Stockholm's Environmental Programme

Stockholm’s Environmental Programme En route to sustainable development Contents 03 Six goals en route to sustainable development 04 The Environmental Programme affects all municipal operations 07 Everyone can help to achieve these goals Environmental goals for Stockholm:

09 Goal 1 Environmentally efﬁcient transport 15 Goal 2 Safe products 23 Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption 29 Goal 4 Ecological planning and management 37 Goal 5 Environmentally efﬁcient waste processing 43 Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment

On 17th February 2003, Stockholm City Council decided to adopt this environmental programme, which remains in force until 2006 inclusive. The Environment and Health Administration has coordinated the production of the Environmental Programme, and a substantial number of staff from the Environment and Health Administration, representatives of other Departments and municipal companies within the City, and a number of other external experts, have all contributed to the completion of this project.

ISBN: 91 88018 93 8

Production: Blomquist Annonsbyrå AB, 2003. Circulation: 5,000. Illustrations: Tobias Flygar and Robert Nyberg. Translation: Speak Right AB. Six goals en route to sustainable development

Stockholm is growing and faces the challenge posed by both retaining and developing its unique character. The City must be sustainable and an attractive place for people to live and work. The City generates the preconditions for people’s health and well-being. Goal 1 A good environment creates the potential for a good life. Environmentally This environmental programme is the fifth such programme since the efficient transport first one was produced in the mid-1970s. It contains the goals we have set for the most critical environmental issues. If the City achieves these goals, the reward will be cleaner air, water and soil when the programme period ends in 2006. The goals will also mean a reduction in the number and quantity of hazardous substances that affect both people’s health and the Goal 2 environment. Valuable areas of greenery and water will be protected and Safe products preserved, to the benefit and pleasure of the City’s inhabitants. Achieving these goals will mean a huge step en route to sustainable development. The environmental programme comprises six target areas, in no order of priority. Every target area is linked to one or more of the national environmental quality goals. The overall goals are broken down into detailed subsidiary goals which we believe can be achieved during the programme period. The subsidiary Goal 3 goals focus on the causes of environmental problems and the measures that Sustainable energy need to be taken during the programme period. We have chosen this consumption approach because it will enable the City to work preventatively. There should be no need for environmental problems to occur in the first place. Every part of society is affected by the goals laid out in the City’s environmental programme, and everyone must work together to ensure that the goals are achieved. This applies not only to individual Stockholmers, but to organisations and businesses, too. The ultimate responsibility lies with the Goal 4 City’s committees and boards, however, and with the companies over which Ecological planning the City has influence. The City’s rights of disposition and ability to exert and management influence have consequently been of considerable importance in identifying the goals formulated in the Environmental Programme. The City can exert its influence in a number of ways, e.g. by setting a good example and by being sensitive to the inhabitants’ questions, views and needs. The City is responsible for a number of issues in which the environmental Goal 5 dimension is a significant one, e.g. physical planning, childcare, schools, Environmentally waste management, the operation and maintenance of roads, civic engineer- efficient waste ing and real estate, the care of green areas and parks, and the supervision of management environmentally hazardous activities. The City of Stockholm can encourage an eco-friendly approach in its capacity as a major purchaser of products and services, by being environmentally proactive in its approach and thereby setting a good example. The City’s administrations and municipal companies affected by goals Goal 6 laid down in the Environmental Programme must, themselves, choose the A healthy indoor most environmentally friendly and cost-effective means of achieving these environment goals. Greater familiarity with the cost-effectiveness of environmental measures can improve the decision-making basis from which these administrations and municipal companies operate. Developmental work on this issue is hence vital during the programme period.

3 The Environmental Programme affects all municipal operations

The Environmental Programme is based on management • prioritise the City’s environmental work and define the by objectives and the City Council has decided that the various players’ rights of disposition; goals will constitute an important starting point for all • set goals for prioritised areas and stipulate parameters municipal activities. The programme details the subsidiary for follow-up work; goals. A choice of alternative solutions is provided for the • assist by disseminating knowledge, providing support concrete measures. and guidance, and acting as a source of inspiration for companies, schools, associations and individual in- Structure and purpose habitants. The Environmental Programme is divided into two parts. The Environmental Survey describes the current position Environmental management and the factors that affect health and the environment in The work on the Environmental Programme has been Stockholm. Stockholm’s Environmental Programme – en conducted in accordance with the environmental manage- route to sustainable development lays out the goals and ment principles laid down in ISO 14001. Stockholm has includes the key ratios used to check that we are on the an integrated management system, including such ele- right track. ments as the environment, quality and procurement. The overall purpose of the Environmental Programme Environmental issues must, therefore, be integrated into is to ensure Stockholm develops as a city with long-term budgeting, operational planning and follow-up work as sustainability. part of an overall process in which the City’s various activities undertake to reduce their environmental impact. People and the environment The Environmental Programme constitutes a support Health and well-being are closely associated with factors tool for administrations and municipal companies in such as clean air, clean water, healthy groceries, a function- their efforts to realise the environmental policy, and ing infrastructure, a healthy indoor environment and simultaneously ensures that the City’s environmental pleasant residential areas, green areas, and financial and management systems are developed and utilised as the social security. Environmental Programme’s goals are achieved. As a concept, “the environ- The Environmental Programme shall be followed up ment” incorporates a number within context of the integrated management system and of dimensions. Every individ- through regular environmental audits. ual experiences positive elements or disruption on the Environmental survey for basis of their personal situa- the City of Stockholm tion and preconditions, but An environmental survey has been carried out for the certain fundamental environ- City of Stockholm in its entirety. The survey forms the mental qualities are necessary, basis for prioritisation work, and the setting of goals and if the City is to be a good key ratios. environment in which to live The environmental survey is based on the national and work. environmental quality goals. The survey analyses not only The Environmental Pro- the state of the environment and factors affecting the gramme’s goals focus on both the individual’s living environ- environment and people’s health, but the most important ment and on traditional environmental issues. Sustainable environmental issues for the City as a whole. The most development in a big city is the same thing as a healthy important players and their rights of disposition have and sustainable living environment for the individual. been identified. The environmental survey makes extensive use of the The Environmental Programme shall: DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) • provide an overall view of Stockholm’s environment model, as it is known, and which is described in greater and highlight the most important environmental issues detail in the Environmental Survey, and which is used to for the City as a whole; describe the cause and effect chain for a given environ-

4 The Environmental Programme affects all municipal operations mental problem. The model provides both a picture of Greater knowledge of various the overall situation and support for formulating goals environmental measures’ and key ratios. It also shows the point in the causal chain cost efficiency can improve at which measures need to be taken. the decision-making basis for the City’s associations and National and regional environmental goals municipal companies, and The national generation goal – “we shall pass on to the this is hence an area in which next generation a society in which the major environ- developmental work should mental problems have been solved” – means that environ- accordingly be carried out mental impacts must be reduced to sustainable levels during the programme period. before 2020. The generation goal is described in detail in A partnership should be 15 environmental quality goals adopted by the Swedish developed with Stockholm Parliament in the autumn of 2001. University, with a view to The link between the national goals and the Environ- specifying the socio-eco- mental Programme’s goals is described under the heading nomic benefits of a range of measures more precisely. of the various target areas. In Stockholm County, these 15 national goals have been translated to a regional level Other environmentally relevant in the Environmental Management Programme, 2000, programmes in Stockholm which is a joint project run by the Local Government Environmental issues affect every area of society, and Administration in Stockholm County, the County many of the City’s different plans and programmes have Administrative Board and the County Council’s Regional clear links to the environmental sphere. Planning and Traffic Committee. The regional goals correspond closely to the goals of Overview Plan the Stockholm Environmental Programme. If the environmental goals are to be achievable in the long-term, environmental issues must be a natural part of Regional environmental partnerships overall societal planning in Stockholm. The overview Stockholm’s environmental impact extends far beyond plan (ÖP) covers the entire local authority area and is the city’s boundaries. The Environmental Programme used to support the city’s detailed land- and water-related confines itself, however, to the area in which the City has planning and for the development and preservation of the rights of disposition that enable it to achieve its goals. built-up areas. Environmental consequence assessments The regional environmental work must, however, must be conducted for every stage of the land usage plan- continue and develop within regional networks, in such ning work, and hence environmental issues must be areas as health issues, land usage and planning matters. considered at an early stage of proceedings. The ÖP Green Structure Map was complemented by Economy the Stockholm Green Map in 2002. The Green Map Measures must be taken to ensure that the goals set are provides an overall and unified view of the ecological, achieved during the programme period. The Environ- social and cultural values that must be taken into account mental Programme is a management by objectives docu- in connection with land development. ment and does not specify the concrete measures that must The Environmental Programme’s six goals correspond be taken. The person exercising authority in a particular well to the focus of the Overview Plan. sphere, or with responsibility for that sphere must, therefore, choose for themselves the most environmentally- Trade & Industry Programme and cost-efficient measures in terms of achieving the goals. The Trade & Industry Programme in Stockholm emphas- An economic evaluation is possible for certain goals, ises the importance of supporting trade and industry de- e.g. when the goal of the City of Stockholm reducing its velopment. Stockholm shall be an attractive location for energy consumption is achieved, the City will have saved companies, and if this is to be achieved, it is equally im- 10% of its variable energy costs. Evaluating other goals, portant to establish a good living environment for those e.g. the effects of reduced car traffic or the health effects who live and work here. Clean air, fast public transport of cleaner air, is more difficult. and proximity to nature all make Stockholm more attractive. The precise nature of some of the measures to be Trade and industry are often groundbreakers in the taken is, furthermore, unknown in many cases, and it is field of environmental work. The Environmental Pro- hence not possible to calculate the costs involved. gramme should be seen as providing support for new and

The Environmental Programme affects all municipal operations 5 established companies with environmental ambitions. Water Programme for Stockholm 2000, Long-term rules benefit companies implementing their lakes and watercourses own environmental programmes. Sweden is a world- The EU’s General Directive for the protection of surface leader in the field of environmental technology and water and groundwater states that water management numerous innovative companies are establishing them- programmes shall be implemented throughout the drain- selves in the Stockholm region. age basin, which presupposes wide-ranging cooperation Companies whose products and services have an en- between different local authorities. The Environmental vironmental profile enjoy competitive advantages in Programme is restricted to the local authority area, but public sector procurement processes. the Water Programme involves a wider-ranging cooperation, and environmental monitoring throughout the The Integration Programme drainage basin. Stockholm shall be an integrated and open city in which every inhabitant feels that his or her personal efforts have Surface Water Strategy for Stockholm an impact. Stockholmers shall be familiarised with the The Surface Water Strategy for Stockholm reinforces the Environmental Programme and given information on the city’s influence on the purification of surface water and important role played by individuals in developing a good increases our knowledge of the catchment area and of environment. lakes’ sensitivity to pollution. The Strategy shall be used in conjunction with detailed planning, building permits, Greenhouse Gas Action Programme development work, street and park work, maintenance Stockholm’s Greenhouse Gas Action Programme was and new construction of water and sanitation conduits. adopted in 1998, and the City Council has also adopted a The Surface Water Strategy is an important part of goal entailing a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emis- several of the Environmental Programme’s subsidiary goals. sions in Stockholm between 1990 and 2005. The Action Programme states that in the long-term, emissions shall Biological Development in Stockholm (BUS) be reduced by 60-80% from 1990’s levels. The Biological Development of Stockholm Project is a Stockholm’s Greenhouse Gas Action Programme will separate programme focusing on nature preservation. The be revised in 2003. The Environment and Health project generates nature conservation proposals that should Committee has adopted be prioritised in connection with the physical planning a new goal whereby emis- and management of the City’s parks and undeveloped sions shall fall to 4.0 tonnes land and investments affecting them. carbon dioxide (equivalent) per local authority area in- Allergy Prevention Measures Action Programme habitant by 2005. The new in the City of Stockholm Greenhouse Gas Action The Allergy Programme, which has been in force since Programme will be finally 1999, ties in particularly well with the Environmental adopted by the City Council Programme’s indoor environmental goals. in 2003 and will both correspond to and operate in Resource-efficient and Eco-friendly tandem with the Environ- Construction Programme mental Programme goals. Stockholm shall be built in an eco-friendly, resource- Energy consumption in efficient way. The Ecological Construction in Stockholm newly-built houses is also covered in the Energy Efficient Programme specifies the optimum methods and materials and Healthy Housing Programme. in terms of people’s health, housing quality and the environment. Cleaning Directive for Stockholm Local Authority The programme promoting energy-efficient and New laws and more stringent EU directives governing healthy multi-person dwellings that forms part of the waste management impose tougher demands on the Ecological Construction in Stockholm Programme is collection and sorting of various waste fractions. The En- designed to ensure the construction of energy-efficient vironmental Programme goals comply with the intentions multi-person dwellings with a healthy, safe and good specified in the Cleaning Directive for Stockholm and the indoor climate. new waste management plan that will be voted on by the Several of the Environmental Programme’s goals have City Council in 2003. strong links to these programmes.

6 The Environmental Programme affects all municipal operations Radon Action Plan in Stockholm organisations during the summer and autumn of 2001. A radon programme is currently under review (2003) and The city’s inhabitants, companies and associations have some of the Environmental Programme’s subsidiary goals also been given the opportunity to comment on relevant focus on the radon problem. A new action plan will be a environmental issues via the Programme’s homepage and valuable tool in connection with the implementation and during seminars, discussions following up of the Environmental Programme’s goals. and other outreach activities. Considerable interest has Implementation and monitoring of been focused on issues relat- the Environmental Programme ing to trafﬁc, green areas and The committees and boards affected by the Environmental waste management, and to Programme should, as of 2004, present details of environ- issues involving chemicals and mental measures and undertakings planned, and should organic foodstuffs. Two ex- also, as of 2005, include the environmental measures and ternal analyses have also been undertakings these institutions have planned and im- conducted in cooperation plemented in their operating plans and operating reports. with Gothenburg and Malmö. A comprehensive system of environmental monitor- Agenda 21 Stockholm has ing must be established. Starting-point data and function- maintained ongoing partner- ing routines for monitoring the Environmental Pro- ships with numerous different gramme’s key ratios are lacking in some cases, and players, with a view to creat- appropriate routines should consequently be developed ing sustainable development, since 1995. Indicators for during the programme period. sustainable development have been formulated during Environmental goal-related work shall be reported to the dialogues these partnerships have generated and cover the local authority executive committee in the form of a not only environmental and ﬁnancial issues, but societal simple, annual environmental report and of integrated and democracy-related matters too. The environmental environmental accounts after the programme period. It indicators are included in the Environmental Programme’s should also be possible to monitor the results on an on- target areas. going basis on the Environmental Programme’s home- A number of projects have also been carried out within page at www.tyckom.stockholm.se the framework of the Local Investment Programme (LIP). A special book documenting all the activities carried Consultation and external analysis out has been produced. It is entitled “Stockholmarna ahead of the Environmental Programme tycker om miljön” [Stockholmers’ thoughts on the En- The Environmental Programme has been circulated for vironment] and can be ordered from Stockholm’s Environ- comment to both public sector bodies and a range of ment and Health Administration.

Everyone can help to achieve these goals

Stockholmers can have an impact Stockholmers, both as inhabitants and consumers, and as Environmental issues are now the responsibility of every people working in the city’s industry, commerce, small Stockholmer – and an opportunity, too. The focus has businesses, education system and other public sector shifted from the major industries and point emissions to activities. the environmental impact of our everyday lives. This means that every single one of us has the opportunity to Use more public transport! influence our own environments. Environmentally efficient transport is one of Stockholm’s air and watercourses have improved over Stockholm’s environmental goals. The goal is for the past 20 years, thanks to emission reductions achieved Stockholmers to choose public transport or to by individual major point sources. cycle, rather than travelling by car. Reduced car traffic But environmental issues are still even more import- means cleaner air and less noise – to the delight of everyone ant than ever and everyone must bear their share of the who spends time in the city centre and close to heavily responsibility. trafficked streets and roads. Changed travel habits mean The success of Stockholm’s Environmental Programme a better environment, better health and increased well- is thus heavily dependent on the active involvement of being.

Everyone can help to achieve these goals 7 Make your consumption more Conserve nature! eco-friendly and organic! Ecological planning and management is Stock- Safe products are another of Stockholm’s environ- holm’s fourth environmental goal. Stockholm’s mental goals. As consumers, we can choose lakes, watercourses, wetlands, parks and natural environmentally friendly products and services. areas are home to a huge diversity of plants and animals. Collective consumer awareness allows people to influence Every inhabitant can make their contribution to a green the way in which food is produced and transported and and healthy city by conserving plants and animals and by in which other products are manufactured and used, for personally promoting bio-diversity, all the way down to example. We can also choose to completely reject environ- the level of a window box. Residents can, for example, mentally harmful products. The environment is affected maintain heaps of leaves and protected environments in not only when the products are produced and used, but gardens and villa yards, to provide places for hedgehogs to also when they are worn out and thrown away or recycled. hibernate. Providing large numbers of bird boxes for a By consuming in a more environmentally friendly variety of species is another concrete example of the ways way and by using safe products, we can reduce the burden in which individual Stockholmers can promote bio- placed on every aspect of the Earth’s environment – its air, diversity. its soil and its water. More eco-friendly consumption Amateur gardeners cultivating an allotment or villa leads to a cleaner world. garden can avoid using artificial fertiliser and chemical All foodstuff production affects the environment. pesticides to combat weeds. One-fifth of Sweden’s energy consumption goes into the Lawns, trees and bushes are not only beautiful features production, refining and transportation of groceries. in the cityscape: the greenery also helps to clean the city’s Stockholmers can help the environment by choosing air by picking up particles and soot from the traffic and foodstuffs that are cultivated in Stockholm’s immediate other emission sources. vicinity, when the option exists, and by choosing organic- Living nature and bio-diversity yield a better environ- ally produced food. Increased knowledge of food pro- ment in every respect. duction and transportation enables consumers to make actively environmentally friendly choices. Sort waste at source! Households and workplaces use a variety of environ- Environmentally efficient waste management is mentally hazardous substances. Solvents and other another of Stockholm’s environmental goals. chemicals are typical examples, as are detergents and Hazardous substances must be sorted out so washing powders or liquids, all of which affect the en- that they can be handled in an environmentally friendly vironment. Both the choice of product and the amount way and not end up in the air, soil or water. used are important: harmful chemicals that end up in the Substances that can be recycled or used as the raw waste water destroy the digested sludge in the sewage material for energy production must be sorted out to treatment plants, which means this sludge cannot be reduce the percentage of waste dumped at tips and land- recycled as fertiliser for agricultural land. fill sites. Sorting at source demands the active participation of Save energy! Stockholmers – two million tonnes of waste are produced Sustainable energy consumption is Stockholm’s every day. In 1999, households sorted just over 20% of third environmental goal, and the goal is to their waste, and this percentage must increase to ensure reduce it. Lower levels of energy consumption that there is as little unsorted waste as possible. mean a reduction in the impact on the climate, the acidi- The more waste is sorted, the less its harmful effect on fication of soil and water, and the eutrophication of the the environment. archipelago and Baltic Sea. Stockholmers will benefit in the form of cleaner, healthier countryside if energy con- Remember the indoor environment! sumption is reduced. A healthy indoor environment is Stockholm’s Households’ and workplaces’ heating, hot water usage sixth environmental goal. People spend a large and electricity consumption all go to make up the city’s part of their lives indoors, so the environment in energy consumption. Approximately 60% of the energy homes, schools and workplaces is critical to their health consumed by a household goes to heating the house, with and well-being. With the right knowledge of various risk 20% going to the production of hot water and a further factors, households can improve their indoor environ- 20% to domestic electricity consumption. ment and thereby prevent and reduce health problems.

8 Everyone can help to achieve these goals Goal 1 Environmentally efﬁcient transport

The air that we breathe in Stockholm should be clean and fresh. Noise levels should be kept low. Air pollution and traffic noise must, therefore, be minimised. Traffic, road and construction planning must be done with an eye to environmental friendliness. The public transport network must be extensive and based on environmentally efficient vehicles and fuels. The City’s own vehicle fleet must be environmentally friendly.

The following subsidiary goals must be achieved during the programme period:

1:1 The percentage of inhabitants who travel by public transport or who cycle must increase.

1:2 The percentage of renewable fuels must increase to over 5%.

1:3 Trafﬁc noise must be reduced.

1:4 Trafﬁc-generated nitrogen oxide emissions in the city must be reduced by at least 25%.

1:5 The per capita surface area used by the road trafﬁc system must not increase.

1:6 The City shall ensure compliance with environmental zone regulations.

1:7 The City’s administrations and municipal companies shall assess the environmental performance of the work machines in conjunction with contract procurement processes.

1:8 The City shall impose environmental demands in connection with transport procurement processes.

1:9 Ships docking regularly in Stockholm’s harbours shall use exhaust emission control systems and low-sulphur fuel.

1:10 The City’s vehicles shall be washed in facilities with efﬁcient cleaning processes.

9 National Environmental fuel spills and car care products all end up in nature. Quality Goals Pollutants in surface water and waste water destroy the Several of the national environ- digested sludge in the sewage treatment plants. mental goals have links to Stock- In the long-term, traffic can be reduced by means of a holm’s Environmentally Efficient denser development structure, additional improvements Transport environmental goals. to public transport and the cycle route network, and The national goals of “Clean through various local governmental control measures. Air”, “Limited Climate Impact”, “A Good Built-up Environment”, “Flourishing Lakes and The City’s responsibility Streams”, “A Balanced Marine Environment, Flourishing The City has considerable influence over expansions in Coastal Areas and Archipelagos”, and “A Non-Toxic the road network, development structure, localisation of Environment”, are all affected to differing degrees by various activities, and the extension of pedestrian and Stockholm’s successes. cycle route networks. The City can influence the transport requirement and Environmental impact the preconditions for various different modes of trans- Traffic is the primary source of disruption to people’s port, e.g. through land tenure, financial control measures, health and the environment in Stockholm’s external parking policy, local traffic regulations, and as the body environment. responsible for road maintenance and ports. Carbon dioxide from vehicle exhausts contributes to As a major employer, the City can influence its em- increases in the greenhouse effect. Long-term sustainable ployees’ travelling habits, whilst as a commercial operator, development requires a drastic reduction in carbon dioxide it can encourage environmentally friendly vehicles and emissions, but forecasts indicate a small increase in traffic work machines. emissions over the next few years. The Environment and Health Committee can, as the Transport and work machines account for three- supervisory authority, work to promote reduced transport- quarters of all nitrogen oxide emissions in the city. Nitro- based environmental disruption. gen oxides affect people’s health and the environment, e.g. through eutrophication. Other players Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons also contribute to The City’s traffic environment is influenced not only by the formation of ozone in the lower layers of the air. the City itself, but also by the State, which, through laws, Emissions are expected to decrease, but without additional taxes and charges, can steer fuel consumption and measures, it will be difficult to meet the environmental methods of transport used. quality norms. The traffic environment is also affected by the County Road traffic is by far the biggest source of carcinogenic Administrative Board’s and County Council’s traffic plan- hydrocarbons in the air, but levels are generally expected ning with regard to public transport and road mainten- to fall. Traffic is also the biggest source of noise pollution ance, and by interest groups who influence public opinion in Stockholm, with both road traffic and rail-based and and the preconditions for the transport system. airborne traffic giving rise to significant noise levels, both Distributors and other transport-dependent businesses indoors and out. affect the traffic environment and depend on an efficient- Traffic also results in contaminants entering both the ly functioning traffic structure. The transport choices and soil and the water. Toxic combustion products, metals transport habits of individual travellers are also important (e.g. from brake coatings), calcium chloride from gritting, in terms of the overall traffic environment.

10 Goal 1 Environmentally efﬁcient transport Subsidiary goals and key ratios

1.1 The percentage of people cycling or travelling by public transport must increase. Cycling or travelling by public transport uses less energy, takes up less space, and generates less noise and pollution than other means of transport. Greater Stockholm has excellent preconditions for efficient public transport and can, first and foremost, influence the preconditions for different types of transport through such means as traffic planning and traffic regulations.

1.1.1 The percentage of people who walk or cycle to Body responsible: The Environment and Health work or school during the summer months (daily Committee or a couple of times a week). Comments: The key ratio indicates the develop- Body responsible: The Environment and Health ment of public transport’s competitiveness in rela- Committee tion to car travel. Comments: The key ratio monitors Stockholmers’ Public transport usage data is taken from data use of walkways and cycle routes, housing access- gathered by a consultancy company. Car travel data ibility and proximity to functions such as workplaces is drawn from the The Real Estate and Traffic and study locations. Administration’s measurements. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected house- 1.1.5 Percentage of people satisfied with traffic safety holds in the City of Stockholm. for cyclists in their part of the city. Body responsible: The Environment and Health 1.1.2 The number of cyclists passing the inner-city Committee boundary (The Real Estate and Traffic Comments: The key ratio monitors inhabitants’ Administration measurements during six hours perceptions and experiences of traffic safety levels in June, rolling five-month average values). for cyclists. Body responsible: The Real Estate and Traffic In 1999, 33% of Stockholmers stated that they Committee were very or fairly satisfied with traffic safety levels Comments: The key ratio is based on the The Real for cyclists in their part of the city. Estate and Traffic Administration’s measurements. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, The number of cyclists during the six-hour period which is sent out to randomly-selected households represents over 50% of the entire daily traffic. in the City of Stockholm.

1.1.3 Percentage of people taking public transport to 1.1.6 Number of cyclists and pedestrians killed or work or school (daily or a couple of times a week). seriously injured per annum in the city. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Committee Comments: The key ratio monitors Stockholmers’ Comments: The key ratio monitors accidents involv- use of public transport. ing cyclists and pedestrians, and thereby indicates The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, the general traffic environment and traffic situation, which is sent out to randomly-selected households safety levels on cycle routes and pavements, and in the City of Stockholm. conflict situations between different transport infrastructure user categories. 1.1.4 The number of public transport users passing the The data is drawn from available statistics, includ- inner-city boundary/total number of people using ing those produced by the National Society for Road public transport and cars passing the inner-city Safety (NTF), the National Road Administration and boundary. the Police.

Goal 1 Environmentally efﬁcient transport 11 1.2 The percentage of renewable fuels must increase to over 5%. In a long-term sustainable transport system, fossil fuels must be replaced with renewable energy sources. The City can inﬂuence developments, in its capacity as a major purchaser and producer.

1.2.1 Percentage of vehicles powered by renewable including petrol companies, Storstockholms Lokal- fuels/total amount vehicular fuels consumed traﬁk AB [Greater Stockholm Public Transport Co. per annum (MJ/year). Ltd.] and Stockholm Vatten AB (electricity used for road vehicles produced using renewable energy Body responsible: The Environment and Health sources should also be included). The total amount Committee of vehicular fuel used per annum is taken from data Comments: This key ratio should be monitored at collated by Statistics Sweden. county level. Data on renewable vehicular fuels In 2001, the percentage of renewable fuels used must be collated from the companies selling fuel, increased from a previously low level.

1.3 Trafﬁc noise must be reduced. Transport is the biggest source of noise in the city. The levels laid down in the national goals are constantly being exceeded, both indoors and out. At least 150,000 people are exposed to road trafﬁc noise levels in excess of 55 dBA at the front of their homes. A range of measures, primarily in the indoor environment, will enable noise levels to be reduced for around 5,000 people per annum.

1.3.1 Percentage of people disturbed by traffic noise in Comments: Data on protective measures is their home. compiled by the The Environment and Health Administration. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee 1.3.3 Annual measurements of equivalent levels for Comments: The key ratio monitors inhabitants’ noise at the Sveavägen and Observatorielunden perceptions of disturbances from road, train and measuring point. aircraft noise in their residential environment. Body responsible: The Environment and Health The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, Committee which is sent out to randomly-selected households in the City of Stockholm. Comments: The Environment and Health Adminis- tration carries out measurements. The key ratio is 1.3.2 The number of residents for whom traffic noise designed to register any changes in road traffic protection measures have been implemented in noise in the long term with regard to vehicle emis- relation to the remaining action requirement. sions. This indicates whether the total noise situation in Stockholm is changing. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee

1.4 Traffic-generated nitrogen oxide emissions in the city must be reduced by at least 25%. Emissions of nitrogen oxides contribute to high levels of nitrogen dioxide in certain central parts of the city and the access roads into the city, and environmental quality norms for nitrogen dioxide are exceeded in some parts of the city. Nitrogen oxide emissions affect people’s health and the natural environment in the city. Road traffic is the biggest single emission source and accounts for approximately half of all nitrogen oxide emissions in Stockholm. It is particularly important that traffic levels are reduced in the most densely-populated areas.

1.4.1 Number of vehicles crossing the Comments: Based on the Real Estate and Traffic – city boundary Administration’s measurements of traffic develop- – inner-city boundary ment in the inner city and the city as a whole. – regional centre boundary Private cars account for over 90% of the total Body responsible: The Real Estate and Traffic number of vehicle kilometres in the city. Committee

12 Goal 1 Environmentally efficient transport 1.4.2 Road traffic’s nitrogen oxide emissions in the city Comments: Emission levels are calculated by per annum. Stockholms Luft och Bulleranalys AB. The calculat- ions are based on details of the vehicle fleet’s Body responsible: The Environment and Health composition and on traffic flow and speed data for Committee various city roads and streets.

1.5 The per capita surface area used by the road traffic system in the city must not increase. The term, road traffic system, refers to aboveground roads, streets and parking areas for road traffic. Pedestrian and cycle traffic areas and public transport areas are excluded. The standard of the roads affects the scale of the traffic. Using land for roads constitutes resource consumption in its own right, and the existing road traffic system should hence be used more efficiently. People’s mobility problems must be solved by means other than the expansion of the road traffic system. The Real Estate and Traffic Committee, the City Planning Committee and the National Road Administration are all important players in this context.

1.5.1 The per capital road traffic system area in the city Details of the total land area used for the road traffic system must be generated by the City Planning Body responsible: The Real Estate and Traffic Administration. Committee Details of the city’s total population are available Comments: There is no starting-point data avail- from the Office of Research and Statistics. able. Source data for calculating the land area used The key ratio does not need to be monitored on a by the city’s road traffic system needs to be collated yearly basis because changes occur relatively slowly. by the Real Estate and Traffic Administration.

1.6 The City shall ensure compliance with environmental zones. Stricter demands were introduced for heavy diesel vehicles in the inner-city area in 1996. Older vehicles with high noise and exhaust emissions were excluded. The Police are the supervisory body, but the City can improve compliance.

1.6.1 The number of heavy diesel vehicles driving tration at two crossroads. Approximately 100 vehi- illegally / total number of heavy diesel vehicles. cles are checked via the motor vehicle registry and against the dispensation register held by the Real Body responsible: The Environment and Health Estate and Trafﬁc Administration. Committee Comments: Measurements are carried out every six months by the Environment and Health Adminis-

1.7 The City’s administrations and municipal companies shall assess the environmental performance of the work machines in conjunction with contract procurement processes. The City is a major purchaser of contract work and can hence promote the use of more environmentally friendly work machines.

1.7.1 The percentage of the City’s construction and civil Body responsible: The City´s Executive Ofﬁce engineering contracts and operation and main- Comments: This key ratio is monitored through ran- tenance contracts where environmental require- dom checks on procurement contracts. ments have been taken into account in conjunction with the procurement process.

Goal 1 Environmentally efficient transport 13 1.8 The City shall impose environmental demands in connection with transport procurement processes. Procurement processes are a useful tool for promoting the development of environmentally friendly transport and thereby ensuring that the environmental goals set are actually met. As a major purchaser in this field, the City can help to reduce transport work by ensuring both efficient and coordinated distribution and that vehicles with good environmental performances are used.

1.8.1 The percentage of transport services procurement Body responsible: The City´s Executive Ofﬁce processes in which environmental requirements Comments: This key ratio is monitored through ran- have been imposed/total number of procurement dom checks on procurement contracts. processes.

1.9 Ships docking regularly in Stockholm’s harbours shall use exhaust emission control systems and low-sulphur fuel. Port charges and international agreements can be used to promote emission reductions, exhaust emission control and lower sulphur levels in shipping fuel. Maritime trafﬁc contributes to nitrogen and sulphur emissions. The preconditions for reducing emissions are good.

1.9.1 The number of ferries and container vessels with include Birka Line, Silja Line, Tallink, Viking Line and exhaust emission systems on all internal combus- Ånedinlinjen. tion engines putting into port/total number of fer- In 2001, there was one ship with exhaust emission ries and container vessels docking in Stockholm. control systems on all internal combustion engines. Body responsible: The Environment and Health 1.9.2 The number of ferry and container vessels dock- Committee ing in Stockholm which use low-sulphur fuel/total Comments: This goal can be monitored by review- number of ferries and container vessels docking. ing details of exhaust emission control systems on Body responsible: Stockholms Hamn AB the engines of vessels docking in Stockholm. The definition of exhaust emission control systems is Comments: The monitoring is based on the laid down in the Swedish Maritime Administration’s differentiated port and channel charges. Data is nitrogen oxide discount certification regulations. supplied to the Port of Stockholm by the Swedish Examples of ferry traffic covered by the monitoring Maritime Administration.

1.10 The City’s vehicles shall be washed in facilities with efﬁcient wastewater cleaning. The term, the City’s vehicles, refers to the various types of vehicle owned or leased by the City’s administrations and municipal companies. An ordinary vehicle wash generates 400 litres of waste water that is contaminated with heavy metals and mineral oils in levels over ten times as high as those found in average waste water. There is inadequate metals separation. Vehicle washing facilities should use processes that remove at least 80-90% of the contaminants, in accordance with the guidelines laid down in the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's General Advice 96:1.

1.10.1 Number of City vehicles washed in facilities with Comments: It may be necessary to establish extensive wastewater cleaning/total number of routines for separate reporting of City vehicle vehicle washes. cleaning to enable this goal to be monitored. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee

14 Goal 1 Environmentally efﬁcient transport Goal 2 Safe products

Our environment shall be free from toxins. The City shall demand that chemicals, and other products and services are environmentally friendly. The City shall set a good example in the environmental demands it places on building materials, vehicular equipment, electronics and foodstuffs, for example. Our knowledge of the effects of harmful substances on people and the environment must increase, as must households’ knowledge of environmentally friendly products and organic foodstuffs.

The following subsidiary goals shall be achieved during the programme period:

2:1 The presence of the substances prioritised in the EU’s General Directive for water shall be measured. If the substances are present in the form of environmental contamination, draft measures shall be produced.

2:2 The City’s administrations and municipal companies shall present plans detailing how the most environmentally friendly chemicals and products are to be purchased.

2:3 The City’s activities shall increase the percentage of organically produced foodstuffs bought to at least 15%.

2:4 The City shall work to eliminate the use of amalgam by dental health care services.

2:5 The use of copper in new water supply installations shall be avoided.

2:6 Copper may only be used on buildings when the material has a culturally historic value.

2:7 The City shall work to discourage the use of lead sinkers in ﬁshing.

2:8 The City shall work towards a reduction of at least 30% in the use of art paints containing cadmium.

2:9 At least 70% of all properties with jointing compounds containing PCB shall be decontaminated by 2006.

2:10 HCFC emissions from district heating pumps subject to licensing shall cease.

15 National Environmental Ozone-depleting substances Quality Goals Many of the substances spread from Stockholm affect the The national environmental goals global environment, e.g. by thinning the ozone layer, of “A Non-Toxic Environment” thereby potentially harming plants, animals and people. and “A Protective Ozone Layer” Ozone-depleting substances containing chlorine and tie in with the City’s Safe Products bromine, e.g. HFC and HCFC, have been used and are environmental goal, which also still being used in heat pumps, refrigerators, spray pack- ties in with several other environmental quality goals. aging, during the manufacture of cellular plastic and dry cleaning processes, and in degreasing agents. Environmental impact The “Protective Ozone Layer” national goal states The Safe Products goal primarily relates to chemicals, that the use of ozone-depleting substances must be elim- substances that break down the ozone layer, and food- inated within a generation. The City is fully capable of stuffs. achieving this goal.

Chemicals Organically produced foodstuffs Chemicals are very widely used in today’s society and Organic crop cultivation and animal husbandry are they play an important role in our daily lives. At the same achieved without the use of chemical pesticides and in line time, there is a huge shortfall of knowledge with regard to with very stringent demands on animal health, fodder the substances used, which makes efficient chemicals con- and the living environment. Long-term sustainable agri- trol more difficult. A greater knowledge of the properties culture benefits bio-diversity. of these substances and of their incidence and turnover in society and the environment is needed. The City’s responsibility Acceptable knowledge levels only exist for 14% of the The City can influence the spreading of hazardous sub- 2,500 most commonly used substances within the EU, stances. During procurement processes, for example, the and it will be some time before the extent to which all of City can impose demands with regard to the substances these substances are hazardous has been determined. that must be avoided, and when allocating land, with The environment in Stockholm is affected by many of regard to the materials that should be selected for use in the substances used in society – but the usage, emissions buildings and the infrastructure. and environmental condition of only a few of these sub- As a supervisory body, The Environment and Health stances have been systematically charted. Committee can demand that the most environmentally Mercury is one of the best charted substances, and we friendly materials are used. know that there are substantially raised levels of mercury in the soil and groundwater. Other players Lead, copper and cadmium are also present in alarm- Chemicals and electronics manufacturers have consider- ingly high levels, as are PAH, PCB and several other able influence on the spread of hazardous substances, as organic environmental toxins. They are mainly spread do the energy and traffic sectors’ operators and those through the use of chemicals and products, as industrial operating in the field of infrastructure emissions are minimal. Many of the hazardous substances and construction development work. are present in the soil and water environment to such an Consumers can promote the de- extent that achieving the national “Non-Toxic Environ- velopment of environmentally friendly ment” goal will be difficult. Even if the emissions stop products and organic foodstuffs. now, raised levels of many substances will continue to exist for over a generation.

Terms used in this section Chemicals: chemical products, as defined in the Swedish Environmental Code = chemical substances and preparations made from chemical substances. PAH: Polyaromatic hydrocarbons PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyls HCFC: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HFC: Hydrofluorocarbons

16 Goal 2 Safe products Subsidiary goals and key ratios

2.1 The presence of the substances prioritised in the EU’s General Directive for water shall be measured. If the substances are present in the form of environmental contamination, draft measures shall be produced. We must prioritise the substances that are to be the focus of our chemicals-related work. The EU, in its General Directive for water (2000/60/EG, Appendix 10), drew up a priorities list which, in 2001, included 33 substances or substance groups. The list, which will be revised every four years, provides guidance on the substances whose incidence the City should measure. Material ﬂow analyses and draft proposals will be generated for those substances present in the form of environmental contamination – a process for which the costs may be high, particularly with regard to the analyses. The Environment and Health Committee and Stockholm Vatten are important players in achieving this goal.

2.1.1 The number of substances investigated/the Body responsible: The Environment and Health number of substances in the appendix to the Committee EU’s General Directive for water. Comments: These key ratios reﬂect the system- Body responsible: The Environment and Health atic nature of the work aimed at clarifying which Committee substances constitute environmental problems in the city, and whether this knowledge is translated 2.1.2 The number of material ﬂow analyses with draft into action. Knowledge levels with regard to proposals drawn up/the number of substances environmental conditions and incidence in society in the appendix present in the form of environ- are good for a small number of the substances mental contamination. listed in the appendix.

2.2 The City’s administrations and municipal companies shall present plans detailing how the most environmentally friendly chemicals and products are to be purchased. The City is a major purchaser and can impose demands in connection with the purchase of chemicals, e.g. cleaning agents, and products e.g. computers and textiles. The product choice principle laid down in the Swedish Environmental Code states that chemicals and products treated with or containing chemicals that may pose a risk to health and the environment shall be replaced with less hazardous alternatives. Purchasing staff in all of the City’s administrations and municipal companies must have sufﬁcient competence to ensure that the product choice principle can be implemented, if the City is to promote improvements in this sphere and impose relevant demands.

2.2.1 The number of administrations and municipal 2.2.2 The number of chemical products and goods companies with the organisation and routines procurement processes in which the most en- needed to implement the product choice prin- vironmentally friendly alternative was chosen/ ciple in connection with procurement proces- the total number of chemicals and goods ses/the total number of administrations and procurement processes. municipal companies. Body responsible: Every committee and board Body responsible: Every committee and board Comments: Shows the extent to which adminis- Comments: The key ratio shows whether ad- trations and municipal companies apply the ministrations and municipal companies have the product choice principle in their procurement requisite organisation, routines and competence processes. to implement the product choice principle.

Goal 2 Safe products 17 2.3 The City’s activities shall increase the percentage of organically produced foodstuffs bought to at least 15%. One of the national goals states that 20% of Sweden’s arable acreage shall be organically cultivated by 2005. The City of Stockholm should strive to increase the percentage of foodstuffs bought that comply with the EU’s organic products requirements to at least 15% during the programme period. Organic production helps to reduce Stockholm’s environmental impact on the surrounding land by reducing the amount of chemicals used in animal husbandry and agriculture. This will help to reduce emissions into the soil and water, to reduce energy consumption, to increase local bio-diversity, and to improve both animals’ living conditions and people’s work environment. Choosing locally cultivated and seasonal foodstuffs also allows a reduction in the amount of artiﬁcial fertiliser used and the number of long-distance transports required.

2.3.1 The percentage of organically produced food- 2.3.2 Percentage of households buying organically stuffs bought by the City/the total amount of produced foodstuffs. foodstuffs bought. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Body responsible: Every committee and board Committee Comments: The Östermalm City District Comments: The key ratio monitors the inhabit- Administration’s pilot project (10% organic food- ants’ purchases of organically produced foodstuffs on Östermalm) can be used as a reference stuffs, which suggests changes in households’ for producing suitable data. dietary habits and attitudes towards organic food- The key ratio indicates the level of the City’s stuffs, but also suggests changes in the avail- purchases of organically produced foodstuffs. ability and variety of various organic foodstuffs. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected households in the City of Stockholm.

2.4 The City shall work to eliminate the use of amalgam by dental health care services. The majority – approximately five tonnes – of all mercury in Stockholm is found in the inhabitants’ teeth in the form of amalgam, and amalgam is still used in a few percent of all fillings carried out by the dental health care services. The environmental damage caused by mercury is well documented. National regulations governing mercury were further tightened in 2002, but it is the EU that will ultimately decide whether national rules are compatible with EU law. Dental health care and its providers have considerable influence on developments in this field. Private dentists, national dental health care services, and importers, manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers handling amalgam are all important players in this sphere.

2.4.1 The number of amalgam ﬁllings carried out/ Body responsible: The Environment and Health total number of ﬁllings per annum (within the Committee national dental health care services). Comments: The national dental health care ser- Percent (%) 15 vices account for approximately 20% of all dental treatments, and they maintain ongoing statistics 10 for the treatments carried out. If the key ratio were to include private dentists as well, the work 5 involved in data collation work would become far too wide-ranging. The use of amalgam within the 0 national dental health care services will conse- 1998 1999 2000 quently have to serve as an indication of its Source: National dental health care services in Stockholm County phasing out.

18 Goal 2 Safe products 2.4.2 Average concentration of mercury in digested Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten sludge per annum. Comments: The majority – approximately 90% mg/kg solid matter 6 – of the mercury present in the digested sludge Henriksdal originates from the use of amalgam (worn amal- 5 gam ﬁllings, emissions from dental practices and Bromma leaking pipe sediments due to historical emis- 4 sions). Reducing the inﬂow of amalgam will, in

3 the short-term, only have a marginal effect on these levels. The most important factor is the 2 amalgam already present in teeth and old pipe sediment. 1

0 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source: Stockholm Vatten

2.5 The use of copper in new water supply installations shall be avoided. Copper, in the form of free ions, is extremely toxic to organisms in soil and water. Copper in waste water ends up in the sewage treatment plants’ digested sludge and the Baltic Sea. Three-quarters of all copper in digested sludge comes from water pipes, water heaters and heat exchangers in water supply installations. The City can steer the choice of material in conjunction with land allocation for construction work. The proposed revision of the City’s Ecological Building Programme states that copper should be avoided in water supply systems where alternatives exist. The product choice principle laid down in the Swedish Environmental Code states that the most environmentally friendly product shall be used, and alternative materials do exist. The Real Estate and Trafﬁc Committee, the City Planning Committee and Stockholm Vatten have considerable inﬂuence in this respect. Building contractors and pipe contractors are important external players.

2.5.1 Average concentration of copper in digested Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten sludge per annum. Comments: No key ratios for product usage mg/kg solid matter Henriksdal 500 have been generated, as there is no ongoing Bromma 450 production of source data detailing the materials 400 or products used in water supply installations. 350 Given, however, that the amount of copper found 300 in the sludge largely comprises corrosion prod- 250 ucts from water supply systems (75%), the 200 copper concentration in the sludge is a good 150 100 indicator of the shift from copper to alternative 50 materials. 0 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source: Stockholm Vatten

Goal 2 Safe products 19 2.6 Copper may only be used on buildings when the material has a culturally historic value. Approximately one tonne of copper is released from buildings’ roofs and façades every year, and its use as a new building material should be avoided. Decisions as to when copper is acceptable for reasons of cultural history are taken in consultation with the City Museum and the County Custodian of Antiquities. The City’s Ecological Building Programme states that the use of copper as a roofing and façade material should be avoided and alternative materials used. The Real Estate and Traffic Committe, the City Planning Committee and the City Museum have an important influence within the city. Building contractors, sheet metal workers and the County Custodian of Antiquities are important external players.

2.6.1 The number of building permits issued per annum in which copper is used as rooﬁng and/or façade material and the area covered, in m2. Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Comments: The key ratio assumes that the City Planning Administration maintains statistics detailing the use of copper in the building permits issued.

2.7 The City shall work to discourage the use of lead sinkers in fishing. Lead contaminants are classified as hazardous both for the environment and people’s health. Ammunition and fishing sinkers are the biggest sources of lead in the Stockholm environment since lead was banned in petrol. In 1995, it was calculated that five tonnes of lead was lost and ended up in the waters of Norrström, and fishing in the waters of Strömmen and its surroundings still (2001) spreads several tonnes of lead each year. As long as people can fish freely in Norrström and the archipelago, the City cannot introduce a ban on baits and sinkers containing lead, as has been done elsewhere, e.g. in Älvkarleby, where the fishing rights’ owners can control the fishing. The National Board of Fisheries has the ability to introduce regulations governing fishing in Norrström, and the City can ask the Board to introduce a ban. In other waters, where the City owns the fishing rights, it can introduce a ban in conjunction with the leasing of fishing rights. Several of the local authority area’s lakes border on to other local authority areas, so coordination is required if a ban on lead is to be introduced in these waters. The government is to submit a national ban on lead ammunition and lead weights to the EU, and in Denmark, a general ban on the importation and sale of lead weights was introduced in 2002. The Sports & Leisure Administration handles Stockholm’s fishing issues. The National Board of Fisheries, the National Chemicals Inspectorate, the Sports & Leisure Administration, the Swedish Federation of Fishing Rights Owners, and the Stockholm District of the Swedish Association of Sport Anglers are all important players in this field.

2.7.1. The number of water areas where a decision to Comments: The key ratio covers the following ban the use of lead during ﬁshing has been water areas: Saltsjön, Mälaren, Magelungen, introduced/the number of water areas. Flaten, Råcksta Träsk, Drevviken, Trekanten, Kyrksjön, Ältasjön, Lillsjön, Sicklasjön, Judarn Body responsible: The Sports Committee and Långsjön.

20 Goal 2 Safe products 2.8 The City shall work towards a reduction of at least 30% in the use of art paints containing cadmium. The use of cadmium as a pigment is exempted from the general ban on the use of cadmium in place since the early 1980s. Cadmium, which is a heavy metal, is extremely toxic and causes renal and skeletal damage. There is now no safety margin between current levels and effects on the population. Given that cadmium usage is speciﬁcally regulated by law, all the City can effectively do is inform people of the importance of reducing the spread of cadmium. The colour pigment that is exempted from the ban is one concrete area in which it can act, and everyone who handles art paints is an important player in this respect.

2.8.1 Amounts of cadmium, kgs/year, in amount of generated should bear this factor in mind. The art paints sold. source data should be produced during the ﬁrst and ﬁnal years of the programme period. There Body responsible: The Environment and Health are probably no easily accessible statistics, and Committee the statistics will, instead, have to be generated Comments: Different types of paint contain in cooperation with the larger retailers. different amounts of cadmium, so any statistics

2.8.2 Average concentration of cadmium in digested Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten sludge per annum. Comments: Approximately 10% of the cadmium mg/kg solid matter 2.5 content of sludge is thought to come from art Henriksdal paints. The estimate is, however, an uncertain Bromma 2.0 one and the amount contributed by art paints may be higher. Car washes are probably the 1.5 biggest source of cadmium.

1.0

0.5

0.0 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source: Stockholm Vatten

2.9 At least 70% of all properties with jointing compounds containing PCB shall be decontaminated by 2006. Roughly speaking, there are 23 tonnes of PCB built into Stockholm’s buildings, of which just over half is found in jointing compounds, with the rest found in condensers, insulating glass and ﬂoors. PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) is the name given to a group of substances harmful both to the environment and to people’s health, and which affect reproductive capability, the hor- mone system and the immune system, amongst other things. PCB breaks down slowly and concentrates upwards in the food chain. The City is working to chart the incidence of PCB and to decontaminate the buildings involved. Municipal housing companies, other property owners, building contractors and their associations are all important players when it comes to removing PCB from Stockholm’s buildings. 2.9.1 The number of properties with PCB in jointing Comments: Inventories of Stockholm’s buildings compounds actioned/total number of properties are currently in progress and are scheduled for in which PCB jointing compounds necessitate completion in 2004. The decontamination decontamination. requirement is assessed on a case-to-case basis and any decontamination work will, in accordance Body responsible: The Environment and Health with the aims of the Swedish Environmental Pro- Committee tection Agency, be completed by 2008.

Goal 2 Safe products 21 2.9.2 Average concentration of PCB in digested Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten sludge per annum. Comments: There are approximately 23 tonnes mg/kg solid matter 0.20 of PCB built into properties in the city, e.g. in Henriksdal 0.18 jointing compounds and ﬂoors. The levels pre- Bromma 0.16 sent in the sludge reﬂect, to some extent, the 0.14 incidence of PCB in buildings. Leakage levels 0.12 from these buildings have not, however, been 0.10 charted. 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source: Stockholm Vatten

2.10 HCFC emissions from district heating pumps subject to licensing shall cease. HCFC is used as a coolant in heating pumps, but its use as a top-up medium is prohibited, as of 2002. There is currently no equivalent substitute medium for large district heating pumps. As of 2001, there were three possible options: using a less efﬁcient medium, installing equipment for recycling HCFC that leaked out, or using existing mediums for a few more years and then closing down the pumps.

2.10.1 Percentage HCFC installed that has Body responsible: The Environment and Health leaked/amount of HCFC installed. Committee

500 10.0 Amount leaked, as a percentage of amount installed Installed HFC Leaked HFC Comments: Installation of HCFC ceased in 1998 Installed HCFC Leaked HCFC and leaks will, therefore, cease in the long-term. 400 8.0

300 6.0

200 4.0 Installed amount, tonnes 100 2.0

0 0.0 1998 1999 2000 Source: Birka Energi

22 Goal 2 Safe products Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption

More efﬁcient energy consumption leads to better health, fresher air, cleaner water and a reduction in the strain imposed on the atmosphere. The City can inﬂuence the amount and types of energy used, e.g. wind and water instead of coal and oil. The City can also work to bring about an increase in the percentage of district heating. Energy savings must be made in a way that prevents any deterioration in people’s housing and work environment conditions. Knowledge of the consequences of individual fuel burning systems must be improved.

The following subsidiary goals shall be achieved during the programme period:

3:1 The consumption of fossil fuels by individual and block heating systems shall be reduced by at least 20% through connection to district heating systems.

3:2 At least 80% of the fuel used in the production of district heating shall come from renewable sources.

3:3 Energy consumption for electricity generation and heating as part of the City’s own activities shall become environmentally friendly and shall be reduced by 10% per inhabitant. The percentage of eco-labelled electricity used shall increase.

3:4 Companies and households shall make their energy consumption environmentally friendly and reduce their consumption levels by 5% per inhabitant.

23 National Environmental Quality Goals The City’s responsibility The national “Limited Climate The City can influence energy consumption by a range of Impact”, “Clean Air” and “Natural means, including the City of Stockholm’s joint ownership Acidification Only” goals tie in with of AB Fortum Värme. The City of Stockholm, the energy the City’s Sustainable Energy companies and municipal housing companies are all im- Consumption environmental portant players in this field. The City is also responsible, goal. through its long-term planning, for ensuring the precon- Environmental impact ditions for the space-intensive biofuel supplies needed for electricity and heating production. The greenhouse effect is increasing faster than before, primarily as a result of carbon dioxide emissions from coal and Other players oil combustion. Private property companies, industrial companies and every Precipitation in Stockholm is considerably more acidic single person living in the city all have considerable influence. than was the case before industrialisation. The soil is ten Households can increase their energy efficiency by in- times more acidic than unaffected soil and acidification creasing their knowledge of how to do this. The state, which levels are higher than can be tolerated by the soil’s and water’s imposes energy and environmental taxes, has a critical role organisms. This acidification is due to sulphur and nitrogen in this respect, and the regional division of Stoseb (Stor- emissions from, amongst other things, oil combustion. Stockholms Energi AB, or the “Greater Stockholm Energy The air quality in Stockholm has improved, but emis- Company Ltd.”) also has substantial influence. sions can still cause health problems. Air pollution increases The most important measures can be summarised as the risk of cancer, asthma and cardiovascular problems. follows: increased energy efficiency, increased use of re- Small-scale wood burning in non-environmentally approved newable energy sources, e.g. biofuels, charting, and com- combustion appliances generates massive emissions of munication. hydrocarbons that are harmful to people’s health. All emissions from electricity production and heating can be reduced by increasing the energy efficiency of the city’s buildings.

24 Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption Subsidiary goals and key ratios

3.1 The consumption of fossil fuels for individual and block heating systems shall be reduced by at least 20% through connection to district heating systems. Fossil fuels used in individual heating systems can be replaced, ﬁrst and foremost, with district heating. The heating requirement can also be reduced through increased efﬁciency and savings.

3.1.1 Energy consumption per fuel type and 3.1.2 Carbon dioxide emissions from electricity and inhabitant. heating per annum.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN STOCKHOLM CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM PER FUEL TYPE AND INHABITANT BETWEEN ELECTRICITY AND HEATING IN STOCKHOLM IN 1996 AND 2000, KWH/INHABITANT. THE YEAR 2000, THOUSAND TONNES CO2. kWh/inhabitant 10000 135 1996 768 Electricity and heat production 81 within the district heating system 1997 8000 110 Residential oil usage 1998 6000 Commercial property/office oil usage 2000 Industrial oil usage 4000 Source: K-konsult 380 City gas usage

2000 Source: K-konsult

0 Fossil fuels Other fuels Oil, not Electricity, in district in district in district not in district Body responsible: The Environment and Health heating heating heating heating City gas Committee

Body responsible: The Environment and Health Comments: Carbon dioxide is the main green- Committee house gas and other greenhouse gases are recalculated to the equivalent amount of carbon Comments: The key ratio shows the results of dioxide. the monitoring of subsidiary goal 3.1 and the The key ratio shows Stockholmers’ contribu- entire target area no. 3, with the energy consumption to greenhouse gas emissions from electricity tion trend per inhabitant in Stockholm, thereby and heating. reﬂecting the increase in energy consumption. It also reveals whether energy consumption has become more environmentally friendly on the basis of which types of energy are increasing and which are declining in terms of overall use. Statistics are available for oil, city gas and district heating. District heating is divided up into fossil fuel-generated and other district heating, with district heating produced by electricity included under other district heating. Electricity is divided up into eco-labelled electricity and non-eco-labelled electricity. Data is taken from the energy companies and Statistics Sweden, and from the Stockholm civic survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected households in the City of Stockholm. It is currently not possible to obtain information on the percentage of eco-labelled electricity used.

Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption 25 3.2 At least 80% of the fuel used in the production of district heating shall come from renewable sources. The extension of district heating systems is a positive step. Fossil fuels can be replaced with biofuels, amongst other things. The City’s most important roles are in its capacity as a landowner, customer, and joint owner of AB Fortum Värme. The fuel choice is, however, largely determined by nationally-imposed tax levels.

3.2.1 The percentage of fossil fuels used in district Body responsible: The Environment and Health heating and electricity generation/total fuel used. Committee

THE PERCENTAGE OF FOSSIL FUELS USED IN Comments: If electricity usage for heat pumps and DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICITY electric boilers is not included in the total fuel usage GENERATION/TOTAL FUEL USED, 2000. for district heating and power production, fossil fuels 15% comprise 30%. Electricity for heating From an emissions point of view, the extension of pumps and electric boilers district heating systems to replace individual heating Fossil fuels, coal and oil ones is advantageous. The percentage of fossil fuels used in district heating systems must, however, be Biofuels, waste heat, heat extraction from lakes reduced if greenhouse gas emissions are to be reduced. 25% 60% Source: AB Fortum Värme

3.3 Energy consumption for electricity generation and heating as part of the City’s own activities shall become environmentally friendly and shall be reduced by 10% per inhabitant. The percentage of eco-labelled electricity used shall increase. Energy consumption levels in Stockholm are increasing. A shift towards district heating, increased efficiency and savings will all reduce emissions of harmful substances. Eco-labelled electricity will reduce the environmental impact. Upgrades to central furnace rooms and central local area boiler plants, the installation of heat pumps, insulation and sealing of buildings, better heating and ventilation control, and less energy-intensive lighting are all examples of ways to increase efficiency. Increased energy efficiency is often profitable, but it has not been implemented on a sufficient scale.

3.3.1 Energy consumption per annum for the City’s otherwise be monitored using random samples. own activities is divided into: Data will, inter alia, be generated using – Operational electricity in kWh, total per m2 ENERMIS, a database tool that enables private ﬂoor space. and public workplaces to calculate and report – Building electricity in kWh, total per m2 ﬂoor their energy-related environmental emissions. space. – Energy consumption in kWh for heating, total 3.3.2 Eco-labelled electricity purchased in kWh/total per m2 area heated. electricity purchased by the City. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Committee Comments: There is no data available for total Comments: Purchasing eco-labelled electricity is energy consumption in Stockholm. Work is cur- one way of making electricity consumption en- rently in progress with a view to enabling the vironmentally friendly. Information on eco-label- energy consumption of the City’s activities to led electricity purchased is obtained with the aid be monitored, but energy consumption can of questionnaires sent out to users.

26 Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption 3.4 Companies and households shall make their energy consumption environmentally friendly and reduce their consumption levels by 5% per inhabitant. The City shall create the preconditions for achieving this goal, because it includes players outside of the City’s sphere of activity. Individual metering and debiting of heating and hot water charges will encourage households to save energy. Under the provisions of the EU’s directive for intelligent energy usage and energy saving (SAVE), the member states shall draft and implement programmes within a number of operating spheres, with a view to reducing their carbon dioxide emissions and improving energy efficiency.

3.4.1 Energy consumption, total, per inhabitant 3.4.2 Percentage of households using eco-labelled per annum. electricity Body responsible: The Environment and Health ENERGY CONSUMPTION, TOTAL, PER INHABITANT, 1996 –1998. Committee kWh/inhabitant Comments: The key ratio monitors what per- 22500 centage of households in Stockholm City have chosen eco-labelled electricity, thereby showing 22000 not only the inhabitants’ awareness and know-

21500 ledge of eco-labelled electricity, but the product range available and the marketing thereof. 21000 The data is taken from the Stockholm civic survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected 20500 households in the City of Stockholm.

20000

19500 1996 1997 1998 Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: The key ratio shows the energy consumption trend per inhabitant in Stockholm. Data is taken from the energy companies and Statistics Sweden. See also key ratio 3.1.1.

Goal 3 Sustainable energy consumption 27 28 Ekologisk planering och skötsel Goal 4 Ecological planning and management

The City shall offer Stockholmers an attractive and healthy out- door environment. Land and water must be planned and managed in an ecologically sustainable manner. Green and blue areas shall be preserved as important recreational areas and shall provide good conditions for a wealth of bio-diversity. The public shall be told about parks and natural areas and encouraged to visit and use them. Knowledge of the consequences of soil eutrophication must increase.

The following subsidiary goals shall be achieved during the programme period:

Bio-diversity and green areas 4:1 Management of natural and culturally inﬂuenced biotopes shall generate increased bio-diversity. Management activities shall be ecologically orientated and structured in line with the requirements of threatened species, as listed in ArtArken (Stockholm’s species data archive).

4:2 Development of natural land and water areas shall be compensated for in the form of equivalent natural areas in the immediate vicinity.

4:3 No development shall occur in the following land and water areas: – the 13 areas under potential protected status review, –- biotopes, biological dispersal routes, buffer zones and recreation areas of particular value, – habitats for threatened species, as listed in ArtArken (Stockholm’s species data archive).

Land and Water 4:4 Contaminated land shall be charted and decontamination work shall begin. The dispersal of pollutants shall be prevented.

4:5 Soil, surface and groundwater pollutant levels shall fall.

4:6 Pollutants shall be prevented from entering the surface water in order to minimise contamination.

4:7 A strategy for minimising eutrophicating substance emissions shall be produced.

29 National Environmental The levels of chemical impact must be reduced so that Quality Goals viable populations of the most sensitive species can exist. Nine of the national goals tie in with the City’s Ecological Plan- Land and water ning and Maintenance environ- Stockholm’s water areas are polluted by traffic, industries, mental goal, namely “A Good development, waste water and chemicals. Groundwater Built-up Environment”, “Flour- quality and levels are affected by tunnels, development ishing Lakes and Streams”, and infiltration. Polluted water flows into lakes and “Thriving Wetlands”, “A Balanced Marine Environment, watercourses. Flourishing Coastal Areas and Archipelagos”, “Sustain- Metals, oils, organic environmental toxins and fertil- able Forests”, “A Varied Agricultural Landscape”, “A Non- isers from a variety of emission sources pollute both land Toxic Environment”, “Good-Quality Groundwater” and and water. “Zero Eutrophication”. Measures that reduce pollutants at source are sustainable in the long-term and are also most cost effective. In Environmental impact the shorter term, the first course of action must be to Ecological planning and management principally com- decontaminate surface water, principally where pollutant prises bio-diversity, and land and water. levels are high and in the vicinity of sensitive environments.

Bio-diversity and green areas The City’s responsibility Stockholm’s bio-diversity is primarily affected by develop- Natural land is managed by the city district administra- ment, adverse management, and chemical burdens, with tions. The Real Estate and Traffic Committee, the City development as the most serious of these problems. Planning Committee and Stockholm Vatten are also The most important measures in terms of increasing important players with regard to land and water areas. the diversity of the city’s nature are: – the re-creation, restoration and pasturing or mowing Other players of culturally influenced biotopes such as meadows, Partnerships with various construction companies, the pastureland, wetlands etc., Swedish National Road Administration, the County – ensuring that woodlands and parks have trees of Administrative Board, the Office of Regional Planning different ages and stratification and that more dead and Traffic and the county’s other local authorities are wood is allowed to lie. important if these goals are to be achieved. Involvement by the general public is also important. Development for residential, workplace and infrastructural Visitors to parks and natural land can observe the incidence purposes makes major inroads, reducing the living space of different species and management requirements, and and dispersal routes of plants and animals. A greater can help to increase levels of conservation in and number of Stockholmers have to share ever fewer and appreciation of these areas. smaller green areas.

Terms used in this section Green area: larger, continuous green area. Biotope: physically delimited area with a uniform environment with regard Green area, green land: area of land covered by vegetation. to type of land, local climate, and flora and fauna. Natural land: green areas dominated by wild plant and animal species. Blue area: surface water area with a biological content. This term refers to Age variety and stratification: variation in bushes and trees with regard lakes, watercourses and smaller pools of water. to age and structure. Buffer zone: green or blue area that protects areas of rich biological Parkland: green areas dominated by artificial topography and vegetation variation from disturbance, or which constitutes a temporary habitat for for recreational or aesthetic purposes. animals and plants. Stratification: variation in the structure of bushes and trees. Surface water: rain, wash water or meltwater that flows over hardened Threatened species: those species charted as part of the ArtArken project surfaces or permeable land via ditches or conduits out into lakes or water- (Stockholm’s species data archive). The term, threatened species, refers courses. This does not include outflows into Saltsjön or to sewage treat- both to all those species nationally classified as threatened and to a ment plants. number of species deemed to be threatened locally/regionally. Ecologically orientated management: management which, at the site in Dispersal route: green or blue area that enables animals and plants to question, benefits the diversity of wild animals and plants. disperse. Ties together areas of biological variation into an ecologically ESKO: Areas of Special Ecological Sensitivity (Swedish acronym) must, functional network. under the provisions of the Swedish Environmental Code, be protected “Particular value”: used in connection with the Biotope, Dispersal Route, against measures that could harm the natural environment. The following Buffer zone and Recreation area concepts. Requires a municipality-wide areas have been identified to date in Stockholm: shorelines with vegetation, assessment on a case-to-case basis, at which time the Green Map, Art- wetlands, small watercourses, old deciduous woodlands, older coniferous Arken, the Biotope Map, the ESKO Map and other existing ecological woodlands, and habitats for threatened species. source data are taken into account.

30 Goal 4 Ecological planning and management Subsidiary goals and key ratios

4.1 Management of natural and culturally influenced biotopes shall generate increased bio- diversity. Management activities shall be ecologically orientated and structured in line with the requirements of threatened species, as listed in ArtArken (Stockholm’s species data archive). Adverse management has probably affected approximately 80% of the nationally threatened species that have disappeared from the local authority area (ArtArken 1999). Restoration of biotopes and specially adapted management will turn this trend around. Woodlands and parks should include trees of different ages and stratification, and more dead wood should be allowed to lie, if bio-diversity is to be developed. Information on these sites is important in order to increase public understanding. Culturally influenced biotopes include meadows, pastureland, wetlands etc. Restoration, recreation and a specially adapted management programme, e.g. in the form of grazing or mowing with lifting, are often required in such areas. The Open Grassland Species environmental monitoring system (ÖGA) monitors the incidence of species that benefit from grazing and mowing, and provides verification of the favourable results of the management activities. The costs associated with more intensively managed areas can be offset against more extensive management in many woodlands. The most important players in the City are the City Council, the Real Estate and Traffic Committee, the city district administrations, The Environment and Health Committee and the City Planning Committee. The state can play a part, too, through Kungliga Djurgårdsförvaltningen (the Royal Djurgården Association) and the County Administrative Board. Other players in this context include the public, the county’s other local authorities and a variety of associations.

4.1.1 Percentage of open grass- and wetland with 4.1.3 Percentage street and park engineers, grazing or mowing/total grass- and wetland Agenda 21 coordinators and contractors area trained in ecological management of natural land and parkland per annum. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: Periodic monitoring systems must be developed and starting-point data must be Comments: The BUS project’s management produced. training constitutes the data source.

4.1.2 Acreage per annum of recreated and restored meadows, pastureland, wetlands and other culturally inﬂuenced biotopes. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: The Biotope Charting, the BUS project, and survey data from the city district administrations and the Real Estate and Trafﬁc Administration are compiled by the Environment and Health Administration. The Biotope Charting (1998), complemented by documentation from the BUS project and other initiatives, constitute the starting-point data.

Goal 4 Ecological planning and management 31 4.2 Development of natural land and water areas shall be compensated for in the form of equivalent natural areas in the immediate vicinity. Compensatory measures should be implemented when a green area is utilised for new development or infrastructure. One of the main principles is to try and replace the values and functions that would otherwise be lost. A species-poor green area that is utilised could, for example, be boosted by tree planting in those areas not developed.

4.2.1 Area per annum where compensatory measures have been carried out/total area utilised. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: Methodology development work has begun. A draft monitoring system is being developed in partnership with the City Planning Administration. The Environment and Health Administration is compiling data.

4.3 No development shall occur in the following land and water areas: – the 13 areas* under potential protected status review, – biotopes, biological dispersal routes, buffer zones and recreation areas of particular value, – habitats for threatened species, as listed in ArtArken (Stockholm’s species data archive). This subsidiary goal does not include every green and blue area in the city: its objective is to secure the most valuable. The larger land and water areas that are rich in variety constitute the basis for Stockholm’s bio-diversity, but many of them are still being nibbled away at the edges by development projects. If the larger areas are not to become isolated, there must be rich biotopes between them, dispersal routes and buffer zones, that make it easier for animals and plants to survive. Habitats for threatened species must be taken into account, even outside of the traditional natural land areas. Green areas should be protected against noise and should be easily accessible, even by those with physical disabilities. Planning activities should strive to ensure that the majority of Stockholmers live close to a natural area. Monitoring the effect of development on ecological values is important and requires methodology development. The City Council, the City Planning Committee, the Real Estate and Trafﬁc Committee, the Environment and Health Committee and the city district administrations are the most important players in the city in this context. Other local authorities in the region, the County Administrative Board, interest groups and the general public are also important stakeholders in this respect.

*Natural areas in which area protection status is being investigated in line with City Council decisions and the Overview Plan: the areas in question are Grimsta-Blackeberg, the Flaten area, the Järva nature area, Kyrkhamn-Lövsta, Norra Djurgården, Södra Djur- gården, the Hammarbyskogen forest and the Nacka open-air recreation area, the Årsta- skogen forest and Årstaholmar islands, the Sätraskogen forest, the Älvsjöskogen forest, Farstanäset, the Rågsved nature area and the Fagersjöskogen forest.

32 Goal 4 Ecological planning and management 4.3.1 Number of nature reserves established per 4.3.5 Number of people visiting and using parks or annum natural areas close to (within 500m) their home (once or several times a week). Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Body responsible: The Environment and Health Comments: Following up on City Council de- Committee cisions. Three reserves have been created since 1995. The average value for the programme period Comments: This key ratio monitors the scale of is compared with previous and future periods. the population’s visits to and use of parks and natural areas in the city environment. It also 4.3.2 Acreage of protected land, pursuant to the illustrates inhabitants’ interest in and proximity to Swedish Environmental Code per annum. nature and parks. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic Body responsible: The City Planning Committee survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected Comments: Following up on City Council households in the City of Stockholm. The monitor- decisions. ing is linked to the City Planning Committee’s Previously established and ongoing area pro- work with Stockholm’s Green Map. tection schemes (2002) constitute the source data. The average value for the programme period 4.3.6 Number of visits per m2 parkland and natural is compared with previous and future periods. land per annum within the city district area. Body responsible: The City Planning Committee 4.3.3 Area per annum with detailed development* or infrastructure** planning in areas under potential Comments: This key ratio monitors inhabitants’ protected status review or areas with biotopes, use of parkland and natural areas within their city biological dispersal routes, buffer zones and district area in relation to the available area of recreation areas of particular value. parkland and natural land. The monitoring is linked to the City Planning Committee’s work with Body responsible: The Environment and Health Stockholm’s Green Map. Committee Visits to and use of parkland and natural areas Comments: Methodology development work contribute to their preservation, but at the same has begun. A draft monitoring system is being time, the number of visitors can affect the area’s developed in partnership with the City Planning qualities. Administration. The Environment and Health The frequency indicates the risk of wear and Administration is compiling data. tear and the need for management if the area’s qualities are to be maintained. 4.3.4 Number of threatened species who have Data is generated via observation studies and disappeared per annum due to development. visitor counts in the parks. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: The data sources are ArtArken, ﬁeld checks and detailed plans. Reconciliation occurs every other year during the programme period. Starting-point data in ArtArken 2002 shall be compared with detailed plans implemented during the programme period.

*Development – allotted land set aside for residential purposes, ofﬁces or industry. **Infrastructure – general sites set aside for street, road and track construction purposes.

Goal 4 Ecological planning and management 33 4.4 Contaminated land shall be charted and decontamination work shall begin. The dispersal of pollutants shall be prevented. The city has an environmental debt in the form of polluted areas built up over the course of an industrial century. The pollutants constitute a threat to people’s health and to the environment. The contaminated land must be treated when the land is used, to ensure that the pollutants do no spread into the groundwater and surface water.

4.4.1 Percentage of newly developed land where a 4.4.2 Percentage of newly developed land with soil soil contamination report is produced/total contamination actioned/total amount of newly amount of newly developed land. developed land where soil contamination is confirmed. Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Comments: Investigated through the quota of building permits with and without soil reports. Comments: The key ratio complements 4.4.1. It The City Planning Committee is the body shows whether measures have been taken when responsible, but the Environment and Health soil contamination has been conﬁrmed. Administration must provide data.

4.5 Soil, surface and groundwater pollutant levels shall fall. All water is an integral part of the hydrological cycle. Pollutants not broken down in the soil are transferred on to lakes and watercourses. Water-soluble pollutants can sink through the soil’s layers down to the groundwater level and thereby affect the quality of drinking water. It is important to deal with both point sources (e.g. industries) and diffuse sources if new contaminants are to be prevented from reaching the soil, surface water and groundwater. Water-soluble road salt is one example of a diffuse source: the salt permeates down into the groundwater and pollutes it. High salt levels harm not only plants and animals, but metal and concrete too. It should be possible to limit saline gritting to particularly important locations, such as bridges and viaducts.

4.5.1 Amount of salt spread per annum on icy roads Committee, the city district administrations and (tonnes). the Swedish National Road Administration are the players responsible. The Real Estate and Body responsible: The Real Estate and Trafﬁc Traffic Administration is responsible for compil- Committee ing data. Comments: The Real Estate and Traffic

4.6 Pollutants shall be prevented from entering the surface water in order to minimise contamination. Rainwater and melt water from the city’s hard surfaces often run out into lakes and watercourses, either directly or via storm drains. The surface water contains dissolved contaminants and eutrophying substances. The “Water Programme for Stockholm - lakes and watercourses”, lists goals, actions and prioritised water areas. The goal is to maintain or improve the water quality. The long-term sustainable solution is to process the contaminants at source. Point sources and diffuse sources jointly account for the various substances introduced into the water environments. The subsidiary goals described under Environmentally Efﬁcient Transport and Safe Products help prevent the dispersal of diffuse contaminants into the surface water. Surface water from trafﬁc arteries and land where environmentally hazardous activities are conducted contain vast quantities of contaminants. If sensitive water environments are to be

34 Goal 4 Ecological planning and management preserved, the surface water from these land surfaces must be cleaned. The City has assigned Stockholm Vatten overall responsibility for cleaning and draining the surface water from the City’s land and installations, on the basis of both the Swedish Environ- mental Code’s requirements and the City’s surface water strategy. The Swedish National Road Administration is responsible for the major trafﬁc arteries. Other important players include the companies engaged in environmentally hazardous activities.

4.6.1 Road surface area trafficked by more than Body responsible: The Environment and Health 15,000 vehicles per day and where surface Committee water is cleaned/total road surface area Comments: The term, land area, refers to the trafficked by over 15,000 vehicles per day. land that drains directly into surface water Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten recipients. There are insufficient details of the land that Comments: The term, road surface area, refers drains into sewage treatment plants (approxima- to the area occupied by roads and traffic arteries tely 50% of the surface area in the city). with a traffic intensity in excess of 15,000 Details of the total land area with environ- vehicles/day within the areas that drain directly mentally hazardous activities within duplicated into surface water recipients. areas in the city are available from the Water Programme’s GIS maps of catchment areas to 4.6.2 Land area with environmentally hazardous lakes and watercourses. activities from which surface water is cleaned before being carried to surface water recipients/total land area with environmentally hazardous activities within the surface water recipients’ catchment areas.

4.7 A strategy for minimising eutrophicating substance emissions shall be produced. Stockholm’s water environments have differing natural capacities for coping with eutrophication, depending on whether they are lakes or archipelago environments with brackish water. Raised nutrient levels, and the ensuing change to the flora, can also affect land environments. Eutrophicating substances also reach the groundwater in the long term, and indeed, eutrophication is one of the more serious water management problems in Stockholm’s water environments, as are environmental toxins. The “Water Programme for Stockholm – lakes and watercourses”, has been in force since 1995 and is the City’s overall water management work programme, laying down goals, actions and priorities. This work has been developed as part of the Water Programme 2000, which details the actions taken, provides general factual information, and contains a facts and figures sheet for the various water areas. The work is continuing with the production of a combined strategy for Stockholm’s work on water environments, which will be presented in 2004. The effects of eutrophication are serious, with both bio-diversity and people’s health impacted. The increased cloudiness that it causes also affects the aesthetic value of the water environments, and effects on production capacity can have economic consequences. Blue- green algae (cyanobacteria) flourish as a result of eutrophication and can harm people, pets and other organisms, giving rise not only to symptoms of poisoning and skin irritation, but reducing the quality of drinking and bathing water. Lake Mälaren is the city’s drinking water supply source, whilst Saltsjön is the recipient for the city’s three sewage treatment plants (Henriksdal, Bromma and Loudden). The implementation of a long list of measures has led to a reduction in the burden on Stockholm’s small lakes, Lake Mälaren, watercourses and Saltsjön has declined over the past 30 years. The remaining effect comprises diffuse emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil

Goal 4 Ecological planning and management 35 and water in areas where land usage is of great importance. Nitrogen and phosphorus are also dispersed via sewage sludge, waste water and waste, and via the water from Lake Mälaren, which runs out into Saltsjön. Road trafﬁc is far and away the predominant cause of nitrous contaminant emissions into the air.

4.7.1 Average percentage change in the total phos- 4.7.2 Average estimated overflow amounts into Lake phorus levels in lakes Laduviken, Judarn, Mälaren per annum. Kyrksjön, Råcksta Träsk, Trekanten and Flaten Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten per annum. Comments: Overflows occur from combined dis- Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten tribution systems, and contain waste water and Comments: These lakes are located within the surface water. Overflow amounts depend on city’s boundaries. The city shares most of its weather conditions. water areas with the neighbouring local author- The average overflow amount is calculated for ities. the past ten-year period due to annual variations The key ratios are calculated on the basis of in rainfalls. an average percentage change over the past five-year period.

36 Goal 4 Ecological planning and management Goal 5 Environmentally efﬁcient waste processing

Waste and refuse are resources in the wrong place. Saving materials, raw materials and energy contributes to creating an ecologically sustainable world. The amount of waste per inhabitant must decrease. Stockholmers shall be provided with a well-developed waste management system offering high levels of service and quality. Sorting and recycling shall be encouraged. All waste management processes must be environmentally friendly, particularly with regard to hazardous waste, which must be screened out in an environmentally adequate manner. Knowledge of Stockholm’s total waste ﬂow must increase.

The following subsidiary goals shall be achieved during the programme period:

5:1 Households and commercial activities shall be afforded good preconditions for screening out hazardous waste. Substances harmful to the environment and people’s health shall not leak out into the environment.

5:2 The EU’s waste hierarchy shall be applied to ensure environmentally friendly waste processing.

5:3 Systems enabling more efﬁcient sorting at source and collection of waste, including organic waste, must be established within the city.

5:4 Better use shall be made of the nutrients present in the sewage sludge. At least 50% of the phosphorus present in the sludge must be returned to the eco-cycle by 2006.

37 National Environmental Virtually all household waste is incinerated in the Högdalen Quality Goals district heating power plant. 235,840 tonnes were inciner- The national environmental goal, ated in 1999, producing 52,983 tonnes of slag. The size of “A Good Built-up Environment”, the non-incinerable fraction and hazardous waste that ties in with the City’s Environ- arrives at Högdalen along with the other household waste mentally Efficient Waste Proces- must be reduced. Large amounts of sewage sludge are sing goal. There are also links to a formed in the city’s three sewage treatment plants, and it number of other environmental quality goals. should be possible to use more of this sludge as a plant fertiliser than has previously been the case. In 1999, 40% Environmental impact of all sludge was sent to landfills. Waste management is affected by new regulations govern- In-depth knowledge of waste flows is a prerequisite of ing, amongst other things, landfill, waste incineration good waste planning, and there is a need to develop ad- regulations, extended producer liability, and a new, environ- ministrative systems for collating waste statistics. First and mentally-orientated product policy. foremost, we need to know more about amounts, fractions The new control measures are designed to reduce and the environmental effects of the waste that the city resource consumption levels and waste quantities, thereby neither processes nor has any control over. improving conditions for people’s health and the environ- The information supplied to households and comment. mercial operations can also be developed further. The population of Stockholm and the amount of waste they produce are increasing. Between 1998 and 1999, the The City’s responsibility amount of household waste increased by approximately 10%. The City can control the waste produced by its own activ- Environmentally friendly waste management presup- ities and also has considerable influence over household poses good opportunities for sorting at source. The city’s waste, e.g. through the City Council, the Waste Manage- sorting at source systems must be expanded, primarily with ment Committee, Stockholm Vatten, the City Planning regard to hazardous waste, but also with regard to non- Committee, the Environment and Health Committee and incinerable, heavy, and electrical and electronic waste (EEA), the city district administrations. the latter, as of 1st July 2001, being covered by producer liability. Other players A ban on dumping organic waste in landfills will come If the goals for waste from other activities are to be achieved, into force in 2005 and will increase demands for organic several different players must work together. waste processing capacity. As of the time of writing, this The energy companies, materials companies, type of processing capacity is in short supply in the Stock- El-Kretsen AB (a service company created by Swedish elec- holm region. trical and electronic trade associations to fulfil producer In 2003, there was only one plant for final processing of liability requirements), commercial operations, property waste, and large amounts of waste (primarily from com- owners and households are all important players in this panies and other commercial activities) are consequently respect. transported away from the city.

38 Goal 5 Environmentally efﬁcient waste processing Subsidiary goals and Key ratios

5.1 Households and commercial activities shall be afforded good preconditions for screening out hazardous waste. Substances harmful to the environment and people’s health shall not leak out into the environment. All hazardous waste must be screened out and managed in a way that minimises the dispersal of environmentally harmful substances at every point in the chain, from the waste producer to the treatment facility. There were too few recycling stations for households’ use in 2002 and they were too difﬁcult to get to without a car. In Stockholm, companies can now leave electrical waste at recycling centres, and oil waste can be left at Loudden. Companies wishing to transport non-electrical or oil-based hazardous waste themselves are referred to recipients outside of the local authority area. One way of increasing the screening out of hazardous waste might be to improve the service provided for companies with small amounts of hazardous waste. The Waste Management Committee, the Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee, the Real Estate and Trafﬁc Committee, the city district administrations, property owners, commercial operations and households are all important players in this context.

5.1.1 Amount of hazardous waste collected from 5.1.2 Percentage of households sorting their households per annum. hazardous waste at source. Body responsible: The Environment and Health TOTAL AMOUNT HAZARDOUS WASTE COLLECTED FROM HOUSEHOLDS (TONNES) Committee 235 230 Comments: This key ratio monitors the percent- 230 225 age of households in the City of Stockholm who 220 sort their hazardous household waste into differ- 215 ent fractions at source. It also indicates inhabit- 209 210 ants’ awareness and knowledge of hazardous 205 199 waste and their familiarity with Stockholm’s 200 system for collecting hazardous household waste. 195 190 The data is taken from the Stockholm civic 185 survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected 180 households in the City of Stockholm 1997 1998 1999 Source: The Waste Management Administration 5.1.3 Amount of hazardous waste collected from Body responsible: The Waste Management commercial activities per annum. Committee Body responsible: The Waste Management Comments: The key ratio describes the amount Committee of hazardous waste collected from households in Stockholm. Comments: There is a shortfall in the information available regarding the amount of hazardous waste collected from commercial activities in Stockholm. It will eventually be possible to obtain this data from the cleansing companies and from the National Eco-cycle Register in Sweden.

Goal 5 Environmentally efﬁcient waste processing 39 5.2 The EU’s waste hierarchy shall be applied to ensure environmentally friendly waste processing. The EU’s waste hierarchy means that the waste is processed in the following order of priority: 1) waste minimisation, 2) recycling, 3) materials reclamation, 4) energy extraction, 5) landfill. The hierarchy should steer the waste processing methods, although this may not always be compatible with the greatest environmental benefit. Research and development must be monitored, and there should also be an alternative to waste incineration. Regional level partnerships are needed for planning new treatment plants and structuring systems for sorting at source and sewage and sludge processing. The primary goal is to reduce the total amount of waste, but the potential for controlling the amount of waste produced in society is limited. The City can, at least, reduce the amount of waste produced by its own activities and both promote recycling and disseminate information. The Waste Management Committee, the Environment and Health Committee, the energy companies, neighbouring local authorities and the Committee for Regional Waste Cooperation in Stockholm County are all important players in this context.

5.2.1 Total amount of waste collected per annum Comments: A total of 235,840 tonnes of house- (kg/inhabitant). hold waste were incinerated and a total of 82,731 tonnes of household waste was sent to landfills in Body responsible: The Waste Management 1999, including 58,960 tonnes of slag and ash Committee from waste incineration. A total of 80,434 tonnes Comments: Studies of the size of the waste flow of household waste were sorted at source in 1999. in Stockholm and of the fractions included in this See 5.3.1 for further details. flow are vital to good waste planning in the city. The city has no biological processing methods Reliable statistics are currently unavailable and it for organic household waste. Food waste from is only possible to make rough estimates of the restaurants and institutional catering establish- city’s total waste flow. It is particularly difficult to ments in Stockholm and from households on obtain details of the waste quantities produced Södertörn is turned into digested sludge at a test per annum by commercial activities in Stockholm. facility in Sofielund, Huddinge. As of 2003, it is In 1999, approximately 460 kgs of household unclear when or if the plant will be extended and waste per inhabitant was produced in Stockholm. commence full-scale operations. Routines for monitoring this key ratio must be developed. 5.2.3 Number of households and commercial activities who have reported that food waste 5.2.2 Amount of household waste from which energy is composted, per annum. is extracted, which is sent to landfills, or which Body responsible: The Environment and Health is sorted at source, per annum. Committee HOUSEHOLD WASTE 1999 (TONNES) Comments: Approximately 100 composting applications were made in 2000 and 120 in 2001. 250000 In 2002, however, the number of composting 235840 applications almost doubled to just under 220. 200000 5.2.4 Percentage of households composting their 150000 food waste.

100000 Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee 82731 80434 50000 Comments: This key ratio monitors the percentage of households in the City of Stockholm who sort 0 Incineration Landfill Sorted at source their food waste at source and compost it. It also indicates inhabitants’ knowledge of composting. Body responsible: The Waste Management The data is taken from the Stockholm civic Committee survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected households in the City of Stockholm.

40 Goal 5 Environmentally efficient waste processing 5.3 Systems enabling more efficient sorting at source and collection of waste, including organic waste, must be established within the city. The reuse of materials as raw materials for new products and services entails increased resource savings. Energy consumption and environmental impact are reduced in comparison with levels when products are made from new raw materials. Waste sorting reduces the environmental effects of waste processing. The service level for sorting at source was inadequate in 2001, particularly for inhabitants with physical disabilities and those without cars. There are too few recycling stations for households, and none for companies and other activities. A trial mobile recycling station project was launched in the autumn of 2002 in a few areas, to make it easier for households to hand in hazardous waste. In 2002, there were only three recycling centres for bulky, garden and hazardous waste. A fourth recycling centre is in the planning stage (2003). Packaging waste and waste paper, which are covered by producer liability, could be handed in at the recycling stations. Electrical waste (electrical and electronic products) has been covered by producer liability since 1st July 2001 and could be handed in at four reception centres. Better sorting at source would probably reduce the amount of non-incinerable and hazardous waste arriving at Högdalen, which is positive from both an incineration technology viewpoint and for the environment. In 2001, the City Council initiated a pilot study for improved sorting at source with the aim both of generating functioning alternatives to the recycling stations and of ensuring sorting at source closer to people’s homes. Commercial activities and households need more information if waste processing is to improve. The Waste Management Committee, the Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee, the Real Estate and Traffic Committee, the city district administrations, property owners, commercial operations, materials companies and El-Kretsen AB (a service company created by Swedish electrical and electronic trade associations to fulfil producer liability requirements) are all important players in this context.

5.3.1 Amount of household waste sorted at source, At the turn of the year, 1999-2000, there was one per annum recycling station per approx. 37,200 inhabitants. Every recycling station took waste from an aver- HOUSEHOLD WASTE SORTED AT SOURCE, 1999 (TONNES). age of 2,700 of Stockholm’s inhabitants. 70000 The key ratio provides an overview of house- Source: The Waste Management Administration holds’ total quantity of unsorted waste, which in 60000 58427 turn, provides a picture of households’ efforts in 50000 connection with and contributions to Stockholm’s resource saving activities. 40000

30000 5.3.2 Percentage of households that often or always sort their waste at source. 20000 14521 Body responsible: 10000 The Environment and Health 3672 2471 Committee 839 274 230 0 l s ers ing ta n nits ste Comments: This key ratio monitors the percent- ap ag e stio u erie a sp ck p m ige n att s w w a ra /d atio b ou ne p sc st er rd age of households that often or always sort their po za m frig ha co re household waste into different fractions. It also indicates inhabitants’ awareness and knowledge Body responsible: The Waste Management of material recycling and their knowledge of Committee Stockholm’s recycling systems. The fractions Comments: Amounts collected at city recycling referred to here are newspapers, packaging, stations, recycling centres and local recycling returnable tins and returnable bottles. stations, 1999. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic Packaging waste includes corrugated cardboard survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected and cardboard, glass, metal and plastic. households in the City of Stockholm.

Goal 5 Environmentally efficient waste processing 41 5.4 Better use shall be made of the fertiliser present in the sewage sludge. At least 50% of the phosphorus present in the sludge must be returned to the eco-cycle by 2006. It is difficult to find an outlet for the sludge from the city’s treatment plants. Further investigation of the potential for making better use of the fertiliser present in the sludge is needed and decisions must be taken. Technical methods must be developed for extracting phosphorus and for cleaning the sludge in the sewage treatment plants. Stockholm Vatten, the Environment and Health Committee, commercial operations and households are all important players in this context.

5.4.1 Yearly average level, mg per kg dry matter Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten sludge of Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Ag and Zn. Comments: The levels of organic substances in HEAVY METALS IN SLUDGE IN HENRIKSDAL AND the sludge at Henriksdal and Bromma sewage BROMMA SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS, 1999 treatment plants in 1999. The graph shows the mg/kg dry matter 700 starting-point data for 1999, which acts as a base Henriksdal ﬁgure for the rest of the programme period. 600 Source: Stockholm Vatten Bromma 500 5.4.3 Amount of phosphorus returned to the eco-

400 cycle/total amount phosphorus produced.

300 SPHERES OF USE FOR SLUDGE PRODUCED IN HENRIKSDAL, BROMMA AND LOUDDEN SEWAGE 200 TREATMENT PLANTS, 1999 (TONNES) 30000 100 Source: Stockholm Vatten 25000 0 20000 r l r ad m e m ury e e inc le iu pp miu rc ick ilv z dm co ro e n s 15000 ca ch m 10000 Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten 5000 Comments: The heavy metal levels in the sludge 0 e fill oil re g n at Henriksdal and Bromma sewage treatment nd s ultu ra atio la n ric to re tio g te s il c lla a ia so plants in 1999. The graph shows the starting- sta ed in rm point data for 1999, which acts as a base ﬁgure inte for the rest of the programme period. Body responsible: Stockholm Vatten 5.4.2 Yearly average level, mg per kg dry matter Comments: The graph shows the spheres of sludge of 4-nonylfenol, toluene, PCB and PAH. use for sludge produced in the Henriksdal, ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN SLUDGE IN Bromma and Loudden sewage treatment plants HENRIKSDAL AND BROMMA SEWAGE in 1999. TREATMENT PLANTS, 1999 A total of 68,700 tonnes of digested and mg/kg dry matter dehydrated sludge was produced at the sewage 25 treatment plants in 1999. Henriksdal The sludge contained 622 tonnes of phos- Bromma 20 phorus (Tot-P). 26% of the sludge produced was returned to the eco-cycle, i.e. used in agri- 15 culture (14%) or sent for intermediate storage before subsequent agricultural use (12%).

5 Source: Stockholm Vatten

0 4-nonylfenol toluene PCB total PAH total

42 Goal 5 Environmentally efﬁcient waste processing Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment

Stockholm’s housing shall be healthy, environmentally friendly, and comfortable. Good housing is free from noise, damp, harmful emissions and radon. New housing must have a healthy indoor environment and shall be built in accordance with the City’s ecological programmes. Households’ knowledge of risk factors in the indoor environment shall increase.

The following subsidiary goals shall be achieved during the programme period:

6:1 Housing shall be covered by programmes that work with indoor environmental risk factors.

6:2 Moisture dimensioning programmes shall be implemented for new construction work, renovation and management.

6:3 The incidence of damage caused by damp shall be reduced by 40% from 2002 levels.

6:4 All ventilation must comply with good air quality norms. Children’s environments shall be prioritised.

6:5 Pre-schools and schools shall display mandatory ventilation check (OVK) certiﬁcates and certiﬁcation dates.

6:6 Measures should be taken against the radon gas level in the city’s pre-schools, schools and youth centres within the programme period, and a programme of measures for multi-dwelling blocks shall be produced and its implementation commenced.

6:7 Noise nuisance caused by activities and installations shall be reduced.

6:8 The number of people exposed to magnetic ﬁelds in excess of an 0.2 µT average annual value shall not increase.

43 National Environmental be disruptive, particularly when people are trying to sleep. Quality Goals Cardiovascular systems can also be affected by noise, and The “Good Built-up Environ- tiredness, headaches and a general feeling of discomfort are ment”, “Non-Toxic Environ- commonplace. These problems mainly arise when insufﬁ- ment” and “Safe Radiation cient consideration is given to risks, damp and noise. Environment” national environ- Exposure to magnetic ﬁelds from power lines and blue mental goals tie in with the City’s lightweight concrete are other examples of risk factors that environmental goal – “Healthy indoor environment”. can have a negative impact on people’s health.

Environmental impact The City’s responsibility People spend 85% of their lives indoors, 65% of it in the A variety of players in the construction industry and the home, and the environment in people’s homes, schools and Real Estate and Trafﬁc Committee are the key players with workplaces is hence critical to their health and well-being. regard to establishing a healthy indoor environment. The High standards, good comfort levels and convenience not- City Planning Committee, the Real Estate and Trafﬁc withstanding, health problems caused by indoor environ- Committee, and the Environment and Health Committee ments are on the increase. Inadequate quality assurance in are responsible for the indoor climate. Any company and the construction process and subsequently, in the manage- administration ordering, building and or managing ment of the buildings, is one explanation for these prob- properties is directly responsible for the indoor environ- lems. ment there. Research has shown clear links between various risk factors and effects on health. A number of factors, such as Other players poor air circulation, airborne pollution, particles and aller- Tenants’ associations and other residential interests can gens, damp and mould damage, can also combine to cause chart the indoor environment, as can the construction problems. industry. Given correct information and knowledge, If people’s health is to be improved, actions and preven- households can improve the indoor environment and can tative measures must be taken against these risk factors. prevent and reduce health-related problems. Noise from ventilation and activities within buildings can

44 Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment Subsidiary goals and key ratios

6.1 Housing shall be covered by programmes that work with indoor environment risk factors. This goal covers the new construction, renovation and management of housing, where risk factors shall be identified, prevented and dealt with. There are a number of risk factors that affect people’s health, most of which are presented in the Environmental Survey for the indoor environment. The focus is on practical work. Individual parameters are constantly being discussed and revised, and it is hence difficult to quantify the goals, which are consequently presented as ambition levels instead. The best possible technology and knowledge shall be used to achieve a good indoor environment, and attention shall be paid to residents’ knowledge, experiences and states of health in relation to various risks. Clear functional requirements for a healthy indoor environment need to be developed. The “Ecological Construction in Stockholm” programme, which includes “Energy efficient healthy houses”, raises the issue of risks in the indoor environment associated with the buildings themselves. “Ecological Construction” is a project run jointly by the Real Estate and Traffic Committee, the Environment and Health Committee and the Stockholm Association of Building Contractors. In 2001, three-quarters of all new construction work had adopted the programme, revision of which began in 2003. The aim is for the “Ecological Construction – Renovation” programme to be adopted in the same way as the new construction programme. The Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee and the Real Estate and Traffic Committee, together with those who initiate programmes, planning and partnerships, are all important players in this context. The municipal housing companies, other property owners and managers are also important players.

6.1.1 Percentage of inhabitants stating that they Comments: This key ratio monitors inhabitants’ know how to prevent and reduce allergic states of heath with regard to allergic and reactions and asthmatic problems indoors. asthmatic complaints. The data is taken from the Stockholm civic Body responsible: The Environment and Health survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected Committee households in the City of Stockholm. Comments: This key ratio monitors inhabitants’ knowledge of preventative measures in this ﬁeld. 6.1.3 Percentage of newly constructed multi- The data is taken from the Stockholm civic dwelling blocks with ecological construction survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected programmes/total percentage newly households in the City of Stockholm. constructed multi-dwelling blocks. Body responsible: The City Planning Committee 6.1.2 Percentage of inhabitants who have suffered from allergic reactions or asthmatic problems Comments: This key ratio shows that the indoor during the past 12 months. environment has been taken into account as part of the construction process. The “New construc- Body responsible: The Environment and Health tion programme” is in place. Work on producing Committee a programme for renovation is still in progress.

Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment 45 6.1.4 The percentage of newly constructed or that an extensive survey is conducted in the city, renovated multi-dwelling blocks with other or alternatively, that the property owners them- indoor environmental quality assurance pro- selves carry out the survey. grammes/ total percentage newly constructed The House & Health survey includes a or renovated multi-dwelling blocks. number of subsidiary reports. One of these, Perceived Indoor Climate, shows perceptions Body responsible: The City Planning Committee of environmental factors and symptoms in Comments: The term, quality assurance pro- people’s residential environments. gramme, refers, for example, to indoor environ- The most recent report on the valuation of mental functional requirements, healthy house multi-dwelling blocks, Stockholm Survey – criteria, various environmental assessment interior environment and health (USK 1998), models, and check and action lists. The pro- should constitute the starting-point material and gramme that identiﬁes risk factors speciﬁes how can be repeated, with certain modifications. they shall be avoided and how these factors shall The main feature is a comparison with the be monitored. previous survey, i.e. whether the negative trend is continuing. The questionnaire-based survey 6.1.5 Percentage of multi-dwelling blocks which, can be complemented with new information so from a health protection viewpoint, have that newer buildings can be assessed. reported poorer results than expected in The key ratio checks whether symptoms of surveys. ill-health have increased or decreased in the indoor environment and should be followed up Body responsible: The Environment and Health as late as possible during the programme Committee period. Comments: Starting-point data comes from the House & Health Survey. The key ratio assumes

6.2 Moisture dimensioning programmes shall be implemented for new construction work, renovation and management. Moisture dimensioning programmes shall be drawn up, used, monitored and evaluated. The programmes cover the entire construction process and all measures taken in conjunction with the construction and management of a building, such that the building does not suffer damage and inconvenience from damp, either directly or indirectly. The builder’s control plan shall include moisture dimensioning of the building, as prescribed in the Programme for Ecological Construction. Moisture dimensioning demands more in-depth knowledge and experience on the part of both authorities and other players. Moisture dimensioning is vital to ensure compliance with the Swedish Environmental Code and the Swedish Planning and Construction Act. The City’s housing companies, the Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee (through building notification), and the Real Estate and Traffic Committee are all important players in this context. The entire construction and management sector must be involved if the goal is to be achieved.

6.2.1 Percentage of new construction or renovation tee is the monitoring body and has recently work with special plans for moisture assurance produced moisture control instructions. and control. There is no starting-point data, with the exception of the fact that the Real Estate and Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Traffic Administration/City Planning Adminis- Comments: The key ratio constitutes a check tration keep records of who has adopted Eco- that moisture dimensioning is included in the logical Construction Programmes that include building documents.The City Planning Commit- moisture dimensioning.

46 Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment 6.3 The incidence of damage caused by damp shall be reduced by 40% from 2002 levels. The goal of 40% is very ambitious. The City’s housing companies, the Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee (through building notification) and the Real Estate and Traffic Committee are all important players in this context, due to their programme-related work. The entire construction and management sector must be involved if the goal is to be achieved.

6.3.1 The incidence of damage caused by damp/ Environment and Health Administration. Statistics incidence of damage caused by damp in 2002. can also be gathered from the municipal housing companies, established consultants and the Body responsible: The Environment and Health number of cases of damage in the indoor en- Committee vironment reported to insurance companies etc. Comments: The key ratio assumes that damage The National Board of Housing, Planning and caused by damp is so deﬁned. Building is planning to produce data for monitor- Statistics can be obtained from cases reported ing purposes. (or cases where action has been taken) to the

6.4 All ventilation must comply with good air quality norms. Children’s environments shall be prioritised. The goal is a statutory fundamental requirement, but has been included because it is not being met. One of the biggest problems is the fact that premises are not dimensioned for the correct number of people. Good air quality assumes that several factors over and above simple ventilation norms are achieved. Measured minimum ventilation requirements are no guarantee, in that several factors interact (e.g. thermal indoor climate, various pollutants etc.). Perceived air quality can be used as an indirect measure. Criteria for good indoor air quality should be produced during the programme period. Requirements can be imposed in any health programme with regard to air circulation efficiency, which is a more relevant requirement for good ventilation.

6.4.1 Number of pre-schools and schools with 6.4.2 Number of premises (for children) investigated

indoor environmental problems investigated/ with over 1,000 parts per million (ppm) CO2 / total number of pre-schools and schools number of premises investigated. investigated. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Committee Comments: Measuring carbon dioxide levels is Comments: Survey material from the Environment relatively simple and is frequently used as a and Health Administration’s surveys, primarily of measurement of air quality. The carbon dioxide pre-schools, constitutes the supply data (a survey level in indoor air can also be used to gain an reference must, however, be developed specifying impression of the ventilation system’s efficiency. what constitutes an indoor environmental If the carbon dioxide level in a room during nor- problem). mal use regularly exceeds 1,000 ppm, it should The key ratio follows up on the effects aspect be seen as an indication of unsatisfactory vent- and should be conducted at a late stage in the ilation. programme period. No starting-point data has been compiled. SISAB (Skolfastigheter i Stockholm AB [School The Environment and Health Administration Premises in Stockholm Ltd.]) has survey material carries out between 10 and 50 measurements per from various schools, but an analysis of the best annum in pre-schools. The city district adminis- way of presenting the change must be carried out. trations have been ordered to implement

Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment 47 measurements by the Work Environment operations can produce an efficiently function- Inspectorate. It should be possible to obtain ing in-house inspection system that includes the these results and for them to constitute the allergy aspect in some other way. starting-point data. The allergy inspection is a protective inspec- Comparisons with the key ratios must be tion focusing on allergies. The operation shall generated in the form of the total number of produce an action programme for allergy issues pre-schools, youth centres and schools. with the aid of an allergy inspection checklist. This key ratio, when combined with key ratios 6.4.3 The number of pre-schools and schools where 6.4.5 and 6.4.6, provides a measurement of the legally responsible operator states that the knowledge levels and allergy work in the city’s National Board of Health & Welfare’s guidelines pre-schools and schools. Measurement data for for good air quality are met/total number pre- the key ratio is generated by means of an annual schools and schools. questionnaire-based survey. Body responsible: The Environment and Health 6.4.5 Percentage of pre-school and school person- Committee nel with allergy-related training/courses in one Comments: This key ratio measures whether or more of the following areas: food, indoor legally responsible operators for pre-schools environment and medicine. and schools in the city are checking to ensure Body responsible: The Environment and Health that the premises comply with applicable norms Committee for air circulation. Property owners and operators must have detailed knowledge of their pre- Comments: The key ratio is a measurement of mises and the various installations it contains. how many of the pre-school and school personnel The operator is responsible for ensuring that the have completed one or more training courses in activities conducted there are adapted in line the following areas: food and allergies, indoor with the premises’ preconditions. environment with special emphasis on allergies, The National Board of Health & Welfare’s and allergies from a medical perspective. guidelines state that the output airflow should Personnel etc. must have a knowledge of aller- not fall below 7 litres/second per person, plus a gies if understanding of allergies and other forms minimum of 0.35 litres per m2 floor area. of hypersensitivity is to be increased and allergy Measurement data for the key ratio is gener- prevention work is to be established in pre- ated via an annual questionnaire-based survey schools and schools. carried out within the framework of an “Invest- igation of knowledge levels and allergy work in 6.4.6 Percentage of allergy-suitable foods served in the city’s pre-schools and schools” project. school meals Body responsible: The Environment and Health 6.4.4 Percentage of pre-schools and schools Committee conducting annual allergy inspections Comments: The key ratio provides a measure- Body responsible: The Environment and Health ment of the percentage of foods suitable for Committee allergy sufferers served in school meals. The key Comments: The allergy inspection shall be con- ratio provides the source data for assessing the ducted at all units within the pre-school, school City’s allergy prevention work. and schoolchild care services sector unless the

48 Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment 6.5 Pre-schools and schools shall display mandatory ventilation check (OVK) certiﬁcates and certiﬁcation dates. Certificates of ventilation function checks must be issued and displayed. The rules say nothing, however, about who is to issue the certificate or whether the results of the check shall be presented, and it is hence not clear from the certificate whether the facility was approved. Supervisory resources have, furthermore, been scant. A certificate template for a passing OVK should be produced, indicating, amongst other things, the number of people for whom the facility is dimensioned, when the facility was approved, and the next scheduled inspection date. The certificate should not be issued until the facility has been approved and it should be displayed in the building’s main entrance. The City Planning Committee should implement this, initially in pre-school, daycare centre and school premises, and in the next phase, in multi-dwelling blocks. Consultation with the Swedish Federation of Property Owners and Funktionskontrollant- erna i Sverige AB (a non-profit-making organisation for OVK inspectors). The City Planning Committee, operators, property owners and managers of commercial premises and housing are all important players in this context.

6.5.1 The number of premises (for children) with 6.5.2 Premises with passing OVKs/number of pre- OVK certificates displayed/total number of mises for children inspected. premises (for children). Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Comments: Routines for supplying the key ratio Comments: Routines for supplying the key ratio with data must be established by the City with data must be established by the City Planning Administration. Planning Administration.

6.6 Measures should be taken against the radon gas level in the city’s pre-schools, schools and youth centres within the programme period, and a programme of measures for multi-dwelling blocks shall be produced and its implementation commenced.

Radon is the most common cause of lung cancer, after tobacco smoking. It has no smell, cannot be seen, and has no taste. Radon in buildings can come from the ground, the building material, or the household water. The only way to detect radon is by measuring it. Premises for children/young people shall be prioritised within the context of the city’s radon- related work. The property owner is responsible for conducting in-house radon checks in line with an established monitoring programme. The Environment and Health Committee can, as the relevant supervisory authority, demand that measures are taken. The Environment and Health Committee and property owners are important players in this context.

6.6.1 The number of objects with gamma radiation- 6.6.2 The number of objects with radon gas levels in producing blue lightweight concrete/total excess of the guideline ﬁgure/total number of number of objects in the following categories: objects in the following categories: – schools – schools – pre-schools – pre-schools – youth centres. – youth centres. Body responsible: The Environment and Health Body responsible: The Environment and Health Committee Committee Comments: Starting-point data is available for pre- Comments: The National Board of Health & Wel- schools and schools. There is no starting-point fare instructions state that the guideline value is data for youth centres, and it must be produced. 400 Bq/m2. The National Board of Housing,

Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment 49 Planning & Building’s construction rules, BBR 1999, state that the yearly average value for radon levels in new buildings shall not exceed 200 Bq/m2.

6.7 Noise nuisance caused by activities and installations shall be reduced. All players must ensure that noise indoors is reduced. Undisturbed sleep is vital to people’s health and well-being and is a prerequisite of people being able to function in their day-to-day lives. The Environment and Health Committee, the City Planning Committee, property owners and operators are all important players in this context.

6.7.1 Percentage of inhabitants disturbed by noise Body responsible: The Environment and Health in their homes. Committee Body responsible: The Environment and Health Comments: The starting-point data is the En- Committee vironment and Health Administration’s complaints register. A total of 145 complaints about noise in Comments: The key ratio monitors the way in the home were received in 2000. A total of 56 of which inhabitants perceive noise in their residen- these related to noise from installations and 89 to tial environment. noise from activities. Complaints are also received The data is taken from the Stockholm civic about traffic noise, see subsidiary goal 1.3. survey, which is sent out to randomly-selected households in the City of Stockholm. 6.7.3 Percentage of buildings with sound insulation Class B, rather than the minimum Classes C 6.7.2 Total number of complaints, broken down into and D, in conjunction with new construction activities and installations. and renovation. NOISE-RELATED COMPLAINTS 1996–2000 Body responsible: The City Planning Committee Number 250 Source: The Environment and Health Committee Comments: Noise levels in housing are divided Installations into different classes; Class C is the minimum 200 Activities level that should be chosen in conjunction with new construction and renovation work. If particu- 150 larly good soundproofing is required, Class A or B soundproofing should be sought. The key ratio 100 provides a measurement of the percentage of newly-built and renovated premises and of 50 whether applicable requirements are met there.

0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

6.8 The number of people exposed to magnetic ﬁelds in excess of an 0.2 µT average annual value shall not increase. Research indicates, inter alia, that children living near to power lines have an increased risk of contracting leukaemia. There is no clear proof of a negative effect on health caused by magnetic ﬁelds, but unnecessary exposure should be avoided.

6.8.1 The number of people exposed to magnetic Body responsible: The Environment and Health ﬁeld levels in excess of 0.2 µT (the average Committee annual value) from power lines, network and Comments: µT = microtesla, which is a measure- transformer stations, and switch gear. ment of magnetic flow density. Data is available for some power lines from the line owners, but this needs to be complemented and compiled.

50 Goal 6 A healthy indoor environment City of Stockholm

Additional copies of Stockholm´s Environmental Programme can be ordered from www.tyckom.stockholm.se or from Miljöförvaltningen i Stockholm, Box 380 24, SE-100 64 Stockholm, Sweden Tel +46 8 508 28 800, Fax +46 8 508 28 808