made at a youth center in Hökarängen. Hökarängen is an area located on the other side of the heavily trafficked road 73 and there are no convenient nor easy ways to cross the road for them to get to Sköndal. There is a dark tunnel under road 73. Given all the comments from the FB-survey concerning youth assaulting other children and the perception of a general increased unsafeness due to robberies and violence in the area, this dark and hidden tunnel might not be an option that feel safe for all.

Hence, the relation that the youth in Hökarängen have to Sköndal might not be too strong, why the relevance of their opinions is questionable for this purpose. Given the information on how the CCA was conducted, it can be interpreted that a silence group that have been difficult to give a voice in this matter is youth of Sköndal, in the age span of 13 to 19. This is problematic hence, in the CCA it is stated that youth in particular, want to be involved in the dialogue with decision makers when decision making affecting them e.g. in local urban development. Studies have shown that involvement of youths preferable shall be during a longer period and youth have expressed interest of getting their opinion heard and to get feedback from the dialogues (Landskapslaget 2019b. p. 8). The CCA states that youth are very mobile and often seek activities and/or privacy further away from home than small children can and which to do. Consequently, important qualities for the built environment are, a variation of size and content of places, and not least the accessibility to them i.e. good communication.

Another issue that is addressed in the CCA is the fact that Sköndal lacks of public amenities and it is secluded from other parts of Stockholm by the two highways (73 and 229) and surrounding nature (the lake Drevviken and nature reserve Flaten). The authors of the CCA mean that “insufficient communication can impede youth in their daily life though schools and activities tend to be located further away from home than it does for younger children” (Landskapslaget et al. 2019b p.p. 8-10). From this observation, both challenges and opportunities can be found. One challenge for the district is the location with its surrounding “barriers” and one opportunity is the, of many dwellers, appreciated nature.

7.4 Connecting social dimension to territorial dimension to create ‘everyday rubbing’ Meeting places are not only important for the youth. In theory (e.g. Abrahamsson 2013; Wallman Lundåsen & Trägårdh. 2015) and in the programme for Stora Sköndal, there is a lot of focus on the importance of creation of meeting places and that “the street shall be prioritized as a place for meetings” (Dahlin 2016). Dahlin also writes that it is important that the residents of Stockholm shall get a reason to travel within Stockholm and visit different places and that this shall be facilitated so that they can “get their own experiences of different environments”. This, she means, is “important to counteract stigmatisation and the mystique about different districts and their residents and can have the effect of reducing prejudice and rumours” (ibid p. 29).

However, the reality is not always in line with what theories says and some aspects that in theory are expressed as promoting social sustainability can from my empirical material be interpreted as a source for conflict. Hence, the aspect of public space and the meetings that take place in a neighbourhoods’ public rooms can be a source of conflict. The empirical material shows there is tension between people in Sköndal, between different generations but also between visitors and residents. Some complains about youth playing music by the lake, to loud and too late, other complains about messy kids in the center and several complains about youth assaults and muggings. The respondents referrer to this issues and often connects them with the perceived unsafeness in the district. Something else that indicates that the issue with the conflicts around public spaces can be a source of tension or even a conflict is the plans to, more or less, double Sköndal with approximately 10,000 more residents. All respondents in the FB-survey relate their attraction to their neighbourhood to the surrounding nature, greeneries and access to water. As the programme for Stora Sköndal is developed, some nature will need to be land for property development and the nature and water left, will be shared with the double amount of residents and additional visitors. The significant change of character and size for the area is challenging in its self. Already today (after implementation of phase one), there are signs of discontent among the dwellers. As indicated in the analytic chapter, the FB-survey shows that the discontent even makes people move away from the area, due to the densification and the side effects of it. Someone who comments on the phenomena of who, in an urbanized world, have right to the public rooms of a city, is professor Ann Legeby22. In the radio programme *Godmorgon världen’ at channel P1 she discusses “collisions in public rooms” and she confirms what theory used in this research indicates and what the programme for Stora Sköndal aims to do with the physical planning of the area. Hence, public space is important for the process of integration and meetings among people with different kinds of backgrounds and cultures, and that the physical form of public space is an important tool for creation of meetings and the creation of cohesion. Legeby says that; “the public rooms are like integration-machines where everyday rubbings occur. We need to protect the public room that one can use no matter where you live. Rather, it should be seen as a place where these meetings (with everyday rubbings) actually can take place. Because, they are so important for us to handle the coherency of the society. With this said, it is not meant that one should need to endure disturbances e.g. in form of criminality or loud noise in the evenings etc., in any district. Concerning these issues, we need to find a rule of conducts so that it works for all parties. I believe that we should be very careful to take away the places where unplanned meetings can occur between groups that

22 Professor at KTH’s school of Architecture “specialized in urban design with a special interest within segregation and social sustainability. (www.kth.se/profile/alegeby)

usually do not meet, or usually do not plan to meet. Rather we should create more of those places, so that congestion is avoid” (Sveriges Radio. 2020).

Legeby acknowledging the tensions that can occur in the public rooms when different groups of people meet. In the programme for the development of Stora Sköndal, the urban form is explicitly designed for this i.e. to create everyday rubbings with other residents but also with visitors. This is the strategy for creating stronger social capital within the district, but also to make Sköndal’s urban form and its composition to an ‘integrations machine’ with the purpose to make a more coherent city. The comments from the FB-survey, revels that sharing space with others is not always easy. With the approximately 10,000 new residents of Sköndal, the “rubbing” will be more intense. The FB-answers also indicate that the acceptance of a growing and more dense district will not be accepted by all current residents and some of them will most likely move away from the area along the process of change and densification. However, the result from the empirical material also shows that the new features that comes with the urban district and densification is requested by many. The expressed lack of schools, restaurants and cafés will already in the initial phases of the programme (during phase 1 and 2) be implemented. This might contribute to some positive effects concerning place identity and safety. I.e. children will get access to schools within their own district and will not (in the same extend) need to commute to other parts of Stockholm on an everyday basis. Coffee bars and restaurants can contribute to give Sköndal a more social vibe and safer streets, where neighbours meet and people are in motion. By that, the new amenities that facilitates everyday life can be a contributor to the general well-being of the residents.

What Stora Sköndal is planning for can be described as connecting the social dimension to the territorial dimension. The focus on meetings and interactions i.e. providing conditions for a strong social capital to grow, is a way to try to steer things to happen and take place in the actual territorial space where people live. However, it seems like it in reality might be difficult to get some of the strategic physical features in place that will push for the desired effect of interaction among the dwellers. As for the answers in the FB-survey, they also indicate that there is a certain resistance from the dwellers when it comes to the ongoing densification and remodelling of the area.

One issue that is interesting to consider is the excluding side of bonding social capital and the risks of exclusion when strengthening the cohesion among people with similar backgrounds. Interviewee E mentions that they plan to have incentives for the sharing economy in the form of an application and a storage room for tools and other things that can be of interest to share with the neighbours. However, this is something that will be offered only for the rental dwellers of the specific building. The same interviewee confirms that the rooftop garden at the nursing home is only for the elderly people residing in the nursing home and the staff working there. He also explains the complexity of the relationship with the foundation from whom the property developer bought the plot of land. In the case of the nursing home, the foundation Stora Sköndal will also be the rental tenant. Hence, the ones who administrate the rooftop garden is the foundation Stora Sköndal, as service provider of elderly care. Why this rooftop garden in specific might not offer a public room for the majority of the dwellers and visitors, rather exclusively for the elderly and the people working there and the ones who visit the elderly.

Another threshold to climb over before reaching an including and coherent district (or city) with room and opportunities for all is the negative effects of bonding social capital. Theories point to a tendency to less engagement and that people tend to stick to their own group even more in societies with growing ethnic and social diversity. Hence, the bonding social capital get stronger and contributes to a stronger sense of a ‘we’ and a ‘them’ (see chapter 3.1.1). Research indicating that growing diversity

in social networks undermines social trust among people in their neighbourhoods (Bouchillon, 2014) sets an example of a problematic issue to deal with for a multicultural city like Stockholm. Maybe one important factor to think about is the aspect that people in societies with increasing ethic and social diversity tend to be more excluding with others and instead turn to like-minded (racial and social wise). However, as the concept social sustainability implicates, the concept concerns issues that need to endure for future generations. Hence, as presented in chapter 3.1.1, Bouchillon’s study have showed that diversity and socialising with other groups of people have a positive influence on youth 16-25- year-olds (ibid). This research finding makes me think that an important piece of a puzzle is missing in the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal. Hence an explicit strategy on how to connect youth with different background to each other so that, when they grow up and represent the working, voting and parenting part of the population, they will take for granted an ethically and socially diversified society – a future in accordance of ‘Vision 2040’.

7.5 The future Social sustainability is all about the people and about how the decisions of present time will affect the people of today and of tomorrow. Urban planning is by its nature something that affects the future due to the physical trails it leaves to the urban dwellers.

The foundation Stora Sköndal is as of today the owner of approximately 50 % of the total district area of Sköndal. But, after finalizing the project Framtidens Stora Sköndal and by approximately 2035, their landownership will be diminished significantly and their possibilities to set the agenda for the district will not be the same. However, as a local actor inform of being an employer, caregiver and educator they can still play an important role in the area when it comes to the contribution of social sustainability and diversity.

Ones the project phases are implemented and finalized it will be the dwellers and the employers of Sköndal that are the potential carriers of the values representing the district. Hence, a plan of how to inform and inspire them should be composed and disseminated. Knowing about the background and the philosophy behind the district can be an important contributor to the place identity. From the interviews with the foundation Stora Sköndal, and with the property developers no information highlighting the aspects of social sustainability and the values that form the foundation of the district and how it is planned to be developed is distributed to the new dwellers when they move in to the area (Interviewee E). However, the foundation has created a place for meetings ‘Mötesplatsen’ (the meeting place) where they had planes to have an inauguration, in April, of an exhibition open for public. The exhibition shall show the work behind Framtidens Stora Sköndal and the aims and ambitions with it.

Taking theory in consideration and what have been discussed in this research concerning place identity and participation and the effect these concepts have on well-being, a well-made plan for how to reach out with the ideas and visions behind the district, to current but also future residents should be done. Initiatives such as ‘Mötesplatsen’ are important so that the dwellers can be a part of the process and understand the thoughts behind it. Given the many property developers and actors that will be involved in the process of completing the programme planes, it might be a good idea that the foundation Stora Sköndal stands behind such initiative and together with the other actors make sure to disseminate it to all the dwellers, new as well as existing. The intention with a strategic dissemination of the ideas and visions behind the district is to get all on track and create an opportunity to understand what and why this development is taking place.

Only by sending a clear message, the message can be understood as the sender intents it to be interpreted. If the people living in Sköndal, understand the history of the place, old and contemporary, it can be a good base for building a positive place identity and a sense of pride of the living area.

7.6 Framtidens Sköndal - a step away from monoculture, but still not The programme for Stora Sköndal aims to work away from the direction of monoculture and create a place that represents people in different ages, with different cultural and ethnical backgrounds etc. The empirical material indicates that this partly will be realised. The foundation will continue to be present with its engagement related to; extended elderly care, providing housing and activities related to LSS, support to unaccompanied refugee children, neurologic rehabilitation, education and so on. However, the empirical material indicates that the issue of insufficient affordable housing will continue to be unsolved. Hence, there are no plans to build “cheaper” dwellings: The interviewees refer to the national legislation that regulates the frames for how the prise model (bruksvärdesprincipen) of rental apartments looks like when discussing if it is possible to create conditions to build apartments with affordable rent (Interviewees: B and D). In the end, that regulation is what will determine the end price for rent that the tenants will pay. Given the relatively high costs for newly produced rental apartments23, it is likely that the many new rental apartments will have an impact on who can move to the district. This in turn can affect the goal of building away from monocultures and instead reinforce the monoculture that exists in Stockholm by keeping certain groups of people out.

7.7 Summarizing conclusions Conclusions drawn from this study are that the process is just as complicated and important as the concept itself. Not only the actual plan process, but also the process of implementation. Merely tools and way of working for urban planning enhancing social sustainability is weak standing alone. Contemporary discourse, political prioritise and not least, the private property developers and other actors involved in the process, all play an important role. And not least, within these organisations the people behind the different stages, from idea to implementation, are very important for the final results.

Hence, in the end, CSSS’s suggestions concerning educating, spreading the words about good examples, and a continued development of the concept and knowledge transfer about urban development for social sustainability to the people working with this kind of processes, are important. Being within the organisation of the foundation Stora Sköndal or among other actors at city level or private actors. However, the result from this case study offers a completion to what theory says and what have been suggested in the CSSS-reports. My findings indicates that the actual individuals involved and engaged in the work with Framtidens Stora Sköndal have played a crucial role for the direction of it. This result is not contradicting the suggestions concerning knowledge development and transferring. On the contrary, I would say that it reinforces the arguments that the educational aspects are very important and that these individuals and potential future planners, developers and other actors engage in building our societies are more likely to succeed even better with their goals and ambitious to create socially sustainable urban societies if knowledge is accessible and inspiring and if there is a common agreement that this issues are important.

When a landowner as the foundation Stora Sköndal who decided to play the role of game changer, invest money, time and effort to realize the plans it is likely that a change in that direction will take place. The empirical material indicates however, that the in-house priorities, and not least financial matters, of the landowner are important and that they manage to get partners and people involved that believe in and support the vision and way of implementing it. Notwithstanding, the results of this research shows that the steering effects of economy seems to trump everything, even strong will and visions. The economy can change the priorities and the frames that the project exists in and around. The very fact that the foundation decided to sell off parts of their land because they needed to get money to support their work within care and education, was a condition for the start and existence of the programme Framtidens Stora Sköndal. This study points at several similar financial incentives that impact the programme implementation in one way or another.

Politics are other determinants that can be a game changer hence, the amendment of the total number of apartments to be built within the programme is a living proof of that. The city planning board with a blue-green political majority voted in May 2019, ‘yes’ for the suggested amendment of adding another 700 dwellings to the programme. Notwithstanding, this is jet another side of the steering effects of economy though it in the end will result in more money to the foundation Stora Sköndal though they can sell more land for building permits. This change of direction does not only implies that there will be 700 more dwellings in Sköndal at the end of the project phase. It also implies that the results from the meetings with the people of Sköndal and the planning consultations have been run over. This is an issue of trust to the system and it undermines the participatory process that is stated both by theory and by the city to be important.

Another conclusion drawn from the study is that the programme for Stora Sköndal can contribute to a gentrification of Sköndal. One argument for that relates to the results from the study made by Spacescape and Evidens (2012) that shows that people with high income and higher education tend to choose places of living in highly dense districts with more urban qualities (see chapter 2.5.2), this are characters and qualities that Sköndal will have more of after implementation of the programme plans. A second argument for gentrification are the many rental apartments planned to be built. New rental apartments have showed to be expensive, not least in Stockholm (see chapter 6). Hence there is a high risk that the aspiration to build a mixed district can be difficult to reach. The students will be there, people with work and solid economy that can get contract for rental apartment can live there, the dwellers that can and choose to buy their own house will be there, so will the elderly and the around 300 people entitled to support via the LSS –law. Therefore, in one way it will be mixed, but it is likely that it will be a gentrified, mixed area.

The effect that the programme can have on a city level is limited. Around 4500 new dwellings are planned, and will be new homes for around 10,000 people. The contribution to more dwellings in Stockholm is in itself is important. However, if similar prioritisations to create social sustainable districts do not happen around the city, the result will be that Sköndal continuous to be that ‘hidden pearl’ that a responding resident said it is. And, if there will be a gentrification of the area, it will result in a district that offers many of the desired amenities and principles for urban planning that contribute to social sustainability and well-being of its residents, but it will hardly contribute to the issue of building away from monocultures.

In conclusion. The aim of this study have been to investigate if the implementations planned for Stora Sköndal can contribute to a more socially sustainable district and thereby to a more socially sustainable Stockholm. To find answers to this overarching query, the following four research questions have been applied:

1) What factors are claimed both by theory and policy to contribute to social sustainability? 2) How are the visions for Stora Sköndal interpreted and applied in the urban planning process, related to a social sustainability framework? 3) Who are the actors and what role have they played? 4) Are there any long-term strategies to secure social sustainability in the implementation phase of the plan?

I identified that the implementations planned for Stora Sköndal can contribute to a more sustainable district, (Stora Sköndal), but also contribute to a more sustainable Stockholm. Hence, planning is an important tool for the creation of social sustainability within the built environment. Notwithstanding, my results also shows that the programme can contribute to a gentrification of the area and thereby get less out of the desired effects of planning for diversity. There is also a risk of strengthening of bonding social capital which can contribute to a stronger sense of a ‘we’ and ‘them’ which is the opposite of a coherency based on acceptance and inclusion of all, no matter of ethnic, social, economic or religious background (as desired in vision 2040 and the vision for Framtidens Stora Sköndal). However, something within the programme that can have a counteracting result of the negative effects of bonding social capital are the many meeting places planned for Sköndal. My findings indicate that Sköndal can contribute to be a district within Stockholm that offers opportunities for meetings between people with different backgrounds, both for residents and visitors. For example, with its closeness to nature and water, and with amenities specially adopted for people with disabilities Sköndal is likely to attract people with special needs to travel there to get access to, for example outdoor swimming. If the indoor sport facility adopted to people with different form of disabilities will be built, it is likely that the area will attract even more people with special needs. Elderly care will increase in the area, and student and youth apartments will be built, hence the area will consist of a population of mixed ages. However, as underlined in my discussion, it is important that Stockholm create a varied range of public spaces throughout the city in order to reduce congestion and avoid conflicts and tensions among residents and visitors.

Nevertheless, a lot more is needed to create social sustainability and meetings among people than an urban planning project. For example, if there is no time allocated for staff working with the elderly to do gardening with the users (the elderly) or go out on a walk in the area, there will be a building for nursing of elderly and staff will come and go but the elderly will not be a part of the shared streets and spaces in the same way as if there are for example, resources to support recreation for the elderly. If the rent for the student apartments are very expensive, only a certain group of students will have access to them etc.

In addition, outside the actual programme for Stora Sköndal, many other actors and events can affect and steer the final outcome. Even actors and events on a global scale can impact the outcome. Agenda 2030 and the Covid-pandemic are examples of that. Via the Agenda 2030, many sustainability issues have been addressed and a general knowledge and understanding of the concept exist and is being addressed by many actors on different levels in the society. The outbreak of covid-19, is another example of how global phenomena impact our part of the world.

Our societies are complex and urban planning and form is only one out of many pieces in the puzzle that contribute to what kind of conditions urban residents live by. The contemporary discourse, trends and directions in the society play important roles. ICT and AI are other important factors, so are policy implementations and how contemporary politics steer the conditions and priorities of urban development.

When it comes to my first research question my findings presented in previous chapters shows that theory and policy are quite in line with each other. My theoretical framework and empirical themes address these factors.

As for my second and third research question, my conclusion is that the implementation of the vision strongly relates to what is to be find within the social sustainability framework that exists in Sweden and not least in Stockholm. As for the actors that have been identified as key players for the development of Stora Sköndal my findings have showed that some individuals have played an especially important role throughout the process, from developing of the idea, during the planning phase, to implementation. When it comes to my fourth research question concerning long-time strategies I identifies that a couple of things. For example, the practise of continuous learning and knowledge transfer throughout the working process are in place. To create a joint framework and a joint image of the common goals and principle for the programme area the ‘Quality programme’ is in place as a binding document that the property developers need to take into consideration and sign. However, the steering effect of economy have been identified as an overarching phenomena that in the end will and can affect the end result, no matter the level of proficiency and dedication of the key actors.

Lastly, via the programme for Framtidens Stora Sköndal, the district of Sköndal can develop to be a contribution to the goals set up by the city of Stockholm. Not alone but by being a cog in the process of making Stockholm the coherent city it aims to be. However, the programme and its potentials to thrive, needs a lot of people, knowledge, collaboration and hard work. The empirical material this research is based on showed that very clear. Neither the foundation Stora Sköndal nor the district of Sköndal have the muscles to be a lonely player. Rather, my findings say that there are several factors that contribute or complicate the fulfilment of goals and objectives of creating a socially sustainable district that contributes to a coherent and socially sustainable Stockholm. One issue that stands out as something that complicates the housing situation of Stockholm is the issue concerning affordable housing, and it is jet to be solved. That solution can not lie on a privet land owner.

7.8 Limitations, priorities and recommendations for further research Since the programme projects are planned to be implemented successively until 2035, it will not be possible to draw any conclusions on the effects and expected outcome from the visions, programme and implementations. However, there is a lot of material accessible, interviewees have shared their ideas and experiences of the work in progress and the first project phase started in 2015. The researcher’s role has therefore mainly been limited to; observing and analysing existing documents, both policy documents concerning social sustainability in urban planning and the specific documents concerning the specific case of Framtidens Stora Sköndal and to interview people involved in the planning and building processes. The results drawn from this study are neither complete nor final. Rather they are a contribution to raise awareness of the complex concept of social sustainability as interpreted in a Swedish context in general, and in specific in Sköndal and Stockholm. How we plan and build our cities impacts peoples’ lives in one way or another why I consider it very important to follow this kind of initiatives to find out more about the outcome and its impact on our urban residents.

In general it would be interesting to follow the programme implementations over time. Issues such as accessibility and safety have been things that the residents in Sköndal address and have strong opinions about and they are important components in our urban societies according theory for social sustainability. It would be interesting to look closer to these two phenomena and follow how the

situation changes over time when the six character areas and the principles for urban construction are in place. Will the desired effects be there?

Another issue interesting to follow up with further research is how the programme manage to create a mix area for meetings with people who normally do not meet and plan to meet. Will Sköndal offer this kind of meetings for its residents and its visitor and will that contribute to increased social capital?

The issue relating to gentrification of Sköndal is also an interesting topic to dig deeper in.

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9. Annexes

Interview questions

Processen

1. Hur ser projektledningen ut? Vilka delar görs av staden och vad gör stiftelsen? 2. Från vem kom förslagen och frågorna kring social hållbarhet? 3. Vad konkret har uppnåtts och vad har inte uppnåtts från första fasen? 4. Vilka är de främsta samverkanspartnerna? 5. Är ni med i något närverk för social hållbarhet (inom stadsbyggnad/planering) (främst till Stiftelsen)

6. Hur arbetar ni med att fånga upp projektprocessen och dess utmaningar? Tas erfarenheter tillvara?

7. Har ni använt era av några verktyg för att mäta social hållbarhet när ni utvecklar era projektplaner?

a. Om ja, vilken typ av verktyg har ni arbetat med under arbetsprocessen b. Varför valde ni just de verktygen?

Strategiskt markinnehav/ diversifiering/blandstad

8. När ni/Stora Sköndal beskriver vad social hållbarhet innebär för (er), skriver ni/de att stadsdelen ska innehålla både bostadsrätter och hyresrätter. Varför är det social hållbart?

9. I relation till ovan fråga, hur kommer ni arbeta med prismodeller för bostadsrätterna och hyresrätterna, i.e. planerar ni att ha någon form av differentierad hyres/avgiftsnivå på kostnader på bostäderna I området?

a. Exempelvis. Finns något tak på kvadratmeterhyran? Vet ni idag vilken kvadratmeterhyra som kommer sättas på hyresrätterna? Etc.

10. Givet det faktum att stiftelsen äger/ägde marken som ska bebyggas, kan det finnas utrymme för att pressa slutpriset på de planerade bostäderna?:

11. Har ni/Finns det någon plan för hur ni/man arbetar med hyresmodeller som främjar social blandat boende?

a. Om ja, hur ska den modellen se ut? 12. Vilken är den planerade snitthyran för lägenheter per kvm och per år (jmf med Älvstaden 1000-1400 kr)

13. Används den obebyggda marken strategiskt på något vis genom “palatsbyggnad” i.e. om olika aktiviteter genomförs för att engagera medborgare i det pågående arbetet och planerna?

14. Har ni använt upphandling som stöd för att uppnå de sociala hållbarhetsmål ni strävar efter när ni förhandlat med de olika aktörerna som är involverade? (se SABO p.

a. om ja, kan du ge exempel på hur ett sådant upphandlingskrav kan se ut? 15. I eran vision beskriver ni att ni vill föregå med gott exempel och vara en förebild i hur man planerar för social hållbarhet och bygger en social hållbar stadsdel. Har ni någon strategi för att nå åt med information kring ert arbete? Vilka riktar ni informationen till? Medborgare, andra planerare etc?

16. Via vilka kanaler sprider ni kännedom om era visioner och stadsbyggnadsprojekt? (ex nätverk, hemsidor, studiebesök etc) Genomförbarhet

17. Hur arbetar ni med att försäkra genomförbarheten med era visioner, så att de inte bara blir idéer i visionsdokument?

18. Hur säkerställer ni att sociala frågor inkluderas i planer och projekten? 19. Hur ser den reviderade planen för ersättningsbostäder ut för dem som bor Skogsbyn? Socialt kapital, mötesplatser

20. Vem ska odla på M-husens tak? Hur sker ev. urval? Vem kommer att ansvara för administration kring detta?

21. Vem erbjuds odla på de övriga taken där odlingsmöjligheter erbjuds? 22. Ni erbjuder ensamkommande flyktingbarn bostäder, har ni någon plan för deras utslussning till eget boende när de väl är för gamla för de lägenheter som erbjuds ensamkommande barn?

23. Fysisk och social integration – på vilket vis kommer denna stadsdel skapa möjligheter för möten mellan olika grupper av invånare? Hur kan de möjligheterna se ut?

24. Platsidentitet – vad skulle du säga är de tre viktigaste kvalitéerna att bevara för Stora Sköndals platsidentitet? Uthållighet och långsiktighet (partnerskap)

25. Har ni någon uttalad strategi för att säkra det långsiktiga arbetet med en socialt hållbar stadsdel?

26. Vilka viktiga aktörer ingår/samverkar i den strategin? Är näringslivet representerat? Aktörer i det civila samhället?

27. Hur har ni arbetat med social inkludering och delaktighet under utvecklingsfasen? (i.e. vilken metod för dialog)

28. Finns det planer på fortsatt arbete för att bibehålla social inkludering och delaktighet fram till 2035 samt när byggprojekten är avklarade efter 2035?

Efter implementering - 2035

29. Hur arbetar ni med uppföljande arbete för att mäta om era mål och visioner uppnås? Under projektperioden samt efter projektimplementeringen 2035?

30. Ser du några hinder/utmaningar för er att lyckas med att förverkliga er vision? 31. Är det någon speciell person som har ändrat stiftelsen riktning? 32. Vad anser du vara styrkan med programmet? 33. Finns det något ni har velat ta med i programmet men som ni av olika anledningar har fått rationalisera bort?

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