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Mayor De San Andres University School of Humanities and Education Sciences Department of Linguistics and Languages MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGES THESIS LINGUISTIC RESOURCES EMPLOYED BY THE POLITICAL PARTY M.A.S. AS A STRATEGY IN VERBAL GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA TO BRING FORWARD A DOMINANT DISCURSIVE IDEOLOGY IN THE BOLIVIAN SOCIETY A thesis presented for the requirements of Licenciatura Degree SUBMITTED BY: Eugenio Walter Ajoruro Alanoca SUPERVISOR: Elizabeth Rojas Candia, Ph.D. LA PAZ – BOLIVIA 2020 MAYOR DE SAN ANDRES UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND EDUCATION SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGES THESIS LINGUISTIC RESOURCES EMPLOYED BY THE POLITICAL PARTY M.A.S. AS A STRATEGY IN VERBAL GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA TO BRING FORWARD A DOMINANT DISCURSIVE IDEOLOGY IN THE BOLIVIAN SOCIETY © 2020 Eugenio Walter Ajoruro Alanoca A thesis presented for the requirements of Licenciatura Degree. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Head of Department: Lic. Maria Virginia Ferrufino Loza Supervisor: Elizabeth Rojas Candia Ph.D. Committee: Lic. Maria Virginia Coronado Conde Committee: M.Sc. Roberto Quina Mamani Date………………………………………... / 2020 i ABSTRACT This research aims to examine five government propaganda developed by the Ministry of Communication in July and August 2017 in Bolivia. The analysis is focused on Fairclough’s (1995) model of Critical Discourse Analysis, contending that there is a close link across text, discourse practice, and socio-cultural practice. It also employs Walton´s (1997) observation of Propaganda by using Discourse Analysis as a method which claims that propaganda is an art of persuasion and re-education of the audience, even of manipulating the social attitude encouraged by specific objectives. Likewise, the research analysis takes van Dijk´s (1998) ideological structures, which, according to him, are being developed to legitimate power or social inequality. The main objective of this study is to analyze linguistic resources in propaganda employed by the government party Movimiento Al Socialismo (MAS) as a strategy to raise dominant discursive ideology in the Bolivian society. Thus, the present study applies the theory and method of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine the ideological components of government propaganda reflected in language. Furthermore, the study is carried out based on a qualitative method to understand how linguistic forms contribute to expand ideology. As a result of the analysis of linguistic resources employed by the government in propaganda, it was found out that the social persuasion is carried out through lexicalization and transitivity and the use of rhetorical devices. In addition, the sign of authority is confirmed by the structure of modality, active and passive voice. Also, social acceptance is performed through the elements of tone and expressive discourse. Manipulation and intimation are supported by nominalization and ambiguity. Further, the dominant ideology is expressed by means of thematic structure and word references. Likewise, the identity of dominant society is reflected through the use of different headlines in TV spots. Finally, the imposition of the propagandist’s ideology is legitimized through the use of pronouns we, ours. These findings also reflect the constant misinformation of the reality. The thesis concludes that propaganda as a political discourse achieves social persuasion and power legitimation through the use of linguistic resources. Key words: government propaganda, linguistic resources, critical discourse analysis. ii DEDICATORY I dedicate this thesis to my mother, Concepción Alanoca who consistently reminded that knowledge is power. You inspired this research. To my cousins who are special members in my life. iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the immense, for his showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the present thesis successfully. I experienced so much during this process, not only form the academic aspect but also from aspect of personality, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Professor Elizabeth Rojas Candia for her guidance, understanding, and patience, as well as the most importantly, she has provided positive encouragement and a warm spirit to end up the present thesis. It has been a great pleasure and honor to have her as my supervisor. I also want to extend my gratitude to the Mayor de San Andres University, especially to the Department of Linguistics and members because their wise advices and their enjoyable classes have contributed to fulfill my academic work. Likewise, I want to range my thankfulness to my committee member and my friends for their encouragement and help. Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to all of my family, it would not be possible to accomplish the present thesis without the support from them. I would like to thank my dearest mother Concepción Alanoca who generously has gone along with me during this journey; she has been the greatest source of strength. Also, I would sincerely like to thank all my beloved cousins and friends who were with me and support me through their encouragement and knowledge. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................................i AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ........................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS .............................................................................................. 6 1.2. OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................ 7 1.3.1. THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2. METHODOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................ 8 1.3.3. SOCIAL JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.4. PRACTICAL JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................................... 9 1.4. IDENTIFICATION AND CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF VARIABLES ............. 10 1.5. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 12 1.5.1. THEMATIC LIMITATION ................................................................................................................ 12 1.5.2. TEMPORAL LIMITATION................................................................................................................ 13 1.5.3. SPATIAL LIMITATION ..................................................................................................................... 13 v CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. RELATED RESEARCH: STATE OF THE ART ............................................................. 14 2.2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS .................................................................................. 16 2.2.1. PROPAGANDA .......................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPAGANDA ....................................................................................... 18 2.2.1.2. FORMS OF PROPAGANDA .............................................................................................................. 20 2.2.1.3. THE THEORY OF POLITICAL PROPAGANDA ............................................................................. 21 2.2.1.4. PERSUASION AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE ..................................................................................... 22 2.2.1.5. GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA AS A FORM OF MARKETING POLICY ................................. 25 2.2.1.6. GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA IN BOLIVIA ............................................................................... 27 2.2.1.7. TELEVISION AS PROPAGANDA .................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1.8. POWER OF THE IMAGE ................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1.9. LANGUAGE OF POLITICIANS ........................................................................................................ 32 2.2.2.
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