Further Details for Each of These Matters, Including Proximity to the Project and Potential for Impact to Be Realised, Are Provided in the Following Sections

Further details for each of these matters, including proximity to the project and potential for impact to be realised, are provided in the following sections. The output of the Protected Matters Search Tool is provided in Appendix B.

Commonwealth Marine Areas The NPZ cable corridor is located within the following Commonwealth Marine Areas: y Exclusive Economic Zone and Territorial Sea; and y Extended Continental Shelf. The Protected Matters search identified three KEFs within the cable corridor 10 km buffer, including: y Canyons on the eastern continental slope; y Tasman front and eddy field; and y Norfolk ridge.

Canyons on the eastern continental slope As described in the matters of envrionmental significance section, the canyons of the eastern continental slope are considered to be a unique sea-floor feature with ecological properties of regional significance (DSEWPaC, 2012). They contribute to the overall habitat diversity of the benthic environment by providing hard substrate in depth zones where soft sediment habitats prevail. The cable corridor does not pass through any of the mapped canyons (Figure A-20). The closest mapped canyon feature is located approximately 10 km to the north of the cable corridor. Given the narrow project corridor, low impact nature of the activity and geographical extent of this KEF, no impact is expected. Detailed impact assessment supporting this conclusion is provided in Appendix C.

Tasman front and eddy field The Tasman Front and eddy field is considered to be an area of high productivity, noted for aggregations of marine life, resulting in high biodiversity and endemism (DSEWPaC, 2012). The Tasman Front separates the warm, nutrient poor waters of the Coral Sea from the cold, nutrient rich waters of the Tasman Sea. The cable corridor will pass through the Tasman Front and eddy field KEF (). Given the narrow project corridor, low impact nature of the activity and geographical extent of this KEF, no impact is expected on this KEF. Detailed impact assessment supporting this conclusion is provided in Appendix C.

Norfolk ridge The Norfolk Ridge is considered to be an area of high productivity, noted for aggregations of marine life, resulting in high biodiversity and endemism (DSEWPaC, 2012). The ridge consists of remnant volcanic arcs, plateaux, troughs and basins. Productive seafloor habitats within the Norfolk Ridge support species densities higher than surrounding areas (DSEWPaC, 2012). The cable corridor will pass through the northern section of the Norfolk Ridge (Figure A-20). Given the narrow project corridor, low impact nature of the activity and geographical extent of this KEF, no impact is expected on this KEF. Detailed impact assessment supporting this conclusion is provided in Appendix C.

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Commonwealth Marine Reserves The cable corridor will traverse the Temperate East Commonwealth Marine Reserve Network which is recognised as an area of global significance for a number of protected marine species. Several significant seamount ridges run parallel to the coast in this region which support hundreds of species. It covers 383,352 km2 and includes eight separate Commonwealth Marine Reserves which include Lord Howe and Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserves of relevance to the Hawaiki Cable (DoE, 2016). Further detail is provided on each following.

Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve The Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve covers an area of more than 110,000 km2 and encompasses the former Lord Howe Island Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) and the former Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Nature Reserve. Key features of the Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve include (DoE, 2016): y Biologically important areas for protected humpback whales and a number of migratory seabirds; y A major seabird breeding area, with 14 species found on the islands masked boobys, grey ternlets, red-tailed tropic birds, black-winged petrels and Kermadec petrels; y Key location for the black cod (Epinephelus daemelii);

y Due to the convergence of warmer tropical and cooler temperate waters in the area of the reserve, the Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve represents the northern or southern extent of some species range; y Examples of the ecosystems of the Lord Howe Province and the Tasman Basin Province provincial bioregions; y Representative seafloor features including: basin, plateau, saddle, seamount/guyot and deep ocean valley; and y Three prescribed key ecological features:

– the Lord Howe seamount chain (high productivity; aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism).

– Elizabeth and Middleton reefs (aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism).

– Tasman Front and eddy field (high productivity; aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism). The cable corridor will be intersecting the Lord Howe Commonwealth Marine Reserve south of Lord Howe Island within the Habitat Protection Zone (IUCN IV). Please refer to Figure A-20. The cable will be laid on the seabed, traversing through the Tasman front and eddy field key ecological feature.

Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserve The Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserve covers an area of more than 188 000 km2. Key features of the Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserve include (DoE, 2016):

y Biologically important areas for protected humpback whales and a number of migratory seabirds; y The Tasman Front is a region of intermediate productivity that separates the warm, nutrient-poor waters of the Coral Sea from the cold, nutrient-rich waters of the Tasman

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Sea. It supports high productivity; aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism in the region; y Benthic habitats thought to act as stepping stones for faunal dispersal, connecting deepwater fauna from New Caledonia to New Zealand; y Examples of the ecosystems of the Norfolk Island Province; y Representative bank/shoals, basin, canyon, deep/hole/valley, knoll/abyssal- hills/hills/mountains/peak, pinnacle, plateau, ridge, saddle, seamount/guyot, shelf, slope, trench/trough; and y One prescribed key ecological feature:

– Norfolk Ridge (high productivity, aggregations of marine life; biodiversity and endemism) The cable corridor will be intersecting the Norfolk Commonwealth Marine Reserve north of Norfolk Island within the Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI). Please refer to Figure A-20. The cable will be laid on the seabed, traversing through the Norfolk Ridge key ecological feature.

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S S P Z

Lord Howe Island

NEWCASTLE

GOSFORD

NS SYDNEY PZ S S P Z

LEGEND Hawaiki Cable alignment Seamount Chain Canyon on the eastern Commonwealth Marine Reserves Exclusive Economic Zones World Heritage Area continental slope Marine National Park Zone (IUCN II) NSPZ Wetlands of International Shelf Rocky Reef Recreational Use Zones (IUCN II and IV) SSPZ Importance (RAMSAR) Habitat Protection and Conservation Park Zones (IUCN IV) Special Purpose Zones (IUCN VI) Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI) Paper Size A4 Hawaiki Submarine Cable Job Number 21-25477 0 25 50 100 150 Hawaiki Cable - Australia Revision 0 Date 04 Aug 2016 Kilometres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 Matters of National Environmental Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 55 o Figure A-20 Significance - NPZ 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com G:\21\25477\GIS\Maps\MXD\21-25477_004_rev0.mxd

© 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, GA, DE, GE and Hawaiki make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: Hawaiki: Cable Location (2016); GA: Populated Places (2007); DE: Seamount Chain, Key Ecological Fatures, World Heritage Area, RAMSAR Wetlands (2005); GE: Imagery extracted 20/06/2016. Created by: AJ Norfolk Island

LEGEND

Hawaiki Cable alignment Commonwealth Marine Reserves Exclusive Economic Zones Marine National Park Zone (IUCN II) Seamount Chain Habitat Protection and Conservation Park Zones (IUCN IV) Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI)

Paper Size A4 Hawaiki Submarine Cable Job Number 21-25477 0 25 50 100 150 Hawaiki Cable - Australia Revision 0 Date 04 Aug 2016 Kilometres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 Matters of National Environmental Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 55 o Figure A-20 Significance - NPZ 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com G:\21\25477\GIS\Maps\MXD\21-25477_005_rev0.mxd

Listed threatened species Thirty-one listed threatened species were identified by the Protected Matters search as matters as having the potential to occur within the NPZ cable corridor and 10 km buffer area. These species include: y 5 marine mammals; y 5 marine reptiles; y 1 shark; and y 20 marine birds A likelihood of occurrence assessment was conducted to determine the likelihood of these species, or species’ habitat, occurring within the cable corridor. This was undertaken for each species identified in the Protected Matters search. A likelihood of occurrence ranking was attributed to each species based on the following framework: Unlikely to occur: species has not been recorded in the region AND/OR current known distribution does not encompass the cable corridor AND/OR suitable habitat is generally lacking from the cable corridor. May occur: mapped species’ distribution incorporates the cable corridor AND potentially suitable habitat occurs within the cable corridor. Likely to occur: species has been recorded in the region and potentially suitable habitat is present within the cable corridor.

Marine mammals The Protected Matters search identified five listed marine reptile species as relevant to the NPZ cable corridor (Table 38). These species are all highly mobile and are only likely to occur in the region as transient visitors. The cable corridor is not considered to be core habitat for any of these species. provides an overview of known habitat requirements for each of the species, and a likelihood of occurrence assessment based on this information. Table 38 Threatened marine mammals – NPZ

Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Blue whale En, Mig The cable corridor is located May occur - pygmy blue whale outside the known distributions for (Balaenoptera musculus the southern and northern sub- The pygmy blue brevicauda) species, however the distribution whale sub- - southern blue whale of the pygmy blue whale species may (Balaenoptera musculus subspecies includes the cable transit the area intermedia) corridor (Department of the during annual Environment, 2016a). - northern blue whale migrations. (Balaenoptera musculus The cable corridor is located musculus) outside the two known Australian feeding aggregations. These are found off the coast of south Western Australia, and South Australia/Victoria (Attard et al., 2010). The migratory pathways of blue whales are very poorly understood; however, it is

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor possible that they are crossed by the cable corridor.

Southern right whale En, Mig The major calving areas for this Likely to occur (Eubalaena australis) species are generally restricted to waters off Western Australia, This species is South Australia and Victoria likely to transit the (Department of the Environment, area during 2016b). The closest known annual calving area to the cable corridor migrations. is off the coast of Eden in southern NSW. No specific feeding areas have been identified for this species. The migratory pathways of this species will be crossed by the cable corridor. Humpback whale V, Mig Along the Australian coastline Likely to occur (Megaptera novaeangliae) humpback whales have a number of key calving, migration and This species is resting areas (Department of the likely to transit the Environment, 2016c). In eastern area during Australia, most calves are born in annual the Great Barrier Reef region. migrations. However, calving also take place along the migratory pathways, including off the coast of Sydney. The migratory pathways of this species will be crossed by the cable corridor. Sei whale V, Mig The species is infrequently May occur (Balaenoptera borealis) recorded in Australian waters and is similar in appearance to This species may Bryde’s Whales, resulting in transit the area confusion about this species’ during migrations. distributional limits (Department of the Environment, 2016bv). The species shows north-south migratory patterns, with reports of Sei whales off the coasts of NSW, Victoria and Tasmania. Fin Whale V, Mig While fin whales are a May occur (Balaenoptera physalus) cosmopolitan species occurring from polar to tropical waters their This species may distribution in Australian waters is transit the area known primarily from stranding during migrations; events and whaling records. the cable corridor Reported sightings of this species is located within in Australia have included all areas that may states except NSW and Northern provide feeding Territory; available information habitat for this suggests that this species is more species. commonly present in deeper waters. Areas of upwelling may be an important feature of fin whale

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor feeding habitat (Department of the Environment, 2016bw).

Marine Reptiles The Protected Matters search identified five listed marine reptile species as relevant to the NPZ cable corridor (Table 38). These species are all highly mobile and are only likely to occur in the region as transient visitors. The cable corridor is not considered to be core habitat for any of these species. provides an overview of known habitat requirements for each of the species, and a likelihood of occurrence assessment based on this information. Table 39 Threatened marine reptiles – NPZ

Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Loggerhead turtle En, Mig Widely distributed throughout May occur (Caretta caretta) Australian coastal and offshore zones (Department of the The cable corridor Environment, 2016d). Nesting is not considered sites for the species occur core habitat for throughout northern Australia this species. This from southern Queensland species may through to Shark Bay in WA transit the area (Limpus, 2008a). Suitable habitat whilst travelling includes coral reefs, rocky reefs, between food seagrass beds and inshore sources or embayments. This species has nesting beaches. been recorded feeding in the

Sydney region. Suitable habitat for this species, including macroalgal beds and rocky reef outcrops occur outside of, but in proximity to the cable corridor. Green turtle V, Mig Species is distributed throughout May occur (Chelonia mydas) Australian coastal warm temperate to tropical seas. Adults Whilst not are commonly encountered in considered core seagrass beds and in proximity to habitat, the cable macroalgal benthic habitats. corridor lies within Nesting occurs throughout suitable pelagic northern Australia and is not habitat for this known to occur in NSW. Following species, hatching, neonate and juvenile particularly in turtles remain in pelagic and neonate and offshore waters until they reach juvenile life approximately 30 to 40 cm stages. carapace length (Department of the Environment, 2016e). Leatherback turtle En, Mig Circum-globally distributed in May occur (Dermochelys coriacea) warm temperate to tropical seas. The species occurs in open ocean Whilst not basins, making landfall to nest at considered core known locations including central- habitat, the cable Queensland (Limpus, 2008b). corridor lies within This species may occur in suitable pelagic

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor offshore waters within the vicinity feeding habitat for of the cable corridor. this species. Hawksbill turtle V, Mig The species is found in tropical, May occur (Eretmochelys imbricata) subtropical and temperate waters in all oceans of the world. More The cable corridor commonly encountered in rocky is not considered reef and coral reef areas where it core habitat for feeds on sponges, seagrasses, this species. This soft corals and molluscs species may (Department of the Environment, occur as a 2016f). transient visitor Known nesting grounds occur in between feeding northern Australia; nesting does and/or nesting not occur in NSW. Suitable areas. habitat exists within the cable corridor however rocky reefs where the species is more common are located outside and adjacent to the cable corridor. Flatback turtle V, Mig The species has a restricted May occur (Natator depressus) distribution in Australia between the Kimberley in Western The cable corridor Australia and Queensland’s is not considered central east coast (Department of core habitat for the Environment, 2016g). Only a this species. This handful of records are known from species may NSW (Limpus, 2008c). Suitable occur in the area soft bottom habitat exists within as a transient the cable corridor. visitor. Notes: En: Endangered, V: Vulnerable, Mig: Migratory

Sharks and rays The Protected Matters search identified one listed marine shark species as relevant to the NPZ cable corridor (Table 40). This species is considered likely to occur due to their pelagic habits; they are highly mobile and are only likely to occur in the cable corridor footprint as transient visitors. provides an overview of known habitat requirements for each of the species, and a likelihood of occurrence assessment based on this information. Table 40 Threatened sharks and rays – NPZ

Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Great white shark V, Mig The species is distributed Likely to occur (Carcharodon carcharias) predominantly throughout temperate Australia, with This species is individuals known to undertake likely to be a migrations into sub-tropical and transient visitor to tropical waters (Bruce et al., the deeper, 2006). Known aggregations occur pelagic areas of in nearshore waters of NSW, the the cable corridor. most well-known of these occurs at Stockton Beach, Newcastle. Suitable habitat for this species occurs in the cable corridor in

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor areas near coastal waters and out to the continental shelf. Notes: V: Vulnerable, Mig: Migratory

Marine Birds The Protected Matters search identified 20 listed marine bird species as relevant to the NPZ cable corridor (Table 41). The cable corridor may provide suitable foraging habitat for some of these species; all species are all highly mobile and are only likely to occur in the corridor as transient visitors. provides an overview of known habitat requirements for each of the species, and a likelihood of occurrence assessment based on this information. Table 41 Threatened marine birds – NPZ

Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Antipodean albatross V, Mig Endemic to Antipodes Island in Likely to occur (Diomedea antipodensis) the sub-Antarctic waters south- east of New Zealand; however, it This species is forages in the south-west Pacific likely to occur in Ocean, Southern Ocean and the area as a Tasman Sea (Walker and Elliot, transient visitor 2006). The species is also known while foraging. to forage off the coast of NSW (Department of the Environment, 2016o). Antipodes Island (south- west of New Zealand) is the major breeding area, although a small colony also nests on Campbell Island (south of New Zealand) (Walker and Elliot, 2006). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Gibson's albatross V, Mig This species is widely distributed Likely to occur (Diomedea antipodensis between latitudes 30 °S and gibsoni) 50 °S, and is known to forage in This species likely oceans off south-east Australia to occur in the (Department of the Environment, area as a 2016p). Nesting occurs on transient visitor Adam’s Island and Auckland while foraging. Island off the coast of New Zealand. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Southern royal albatross V, Mig A marine, pelagic albatross with a Likely to occur (Diomedea epomophora wide distribution that includes This species is (sensu stricto)) south-east NSW (Department of likely to occur in the Environment, 2016g). the area as a Breeding takes place in the transient visitor Auckland Islands, off the south while foraging. coast of New Zealand (Pizzey and Knight, 1999). Feeding areas for the southern royal albatross are mostly between Western Australia and South America in the

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Southern Ocean. The general migratory pathway is thought to be from the breeding area to South American waters (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Overwinter areas include New Zealand, south-eastern Australian and Chilean waters, and the southern Indian Ocean (Robertson and Kinsky, 1972). This species is moderately common in offshore waters of southern Australia (Pizzey and Knight, 1999). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Wandering albatross V, Mig The species undertakes extensive Likely to occur (Diomedea exulans (sensu circum-polar migrations. Breeding lato)) areas are confined to Antarctic This species is and sub-Antarctic islands in the likely to occur in Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and the area as a waters off the southern coast of transient visitor New Zealand. There are a while foraging. number of wandering albatross that migrate during the nonbreeding season to the coastal waters off Wollongong, south of Sydney (Nicholls and Robertson, 2007). Juveniles migrate from their natal grounds to the subtropical Indian Ocean and Tasman Sea (Weimerskirch et al., 2006). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Northern royal albatross En, Mig A migratory bird that occurs in the Likely to occur (Diomedea sanfordi) coastal and marine aerial habitats south of Brisbane through to This species is Antarctica. Breeding takes place likely to occur in off the coast of New Zealand the area as a (Department of the Environment, transient visitor 2016s). Little is known of the while foraging. exact migration pathways. In a small study of three individuals Thomas et al. (2010) found that juveniles migrated directly to Chile after fledging. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. White-bellied storm-petrel V Occurs in the tropical and Likely to occur (Fregetta grallaria grallaria) subtropical waters of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, and is This species is known to occur off the coast of likely to occur in NSW (Marchant and Higgins, the area as a 1990). It breeds in colonies on

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor small islets and rocks in the Lord transient visitor Howe Island (north-east of while foraging. Sydney) and Kermadec Island complexes (north-east of New Zealand) (Hutton, 1991; Marchant and Higgins, 1990; McAllan et al., 2004; Department of the Environment, 2016t). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Southern giant-petrel En, Mig This species is widespread but Likely to occur (Macronectes giganteus) generally found in low densities across landmasses in Antarctic This species is waters in summer, and is thought likely to occur in to move to areas north of 50 °S in the area as a winter (Department of the transient visitor Environment, 2016u). Breeding while foraging. occurs on several islands in the Southern Ocean and Australian Antarctic Territory. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Northern giant-petrel V, Mig Breeding occurs on sub-Antarctic Likely to occur (Macronectes halli) islands and in South Georgia (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). This species is Adult northern giant-petrels likely to occur in generally remain close to the area as a breeding areas year-round; transient visitor however, juveniles undertake long while foraging. dispersal events, although these movements are not well- understood (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). This species is commonly seen in the winter months in the inshore and offshore waters of Sydney (Pizzey and Knight, 1999). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Fairy prion V Breeding occurs on New Zealand Likely to occur (Pachyptila turtur offshore islands (Department of subantartica) the Environment, 2016x). It This species is forages over continental shelves likely to occur in and the continental slope and the area as a may feed in deep coastal waters. transient visitor Little information is available on while foraging. migration pathways, however this subspecies could travel north to subtropical waters during winter understood (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species.

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Sooty albatross V, Mig A pelagic species that forages Likely to occur (Phoebetria fusca) south of 30° S, between southern NSW and Argentina. The Sooty This species is Albatross breeds on islands in the likely to occur in southern Indian and Atlantic the area as a Oceans (Marchant & Higgins transient visitor 1990). while foraging. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Gould's petrel (Pterodroma En This species is endemic to Likely to occur leucoptera leucoptera) Australian waters (Department of the Environment, 2016y; O’Dwyer This species is et al., 2007). Little is known of the likely to occur in movement, migration and the area as a dispersal patterns of this species; transient visitor however, it is thought that during while foraging. the non-breeding season, birds move to the north Tasman Sea or east Pacific Ocean (Department of the Environment, 2016y; Marchant and Higgins, 1990; Roberson and Bailey, 1991). Breeding occurs in only two areas – Cabbage Tree Island and the Boondelbah Islands, off the Newcastle coast. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Kermadec petrel (western) V A pelagic petrel of the Pacific Likely to occur (Pterodroma neglecta Ocean (Marchant and Higgins, neglecta) 1990). This species breeds on This species is islands, islets and atolls in the likely to occur in southern Pacific Ocean. Within the area as a Australia, the Kermadec petrel transient visitor nests at Ball’s Pyramid (off the while foraging. coast of Port Macquarie) and Phillip Island. This species occasionally reaches the eastern coast of the Australian mainland. Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Australian fairy tern V Known from the coastline around Unlikely to occur (Sternula nereis nereis) Australia (excluding the Northern Territory), but sightings are The current concentrated in Victoria, South known distribution Australia, Western Australia and of the species Tasmania (Department of the does not Environment, 2016z). It is now encompass the considered to be extinct in NSW cable corridor. (Department of the Environment, 2014r). Buller's albatross V, Mig Inhabits the sub-tropical and sub- Likely to occur (Thalassarche bulleri) Antarctic waters of the southern Pacific Ocean (Marchant and This species is Higgins, 1990). This species likely to occur in

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor breeds in the Chatham, Snares the area as a and Solander Islands in New transient visitor Zealand, but its distribution while foraging. extends into Australian waters, including off the coast of Sydney (Department of the Environment, 2016aa). Migration and dispersal patterns are poorly understood, although there is some evidence that juvenile birds migrate to the Humboldt Current (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Shy albatross V, Mig Occurs in Australian waters below Likely to occur (Thalassarche cauta cauta) 25 °S, but is most frequently observed off south-east Australia Offshore waters and Tasmania (Brothers et al., within the cable 1997; Hedd et al., 2001). The corridor provide species is less oceanic than most suitable foraging species, and is more frequent habitat for the inshore than offshore (Marchant species. and Higgins, 1990). Breeding This species is areas are in the Bass Strait and likely to occur in off southern Tasmania (Marchant the area as a and Higgins, 1990). Although transient visitor endemic to Australia, this species while foraging. does undertake migrations throughout the southern oceans, from Africa through to South America (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). White-capped albatross V, Mig Common off the coast of Likely to occur (Thalassarche cauta southeast Australia (Department steadi) of the Environment, 2016ab). This species is Breeding takes place off the south likely to occur in coast of New Zealand (Marchant the area as a and Higgins, 1990). Little is transient visitor known of the breeding biology or while foraging. migration patterns of this species (Department of the Environment, 2016ab). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species.

Chatham albatross En, Mig There is only one known breeding Unlikely to occur (Thalassarche eremita) area for this species – The Pyramid, off the east coast of Core habitat for New Zealand (Robertson et al., this species is not 2003). The Chatham albatross found within the forages in the coastal waters of cable corridor. Tasmania and southern and This species is eastern New Zealand, and there unlikely to fly over is some evidence to suggest that the cable corridor, the species undertakes migrations to the coast of South America.

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor This species is considered a rare visitor to south east Australian waters. Campbell albatross V, Mig The species is known to forage Likely to occur (Thalassarche impavida) over the continental shelf off NSW, Victoria and Tasmania This species is (Department of the Environment, likely to occur in 2016ad). The only known the area as a breeding area for this species is transient visitor Campbell Island, off the southern while foraging. coast of New Zealand (Department of the Environment, 2016ad; Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Offshore waters within the cable corridor provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Black-browed albatross V, Mig A pelagic species that occurs May occur (Thalassarche throughout Antarctic, sub- melanophris) Antarctic and sub-tropical waters This species may (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). occur in the area Breeding occurs on sub-Antarctic as a transient and Antarctic islands (Marchant visitor while and Higgins, 1990).The black- foraging. browed albatross migrates to the continental shelves of South America, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia during the winter months (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Offshore waters within the cable corridor possibly provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Salvin's albatross V, Mig This species breeds off the south May occur (Thalassarche salvini) coast of New Zealand, and Crozet Island in the Indian Ocean (Gales, This species may 1998). The foraging area for this occur in the area species covers much of the as a transient southern Pacific Ocean, and it is visitor while particularly associated with the foraging. Humboldt Current (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Salvin’s albatross are less oceanic than most species, and are described as being more frequent inshore than offshore (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Offshore waters within the cable corridor possibly provide suitable foraging habitat for the species. Herald petrel (Pterodroma CE A pelagic species inhabiting Likely to occur heraldica) tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific Ocean, with a breeding This species is range between approximately 8oS o likely to occur in and 27 S (Department of the the area as a Environment, 2016bx). Known transient visitor breeding locations include small while foraging. numbers on Raine Island at the

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Species name Status Habitat description and availability Likelihood of within the cable corridor occurrence within the cable corridor Northern Great Barrier Reef. Previous records of the species have included the Coral Sea, southern Queensland, northern NSW and off the coast of Sydney (Department of the Environment, 2016bx).

Listed migratory species Thirty-eight migratory species were identified by the Protected Matters search as relevant to the NPZ cable corridor, including: y 11 marine mammals (of which 5 are threatened and assessed in Table 38); y 5 reptiles (all of which are threatened and assessed in Table 39); y 5 sharks and rays (of which 1 is threatened and assessed in Table 40); and y 17 marine birds (of which 15 are threatened and assessed in Table 41). Remaining species not assessed in the previous sections are described and assessed in the following . A likelihood of occurrence assessment was conducted to determine the likelihood of these species, or species’ habitat, occurring within the cable corridor. This was undertaken for each species identified in the Protected Matters search. A likelihood of occurrence ranking was attributed to each species based on the following framework: Unlikely to occur: species has not been recorded in the region AND/OR current known distribution does not encompass the cable corridor AND/OR suitable habitat is generally lacking from the cable corridor. May occur: mapped species’ distribution incorporates the cable corridor AND potentially suitable habitat occurs within the cable corridor. Likely to occur: species has been recorded in the region and potentially suitable habitat is present within the cable corridor.

Table 42 Listed migratory species – NPZ

Name Description Migratory patterns Likelihood of occurrence within the cable corridor Mammals

Antarctic minke A robust, generally Migrates between winter Likely to occur whale solitary baleen whale. tropical/sub-tropical (Balaenoptera Known throughout the breeding grounds to This species is bonaerensis) Southern Hemisphere Antarctic feeding likely to transit the from 55 °S. Recorded off grounds in summer area during annual the coast of NSW (Department of the migrations. (Department of the Environment, 2016ae). Environment, 2016ae). Bryde's whale A small baleen whale Patterns of migration are Likely to occur (Balaenoptera that is not considered not clearly understood. edeni) gregarious. Found in Some evidence that the This species is temperate to tropical offshore form may likely to transit the

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Name Description Migratory patterns Likelihood of occurrence within the cable corridor inshore and offshore migrate to tropical water area during annual waters. Recorded off the during winter migrations. coast of NSW (Department of the (Department of the Environment, 2016af). Environment, 2016af). Pygmy right whale The smallest baleen Patterns of migration are May occur (Caperea whale and the only right not clearly understood marginata) whale with a dorsal fin. (Department of the This species may Predominantly Environment, 2016ag). In transit the area associated with coastal Australian waters, during annual waters. weaned juveniles migrate migrations. A low number of south where prey is more observations of this abundant (Kemper, species have been made 2002). in NSW due to its distribution being largely centred between 32° S and 47° S. (Department of the Environment, 2016ag). Dusky dolphin A small, gregarious Known to undertake Unlikely to occur (Lagenorhynchus dolphin that can form migrations, but patterns obscurus) schools of hundreds of are not known for The cable corridor individuals (Department Australian populations is not within the of the Environment, (Department of the known range of this 2016ai). Can dive to Environment, 2016ai). species. depths of at least 150 m.. Rarely observed in Australia; this species has not been observed in NSW waters Killer whale Largest of the Migratory behaviour is Likely to occur (Orcinus orca) Delphinidae with not well-known, and distinctive black, white there is evidence that This species may and grey markings. patterns of movement occur in the area Distributed along the are specific to as a transient Australian coast, but populations (Department visitor. Core habitat most frequently observed of the Environment, for this species is around Tasmania, South 2016aj). This species not found within the Australia and Victoria has been recorded from cable corridor. (Department of the the Sydney region Environment, 2016aj).. Sperm whale Largest of the toothed Adult males migrate May occur (Physeter whales. Gregarious between Antarctic waters macrocephalus) species that forms an and warmer waters This species may average pod size of 25 (Bannister et al., 1996). transit the area individuals. Females and Known migratory during annual young males restricted to pathway off the coast of migrations. warmer waters. Adult Albany in Western Core habitat for males also inhabit Australia. Generally, this this species is not Antarctic waters. Known species moves south in found within the from all Australian states, summer, and north in cable corridor. including NSW winter (Whitehead, (Department of the 2002). Environment, 2016ak). Sharks and rays

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Name Description Migratory patterns Likelihood of occurrence within the cable corridor Shortfin mako The shortfin mako is a The species inhabits Likely to occur (Isurus oxyrinchus) mackerel shark reaching water greater than 160C approximately 4 m. The in tropical and temperate The species is species has been areas (Last and Stevens, likely to occur in recorded in oceanic and 2009). In Australia, the the area as a occasionally inshore species has been widely transient visitor. environments from the recorded and pups are surface to at least 650 m regularly born off NSW in depth (Last and around November (Last Stevens, 2009). and Stevens, 2009). Longfin mako The longfin mako‘s The species has a wide May occur (Isurus paucus) average length at distribution range in maturity is 2.5m. The tropical and temperate This species may deep-dwelling species is waters but little is known occur in the area a widely distributed of its migratory patterns. as a transient oceanic tropical shark, visitor. but has been rarely observed. Porbeagle The porbeagle is a large Little is known in May occur (Lamna nasus) bodied, robust shark in Australian waters, but the the Lamnidae family that species has a circum- This species may reaches approximately global distribution, occur in the area 3.5 m. Males mature at predominantly in as a transient around 1.65 m, with temperate waters less visitor. females maturing at 2 m than 18 °C (Department (Last and Stevens, of the Environment, 2009). When 2016am; Last and encountered in Stevens, 2009). May Australian waters, the occur in NSW waters, porbeagle is likely particularly during winter confused with the months. shortfin mako due to their similar morphology (Department of the Environment, 2016am). Giant manta ray Reaching at least 6.7 m, The species has a Likely to occur (Manta birostris) the giant manta ray is the circum-tropical largest ray species (Last distribution, with the most The species is and Stevens, 2009). The frequently reported likely to occur in species is a filter feeder, records occurring off the area as a with a diet predominantly tropical Australia (Last transient visitor. comprising of small and Stevens, 2009). The planktonic organisms. species occasionally migrates into temperate waters (Last and Stevens, 2009). Marine Birds Streaked A marine, pelagic Undertakes migrations to May occur shearwater shearwater. Distributed warmer waters during (Calonectris throughout the north- winter, typically to This species may leucomelas) west Pacific Ocean, with Vietnam, the Philippines, overfly the region breeding areas along the New Guinea and during annual coast and/or islands of Australia (Marchant and migration. Key China, Japan, North Higgins, 1990; Takahashi habitat not known Korea, South Korea and et al., 2008; Yamamoto within the cable Russia. Recorded in et al., 2010). corridor. NSW (Department of the

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Name Description Migratory patterns Likelihood of occurrence within the cable corridor Environment, 2016ao; Marchant and Higgins, 1990). Fleshy-footed A large shearwater that In general, migrates Known to occur shearwater occurs predominately in north at the end of the (Puffinus subtropical waters across breeding season in May. This species is carneipes) the Indian and Pacific Lord Howe Island known to forage in Oceans (Department of population migrates north the region. the Environment, to the coast off Korea,

2016ap). Occurs in returning in early coastal and marine September (Department waters of southern of the Environment, Australia. Described as 2016ap; Marchant and fairly common off NSW, Higgins, 1990). and is known to breed on Lord Howe Island (Marchant and Higgins, 1990).

Summary of protected species occurrence

Threatened species Following a review of known distributions and occurrence, habitat preferences and migratory pathways, the following species were identified as likely to occur in the cable corridor. y Marine mammals: 2 species; y Marine reptiles: 2 species; y Sharks: 1 species; and y Marine birds: 17 species. For the marine mammals and marine birds, the likelihood of occurrence relates to known migration pathways overlapping with the cable corridor. Therefore, the interactions with the project would be limited on a temporal basis during migration events. For example, humpback whales known migration occurs in late Autumn, through to early-mid spring. As such, for deployment of the cable during summer months, interactions with this species would be negligible. Information regarding sensitive time windows for some of the threatened species likely to occur within the cable corridor is provided in Section A-2.3. Suitable pelagic feeding habitat three species of marine turtles and the whale shark is found within the cable corridor. Given the high mobility of these species, the likelihood of interaction with the proposed cable is considered minimal. The protected great white shark is known to occur from coastal and offshore waters of Sydney and surrounds. The species is likely to be present year round in these waters. Given the species high mobility with a large home range, the likelihood of interaction with proposed cable is considered to be negligible. A detailed Ecological Risk Assessment was undertaken for the project and is provided in Appendix C.

Migratory species Upon review of known distributions an occurrence, habitat preferences and migratory pathways, the following species were identified as likely to occur in the cable corridor: y Marine mammals: 3 species;

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y Sharks: 2 species; and y Marine birds: 1 species. As with protected species, the known migratory pathways drive the likelihood of occurrence for the listed migratory species. Suitable habitats exist in the cable corridor for some species (e.g. the long and short finned mako sharks). However, known aggregations and key habitats are not present for the majority of migratory species to overlap with the cable corridor. For all species, the interactions with the cable corridor are predicted to remain low, and in the majority of cases, they would be limited to migration events during narrow temporal scales. Information regarding sensitive time windows during which interactions may occur with different threatened and migratory species is provided in Section A-2.3.

Other protected matters The Protected Matters Report for the NPZ cable corridor (and 10 km buffer area) also identified a number of other listed marine species that are protected under the EPBC Act. These species listed in the Protected Matters Report are available in Appendix B and described following.

Additional marine mammals

Of the 37 whales and other cetaceans, 32 marine mammals were listed in the Protected Matters Report which were not listed as threatened. These can be broadly divided into the following groups: y Three sperm whale species (family Physeteridae, genus Kogia Physeter); y Three baleen whale species (family Balaenopteridae, genus Balaenoptera); y One pygmy right whale species (family Neobalaenidae, genus Caperea); y Ten beaked whale species (family Ziphiidae, genera Berardius, Tasmacetus, Ziphius, Hyperoodon and Mesoplodon); y Six dolphin whale species (family Delphinidae, genera Feresa, Globicephala, Orcinus, Peponocephala, Pseudorca); and y Nine oceanic dolphin species (family Delphinidae, genera Delphinus, Stenella, Steno, Tursiops, Grampus, Feresa, Lissodelphis and Lagenorhynchus).

Likelihood of occurrence The listed species may occur in the project footprint. Many are migratory with movement patterns unknown or poorly understood (e.g. sperm whales). Suitable habitats exist within the cable corridor. However, these are not considered to form key habitats or support core distributions for marine mammals.

Additional marine birds

Of the 19 bird species, four additional birds were listed as marine in the Protected Matters Report which were not listed as threatened. The great skua (Catharacta skua), streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) and fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur) are marine species with a distribution and migration pathway that ranges from the subantarctic to the subtropics (Marchant and Higgins, 1990). The fleshy-footed shearwater (Puffinus carneipes) is the only species identified to breed on Lord Howe Island (Marchant and Higgins, 1990).

Likelihood of occurrence

These species may occur in the cable corridor, or pass over the cable corridor moving between feeding areas. No habitats within the cable corridor are considered to form key habitats or

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support core distributions for these birds. Of all the bird species identified, the fleshy-footed shearwater is most likely to transit through the cable corridor given the proximity of its breeding ground with regards to the cable corridor.

Additional marine reptiles Of the five listed reptiles, no marine reptiles additional to those already assessed in previous sections were listed as potentially occurring within the NPZ portion of the cable corridor. Assessment of the 5 listed reptiles is provided in Sections 0 and 0.

Likelihood of occurrence These species may occur in the cable corridor, or move through the cable corridor between feeding areas. No habitats within the cable corridor are likely to form key habitats or core distributions for these reptiles.

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A-2.3 Sensitive time windows

Windows of ecological sensitivity for environmental values identified within the cable corridor are summarised in . Table 43 Summary of sensitive time windows within the cable corridor

Threatened species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Survey & cable laying Cable laying commencing in 2017 Cable surveying 2017 Blue whale, Sei Migration to/from feeding areas to calving/wintering areas. whale, Fin whale Southern right whale Annual migration from summer feeding grounds (in Antarctic waters) to tropical breeding grounds, returning by late spring. Migratory pathways of this species will be crossed by the cable corridor. Humpback whale Annual migration from summer feeding grounds (in Antarctic waters) to tropical breeding grounds, returning by late spring. Calving may take place along the NSW coast. Migratory pathways of this species will be crossed by the cable corridor. Loggerhead turtle Likely to be present as a transient visitor to the cable corridor - SSPZ. Breeding does not occur in the region. Green turtle Likely to be present as a transient visitor to the cable corridor - SSPZ. Breeding does not occur in the region. Great white shark Likely to be present throughout the year. Whale shark May be present as a transient visitor to the area. May also breed in area, but biological data is limited for this species. Marine threatened Marine threatened birds may be present and foraging throughout the year. No known breeding areas are within or near to the cable corridor. birds Migratory marine May be present as a A number of species undertake an annual migration from summer feeding grounds (in May be present as mammals transient visitor to the area. Antarctic waters) to tropical breeding grounds, returning by late spring. a transient visitor to the area. Migratory sharks Majority of species may be present as a transient visitor to the area. However, lamnids (e.g. makos) likely to occur throughout the year. Migratory marine birds May be present as a A number of species undertake an annual migration from southern waters to May be present as transient visitor to the area. tropical/temperate wintering grounds, returning by late spring. a transient visitor to the area.

Survey activities and cable laying will occur throughout the year, and are expected to run for a period of 50 and 150 days, respectively Peak period of activity – presence reliable and predictable – likelihood of occurrence within the cable corridor is high Lower level of abundance/activity/presence – may occur within cable corridor Activity not known to occur – unlikely to occur within cable corridor

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A-3 Other Existing Environment Considerations

This section provides an overview of the existing environment in regards to social, regulatory and economic factors. This is intended to be descriptive of the current situation and potential interactions with the Cable project only, where as the main body of the report summarises these items and provides mitigation measures or recommendations as appropriate.

A-3.1 Regulatory

The regulatory landscape for the Cable is presented below in terms of Commonwealth, State and Local Government authorities. Also, provided is the interpretation of the Acts relative to the Cable.

Telecommunications Act 1997 Schedule 3A Installation of fibre optic submarine cables fall under the Commonwealth Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cwth). This Act regulates the service provision to consumers by telecommunications carriers. Under subclause 6 (3) of Schedule 3 of the Commonwealth Telecommunications Act 1997. The Minister may declare parts of the project as “low impact facilities”, allowing the installation of these with only notification required to stakeholders. Under the Telecommunications (Low-impact Facilities) Determination 1997, (made under the above subclause); Part 3, Schedule (Table) 3.1 (Part 2 (2)) Underground Housing, refers to a manhole surface of no more than 2 square metres. The cable and BMH will be fully below ground, , and thus satisfying the low impact definition. Part 3, Schedule (table) 3.1 (Part 4 (1c,e )) Underground Facilities of The Determination defines a low impact facility as “bore or directional drill hole at least 600 millimetres below the surface”, “where vehicle access to property is not loss for more than 8 hours total”. . As no vehicles enter either of the potential BMH locations, the landside facilities are considered by GHD as low impact, as per definitions in the Determination. As the BMH and this portion of the cable meet the low impact definition, consultation has been undertaken and notification has been given to revelant stakeholders – Randwick City Council and Crown Lands. The route from the BMH out to the extent of coastal waters (3 nm) is specifically mentioned in the Act under Schedule 3, subclause 6(4A) which states a submarine cable must not be specified under the low impact facility determination. As such, State approvals for installation within coastal waters were investigated with the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage under the Coastal Protection Act 1979 discussed further in Section Southern Sydney Protection Zone

Under this Act, In July 2007, the ACMA declared two cable protection zones in NSW over two nationally significant cables; the Southern Cross Cable and the Australia Japan Cable. These two protection zones are known as the Northern Sydney Protection Zone and the Southern Sydney Protection Zone. The Southern Sydney Protection Zone encompasses the coastal area

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between Bondi Beach and South Coogee and extends approx 35 nm (or 56 kilometres) offshore to 2,000 metre water depth. It covers the area from 1 nm either side of the aforementioned cables as well as the area in between. The objective of the SSPZ is to recognise submarine telco cables as nationally important infrastructure and protect them as such. To protect the cables from human activities, certain activities are prohibited or restricted to certain water depths, mostly to do with demersal or bottom fishing techniques. All bottom and midwater trawling is prohibited, as is demersal longlining and various other destructive seabed activities such as dredging. A list of restricted activities has been reproduced from the ACMA website in Table 44. It is also noted that various types of pelagic fishing techniques are still permitted within the SSPZ. Table 44: Restricted activities within protection zones (acma.gov.au)

Activity 0 – 500 metres 500 metres from low-water Waters of greater than from low-water mark to 100 metres water 100 metres depth mark depth Anchoring in Permitted Is permitted, providing the Not permitted the Northern anchor weighs 20 kg or less; Sydney and the anchor is fitted with Protection a trip release mechanism; zone and the anchor line has a breaking strain of 850 kg or less; or the anchor weighs no more than 30 kg and is anchored within 200 metres of an ACMA specified shipwreck site Anchoring in Permitted Is permitted, providing the Not permitted the Southern anchor weighs 20 kg or less; Sydney and the anchor is fitted with Protection a trip release mechanism; Zone and the anchor line has a breaking strain of 850 kg or less; or the anchor weighs no more than 30 kg and is anchored around the Peak (as specified by ACMA’s coordinates) Lowering, Permitted Is permitted, providingthe Not permitted raising or shot weighs 20 kg or less suspending the shotline has a maximum from a ship a breaking strain of 850 kg or shotline less

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Activity 0 – 500 metres 500 metres from low-water Waters of greater than from low-water mark to 100 metres water 100 metres depth mark depth Demersal Permitted Is permitted, providing the Is permitted, providing fishing using fishing line has a breaking the fishing line has a J-hooks strain of 50 kg or less breaking strain of 50 kg or less Use of or Permitted Is permitted, providing only Is permitted, providing towing, circle-type hooks are used; only circle-type hooks operating or and the dropline has a are used; and the suspending breaking strain of 850 kg or dropline has a breaking from a ship a less; and the dropline does strain of 850 kg or less; demersal not use a wire snood, trace and the dropline does dropline or mainline not use a wire snood, trace or mainline Use of or Permitted Is permitted, providing the Is permitted, providing towing, base of the trap does not the base of the trap does operating or exceed 2 metres in length, not exceed 2 metres in suspending width or diameter; and the length, width or diameter; from a ship a trap rope breaking strain is and the trap rope pot or trap 850 kg or less breaking strain is 850 kg or less Harvesting Permitted Is permitted, providing Is permitted, providing the benthos harvesting is conducted by harvesting is conducted hand by hand Use of or Permitted Not permitted Not permitted towing, operating or suspending from a ship a net anchored to the seabed Use of or Permitted Not permitted, except in Not permitted, except in towing, waters more than 500 waters more than 500 operating or metres from the low water metres from the low suspending mark, and only if it is used in water mark, and only if it from a ship a the course of work on is used in the course of grapnel electricity, oil or gas work on electricity, oil or pipelines and cables, gas pipelines and cables, installations for the use of installations for the use ships, civil engineering, of ships, civil mining or petroleum engineering, mining or

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Activity 0 – 500 metres 500 metres from low-water Waters of greater than from low-water mark to 100 metres water 100 metres depth mark depth operations or in conducting petroleum operations or research that involves in conducting research contact with the seabed that involves contact with the seabed Use of an Permitted if used Permitted if used in the Permitted if used in the explosive or in the course of course of mineral or course of mineral or explosive mineral or petroleum operations, civil petroleum operations, device petroleum engineering work or an civil engineering work or operations, civil exercise conducted by or an exercise conducted engineering work with the Australian Defence by or with the Australian or an exercise Force Defence Force conducted by or with the Australian Defence Force

EPBC Act This is described in detail in the main body of the report, with this EA forming part of the EPBC Act referral approvals process. Provided additionally here is a description of the Commonwealth Marine Reserves currently being proposed to be proclaimed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).

The Director of National Parks (the Director) is the Statutory Authority responsible for the administration, management and control of all Commonwealth reserves under the EPBC Act. The functions of the Director include the protection, conservation and management of biodiversity and heritage in Commonwealth reserves. Currently, the Cable interacts with three proposed CMRs in the Temperate East Network. y Cable passes by, but does not pass through proposed Central Eastern CMR y Lord Howe Habitat Protection Zone (IUCN IV) –Cable avoids Former Lord Howe Marine Reserve y Cable passes through Norfolk Island Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI) The Director has issued a list of blanket approved actions for the CMRs under the Transitional Management Arrangements, which are in effect until the new management plans are approved – this has been advised by Parks as potentially mid-next year. The approved actions relevant to the cable activities are: y Erecting structures, carrying out works and carrying on an Excavation, as well as y Commercial vessel transit (being continuous passage of a vessel through an area by the shortest direct route without any other activity being carried on) Previously, an Application to Conduct Activities within Commonwealth Marine Reserves, was required; however, it is unclear whether these will be required under the new Management Plans. Parks advised in the meeting held 05 August 2016, that they would be involved in the

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EPBC Act Referral review process, and so any standing approvals under this Act would be applicable if the new CMR management plans came in to effect before the Cable installation. An overview of the Cable interactions with the proposed CMRs is displayed in Figure A- 21

Figure A- 21: Proposed CMR and Cable

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Gifford

BRISBANE

Central Eastern Norfolk

Solitary Islands Lord Howe

Hunter

NEWCASTLE

GOSFORD SYDNEY

Jervis

East Gippsland

Flinders

Freycinet DRAFT

LEGEND Hawaiki Cable alignment Habitat Protection and Conservation Park Zones (IUCN IV) Exclusive Economic Zones Habitat Protection Zone (Coral Sea) (IUCN IV) Commonwealth Marine Reserves Special Purpose Zones (IUCN VI) Marine National Park Zone (IUCN II) Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI) Recreational Use Zones (IUCN II and IV) General Use Zone (IUCN VI)

Paper Size A4 Hawaiki Submarine Cable Job Number 21-25477 0 50 100 200 300 Hawaiki Cable - Australia Revision A Date 01 Jul 2016 Kilometres Map Projection: Transverse Mercator Horizontal Datum: GDA 1994 Hawaiki Cable Alignment within Grid: GDA 1994 MGA Zone 55 o Figure A-211-2 Australian Exclusive Economic Zone Figure 1 145 Ann Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia T 61 7 3316 3000 F 61 7 3316 3333 E [email protected] W www.ghd.com G:\21\25477\GIS\Maps\MXD\21-25477_006_revA.mxd

© 2016. Whilst every care has been taken to prepare this map, GHD, GA and Hawaiki make no representations or warranties about its accuracy, reliability, completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and cannot accept liability and responsibility of any kind (whether in contract, tort or otherwise) for any expenses, losses, damages and/or costs (including indirect or consequential damage) which are or may be incurred by any party as a result of the map being inaccurate, incomplete or unsuitable in any way and for any reason. Data source: Hawaiki: Cable Location (2016); GA: Mainland populated places (2007), EEZ (2014); ESRI: hillshade (2008). Created by: AJ

Coastal Protection Act 1979 This Act makes provisions relating to the use and occupation of the coastal region of NSW (i.e. out to 3 nm) in order to preserve and protect these areas whilst encouraging sustainable use of the areas. The Act also establishes the NSW Coastal Panel to advise the Minister and local councils and exercise functions conferred on it by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979.

As per Clause 5 of the Coastal Protection Act 1979, activities in the coastal zone that do not require development consent or approval under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 and that are not being carried out in accordance with a Coastal Management Plan, require Ministerial concurrence. Clause 6, however, “exemption of certain development,” indicates that “the temporary disturbance of the seabed (less than 30 days in any location) associated with the carrying out of development under the seabed such as the laying of pipes and cables” indicates that the proposed works are excluded from this requirement.

State Environmental Planning Policy Infrastructure 2007 Telecommunication facilities are covered under this SEPP and are consistent with our understanding that no development applications are required by the State. Division 21, Cl 114A of the SEPP, covers the coastal section of cable stating “Development for the purpose of submarine telecommunication cables (and any attached devices) laid on or under the seabed beneath the coastal waters of the State and below the mean high water mark, being cables used for communications between Australia and other countries, may be carried out by any person without consent on any land”

Similarly, Division 21, Cl.116 refers to Schedule 3A Exempt and complying development in relation to telecommunications facilities which echoes the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cwth) by defining the following as Exempt Development y underground housing manholes must not have an opening greater than 2 m2 (Cl 9.1) y underground cable hauled or otherwise deployed through a duct, pit, hole, tunnel or conduit (Cl 11.1c)) As long as the proposed works meet all of the development standards (identified in the State Policy for exempt and complying development), further approval is generally not required.

Department of Primary Industries – Fisheries The marine ecology section covers State Fisheries issues; whereas the section addresses the social and economic implications of the Cable interactions with Fisheries. Fisheries normally manage the fishing interests within State Waters – i.e. up to 3 nm offshore - however, as part of special circumstances under the Offshore Constitutional Settlement (OCS) agreement, the (state) Fisheries managed area extends to The Peak Fishing Zone, which lies within the SSPZ approx. 5 nm offshore of Malabar, NSW. As the Hawaiki Cable is planned to cross this designated fishing zone, an additional public consultation was undertaken, which involved preparation of a flyer informing of the Project and was distributed by Fisheries on behalf of GHD to supplement the regular notification and ensure minimal disruption to communal users of the zone. A list of Stakeholders that received the Flyer directly from Fisheries (either hard copy or link to SMS link to the website) were: Commercial Fishing Sector y The Professional Fishermen's Association (PFA)

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y The Wild Caught Fishers Coalition y The Sydney Fish Markets y All relevant fishers in the Ocean Trawl Fishery and Ocean Trap & Line Fishery (sent via SMS with link to webpage) Recreational Fishing Sector y South Sydney Amateur Sport Fishing Club (SSASFC) y Sydney Game Fishing Club y Recreational Fishing Alliance of NSW (RFA NSW) y Australian National Sportsfishing Association (NSW) (ANSA NSW) As the Hawaiki Cable is routed through the SSPZ, and Hawaiki are not intending to apply to change the existing fishing regulations within the SSPZ (including at the Peak zone), the response to the community consultation was expectedly low. A summary of all correspondence is included below.

Table 45: Stakeholder feedback summary

Received From Method of Salient Points GHD Response Contact Recreational Fishing Email y Not comfortable with cable in y No changes to Alliance of NSW (RFA the Peak existing fishing NSW) y Request extension of SSPZ regulations Stan Konstantaras – boundary and re-routing of y Extension of the SSPZ President cable will be a decision for ACMA ANSA NSW Formal letter y Current fishing regulations y No changes to (incorporating liaison with have minimal impact on existing fishing SSASFC and RFA NSW) recreational anglers regulations Joe Garufi – Secretary y Also preference for y Extension of the CPZ extension of SSPZ boundary will be a decision for and re-routing of cable ACMA PFA Phone/email y Request for more info y Trawling is a Tricia Beatty – Executive regarding expected effects prohibited activity in Officer on PFA members (all the SSPZ, therefore trawlers) no expected impact on PFA members The theme of the responses was that the cable is preferred not to go through the Peak zone, and the current fishing regulations of the SSPZ have minimal impact on these response groups. As such, it is GHD’s position that if Hawaiki provide additional cable protection measures, such as deeper burial depth and cable armouring, such that no change to the fishing regulations of the SSPZ are required, then there will be negligible impact on the Peak users. The Ocean Trap & Line Fishery groups did not respond to the consultation flyer; however, it should be noted that demersal droplining and trap fishing are permitted within the SSPZ up to 100 m water depth, providing the line breaking strain is 850 kg or less.

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Department of Defence The trunk line of the cable route passes through four distinct military training areas y R485A – Military Flying y R485B – Military Flying y R495B – Military Flying/non-flying y R485E – Military Flying And the branch line stub tail passes through an additional zone, R495C Military Flying/non-flying as shown in Figure A- 22

Figure A- 22: Cable interactions with Military Training Zones For the military areas with in the SSPZ, the ACMA and the Department of Defence have a signed MOU, which aligns with SSPZ objectives of cable protection. The MOU sets out acceptable parameters for Defence to conduct operations using explosives and includes the direction for firing ammunition, the use of inert practice rounds and the use of targets by Defence. It is a requirement under the Defence Force Regulations 1952 that prior to accessing these military training areas for Cable survey, installation and maintenance activities, vessel operators have an obligation to contact the Department of Defence prior to accessing Defence practice areas.

Aboriginal Land Claims (ALC) Local Aboriginal Land Councils are permitted to lay claims to certain Crown Lands under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983. The two selected sites for the BMH location both have existing ALCs to be processed – Trenerry Reserve has three, and the land west of Trenerry Reserve has one. It is assumed that these have all been made by the La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council (LALC), which is the local established body under the same Act.

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As the claims are still pending, and may be sensitive, not much information is available publicly on the claims; however, it is understood that they were initiated in 2009/10. It should also be noted that there are approximately 30,000 claims state wide.

The determination of the claim rests with the Minister administering the Crown Lands Act 1989. Currently, the role is shared by the Minister for Primary Industries and the Minister for Regional Infrastructure and Services.

If the claim is successful, the outcome is the transfer of crown land in to a freehold title to the claimant LALC. If the claim is unsuccessful, the assumption is that it remains crown land and the approvals process under the State is followed – i.e. BMH and Cable are considered low impact with no approvals necessary. It is noted that the claim can be granted in whole or part.

Although the claim is still in determination, it has been advised by Lands that the claim does not meet certain criteria for it to be granted. In particular, the requirements for an ALC to Crown Reserves is that the land must not be in use, or not be needed for an essential public purpose. As both these claim are for land that is currently used as public recreational reserves, the claim is unlikely to hold up. In view of this, and combined with both the low impact determination under State and Cwth legislations and the national importance of the Cable, Lands advise it would not be necessary to determine the relevant land claims or seek consent from the claimant Land Council to permit the proposed works. It is understood that the drilling contractor is responsible for all drilling permits, and will continue the engagement with Lands once a preferred site is selected.

Other relevant legislation Other relevant legislation is summarised in Table 5 of the main report.

A-3.2 Heritage

State Heritage The closest heritage sites listed on the State Heritage Register are Wiley’s Baths and McIver Women’s Baths, which are public swimming areas on the cliff face at the south end of Coogee beach. The approx. distance is 60 m from the closest proposed BMH site; however, it should also be noted there is an elevation difference of approx. 20 m.

Commonwealth Heritage The closest heritage site listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List is the School of Musketry and Officers Mess at the Randwick Army Barracks. This is over a 1 km away from the BMH site, behind many blocks of house

Aboriginal Heritage A review of the OEH’s online Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS) Web Services reveals that there are no items of Aboriginal Heritage, including Aboriginal sites and Aboriginal places.

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Figure A- 23: AHIMS Search Results

Native Title A review of the National Native Title Tribunal (NNTT) GIS web service Native TitleVision has confirmed that there are no Native Title implications for both the proposed BMH options. Figure A- 24 shows the search results, the areas hatched in blue are current applications, and orange are determined titles. It can be seen clearly at this scale that the Coogee area south of Sydney has no current applications or determinations. It should be noted here that in reference to ALC Section, while there are no Native Title implications, nor articles of Aboriginal Heritage significance, the ALC is still undetermined. The NSW Education Aboriginal Affairs advise that LALC/ claimants are not required to establish cultural association with lands when making land claims, so the ALC is may still be validated.

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Figure A- 24: Native TitleVision Results

A-3.3 Commercial Interests

Commercial Fisheries The cable exists within the SSPZ up to 2000 m water depth. Trawling is prohibited within the SSPZ, and trawling currently does not occur past 1,100 m water depth as advised by SETFIA. Similarly, there are deepwater trawl closures currently in place (as mandated by Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery and Small Pelagic Fishery (Closures) Direction 2016) around the Cable route to about 200 nm offshore, and shown in Figure A- 25 There are no commercial fisheries based in Lord Howe Island; however, Alfonsino is a target species in the waters south of Lord Howe in the proximity of the Cable, with one permit held by a mainland based operator. At the shallow (<1500 m WD) section (282 km) encountered crossing Lord Howe Rise, the Cable will be buried, protecting it sufficiently from bottom fishing. There is currently no commercial fishing activity permitted in the Norfolk Island Fishery. However, in the interest of future-proofing from possible fishing activity, the cable will be buried at the shallow water (<1500 m WD) section (approx. 44 km) encountered at the Norfolk Ridge. Given the RPL, the fishing closures, and the limiting depth of trawl fishing – it is unlikely that there will be any interactions between trawlers and cable ships during cable survey and install activities in Australian waters.

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Figure A- 25: AFMA declared trawl fishing closures (purple and green shaded) As discussed in the Telecommunications Act Section, there are some commercial fishing methods permitted with out restriction in the SSPZ. These include: y purse seining (refer Figure A- 26) y squid jigging y pelagic longlining (refer Figure A- 26) y pelagic haul netting It has been identified that some of these are common methods for the Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery, as well as the Southern Blue Fin Tuna Fishery who would generally fish for target species in water depths ranging from 200 m-600 m. As such, it is reasonable to assume these Commercial Fisheries operate within the SSPZ (excepting for in the closure areas shown in Figure A- 25

Figure A- 26: Pelagic fishing methods allowed in SSPZ (AFMA)

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Lord Howe Rise Project Geoscience Australia and the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) are undertaking a collaborative research project to better understand the geology of the central Lord Howe Rise (LHR). Existing knowledge is based on data obtained from limited dredge samples and sparse shallow (<600 m deep) drilling. This project will attempt to drill up to 3500 m below the sea floor into a LHR rift basin, coring Cretaceous and older (>65 million years) sediments and basement rocks. To undertake this a deep pre-drilling seismic survey to select sutiable location for the core, as well as a detailed site survey of the proposed drill site is currently being completed, with the drilling anticipated to commence in 2018. The project site is shown in Figure A- 27, which is approx. 380 nm north of the cable crossing of LHR.

Figure A- 27: Lord Howe Rise Project area (Geosciences Australia)

Petroleum Exploration Permit – 11 (PEP-11) PEP 11 is held by Bounty Oil & Gas NL and covers 4,576 km2 of the offshore Sydney Basin. The licence boundaries for PEP-11 have been updated as of June 2016, and can be seen that the Cable does not cross the licence area Figure A- 28

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Figure A- 28: PEP-11

Minerals Exploration Licence (MELA-9) Application The Cable crosses MELA9, a (coal) minerals exploration permit application block submitted by Energie Future; however it is unclear whether this licence will ever be granted. Reasons being as followes: y There exists general public sentiment of opposition to Coal Seam Gas, and feedback documents on the application that are available online are not favourable y ASIC formally issued an insolvency notice of proposed deregistration for Energie Future NL on 01 September 2015 The Cable also crosses MELA9 within the SSPZ (refer Figure A- 29) , so the Cable is expected to be afforded protection under the Telco Act legislation.

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Figure A- 29: MELA 9 (shown in grey)

A-3.4 Cable and Pipeline Crossings The peak industry body for the submarine cable industry is the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC), whose mandate is the protection, security and safe interactions of international submarine cables with our seabed and ocean users. They have published a series of sixteen guidelines, which are recognised as the industry standard standard practice. ICPC Recommendation No. 3 Criteria to be Applied to Proposed Crossings of Submarine Cables and/or Pipelines sets out the procedure to be undertaken for firstly cable route planning and avoidance, and then recommends crossing and paralleling parameters based on safe practical operational experience for cable recovery with the aim to standardise the crossing procedure across the world. When a crossing is unavoidable, the ICPC recommendations is that: y both parties negotiate a crossing agreement

y Optimal crossing angle is 90°; however, if that cannot be achieved crossing angles down to 45° can be considered y Armoured cables shouldn’t cross lightweight (unarmoured) cables

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y A clearance of three times the water depth should be used when crossing in proximity of a repeater or a branching unit; however, two times the water depth can be used with modern navigational equipment For cables alongside each other, ICPC recommend that a separation distance of three times the water depth is optimal to be maintained between the cables; however, two times the water depth is more achievable. When twice the water depth can not be achieved due to congestion, a minimum spaceing between cables and maintenance options for the cables should be agreed between both parties. The recommendations include the whole gamut of potential cable problems; however the crossings and parallels are the only perceived issue with the Hawaiki Cable’s interactions with other proposed and existing cables.

Pipelines No pipelines crossings will be encountered within Australian waters

Telstra submarine cables Telstra own (or have an interest in) three cables in proximity of the Hawaiki Cable, these are the y Australia-Japan Cable (AJC) y Tasman-2 Cable – existing y Tasman Global Access (TGA) Cable – currently in construction Consultations between Hawaiki and Telstra are ongoing, with the hopes of formalising a crossing agreement in the near future. A summary of issues and resolutions to date is below. The AJC cable has been confirmed by both parties that there are no crossings or paralleling issues. The Hawaiki cable has one crossing with Tasman-2 in deep water (approx. 5,000 m) of 60° from the original RPL. The TGA RPL was not available when plotting the Hawaiki RPL as it has not yet been constructed, and as such, the Hawaiki Cable also had one crossing of the proposed TGA. However, this crossing was almost directly over a repeater. As such, the Hawaiki Cable RPL was revised and now crosses TGA at three water depths (15 km) from the TGA repeater at a crossing angle of 62°, as per the ICPC recommendations (refer Figure A- 30)

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Figure A- 30: Hawaiki - TGA revised crossing

Southern Cross Cable Network (SX) One crossing and one parallel issue has been identified with the SX and Hawaiki cable. To date, SX has agreed in principle to the crossing (depth of approx. 5,000 m, and angle of 60°) and have proposed a formal crossing agreement to be negotiated closer to the date of installation. The parallel issue occurs within the SSPZ and is still under discussion between the parties. As mentioned earlier, the SSPZ was declared around the SX, with a 1 nm boundary southern offset from the SX alignment. Congestion concerns are arising in the SSPZ as because it has a limited width of approx. 8 nm, and approx. 1 nm (2,000 m) water depth at its limit, when responsible cable parties try to enact the ICPC recommendations of a cable parallel separation distance of two water depths, it becomes apparent that only four cables could properly fit in the SSPZ. As such, the Hawaiki and SX parallel distance in the SSPZ is currently 1 nm or one water depth in the SSPZ, but returns to two water depths where practicle on exit. The ACMA have recognised this congestion problem and are currently actively seeking engagement with submarine cable stakeholders to address the problem.

Solomons Oceanic Cable Company (SOCC) Cable The SOCC cable is a permitted cable, but not yet installed. As such, SOCC RPL information was not available when Hawaiki plotted their initial RPL for the DTS.

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It was quickly realised that there were numerous crossings and parallel issues both within and outside the SSPZ; however, these were able to be rectified by Hawaiki revising the RPL so that there are now no crossing or parallel issues.

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Department of the Environment. (2016w), “Numenius madagascariensis— Eastern Curlew”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=847 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016x), “Pachyptila turtur subantarctica — Fairy Prion (southern)” Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=64445 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016y), “Pterodroma leucoptera— Gould’s Petrel”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1056 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016z), “Sternula nereis — Australian Fairy Tern”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82949 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016aa), “Thalassarche bulleri— Buller’s Albatross”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=64460 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ab), “Thalassarche cauta steadi— White-capped Albatross”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82344 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ac), “Thalassarche cauta eremita— Chatham Albatross”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82342 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ad), “Thalassarche melanophris impavida— Campbell Albatross”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82449 (accessed 23 May 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ae), “Balaenoptera bonaerensis— Antarctic Minke Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=67812 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016af), “Balaenoptera edeni— Bryde’s Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=35 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ag), “Caperea marginata— Pygmy Right Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=39 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ah), “Dugong dugon - dugong”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=28 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ai), “Lagenorhynchus obscurus— Dusky Dolphin”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=43 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016aj), “Orcinus orca— Killer Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=46 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ak), “Physeter macrocephalus— Sperm Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016al), “Sousa chinensis— Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=50 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016am), “Lamna nasus— Porbeagle”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=83288 (accessed 6 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016an), “Apus pacificus— Fork-tailed Swift”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=678 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ao), “Calonectris leucomelas— Streaked Shearwater”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1077 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ap), “Ardenna carneipes— Flesh-footed Shearwater”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: Http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82404 (accessed 7 June 2016).

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Department of the Environment. (2016aq), “Sternula albifrons— Little Tern”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82849 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ar), “Actitis hypoleucos— Common Sandpiper”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59309 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016as), “Ardea modesta— Eastern Great Egret”,Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=82410 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016at), “Ardea ibis— Cattle Egret”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59542 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016au), “Arenaria interpres— Ruddy Turnstone”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=872 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016av), “Calidris acuminata— Sharp-tailed Sandpiper”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=874 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016aw), “Calidris alba— Sanderling”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=875 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ax), “Calidris ruficollis— Red-necked Stint”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=860 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ay), “Charadrius bicinctus— Double-banded Plover” Species Profile and Threats Database,available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=895 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016az), “Charadrius veredus— Oriental Plover”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=882 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016ba), “Gallinago hardwickii— Latham’s Snipe”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=863 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bb), “Tringa brevipes— Grey-tailed Tattler”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=851 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bc), “Tringa incana – Wandering Tattler”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=831(accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bd), “Limicola falcinellus— Broad-billed Sandpiper”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=842 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016be), “Limosa limosa— Black-tailed Godwit”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=845 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bf), “Numenius minutus— Little Curlew”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=848 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bg), “Numenius phaeopus— Whimbrel”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=849 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bh), “Pandion cristatus — Eastern Osprey”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at:http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=952 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bi), “Philomachus pugnax — Ruff (Reeve)”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=850 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bj), “Pluvialis fulva— Pacific Golden Plover”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=25545 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bk), “Pluvialis squatarola— Grey Plover”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=865 (accessed 7 June 2016).

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Department of the Environment. (2016bl), “Tringa nebularia — Common Greenshank, Greenshank”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=832 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bm), “Tringa stagnatilis— Marsh Sandpiper”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=833 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bn), “Xenus cinereus— Terek Sandpiper”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59300 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bo), “Hirundapus caudacutus— White-throated Needletail”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=682 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bp), “Merops ornatus— Rainbow Bee-eater”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=670 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bq), “Monarcha melanopsis— Black-faced Monarch”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=609 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016br), “Symposiachrus trivirgatus— Spectacled Monarch”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=83946 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bs), “Myiagra cyanoleuca— Satin Flycatcher”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=612 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bt), “Rhipidura rufifrons— Rufous Fantail”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=592 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bu), “Pelamis platurus— Yellow-bellied Seasnake”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=1091 (accessed 16 December 2014). Department of the Environment. (2016bv), “Balaenoptera borealis — Sei Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=34 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bw), “Balaenoptera physalus — Fin Whale”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgibin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=37 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment. (2016bx), “Pterodroma heraldica — Herald Petrel”, Species Profile and Threats Database, available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=68442 (accessed 7 June 2016). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2009), East Marine Bioregional Plan Bioregional Profile - A Description of the Ecosystems, Conversation Values and Uses of the East Marine Region. Australian Government, pp 1 - 245. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC) (2012) Marine bioregional plan for the Temperate East Marine Region available at http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/marineplans/temperate-east/index.html (accessed on 25 May 2016) Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPaC), 2013) Map of Western Sydney Dry Rainforest and Moist Woodland on Shale available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/maps/pubs/106- map.pdf (accessed on 24 May 2016) Davie, P. (2011), Wild Guide to Moreton Bay and Adjacent Coasts, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Vol. 2. Dayton. (1985), “Ecology of kelp communities”, Annual Reviews in Ecological Systems, Vol.16, pp. 215–245. Diaz, R.J., Solan, M. and Valente, R.M. (2004), “A review of approaches for classifying benthic habitats and evaluating habitat quality”, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 73, pp. 165–181. Environment Australia (2003) Map of Eastern Suburbs Bankia Scrub of the Sydney Region threatened ecological community available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/maps/eastern- sydney-banksia.html (accessed on 24 May 2016)

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Foster, S.J. and Vincent, A.C.J. (2004), “Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management”, Journal of Fish Biology, Vol. 65, pp. 1–61. Gaggiotti, O.E. (1996), “Population genetic models of source-sink metapopulations”, Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 50, pp. 178–208. Gales, R. (1998), “Albatross populations: status and threats”, in Robertson, G. and Gales, R. (Eds.), The Albatross: Biology and Conservation, Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, pp. 20–45. Glover, A. G. and C. R. Smith. (2003), The deep seafloor ecosystem: current status and prospects for change by 2025. Environmental Conservation, Vol. 30(3), pp. 1-23. Hedd, A., Gales, R. and Brothers, N. (2001), “Foraging strategies of shy albatross Thalassarche cauta breeding at Albatross Island, Tasmania”, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 224, pp. 267–282. Higgins, P.J. (ed.) (1999). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume Four - Parrots to Dollarbird. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Higgins, P.J. and S.J.J.F. Davies (1996) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Melbourne, Oxford University Press Hutton, L. (1991), Birds of Lord Howe Island: Past and Present, Coffs Harbour, NSW. Karthikeyan, R. and Balasubramanian, T. (2007), “Species Diversity of Sea Snake (Hydrophiidae) Distributed in the Coramantal Coast (East Coast of India)”, International Journal of Zoological Research, Vol. 3, pp. 107–131. Kaunda-Arara, B. and Rose, G.A. (2004), “Long-distance movements of coral reef fishes”, Coral Reefs, Vol. 23, pp. 410–412. Kemper, C.A. (2002), “Distribution of the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata, in the Australasian region”, Marine Mammal Science, Vol. 18, pp. 99–111. Lane, B.A. (1987), Shorebirds in Australia, Reed Publishing, Sydney, Australia. Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (2009), Sharks and Rays of Australia, CSIRO Australia, Melbourne. Limpus. (2008a), “1. Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus)”, A biological review of Australian marine turtles, Environmental Protection Agency, QLD, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1–67. Limpus, C.J. (2008b), “6. Leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli)”, A biological review of Australian marine turtles2, Environmental Protection Agency, QLD, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1–29. Limpus, C.J. (2008c), “5. Flatback turtle - Natador depressus (Garman)”, A biological review of Australian marine turtles, Environmental Protection Agency, QLD, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1–54. Manta Matcher (2016) The wild book for manta rays available at http://www.mantamatcher.org/overview.jsp (accessed 6 June 2016) Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (1990), Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria. Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (1993), Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds - Volume Two Raptors to Lapwings, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Victoria. Marsh, H., Penrose, H., Eros, C. and Hugues, J. (2002), Dugong Status Report and Action Plans for Countries and Territories, Nairobi, Kenya. McAllan, I.A.W., Curtis, B.R., Hutton, I. and Cooper, R.M. (2004), “The birds of the Lord Howe Island Group: a review of records”, Australian Field Ornithology, Vol. 21, pp. 1–82. McIlgom, A. and Pepperell, J. (2013), Developing a cost effective state wide expenditure survey method to measure the economic contribution of the recreational fishing sector in NSW in 2012. A report to the NSW Recreational Fishing Trust, Sydney, NSW. Nicholls, D.G. and Robertson, C.J.R. (2007), “Asessing flight characteristics for the Chatham albatross (Thalassarche eremita) from satellite tracking”, Notornis, Vol. 54, pp. 168–179. NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2008), “Commercial fishing in New South Wales, Primefact 825”, available at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/241966/Commercial-fishing-in- New-South-Wales.pdf (accessed 23 May 2016). NSW Department of Primary Industries (2014), "Commercial fishing", available at: http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/commercial (accessed 23 May 2016). O’Dwyer, T.W., Buttemer, W.A. and Priddel, D.M. (2006), “Investigator disturbance does not influence chick growth or survivorship in the threatened Gould’s Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera”, Ibis, Vol. 148, pp. 368–372. O’Dwyer, T.W., Buttemer, W.A. and Priddel, D.M. (2007), “Differential rates of offspring provisioning in Gould’s petrels: are better feeders better breeders?”, Australian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 55, pp. 155–160. Office of Environment and Heritage- NSW (2016) Painted Snipe - Endangered species determination - final. DEC (NSW), Sydney available at

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http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/PaintedSnipeEndSpListing.htm (accessed 6 June 2016) Parra, G.J. (2006), “Resource partitioning in sympatric delphinids: space use and habitat preferences of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins”, Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 75, pp. 862–874. Pizzey, G. and Knight, F. (1999), The Graham Pizzey and Frank Knight Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, Angus and Robertson. Ridgway, K.R. (2007), “Long-term trend and decadal variability of the southward penetration of the East Australian Current”, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, pp. 1–5. Roberson, D. and Bailey, S.F. (1991), “Cookilaria petrels in the eastern Pacific Ocean identification and distribution. Part II”, American Birds, Vol. 45, pp. 1067–1081. Roberts, D.G. and Ayre, D.J. (2010), “Panmictic population structure in the migratory marine sparid Acanthopagrus australis despite its close association with estuaries”, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 412, pp. 223–230. Robertson, C.J.R., Bell, D. and Scofield, P. (2003), Population assessment of the Chatham mollymawk at The Pyramid, December 2001: DOC Science Internal Series 91, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand, pp. 1–17. Robertson, C.J.R. and Kinsky, F.C. (1972), “Dispersal movements of the Royal Albatross (Diomedea epomophora)”, Notornis, Vol. 19, pp. 311–336. Sheaves, M., Johnston, R. and Abrantes, K. (2007), “Fish fauna of dry tropical and subtropical estuarine floodplain wetlands”, Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 58, pp. 931–943. Sheppard, J.K., Preen, A.R., Marsh, H., Lawler, I.R., Whiting, S.D. and Jones, R.E. (2006), “Movement heterogeneity of dugongs, Dugong dugon (Müller), over large spatial scales”, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Vol. 334, pp. 64–83. Smith, C. R., F. C. De Leo, A. F. Bernardino, A. K. Sweetman and P. Martinez Arbizu. (2008), Abyssal Food Limitation, Ecosystem Structure and Climate Change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 23 pp. 518-528. Smith, K.A. (2003), “Larval distribution of some commercially valuable fish species over the Sydney continental shelf”, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, Vol. 124, pp. 1–11. Takahashi, A., Ochi, D., Watanuki, Y., Deguchi, T., Oka, N., Afanasyev, V. and Trathan, P.N. (2008), “Post-breeding movement and activities of two Streaked Shearwaters in the north- western Pacific”, Ornithological Science, Vol. 7, pp. 29–35. Swift Parrot Recovery Team (2001). Swift Parrot Recovery Plan. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania Thomas, B., Minot, E.O. and Holland, J.D. (2010), “Fledging behaviour of juvenile northern royal albatrosses (Diomedea sanfordi): a GPS tracking study”, Notornis, Vol. 57, pp. 135–147. Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2013a), Approved Conservation Advice for Western Sydney Dry Rainforest and Moist Woodland on Shale, Department of the Environment, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2014), Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) (s266B) Conservation Advice (including listing advice) for Coastal Upland Swamps in the Sydney Basin Bioregion Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2015a) Approved Conservation Advice (including listing advice) for Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Woodlands of the Sydney Basin Bioregion Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2015b) Approved Conservation Advice (including listing advice) for Cooks River/Castlereagh Ironbark Forest of the Sydney Basin Bioregion, available from http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/129- conservation-advice.pdf (accessed on 24 May 2016) Threatened Species Scientific Committee (2015c) Approved Conservation Advice (including listing advice) for Posidonia australis seagrass meadows of the Manning-Hawkesbury ecoregion ecological community available at http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities/pubs/127- conservation-advice.pdf (accessed on 24 May 2016) Walker, K. and Elliot, G. (2006), “At-sea distribution of Gibson’s and Antipodean wandering albatrosses, and relationships with longline fisheries”, Notornis, Vol. 53, pp. 265–290. Watts, R.J. and Johnson, M.S. (2004), “Estuaries, lagoons and enclosed embayments: habitats that enhance population subdivision of inshore fishes”, Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 55, pp. 641–651.

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Appendix B – Ecological Risk Assessment B-1 Environmental Risk Assessment

B-1.1 Assessment approach

This report provides information regarding potential environmental risks that may occur in relation to the installation and maintenance of the proposed Hawaiki Submarine Cable project in conjunction with relevant management controls for those risks. This information supports project approvals for the portion of the cable located within Australian waters, including: 7. The portion of the corridor within the Southern Sydney Protection Zone (SSPZ); and 8. The portion of the corridor outside the SSPZ but within the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone (AEEZ), referred to as the Non-Protection Zone (NPZ). Information reported within the Environmental Assessment for the project informs which environmental features may be at risk from project activities. To complete this risk assessment, the following process has been adopted: y Describe which project activities have potential to harm which environmental features and why; y Describe the consequences of the potential impact being realised; y Identify relevant management controls to reduce or eliminate the potential environmental risk; and y Discuss overall environmental outcomes.

B-1.2 Environmental hazard identification

The cable corridor will traverse approximately 2,500 km from a beach manhole (BMH) on a rocky headland within the Trenerry Reserve in Coogee, south of Sydney, to the point at which it exits the AEEZ. The cable will be installed in water depths up to 5,000 m in some locations. The methods to be used during the project for cable placement which have the potential to harm the environment will be: y Pre-laying geophysical site surveys; y Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) into the rocky headland and under the seabed up to water depth of 20 m; y Cable burial by ploughing up to water depth of 1,500 m; and y Direct placement on the seabed at depths greater than 1,500 m. It is estimated that survey activities will be undertaken over a duration of approximately 50 days in December 2016 across the cable corridor within the AEEZ. Cable installation (including testing and commissioning period) will be undertaken over a duration of 150 days starting in July 2017. Vessels will be required to support the project activities. The risks to the environment from these activities are: y Disturbance of seabed within the path of cable laying; y Noise and lighting pollution from vessel platforms;

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y Release of potential wastes, contaminants or pollutants (including hydrocarbon spills) from operational activities; y Atmospheric emissions from activities; and y Interference with other users of the area affected by cable laying. Other impacts from unplanned events may also arise from the project activities. The risks to the environment from these activities are: y Pest introduction and proliferation; y Accidental release of solid waste; y Impacts from dropped objects; y Marine fauna collisions and/or entanglement; y Hydrocarbon, chemicals and other liquid waste; y Damaged fuel tank associated with vessel collision; and y Seabed disturbance associated with cable maintenance activities.

B-1.3 Impact analysis Impact analysis for each identified hazard is conducted in a systematic manner following the general process of: y Identifying the key concerns; y Consideration of sensitive environmental features potentially affected either directly or indirectly by the activities; y Where practicable, quantification of the magnitude of the stressor, the concentration of contaminant and/or level of disturbance; y Consideration of timing, duration and other factors affecting the impact and risk (water depth, temperature, tides etc.); and y Consideration of cumulative impacts. The impact analysis is undertaken for values and sensitivities identified, as detailed in the Ecological Environment Description report (Appendix A). It is considered that within the natural environment, some aspects have a higher value than others, and these aspects, or sensitive receptors, have been specifically considered when determining the overall environmental consequence of an impact. In determining consequence, the potential presence of the following environmental receptors has been considered: y Benthic primary producer habitats; y Habitats that are rare or unique; y Habitat that represents a Key Ecological Feature; y Species and ecological communities; y EPBC listed threatened species; y EPBC Act migratory species; y EPBC listed threatened ecological communities; y State Protected Areas; y World Heritage Areas;

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y Commonwealth/National Heritage Areas; and y Marine Conservation Reserves. This report should be read in conjunction with the Ecological Environment Description Report (Appendix A) which provides a description of the environment within and adjacent to the cable corridor.

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B-2 Planned activities

B-2.1 Onshore and seabed disturbance

Environmental hazard description Disturbance to the onshore environment and seafloor and benthic habitats may occur during the following planned activities: y Drill equipment penetrating ground onshore and seabed at HDD pop-out point; y Cable laying on seabed surface; y Plough burial of cable in soft sediments; and y Water jet burial of cable by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) or divers in soft sediments, if required. Disturbance to the seabed and benthic habitats may occur during the unplanned activities such as dropped objects and cable maintenance operations, these are addressed in Section B-3.

Impact analysis

Geophysical surveying activities A marine route survey will be undertaken across the entire length of the cable corridor. Survey components such as core sampling and grab sampling will disturb the seabed in the immediate vicinity of the activity. The disturbance zones typically associated with these activities is less than 5 m2. The sediment and infaunal communities within the immediate area of sampling activities are expected to be disturbed. Mobile fauna within the area of disturbance have potential to be temporarily displaced from the area; however, any benthic species in the direct path of activity will be directly affected by such activities. This is predicted to lead to temporary loss of biodiversity from the geophysical survey footprint (< 5 m2). Recolonisation of disturbed sediments from adjacent habitats will occur relatively quickly

Drill equipment HDD will be used to traverse from the BMH at Coogee, through the headland, and wave break environment to a pop-out point on the seabed at approximately 20 m water depth. The total length of this section is estimated to be a maximum of 1.1 km. At this egress point a flange will be fitted to enable conduit and cable to be threaded from the landing point to the seabed and beyond. Where the drill head exits at the seabed, there will be disturbance of soft sediment or loss of hard substrate. The drill head diameter is estimated to be approximately 250 mm and the resulting seabed disturbance is likely to be marginally wider. Works during cable pulling and laying will disturb the seabed and associated marine flora and fauna from use of moorings, cable pulling and divers. Approximately 100 m3 of bentonite lubricant mixture will be utilised in the drilling operations. The mixture, consisting of a ratio of 90% fresh water and 10% bentonite, is pumped and circulated through the system by the drilling plant on land. In order to minimise the discharge of bentonite to the sea, the pumping operations cease prior to the drill head penetrating through the seabed. The bore is then flushed with freshwater such that only residual bentonite mixture is released into the environment. It is estimated that 0.01 m3 of the residual bentonite fluid mixture will be released at the seabed. Bentonite is non-toxic and disperses readily if accidentally released into

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the marine environment, however, increased turbidity and sedimentation can be expected within the immediate area. The sediment and infaunal communities within the immediate area of drilling activities are expected to be disturbed. Mobile fauna have potential to be temporarily displaced from the area while benthic infauna may experience smothering from settling of suspended sediments. Though modern equipment and installation techniques can reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial or removal, remaining turbidity may nonetheless obstruct the filtration mechanisms of some benthic and pelagic organisms at least temporarily (Söker et al., 2000). At completion of drilling, a small area of seabed will be replaced by the cable and flange at the pop-out point. This will occur in a sandy seabed environment that likely supports sparsely distributed hard flora and fauna. This habitat is well represented locally and regionally, as such the localised disturbance is not considered a risk to the existing environment.

Plough and/or ROV water jet cable burial In water depths ranging from 20 m to 1,500 m, the cable will require burying within soft sediment to depths up to 1.5 m below seabed level. Burial to a nominal depth of 1 m normally affords good protection against most forms of fishing activity. Burial would occur via a plough that is dragged along the seabed by the cable laying vessel. An alternate option to ploughing is by ROVs jetting water to liquefy the sediments around the cable so it sinks into the cavity under its own weight.. Any fouling species that have colonised the existing cable area will be affected when that cable is crossed by the Hawaiki cable. Ploughing operations to bury the cable are generally conducted at very low speeds, typically less than 1 knot. This low energy movement reduces the sediment suspension in the water column. The sediment and infaunal communities within the area of this activity are expected to be disturbed. Mobile fauna within the area of disturbance have potential to be temporarily displaced from the area; however, any benthic species in the direct path of activity will be directly affected by activities. This may include small, slow moving fishes like Syngnathids. Impacts may occur from collision with equipment, burial, water jetting or from sediment suspension affecting filter feeding (UNEP, 2007; Söker et al., 2000). This is predicted to lead to temporary loss of biodiversity from the direct cable footprint. Recolonisation of disturbed sediments from adjacent habitats is expected to occur within weeks. As discussed by the OSPAR Commission (2009), the disturbance and habitat damage impacts from the construction phase of submarine cables are not likely to be detrimental to the overall quality of a region because of the local and temporary nature of the impacts. Burying of the cable is expected to effect a width of 5-10 m if ploughed. The disturbance zone typically associated with ROV jetting is approximately 5 m wide (Carter et al., 2007). Disturbance or damage to seabed habitat from ploughing and water jetting activities can result in a loss of access to feeding grounds, breeding and nursery areas or resting areas for marine fauna such as fish and marine reptiles. Cable burial activities will be undertaken in a linear manner from Sydney out to sea for approximately 5 days. As such, impacts are not expected along the entire cable corridor for that duration. Impacts will be temporary and habitat to be affected is considered to be well represented locally and regionally.

Cable laying At water depths beyond 1,500 m, the cable will be laid directly on the seabed where possible. The cable is expected to remain stationary under its own weight and once it is in place, no further substantial movement is anticipated (refer to Section 2.3 of the Environmental Assessment Report for cable specifications). During the laying activity soft sediments directly

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under the cable are expected to experience little disturbance, however any increase in suspended sediment is likely to cause temporary reduced feeding capability affecting survival of deep sea sponges or other filter feeders (UNEP, 2007). Studies by Kogan et al. (2003, 2006) showed no statistical difference in the abundance and distribution of 17 animal groups living on the seabed within 1 m and 100 m of a surface-laid coaxial scientific cable. Likewise, 138 sediment cores with an infauna of mainly polychaete worms, nematodes and amphipods showed that the infauna was statistically indistinguishable whether near or distant from the cable. Significant research from dredging and marine construction disciplines demonstrates that disturbed habitats quickly recolonise from adjacent habitat such that within a few months to years disturbed areas support the same biodiversity as prior to impact (e.g. Ottaway et al., 1989; Smith and Rule, 2001; Wilber et al., 2007). Short term impacts localised to the portion of the cable being laid are likely, with increased suspended sediment and turbidity; however sands are predicted to settle quickly. Mobile fauna within the area of disturbance have potential to be temporarily displaced from the area; however, any benthic species in the direct path of cable laying will be directly affected by such activities. This may include small, slow moving fishes like Syngnathids (in shallow areas less than 20 m water depth). Impacts may occur from collision with equipment laying the cable, burial under the cable or from localised sediment suspension affecting filter feeding species (UNEP, 2007; Söker et al., 2000). This is predicted to lead to temporary loss of biodiversity from the direct cable footprint. Recolonisation of sediments from adjacent habitats will happen relatively quickly. Longer term, localised impacts are likely given the cable structure encourages the artificial introduction of species through the creation of a hard substrate (OSPAR, 2009). The introduction of non-local species causes an alteration to the existing benthic communities (OSPAR, 2009).

Management controls To reduce or eliminate the impact of seabed disturbance, a number of management controls can be implemented when possible: y The cable laying route in deep waters will be positioned to avoid underwater features such as rocky reefs; y The pre-laying cable survey will identify any debris along the proposed cable laying route. The route may be adjusted to avoid these areas and minimise the requirement for further seabed disturbance; and y Additional ecologically sensitive areas identified through survey activities will be avoided if possible.

Environmental outcome The activities associated with the cable laying will disturb the seabed and benthic habitats within an area of up to 25 km2 with the actual distance footprint expected to be a significantly smaller portion of this area. The cable laying activities will occur in/over benthic habitats that are widely represented at a regional scale. Once the cable has been installed, further disturbance or damage to soft sediment habitats and benthic communities is not anticipated. Localised, short term disturbances to sediments and/or epibenthos living on the cable are expected to occur if any future maintenance is required. The environmental risks will be limited to the immediate surrounds of the cable, and are expected to be short term in nature, with low risk on existing species; as such risks associated

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with planned seabed disturbance are considered to be acceptable and as low as reasonably practical.

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B-2.3 Artificial light emissions

Environmental hazard description Artificial light emissions may occur during the following planned activities: y Vessel safety lighting; and y Onshore HDD plant system safety lighting.

Impact analysis Artificial light from vessels may attract and disorientate fauna such as birds, marine turtles, fish, and other pelagic species in the locality, particularly during peak breeding periods and when the vessel is positioned within visual distance of breeding locations. Turtle hatchlings are most sensitive to artificial lighting due to disorientation and increased risk of predation, as they rely on light when first emerging from the nest to orientate themselves towards open water.

Seabirds Birds may either be attracted directly or indirectly by the light source. Studies conducted between 1992 and 2002 in the North Sea confirmed that artificial light was the reason that birds were attracted to and accumulated around illuminated offshore infrastructure (Marquenie et al., 2008). Structures in deep water environments tend to attract marine life at all tropic levels, creating food sources and shelter for seabirds (Surman, 2002), and providing enhanced capability for night foraging. Birds may also use light as a cue for bird migration.

Marine reptiles The attraction of turtles to artificial lighting occurs as the light source has a highly directed light field in comparison to the disparate light of natural navigational light sources (e.g. moonlight) (Witherington and Martin, 1996; Witherington, 1997). The level of artificial light necessary to initiate a response in marine turtles is unknown however the magnitude of impact has been shown to vary between species and in relation to light wavelength and intensity. Green turtle eyes have been shown to be most sensitive to short wavelengths of light in the blue-green to orange region of the visible spectrum (400 to 640 nanometres) (Granda and O’Shea, 1972). Dedicated environmental monitoring from drilling rigs revealed that very few, if any, turtle hatchlings approached lit drill rigs at night. Those that did approach did not remain around the drill rig for very long (usually less than 30 minutes) (Apache, 2007). Therefore artificial lighting is not likely to impact on hatchlings even though they may transit through the cable corridor during installation activities. Artificial lighting is known to disrupt the normal behaviour of nesting female turtles, as well as hatchlings attempting to orient towards the ocean (Salmon, 2006). Given the lack of nesting beaches in proximity to the project area, the potential for vessel artificial lighting to disrupt turtle behaviour is considered minimal. There is currently insufficient evidence to indicate that artificial lighting affects seasnake behaviour. In addition, they are unlikely to be encountered in large numbers within the majority of the cable corridor due to the seasnake habitat preference of shallow coastal waters.

Fish and other pelagic species

The response of fish to light emissions varies according to species and habitat. According to Meekan et al. (2001), light trap experiments have shown that some fish and zooplankton species are attracted to light sources, with traps drawing catches from up to 90 m (Milicich et al., 1992). A study of larval fish populations in 2005 by Lindquist et al. around an oil and gas platform in the Gulf of Mexico found that an enhanced abundance of clupeids (herring and

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sardines) and engraulids (anchovies), both of which are highly photopositive, was caused by platforms’ light fields. The concentration of organisms attracted to light results in an increase in food source for predatory species and marine predators are known to aggregate at the edges of artificial light halos. Shaw et al. (2002), in a similar light trap study, noted that juvenile tunas (Scombridae) and jacks (Carangidae), which are highly predatory, may have been preying upon concentrations of zooplankton attracted to the light field from platforms. This could lead to increased predation rates compared to unlit areas. The impacts from artificial lighting on fish and other pelagic species is considered temporary and mobile across the cable corridor. Hence lighting is not likely to have long term influence on behaviour of species encountered during the cable installation activities.

Other marine fauna Currently there is no evidence to imply that artificial light sources negatively impacts on the migratory, feeding or breeding behaviours of cetaceans. According to Simmonds et al (2004), cetaceans predominantly utilise acoustic senses to assess their environment rather than visual stimuli and light sources. However these species may be indirectly impacted by artificial lighting should their food sources be attracted to light. Migrating species may also be impacted by artificial lighting through changes to their migration patterns. Such impacts are temporary and not likely to have long term influence on behaviour of species encountered during the cable installation activities.

Management controls To reduce or eliminate the impact of artificial lighting, the following management control can be implemented when possible: y Light spill from the onshore HDD plant system and nearshore vessel operations will be minimised where possible using directional lighting. Light shields could be considered to avoid spill if sensitive receptors are negatively affected; and y Lighting on vessel deck will be switched off and spot lights directed inboard to reduce direct light spill onto marine waters, unless such actions do not comply with navigation and vessel safety standards (AMSA Marine Orders Part 30: Prevention of Collisions; AMSA Marine Orders Part 21: Safety of Navigation and Emergency Procedures).

Environmental outcome Minimum lighting is required for safety purposes on board the drill plant system and vessels, and for navigational purposes. The HDD plant system and vessel presence is required to undertake the activities and therefore environmental consequences due to lighting are possible. Safety management of the HDD plant system will require lighting at night. It is necessary for all vessels in Australian waters to comply with the navigation safety requirements prescribed within the Navigation Act 2012 and the subordinate Marine Orders with regards to workplace safety equipment (e.g. lighting) and navigation. While light spill will be reduced wherever possible, the elimination of deck lighting on vessels or at the would result in the following: y Increased probability for vessel collisions and accidents; y Presenting new safety risks to crew members; and y Non-compliance with marine codes and regulations.

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The use of directional lighting whilst adhering to navigation safety as measures to reduce the risk and impact of artificial lighting to faunal species have been identified. However, negligible spill of artificial lighting cannot be avoided. Turtles and shorebirds are identified as being the most sensitive to artificial light sources. Given that both these species do not nest within the project area or adjacent habitats, it is unlikely the artificial light will interfere with their breeding success and population longevity. Indirect impacts on other marine species could include changes in migration patterns, nonetheless such impacts are temporary and mobile across the cable corridor.

B-2.4 Artificial noise emissions

Environmental hazard description Disturbance to marine fauna from above ground and underwater noise may occur during the following planned activities: y Pre-lay site survey; and y Operational noise from HDD, vessels movement and cable laying.

Impact analysis

Pre-lay site survey activities The proposed cable route is to be surveyed by a vessel to provide data on the optimum cable route and identify areas to avoid (sand waves, habitat etc.). In areas with a water depth shallower than 500 m, a 500 m wide survey corridor is recommended to be surveyed with multibeam systems for measuring a swathe of seabed and side scan sonar systems for producing photographic-like images, with good data overlap. In water depths ranging from 500 – 1,000 m, a 1,000 m wide survey corridor is recommended Table 46 outlines the likely analogue geophysical instruments and equipment that will be required for the pre-cable laying site survey. The table also summarises the key acoustic attributes of the equipment and their outputs. The equipment may include the use of: y A single and multibeam echo sounders; y A sidescan sonar, and y A sub-bottom profiler which incorporates low and mid-frequency acoustic sources. These survey instruments focus their acoustic energy downwards, with the acoustic outputs potentially fanning out at the seabed.

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Table 46 Acoustic characteristics of proposed analogue geophysical survey equipment

Survey Frequency Estimated Sound Applicable Reference Pressure Levels at Cetacean instruments Source (dB re 1 µPa Types rms at 1 m) Low and Heathershaw et Single echo 38/200 180 medium al. (2001) sounders frequency BOEM (2012)

Multibeam 12-455 207-216 Medium BOEM (2012) echo sounders frequency only

Sub-bottom 0.5-13.5 205-220 Low and Applied profilers medium Acoustics frequency (2010) BOEM (2012) Heathershaw et Sidescan Dual 223-225 Medium al. (2001) sonars frequency 100 frequency only kHz BOEM (2012)

400 or 500 kHz

Cetaceans Dolphin species can be classified as ‘medium frequency’ cetaceans. This is due to the species producing and using sounds ranging from tens of kHz to 100kHz for echolocation, communication and navigation. In contrast, low frequency sounds are used by baleen whales (e.g. humpbacks, blue and minke), thereby making them the most sensitive of cetaceans to artificially generated low frequency noise. According to McCauley (1994), baleen whales are capable of generating a vibrant and range of underwater sounds of frequencies between 12 Hz to 8 kHz, though predominantly producing sounds of frequencies below 1 kHz (McCauley, 1994). Findings of studies into the hearing mechanism of baleen whales indicate that their hearing has been adapted to detect low frequency acoustics. The combined knowledge of baleen whale sound detection and generation from studies by McCauley (1994) and Richardson et al (1995) suggests that the hearing of baleen whales is most sensitive to these lower sound frequencies. The hearing mechanism of toothed whales (e.g. sperm whales, killer whales) have been estimated to detect sounds with frequencies between 150 and 160 kHz (Southall et al., 2007), though the hearing range is principally within the 50 to 130 kHz frequency range. According to NRC (2003), research has revealed that toothed whales are predominantly sensitive to aural stimuli above the approximate frequency of 10 kHz. This research has indicated that for acoustics below frequencies of about 10 kHz, hearing sensitivity declines with decreasing sounds frequency, with sensitivity to noises below 1 kHz appearing to be poor. Observed responses from cetaceans to artificially generated sound include changes in swimming direction, increases in swimming speed and marked ‘shocked’ reactions. Other noted reactions in response to anthropogenic sound include changes to the diving, surfacing and breathing behaviours and avoidance of the sound source and the immediate area, among other behavioural changes (NRC, 2003). However the extent and intensity of these reactions are not consistent and fluctuate widely depending on a variety of factors in relation to the individual animal and scenario (NRC, 2003). Subsurface noise generated by vessel operations has the potential to disrupt the ability of marine fauna to perceive natural sounds, in a phenomenon

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called ‘auditory masking’. It is possible for auditory masking to interfere with communication and the social functions of marine animals, the identification of predators and prey, and the navigation and coordination capabilities of these animals. Richardson et al (1995) suggests that insufficient evidence has been obtained with regards to call masking among whales though there are indications that observed lengthening of calls by humpback whales and orcas to low-frequency noise may be in response to auditory masking (Fristrup et al., 2003; Foote et al., 2004). However auditory masking is not likely to affect toothed whales as they detect frequencies above the frequencies of the acoustic disturbance generated by the proposed activities. Cetacean species may develop avoidance behavioural patterns and minor route changes during migrations as a result of mid-frequency noise generated from the site survey. It is expected that the occasional incidences of cetacean species within the proximity of the cable-laying region would induce movement away from the source of acoustic disruption, thereby indicating minimal impact on these species. Physiological damage as a result of the anthropogenic sound, such as the loss of hearing, would only be probable if the cetaceans are exposed to strong sounds from higher energy sources. The probability of this occurring is minimal as cetaceans are mobile species and are likely to keep away from high intensity acoustic disruptions. Also, with regards to the physical trauma, it is highly improbable that the sound intensity of noise generated by use of geophysical survey equipment, drilling, vessel movement and cable laying would surpass the threshold peak impulse sound pressure required to cause direct physical damage to cetacean physiology. According to McCauley (1994) and Richardson et al., (1995), the sound pressure threshold for direct physical trauma to occur in cetaceans is typically viewed to be >200 dB re 1Pa. The OSPAR Commission (2009) noted that there are no strong signs to link underwater noise generated by sub-sea cable installation to a high risk of harming marine fauna.

Other marine mammals Other marine mammals such as dugongs may be present within the nearshore activity area. Little information is available on the auditory systems of sirenians, particularly dugongs. Initial research results into the auditory physiology and hearing sensitivity have highlighted some significant anatomical differences between dugongs and other marine mammals (URS, 2003). Their auditory range appears to be most sensitive in the middle frequencies (1-18 kHz) (URS, 2004). Dugong vocalisations are composed of barks at 0.5-2.2 kHz and higher frequency clicks and chirps at 3- 18 kHz, and their sensitive range of audibility is between 1-18 kHz (Anderson & Barclay, 1995). There are many anecdotal reports of dugongs avoiding areas with high boat traffic, though very little research has been undertaken to investigate the sensitivity of dugongs to noise. There are also anecdotal observations which suggest that dugongs may temporarily move from an area following explosive blasting (Northern Territory Government, 2011).

Marine turtles There is a lack of available material with regards to the impacts of noise on turtles. Bartol and Musick (2003) found that turtles have high hearing sensitivity to low frequency sound, detecting sounds frequency in the range of 100-700 Hz. Turtles have been reported to develop erratic swimming behaviour and increase swimming activity in response to increased levels of artificial sounds (McCauley et al., 2002). Up to five species of marine turtle have been identified as potentially occurring in within the activity area. However the impact on turtles is considered unlikely as the site is predominantly deep waters and is remote from known rookeries and turtle feeding areas.

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Sharks and fish Elasmobranchs (rays, skates and sharks) utilise low frequency sound to detect prey (Myrberg, 1978). Due to their lack of swim bladders, they are not classified as hearing specialists (Baldridge, 1970). Sharks have demonstrated highest hearing sensitivity to low frequency noise ranging from 40 Hz to 800 Hz (Myberg, 2001). These low frequency sounds generally mimic noise from prey and are irregularly pulsed, broad band and transmitted with no sudden increase in intensity (Myrberg, 1978). Beyond those frequencies, sharks may exhibit avoidance of the source of acoustic disturbance. The ability of fish to withstand underwater noise and their sensitivity to it varies widely across species. According to Amoser and Ladich (2005), most fish are classified as hearing generalists, with relatively poor hearing, reduced sensitivity to noise and vibrations in comparison with hearing specialists, which have developed hearing specialisations. Gordon et al (2004) suggest that hearing specialists are especially susceptible to intense acoustic vibrations as many hearing specialist species possess an air-filled swim bladder. The species of fish which have no known noise sensitivities include the goat fish, sweetlip, red emperor, trigger fish, snapper, rock cod, tuna and mackerel. The hearing capability, habits, distance to the noise source and timing of noise occurrence in the fish lifecycle are also factors that contribute to fish sensitivity and resilience to underwater noise (McCauley and Salgado-Kent, 2008). Impacts on sharks and fish from noise sources generated during pre-laying and cable installation activities are to be constrained to short term period of and to behavioural responses which reflect avoidance of the affected regions. At a population level, the behavioural responses are not expected to be significant.

Cable installation noise activities Impacts on cetaceans, turtles, sharks, fish and other marine species from noise generated from cable installation are similar to those discussed in the pre-lay site activities impact analysis.

Management controls The following controls can be implemented for the purposes of decreasing or mitigating the impact of noise on marine fauna when feasible: y Activities that generate underwater noise (from surveying and installation activities) could be timed to reduce overlap with migratory movements and therefore reduce potential threat to migratory mammals; y Vessel machinery can be maintained in accordance with the manufactures specifications to reduce noise emissions; y For HDD plant system, use of noise masking/attenuation screening may be appropriate to constrain noise levels to those defined within manufactures specifications; and y The interaction of all vessels with cetaceans, pinnipeds and whale sharks will be compliant with Part 8 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Regulations (2000) The Australian Guidelines for Whale and Dolphin Watching (DEH, 2006) for sea-faring activities will be implemented across the entire project. This includes the implementation of the following guidelines:

– Caution zone (300 m either side of whales and 150 m either side of dolphins) – vessels must operate at no wake speed in this zone;

– No approach zone (100 m either side of whales and 50 m either side of dolphins) – vessels should not enter this zone and should not wait in front of the direction of travel or an animal or pod;

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– If there is a need to stop, reduce speed gradually;

– Do not encourage bow riding; and

– If animals are bow riding, do not change course or speed suddenly. y Compliance with the EPBC Act Policy Statement 2.1 (Interaction between Offshore Seismic Exploration and Whales) Part A (DEWHA, 2008) during marine installation operations, which for these activities includes:

– Precaution zones will be implemented (Observation (3+ km), Low Power (1 km), and Shut Down (500 m));

– Pre-start up visual observation of precaution zones (>30 minutes before soft start);

– Survey lines will not commence if cetaceans/whale sharks are within Low Power or Shut Down zones within intended passage of vessel – alternative route will need to be selected;

– To minimise risk of interaction with mammals crew will be vigilantly observing for marine mammals within precaution zones and vessel planned path enabling them to avoid interference;

– Survey array will be shut down if cetacean or whale shark enters Shut Down zone; and

– Relevant crew members are briefed on EPBC Act Policy Statement requirements, soft start, start-up delay, operations and stop work procedures, night time and low visibility procedures.

Environmental outcome Above ground and underwater noise generated by site survey, HDD, cable ploughing, and cable laying within the operational area may result in localised negative physiological or behavioural effects to fauna. The drill plant system is required to complete the HDD drilling and conduit installation. It is not considered possible to eliminate this activity from the required works. The vessels are required in the field for the survey and cable laying activities, therefore, vessel elimination is not considered to be a practicable alternative on this basis. Noise emissions generated by the vessels would be similar to that of other marine vessels which cross through the region (e.g. commercial shipping vessels) and would be unbroken rather than pulsed noise emissions. Noise levels are anticipated to surpass the acoustic noise limits identified for marine fauna. Due to the short-term nature of the activity and rapid movement of activity to new regions, exposure of sensitive marine receptors to noise would not occur over extended periods of time. The observed avoidance behaviour of marine fauna, as a result of their mobility, also reduces the probability of inflicting physiological damage to marine fauna as a result of anthropogenic noise sources. Due to the transitory nature of the marine fauna found in the wider area, marine fauna sensitive to artificial noise, such as shorebirds, cetaceans, pinnipeds and turtles will not remain in the region. Behavioural impacts (e.g. avoidance patterns and swimming movements away from the area) are the most probable form of impact to marine fauna as a result of anthropogenic noise generated by this activity, particularly for sensitive species such as cetaceans. Vessel noise is anticipated to only induce temporary and localised behavioural impact if encountered, with afflicted marine species expected to adopt normal behavioural patterns within a shorter time frame in the open waters surrounding the cable corridor.

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B-2.5 Planned discharges

Environmental hazard description A bentonite lubricant mixture, utilised in the drilling operations, will be pumped, filtered and re- circulated through the system by the drilling plant onshore at Coogee, with no discharge planned into the marine environment. Any waste during the HDD activities at the Coogee BMH are planned to be recovered and disposed of at EPA approved facilities. Various other anthropogenic wastes will be produced during HDD activities. The possible discharges to the surrounding marine environment are sewage and food waste, brine, cooling water, deck drainage and cable discharges.

Impact analysis Sewage and food waste from onshore activities will be collected, stored, processed and disposed of in accordance with a contractor developed Coogee site waste management plan. It is envisaged that non-hazardous planned vessel discharges will be minimal and continuous. It will also be dependent on the total number of people on board the vessel and rainfall behaviour. The reduction in water quality in associated waters is one consequence of non-hazardous substances discharge. Such effects are short-lived, lasting hours, and are typically localised and restricted to surface water layers (< 5m). Short-term changes to existing environmental conditions are not anticipated for waters 100 m away from the source of discharge as a result of the rapid dispersion and dilution of the discharge with increasing distance from the discharge origin. The following provides a description of possible planned discharges associated with the cable laying activities. However it is noted that any planned discharge is to be undertaken in accordance with state and international obligations.

Water turbidity and oleaginous discharge Increases in water turbidity will be a possible consequence of food waste, drilling fluid and sewage discharge into surrounding waters. The discharge of oily water from deck drainage and vessels (e.g. hydrocarbons and other contaminants) could lead to increases in turbidity and induce toxic effects in marine organisms within the surrounding area.

Water temperature Water used for cooling will be discharged at temperatures above surrounding sea water. The cooling water discharge will transmit heat to the surrounding waters while also mixing with the larger body of water. Temperature dispersion modelling has indicated that receiving waters will rapidly decrease the temperature of incoming cooling water, with discharge waters less than 100 m horizontally away from the discharge point measured at less than less than 1°C above ambient water temperature levels (Woodside, 2008). This corresponding distance for discharge waters to reach this level in the vertical axis is within 10 m. Despite cooling water discharge points varying from vessel to vessel, all vessels maintain the same discharge design, where cooling water is emitted into the surrounding waters above the water line. This discharge mechanism allows for the cooling and oxygenation of the heated discharge water before it is released into the immediate marine environment. It is anticipated that the impact of cooling water discharge on the water quality of the surrounding environment to be minimal, given the relatively low quantities of discharge, differences in temperature and expanse of the ocean’s water around the vessel.

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Brine wastewater Brine discharge, particular that with marginally higher salinity, with typically 10% higher salt content than that of seawater, is an output of the seawater desalination process. Due to the higher density of desalination brine relative to seawater, the brine discharge will sink and diffuse into the ocean currents. Average salt concentration of seawater is 35,000 ppm. Brine discharge volume is proportional to the fresh / potable water demands of the vessel and people on board. Temporary fluctuations of 20-30% in salinity can be tolerated by majority of marine species, with most pelagic species, in the short-term, anticipated to tolerate exposure to the marginal increases in salinity resulting from desalination brine (Walker and McComb, 1990). It is expected that the impact of brine discharge on the surrounding water quality of the activity zone to be minimal, given that the discharge volume and increase in salt concentration is low in comparison to the volume of water in the open sea in the area.

Nutrient enrichment Eutrophication can be a consequence of food waste and sewage discharge. Eutrophication can lead to changes to plankton within the affected zone, affecting the marine species in the area which feed on plankton. In 1985, Friligos conducted a study into the discharge of sewage into deep ocean water which found no evident variations in the ambient inorganic nutrient concentrations and the outfall region. The findings suggest the rapid dispersion of the inorganic nutrients into the surrounding waters. Similar results indicating dispersion and dilution of the discharge within hours of release into surrounding waters were also achieved in studies by Parnell (2003). According to Costello and Read (1994), discharge into the sea typically dilutes to 1 in 1,000 dilution levels within half an hour. These findings indicate that it is unlikely for acute toxicity to develop at ecologically significant locations nor is it likely that detectable levels would be achieved at dumping locations.

Drilling discharges In order to minimise the discharge of bentonite mixture to the sea, the pumping operations would be ceased prior to the drill head penetrating out of the seabed into the marine environment. The bore would then be flushed with freshwater such that only residual bentonite mixture is released into the environment. It is estimated that 0.01 m3 of the residual bentonite fluid mixture will be released at the seabed. This mixture consists of a ratio of 90% fresh water and 10% bentonite. Bentonite is non-toxic and disperses readily into the marine environment, however, increased turbidity and sedimentation can be expected within the immediate area.

Cable discharges Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is an inert water-insoluble substance used extensively in aquaculture hatchery tanks for the nurturing of fish and lobster egg and larvae. The use of this material during the sensitive life stages of these marine species is indicative of its inert and non- toxic nature in the marine conditions. Similar to MDPE, high density polyethylene (HDPE) is also inert and non-toxic within the marine environment. These characteristics are apparent in the use of HDPE containers for the collection of water samples for testing drinking water, waste water and storm water. In order to mitigate chances of contamination or chemical leaching from the cable / cable cover into the surrounding water, HDPE containers are used. Unlike MDPE though, HDPE has a low water solubility. The inert and non-toxic nature of asphalt in the marine environment (EPA, 2011) makes it an appropriate material to be used for single layer armouring for cables. Polyethylene jacket is used on the outside of the cable to prevent the leakage of current from the cable which operates to a maximum current of 1.6 amps. However, due to the very high

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insulating properties of the polyethylene jacket, the environmental impacts of current leakage are negligible. The impact on temperature in the local area of the cable system have been assessed in relation to the cable’s maximum powering attributes. It is anticipated that powering with heat dissipation rates of fewer than 3 watts per km of cable would develop negligible temperature increases from the cable. In comparison, more than 387 hours would be required to increase the temperature of a 1,000 L (1 m) tank of water by one degree Celsius using a 3 watt energy source. Therefore, negligible environmental impact would be expected due to the combination of the cable’s low heat output, the extensive volume of water around the cable and the consistent movement of water around the cable via tide and current behaviour. During normal operations, the external surface of the SL cable may generate exceptionally low magnetic fields. The fields are induced by electrical power within the cable, with magnetic field intensity ranging between 30 and 38 microtesla (µT) on the surface of the cable. The greatest magnetic field intensity generated by the cable would be at the exterior cable surface but would diminish inversely with respect to the distance from the cable. It has been indicated by scientific works that there are very few species capable of detecting and distinguishing weak magnetic field signals from ambient conditions. It is therefore anticipated that cable-induced magnetic fields would not disrupt marine species.

Management controls In order to mitigate or lessen planned discharges, when possible the following managements plans would be implemented: y Food waste will be collected, stored, processed and disposed to comply with the vessel’s garbage or waste management plan; y A vessel with access to a food macerator, in accordance with Regulation 4 of MARPOL Annex V, will be required to have food waste ground or comminuted to <25 mm and discharged only when >12 nautical miles from the territorial baseline; y Sewage and food waste will be collected, placed into storage, processed and removed of in accordance with the landward access site waste management plan; y Outside of State waters liquid substances will be discharged in compliance with MARPOL, including:

– Untreated sewage will be stored onboard and disposed of onshore at a reception facility or to a carrier licensed to receive the waste, or discharged at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land in accordance with Regulation 11 of MARPOL Annex IV;

– Treated sewage will be discharged in compliance with Regulation 11 of MARPOL Annex IV;

– Sewage system will be compliant with Regulation 9 of MARPOL Annex IV and be maintained in accordance with the vessels planned maintenance system;

– As per MARPOL Annex IV / AMSA Marine Orders 96, any vessel licensed to carry more than 15 persons will have an International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate; and – Vessels may discharge oily water after treatment to 15 ppm in an oily water filter system as required by MARPOL Annex I Regulations (for the prevention of pollution by oil). To discharge, the vessels will require a current International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) certificate for oily water filtering equipment, and a current calibration certificate for the bilge alarm.

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y Vessel masters will ensure that the maximum carrying capacity of the sewage system is not exceeded; y In the event food cannot meet the requirements for disposal (e.g. equipment failure or otherwise), the stored food waste will be transferred to land for disposal; y Scupper plugs or equivalent will be available on support vessel decks where chemicals and hydrocarbons are stored and frequently handled (i.e.’ high risk’ areas). Non- hazardous, biodegradable detergents will be used for deck washing; y The vessel operator will record the quantity, time and onshore location of the oily water disposal in the vessel Oil Record Book; y The proposed breakthrough location will be positioned to minimise environmental impact and avoid environmentally sensitive habitats; y Biodegradable non-toxic drilling fluids are used wherever practicable and is considered to the least environmental impact; y Horizontal directional drilling will begin from land therefore fluids will be kept on the mainland and therefore no risk of accidental release into the marine environment; y Drilling fluids on land will be kept securely in a bunded area; y Water can be introduced to the drilling fluid when breakthrough onto the seabed is imminent to reduce the concentration of drilling fluids lost to the marine environment; y Prior to the drill breaking through the seabed, drilling fluids are returned to the shore for containment and disposal at a State licensed facility for disposal, minimising the volume of drilling fluids that are lost the marine environment; and y Use of non-toxic, low ampere, highly insulated, water insoluble cable material.

Environmental outcome In order to undertake the activities, vessel presence is required and no alternative is available. Therefore, food, brine, cooling water, sewage and oleaginous discharge will be produced during the course of these activities. Under the Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983, a representation of MARPOL Annex IV, V and I requirements respectively, permits the disposal of these non-hazardous substances into the sea by vessels within Australian waters. The location of the vessels in deeper ocean waters suggests the rapid dispersion and decomposition of the low amounts of food, sewage and oily waste. Another possible course of action is to retain untreated sewage and food in storage until it can be disposed of at an onshore reception facility. This alternative would require one vessel, additional or currently available, to conduct regular trips to an accompanying vessel to transfer and return wastes to shore. This process would involve increases in fuel consumption and port movements, as well as the need for a licensed onshore waste treatment facility. Due to these factors, the onshore disposal option would result in an increase in environmental risk which given the relatively small quantities of discharge involved would be unjustifiable in comparison to the planned discharge option which is considered environmentally acceptable and preferred due to the minimal volumes of waste involved over a brief duration. The strong currents and deep waters at the site would also enhance the dilution and dispersion of any discharge, further reducing the effects of any waste released into the surrounding waters.

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The waste retention and discharge options both have minimal impact on the environment and comply with the conditions of MARPOL. Considering the operational factors mentioned previously, the onboard treatment of waste is considered more feasible and more likely to be adopted for most cases during the course of this activity. Given the the international acceptance and industry-wide adoption of the MARPOL standards, it is accepted that compliance with the corresponding MARPOL requirements would translate into diminished environmental impacts from planned discharges to as low as reasonably practicable.

B-2.6 Atmospheric emissions

Environmental hazard description

The greenhouse gases (GHG) (including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH) and nitrous oxide

(N2 O)) and non-GHG (such as sulphur oxides (SOX) and nitrous oxides (NOX)) are emitted as a result of the burning of fuel to power vessel engines, generators and mobile and fixed plant and equipment, as well as on-board waste incinerators. The fuel predominantly used for these activities would be diesel. Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) may also be in use by closed-system rechargeable refrigeration systems on-board these vessels.

Impact analysis Short-term reduction in air quality in immediate region around the discharge point will be due to the burning of hydrocarbons and waste incineration (if occurring on the vessel). This would occur throughout the HDD and offshore cable laying activity. Humans and seabirds in the immediate region would be affected by the localised decline in air quality accompanying the emission of non-GHG and GHG. It would also be noted that the emissions would contribute to the national GHG count. Overall drilling site establishment and reinstatement at Coogee will cover a period of 4-6 weeks with HDD activities occurring over approximately 14 days within that period. The combustion of fuels from generators to support these activities will release emissions to the local environment and have potential to impact upon the air quality of this area. There is also potential to release particulates including dust and smoke and create odours. Birds are at most risk from being impacted by these emissions. The combustion of fuels from these activities is not expected to affect the air quality of coastal communities as the majority of the cable-laying activities will occur in distant location offshore. Also, the gaseous emissions are of relatively low quantities and it is expected that under normal conditions these emissions would undergo rapid dissipation into the surrounding environment. The likelihood of accidental emission of significant quantities of ODS is deemed to be rare due the routine but infrequent maintenance of ODS-containing refrigeration systems on vessels. Despite this, there is potential for the unintentional discharge and brief emission of ODS to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer. Maintenance of refrigeration systems containing ODS is on a routine, but infrequent basis, and with controls implemented, the likelihood of an accidental ODS release of material volume is considered rare.

Management controls A variety of possible management controls can be implemented in order to mitigate or eliminate the occurrence of gaseous discharge: y All equipment will be properly maintained in good working order;

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y Catalytic converters and exhaust filters will be correctly fitted where appropriate and available to minimise diesel exhaust emissions; y Idling time of diesel engines should be limited and engines should not be overloaded; y Fuel oil will meet regulated sulphur content levels in order to control SOX and particulate matter emissions; y Engines will be operated in a manner so that regulated NOX emission levels are achieved; y Compliance with MARPOL Annex VI (as implemented in Commonwealth waters by the Commonwealth Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983 (PSPPS Act); and Marine Orders - Part 97: Marine pollution prevention - air pollution). In particular:

– optimisation of fuel use to increase efficiency and minimise emissions;

– use of low sulphur fuel when it is available to minimise emissions from combustible sources; and

– implementation of a planned servicing / maintenance system to manage emissions. y Vessel engines will hold a valid and current International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate (IAPPC); and y ODS will not be deliberately discharged during the maintenance, service, repair or disposal of systems or equipment, and through good maintenance, fugitive emissions will be minimised.

Environmental outcome As these activities require the presence of vessels, there is no potential for the elimination of gaseous emissions from vessels. Vessel gaseous emissions resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbons and waste incineration is permitted on Australian waters under the Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983. This Act meets the requirements and obligations outlined in the MARPOL Annex VI. Also, since the activity is predominantly situated in ocean waters, air emissions will experience rapid dissipation into the surrounding environment and will not extend to onshore communities. Other feasible and reliable fuel types for vessels have not been found. However, in order to reduce emissions, low sulphur-oxide marine-grade diesel would be used to fuel the vessels, as opposed to heavy fuel oil. For the purposes of controlling sulphur oxide and particulate matter emissions into the atmosphere, the applicable fuel will satisfy standardised sulphur content quantities. Under the MARPOL Annex VI requirements, ODS use in closed-system refrigeration systems is considered acceptable. Inadequate workplace conditions (e.g. the lack of air conditioning) and unacceptable food hygiene standards would result from the lack of such systems on vessels. As such, the removal of ODS closed-system refrigeration systems is considered infeasible. Assuming that the risk of unintentional release of ODS has been mitigated by the consistent maintenance of such systems by qualified staff. it can be considered that all feasible measures have been considered and implemented, and that the anticipated environmental impacts of gaseous emissions are acceptable. Given the international acceptance and industry-wide adoption of the MARPOL standards, it is accepted that compliance with the corresponding MARPOL requirements would translate into diminished environmental impacts from planned discharges to as low as reasonably possible.

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B-2.7 Interference with other users

Environmental hazard description Vessel collision arising from shipping traffic throughout the course of cable-laying activities for which can cause the damage and entanglement of fishing gear with subsea instruments. This interaction between the two can result in the exposure of the local marine environment to hazards including the release of contaminants and pollutants. Vessel operations during the ongoing progress of activities may result in the temporary reduction in accessible fishing grounds or the re-routing of shipping traffic to avoid the cable activities area.

Impact analysis The potential impact of the interim occupation of the area by vessels dedicated to the activities is the temporary loss of access to fishing grounds. There is potential that fishing processes would be disrupted or that fishing apparatus may be damaged upon catching onto a cable or subsea instruments. The visible vessel presence at the site during the cable-laying phase may prove a reasonable and recognisable obstacle to regional shipping traffic. Vessels involved in the laying of cable have limited manoeuvrability, meaning that all other maritime traffic may need to evade these vessels and their associated instruments. The risk of collision between vessels is also a possibility.

Management controls The following management controls have been considered and may be implemented if feasible in order to mitigate or remove interference issues between activity-related vessels and other users of the sea: y Cable laying related activities will be undertaken in accordance with all marine navigation and vessel safety requirements under the International Convention of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 and Navigation Act 2012. For the vessels, this requires equipment and procedures to comply with AMSA Marine Order - Part 30: Prevention of Collisions, and Marine Order - Part 21: Safety of Navigation and Emergency Procedures. y Stakeholder consultation (local councils, fishing bodies etc); y Notification to the following Australian Government agencies will be made prior to moving the cable laying vessel on location:

– The Australian Hydrographic Office (including [email protected]) of proposed activity, location (i.e. vessel location) and commencement date to enable a Notice to Mariners’ to be issued;

– The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) of proposed activities, location (i.e. vessel location) and commencement date to enable an AusCoast warning to be issued; y Vessels will also be equipped with an automatic identification system (AIS) and an automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) system capable of identifying, tracking and projecting the closest approach for any vessel (time and location) within radar range (up to approximately 70 km); y To minimise risk of interaction with mammals ship crew will be vigilantly observing for marine mammals throughout cable laying activities enabling them to avoid interference; y and

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y In water depths from 0 to 20 m, the cable will be drilled into to the substrate and from then buried to a nominal depth of 1.5 m below soft substrate thereby limiting any cable movement and potential entanglement hazards.

Environmental outcome The HDD drilling platform at Coogee is required to complete the HDD drilling and conduit installation. The HDD equipment will be established within an existing urbanised location and there is potential to interfere with other users of this area. Accordingly, industry standard measures have been adopted for this activity (i.e. stakeholder consultation and adherence to government regulations). These controls reduce the potential for interference with other users from drilling works to as low as reasonably practicable. As cable-laying activities cannot be undertaken without vessel presence, vessel elimination is not an option. However, there is potential for disruption to commercial shipping operations, as indicated by a review of commercial shipping data, with commercial fishing operations likely to be affected also. As such, stakeholder consultation and marine user notifications, which are industry standard processes, will be implemented for the activity in order to inform and mitigate the impacts on commercial vessels. Apart from engagement and consultation with other vessels, no other management controls have been identified to mitigate the possibility of disruption to commercial vessel operations. As a result of this, the impacts of shipping disruption have been deemed reasonable and controlled to keep the effects of vessel operation to existing shipping traffic as low as reasonably possible.

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B-3 Unplanned activities

B-3.1 Pest introduction and proliferation

Environmental hazard description Vessels carrying invasive marine pests (IMP) may unintentionally but successfully introduce these species to the activity region. IMPs may be carried within the external biological fouling on the vessel hull, the vessel’s internal systems and storage units or by submersible marine instruments and equipment. Ballast water exchange may also allow for the transportation and proliferation of IMPs at activity area while there is potential for cross contamination between vessels to eventuate. Before vessels can proceed to the site location, quarantine obligations will have to be fulfilled by all vessels. Ballast water exchange record requirements will need to be complied with. Vessels will also be required to maintain possession of Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) Clearance documentation in order to verify compliance with Mandatory Ballast Water Requirements outlined by the AQIS.

Impact analysis According to DAFF (2009), IMPs are identified as marine plants, animals and algae which have been introduced into location that is not within their natural range but have the capabilities to survive in the new environment. IMPs well suited to the climate within cable area predominantly originated from south-east Asian countries. Environmental values, ecosystem health, biodiversity, fisheries, aquaculture, human health, shipping, ports and tourism are at potential risk due to the impacts of IMPs (DAFF, 2009; Wells, 2009). The extent of the detrimental effects introduced marine pests includes depletion of viable fishing areas and aquaculture stock, out-competing of native flora and fauna, over-predation of native flora and fauna, reduction of coastal aesthetics and increased maintenance costs, human illness through released toxins, reduction in vessel performance, damage to vessel engines and propellers and damage to industrial infrastructure. The introduction of new species is not a rare occurrence. However, the physical, chemical and biological circumstances in which the species has been introduced to are some of the determining factors to the successful introduction of the IMP. Flora and fauna species atypical to the region are attracted to the hard substrate habitats provided by the presence of the submarine cables and their accompanying protective structures (OSPAR, 2009). It is anticipated that this would not be likely due to the depth of the cable, with the new habitat provided by the cable and accompanying infrastructure expected to accommodate native species which had limited access to available hard substrate habitats.

Management controls The following controls and processes may be employed when possible in order to mitigate or eliminate the risk of introducing pests: y The management of ballast water prior to entry to Australian waters must follow AQIS guidelines for any internationally sourced vessel. Vessels entering Australian waters from International waters will have to provide proof that AQIS guidelines have been complied with. Details of AQIS requirements can be found in The Australian Ballast Water Management Requirements available at

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http://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity/avm/vessels/biosecurity- concerns/ballast/australian-ballast-water-management-requirements-version6; y No ballast water exchange will take place in waters less than 200 m or within 12 nm from nearest land in accordance with Australian Ballast Water Management Requirements (AQIS, 2016); y All ballast water exchange details are to be recorded in a ballast water log; y International vessels arriving in Australia from a foreign port or location should adhere to Australian quarantine requirements; y A biofouling vessel risk assessment (VRASS) must be carried out within sufficient time prior to mobilisation to site to enable any required cleaning operations to be undertaken prior to the cable laying activities; y Where possible, vessels will mobilise from locations within Australian waters; y The vessels will be in possession of a current International Anti-fouling System Certificate to verify that it complies with the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti- fouling Systems on Ships; y If an IMP is identified or suspected, then the contractor or Hawaiki team member is obliged to immediately (within 24 hours) notify the applicable government agency (Department of Primary Industries in the State of NSW; or Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in Commonwealth waters); and y New biosecurity legislation may come into force during the life of the project. If this occurs, these management controls should be reviewed to confirm adequacy.

Environmental outcome Organisms from the immediate environment naturally collect on vessels and submersible equipment. It is also understood that vessels require ballast water for safety purposes. As such, these occurrences and risks are difficult or impractical to eliminate. To mitigate the possibility of introducing IMPs, the planned activities could be conducted with equipment and vessels which would ideally have been operational and active within NSW State waters or Commonwealth waters since their last dry-dock inspection or cleaning session. However, where this is not possible, equipment and vessels sourced internationally will have to adhere to the Commonwealth government quarantine requirements and practices. Shallow water environments are the predominant preferred habitat for the successful introduction of most known marine pests. As the location of the activities would be mostly in deep water, it is not likely that an IMP would be able to adapt and develop a successful translocation to the deep waters of the immediate activity zone. Successful marine pest establishment is known to be more prevalent in regions of disturbance and new hard substrate, which provide more opportunities for effective translocation by these species. However, considering the zone of disturbance will be predominantly located in deep water, the cable has a limited surface area (approximately 30 mm in diameter) and the cable will be buried using a plough for some of its length, the chance of a successful translocation for IMPs is unlikely.

In addition, Commonwealth government quarantine requirements and practices consistent with the National Biofouling Management Guidance for Petroleum Production and Exploration Industry (AQIS, 2011) will be observed and adhered to by internationally sourced vessels as is the industry standard. Because of these factors, the risk of the successful introduction of an IMP is considered to be as low as reasonably practicable.

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B-3.2 Accidental release of solid wastes

Environmental hazard description A variety of hazardous and hazardous solid waste may be released unintentionally into the environment from overfull and/or uncovered bins. Accidental spillage during transfers of waste from vessel to vessel or to vehicles, and incorrectly disposed items may also cause the unintentional disposal of solid waste into the surrounding environment. Non-hazardous solid waste includes plastics, packaging and paper materials and products while examples of hazardous solid wastes include oily and contaminated wastes, aerosol products, fluorescent tubes, batteries and medical waste.

Impact analysis There is capacity for non-hazardous solid waste such as plastic bags to detrimentally affect environments and inflict entanglement or ingestion among fauna. The entanglement and ingestion of non-hazardous solid waste is a risk particularly prevalent for seabirds and marine turtles. The ingestion of solid wastes like plastic bags can consequently result in internal tissue damage, prevention of normal feeding behaviours and potentially death of the affected fauna. The pollution of the immediate environment with the release of hazardous solid waste has the likely consequence of negatively affect the health of flora and fauna within the area. Particular fish, cetaceans, seabirds and reptiles are susceptible to chemical impacts, including physical injury after ingesting or absorbing the waste.

Management controls The following management controls have been considered and may be implemented if feasible in order to mitigate or remove the risk of solid waste discharge: y Appropriate waste containment facilities will be included on site and managed to avoid overflow or accidental release to the environment; y Non-biodegradable and hazardous wastes will be collected, stored, processed and disposed of in accordance with the vessel’s Garbage Management Plan as required under Regulation 9 of MARPOL Annex V; y Hazardous wastes will be separated, labelled and retained in storage on site within secondary containment (e.g. bin located in a bund); y All recyclable and general wastes to be collected in labelled, covered bins (and compacted where possible) for appropriate disposal at regulated waste facility; y Bunding around stored bulk wet chemicals or hazardous waste storage areas are continuous around the entire area; y All solid hazardous wastes are documented and tracked via waste tracking records; y Solid non-biodegradable and hazardous wastes will be disposed of onshore at a suitable waste facility or to a carrier licensed to receive the waste if required by legislation; and y All scrap metal to be collected in bins for appropriate onshore disposal.

Environmental outcome Small amounts of solid non-biodegradable and hazardous wastes will be generated during the cable-laying activities. Storage of these wastes on board in fully enclosed containers is considered good practice within this industry. During the activities, immediate removal of these wastes from the activity area to appropriate regulated waste facilities would not have significant

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environmental benefit since it would result in additional fuel usage (increased emissions) or increases in the transfer of wastes between site and vessels (increased risk of vessel collisions and/or loss of wastes to the environment during transfer procedure) and are not considered a practicable solution. As such a periodic removal or incineration if permitted under MARPOL regulations of stored solid wastes will be conducted. During the activities, given the adoption of the industry standard management controls listed above, it is considered that all practicable measures have been implemented and the likelihood of solid wastes being discharged to the environment has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable. The unplanned release of non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes through inadequate containment and practices is unlikely to have any significant environmental effects as impacts would be temporary and localised. The management controls are considered effective in reducing the potential environmental impact to the marine environment. As such the risk associated with unplanned releases of non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes is considered as low as reasonably practicable.

B-3.3 Dropped objects

Environmental hazard description Damage to benthic habitats can occur due to an object dropped overboard . The associated marine organisms of the affected benthic habitats within the dropped object’s footprint may also be harmed.

Impact analysis

Disruption of habitats Based on a 2,500 km cable length and 1,000 m survey distance on either side of the cable, a dropped object from cable activities would be in a disruption zone of 5,000 km2 area. Disturbance of marine biota within the affected habitat will occur although the habitat itself will not be destroyed. Due to the gradual infill process of such seabed impressions, the depressions on the seabed caused by a dropped object may persist after the withdrawal of the dropped object for a considerable length of time. Physical damage and the demise of the more sensitive and slow-moving fauna (e.g. Syngnathids) and epibenthos (e.g. Algae, sponges) may occur within the area of disturbance caused by the dropped object. Direct impacts from dropped objects to the seabed can include smothering/disturbance or damage of habitat and epibenthos. Objects will be colonised by epifauna relatively quickly (primary fouling will occur within weeks to months). Eventually dropped objects will degrade. Localised and short term impacts are likely with increased suspended sediment and turbidity; however, sands are predicted to settle quickly and the impacts to water quality will be so localised and short term they are not predicted to have any effect on filter feeders. Where objects are dropped to the seabed damage to habitat will be long term until the object degrades. By providing a hard substrate on previously soft sediment this will also result in a localised change in biodiversity with fouling communities settling on the object. As such, it will take an extensive period of time (decades) for the localised environment to return to a state similar to prior to impact. The current alignment of the cable avoids sensitive marine habitats such as hard coral or seagrass, where possible, but will bisect rocky reef with macroalgae.

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Additional environmental implications Injury to fauna (e.g. entanglement or ingestion of plastics) and deterioration of the habitat or water quality in the immediate area are potential consequences of dropped objects. Pollution and contamination caused by the discharge of hazardous solid waste into the marine environment have direct and indirect effects on the marine biota. Physiological injury from ingestion or absorption and other chemical impacts may affect individual organisms.

Management controls A number of management controls can be implemented when possible to reduce or eliminate the impact of dropped objects on the environment: y During the activities, detailed records of equipment lost overboard or dropped will be maintained and reviews will be undertaken to reflect on methods to mitigate repetition of the incident; y All equipment and gear on the vessels should be securely fastened during mobilisation/demobilisation; and y Lifting is to be carried out by competent personnel using equipment that is suitable, certified and maintained.

Environmental outcome Procedures have been implemented for each specific lifting/handing requirement and would be performed should any equipment lifting and /or handling be needed. The equipment used for lifting operations is to be maintained as specified in the planned maintenance system. The chance of a dropped object affecting the environment is deemed to be reduced to levels as low as reasonably possible with the adoption of these industry accepted controls and procedures.

B-3.4 Marine fauna collisions and/or entanglement

Environmental hazard description There is potential for collision to occur between vessels associated with the activities and marine fauna including marine reptiles, seabirds, cetaceans and fish. This is risk particularly pronounced with regards to the possible collision between large slow-moving cetaceans like whales and a vessel. The consequences of such collisions between marine fauna and vessels for the marine organisms range from changes to fauna behavioural patterns to injury or death of the organism as a result of a direct vessel collision. There is also potential for entanglement of passing marine fauna with cables associated with surveying or cable laying activities.

Impact analysis Due to their inquisitive nature, cetaceans e.g. dolphins are frequently attracted to vessels and offshore facilities. Continental shelves are sites where high shipping traffic coincides with natural cetacean habitats. At these locations, collisions between vessels and cetaceans are particularly frequent (WDCS, 2006). A number of instances of vessel collisions resulting in the death of the involved cetacean have occurred in Australian waters though data suggests that these instances are commonly associated with fast ferries and container ships (WDCS, 2006). Some cetaceans are known to be capable of detecting and manoeuvring to avoid collision with vessels, according to WDCS (2006). There is a variety of whale responses to the advance of

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vessels, with some whales species known to be inquisitive and approach vessels which are slow moving or stationary, while other whale species stay motionless in the presence of vessels. However, whales typically do not approach vessels and are more likely to adapt evasive behaviours to avoid nearby ships, including the employment of longer dives. Due to the considerable quantities of time whale sharks spend in near-surface water feeding, whale sharks are particularly vulnerable to collisions with vessels despite their tougher skin (Norman, 1999; DEH, 2005). It has been reported that some whale sharks display signs of physical trauma most likely caused by boat contact (DEH, 2005). However, the risk of potential vessel strike viewed to be low for all marine species, including cetaceans, marine turtles, sirenians, fish and seabirds. This risk accounts for the avoidance behaviour marine fauna species adopt to evade vessels until the vessel disruption has elapsed. Works will occur where fishing and commercial shipping currently traverse. The risk that the additional vessel presence in the activity location will have considerable effect on marine fauna within the area is relatively small due to the relatively low vessel speeds during the activity operations, with vessel activity typically less than 6 knots. Construction activities may coincide with the timing of some cetacean migration periods. Risks of marine mammal entanglement during surveying and cable laying activities are low given the likelihood of a passing mammal through the cable corridor during the activity is low combined with low vessel speeds of 0.5 knots (during ploughing) and 6 knots (during surveying). In addition, survey activities are planned outside of whale migration season which reduces the risk of passing mammals during survey work.

Management controls The following controls may be adopted and executed when possible to mitigate or eliminate the risk of collision between vessels and marine fauna: y Timing of activities can be coordinated to avoid peak frequency of marine fauna if it is known that activities cross known cetacean migratory routes, ie survey work scheduled to occur outside of whale migration season; y Precautionary measures such as those prescribed in EPBC Act Policy Statement 2.1 (Interaction between Offshore Seismic Exploration and Whales) Section A would be applied for the survey activities. Some of the key measures are provided below:

– Plan the survey to avoid areas and periods when whales are breeding, calving, resting or feeding

– To minimise risk of interaction with mammals ship crew will be vigilantly observing for marine mammals throughout shipping activities enabling them to avoid interference including observation of distance estimation and reporting

– Report on sightings, if any, and measures taken

– Use of survey equipment with output frequencies and sound energy density levels below the threshold for marine mammal disturbance y Follow basic procedures for pre-start up observations, soft start, start-up delay, operations and power-down or stop work within the observation zone (3 km radius from acoustic source), low power zone (1 km radius from source) and shut down zone (500 m radius from source). y Operations of vessels will be commensurate with Part 8 of the EPBC Regulations (Interacting with Cetaceans and Whale Watching);

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y The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Amendment (Marine Mammals) Regulation 2006 (the Regulation) has been introduced to protect marine mammals such as whales and dolphins within the state of NSW. This regulation will be adhered to in NSW coastal waters (out to the 3 nautical mile limit); and y The Australian Guidelines for Whale and Dolphin Watching (DEH, 2006) for sea-faring activities will be implemented across the entire project. This includes the implementation of the following guidelines:

– Caution zone (300 m either side of whales and 150 m either side of dolphins) – vessels must operate at no wake speed in this zone;

– No approach zone (100 m either side of whales and 50 m either side of dolphins) – vessels should not enter this zone and should not wait in front of the direction of travel or an animal or pod;

– If there is a need to stop, reduce speed gradually;

– Do not encourage bow riding; and

– If animals are bow riding, do not change course or speed suddenly.

Environmental outcome As these activities require the presence of vessels, there is no potential for the elimination of vessels from the locality. Vessel speeds typically do not exceed 6 knots during cable-laying and survey operations, with vessel speeds of up to 1 knot for ploughing operations. In order to reduce the chance of vessel interaction with marine fauna, the management and legislative control measures would be implemented. It is anticipated that any potential incidents between vessels and marine fauna to be restricted to specific locations and limited to the activity duration.

B-3.5 Hydrocarbon, chemicals and other liquid waste

Environmental hazard description Vessels require a wide variety of liquids, chemicals and hydrocarbon compounds to operate and to be maintained. Vessel engines and equipment such as cranes and generators operate on diesel fuel while hydraulic and lubricating oils are required for the operation and continual maintenance of mechanical components. Fuel drums may also be retained in dedicated storage areas while some vessel engines adopt independent storage tanks. Examples of hazardous liquids include corrosion inhibitors, biocide and miscellaneous chemicals like cleaning agents and lubricating oils. There are various scenarios which may result in the accidental release liquid wastes into the surrounding marine environment. Tank pipework failure or inadequate bunding are two examples. However, the quantity of hydrocarbons that can be accidentally discharged during operations is relatively small and restricted by the quantity available stored on the deck of the vessel. If refuelling is required during the cable laying activity, then refuelling events have the potential to cause environmental impacts through reduction in water quality and contamination of marine flora and fauna. Spills during refuelling can occur through several pathways, including fuel hose breaks, coupling failure or tank overfilling. In the event the refuelling pipe is ruptured, the fuel bunkering activity will cease by turning off the pump; the fuel remaining in the transfer line will escape to the environment as well as fuel that was released prior to the transfer operation being stopped.

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If multiple failures occur on the vessel e.g. failure of multiple barriers and unwatched by crew members, then it is possible that up to 10 m2 spill of marine diesel could be released into the marine and would mix into the surrounding surface water within a relatively short period of time. Within a few hours, dispersion of the hydrocarbons into the natural environment would be anticipated.

Marine Diesel Marine diesel is used on vessels and has a sulphur content of less than 3.50% m/m. In the marine environment, diesel has the following characteristics: y Diesel spills will extend rapidly in the direction of prevailing wind and waves; y Evaporation is the dominant process contributing to the fate of spilled diesel from the sea surface and will account for 60–80% reduction of the net oil balance; y Warmer air and sea temperatures result in increases to the evaporation rate of diesel; and y Diesel residues are typically comprised of heavy compounds that may remain longer and will tend to disperse as oil droplets into the upper layers of the water column.

Lubricating fluids and hydraulic oils When spilt to the marine environment, hydraulic oils and lubricating fluids behave similarly to diesel. However, the spreading rate of slick of lubricating oils would be slightly slower despite these oils being more viscous. In comparison, hydraulic oils have light to moderate viscosity and spills of these oils tend to disperse rapidly during high sea conditions.

Dispersion behaviour If a spill involved a light, refined hydrocarbon of volumes such that the hydrocarbon would spread quickly, a thin film of approximately (~1 g/m2) would develop over the water surface. The slick would be visible during calm sea conditions, though during more adverse sea conditions, the spilt hydrocarbons would disperse quickly into the marine environment.

Impact analysis There is a likelihood that a leak or spill of hydrocarbons or other liquids (including environmentally hazardous chemicals and wastes) may occur at the site. Such an occurrence would result in the localised reductions in water quality and contamination of marine fauna at water depths of less than 1 m in the proximity of the source vessel. The potential impacts would be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the spill. However, contamination may also occur if the spill is in close proximity to coastal or shallow benthic environments.

Hydrocarbons Due to the characteristics of the hydrocarbons and chemicals on-board the vessels, the small volumes that may be contribute to such a spill and the nature of the marine environment along the cable laying route, unplanned hydrocarbon and chemical spills are not likely to result in major spatial or ecological impacts. As a result of the short exposure times, any effects from the toxic components of the diesel fuel to receptors would be negligible. The effects on water quality would fade quickly, due to predominantly wind and current mixing at the sea surface. Temporary changes to water quality from the rapid spill dilution and dispersion translated into short-term effects on marine fauna if the spill occurs in ocean waters. Similarly, if the spill is within the vicinity of coastal areas or emergent features, only temporary effects on marine fauna would be expected in shallow benthic, intertidal and coastal environments.

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At the sea surface with concentrations expected of <1 g/m2, oiling of wildlife is not predicted to occur either through fauna entering the water from above (e.g. seabirds) or fauna surfacing through the hydrocarbon layer at the sea surface (e.g. cetaceans, fish, marine reptiles). Few birds are expected in the area, and impacts to high numbers of birds are not predicted.

Management controls The following controls can be adopted when feasible in order to mitigate or eliminate the potential for the spillage of hydrocarbons, environmentally hazardous chemicals and liquid- waste to the marine environment: y Chemicals and hydrocarbons will be packaged, marked, labelled and stowed in accordance with MARPOL Annex I, II and III regulations. Specifically, all chemicals (environmentally hazardous) and hydrocarbons will be stored in closed, secure and appropriately bunded areas; y A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) will be available for all chemicals and hydrocarbons in locations nearby to where the chemicals/wastes are stored; y Vessel operators will have an up to date Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP). All shipboard chemical and hydrocarbon spills will be managed in accordance with these plans by trained and competent crew. Related mitigation measures in place:

– Spill exercises will be conducted at minimum of every three months and recorded in the vessel log;

– Spill kit will be located near high risk spill areas;

– Spills will be cleaned up immediately, spill kits re-stocked and clean up material contained, and not washed overboard; and

– Vessel decks will be bunded. Scupper plugs should be available to prevent liquid discharges from decks. y Any contaminated material collected will be contained on board for appropriate onshore disposal; y Spill clean-up equipment will be located where chemicals and hydrocarbons are stored and frequently handled (i.e. ‘high risk’ areas). The quantity of spill recovery materials will be appropriate to the quantity of stored chemicals; y Transfer deck run off discharges to the sea via the scuppers. Scupper plugs or equivalent will be available on vessel decks where chemicals and hydrocarbons are stored and frequently handled (i.e.’ high risk’ areas). Plugs will be utilised during handling of large quantities of hydrocarbons or hazardous chemicals; y Any equipment or machinery with the potential to leak oil will be enclosed in continuous bunding or will have drip trays in place where appropriate; y Following rainfall events, bunded areas on open decks of the vessels will be cleared of rainwater; y All machinery and equipment containing hydrocarbons have maintenance scheduled on their respective planned maintenance system (PMS); y All hoses for pumping and transfers are maintained and checked as per the PMS; y On board oily water disposal will be managed in accordance with the Marine Pollution Regulation 2006. The vessel operator will record the quantity, time and onshore location of the oily water disposal in the vessel Oil Record Book; and

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y If vessels are equipped with an oily water filter system, they may discharge oily water after treatment to 15 ppm in an oily water filter system (providing they have a current calibration certificate for the bilge alarm) as required by MARPOL Annex I Regulations (for the prevention of pollution by oil). To discharge, the vessels will require a current International Oil Pollution Prevention (IOPP) certificate for oily water filtering equipment, and a current calibration certificate for the bilge alarm. The following controls can be implemented when possible for the purposes of mitigating or eliminating the risk of the spillage of hydrocarbon from refuelling: y Refuelling operations will be a manned operation. In the event the refuelling pipe is ruptured, fuel bunkering will cease; y Spill clean-up equipment will be located where hydrocarbons are stored and frequently handled (i.e. ‘high risk’ areas); y Refuelling of a vessel will not take place within 12 nautical miles of the territorial baseline (except in port). It will only occur in daylight hours and in suitable weather conditions; and y Dry-break refuelling hose couplings and hose floats can be installed on the refuelling hose assembly.

Environmental outcome Removal of the use of chemicals or hydrocarbons on-board vessels is not an option for the operation of the vessel and associated cable laying activities. Similarly, since open deck drainage is an essential safety feature of any marine vessel, the risk of discharge from deck drainage cannot be eliminated. However it is anticipated that any impacts to water quality resulting from a hydrocarbon or chemical spillage would be temporary and constrained to the immediate vicinity, if such an incident did occur. In such cases, spillage of hydrocarbons or environmentally hazardous chemicals in such cases may be attributed to machinery, engines and tanks leaking these liquids into the marine environment. Due to these limited impacts and the management controls implemented to reduce the risk of contaminants reaching the surrounding environment to levels as low as reasonably possible, the risks of a small hydrocarbon spill are considered to be environmentally acceptable. Vessels will only operate with, process and / or retain in storage low quantities of chemicals and hydrocarbons. The vessels will also adopt safety measures consistent with the requirements of the Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983 and MARPOL Annex I, II and III. These safety precautions and safeguards may entail, among other measures, the assignment of correct stowage and designation of appropriate storage and handling areas. The risks of discharge to the aquatic environment are mitigated by the adoption of these safety control measures, resulting in the reduction of these risks to levels as low as reasonably possible. A variety of measures have been implemented to prepare for spill response. The risks and measures adopted to tackle any potential spill resulting from hydrocarbon refuelling are similar to those outlined for spills as a result of discharge. Refuelling may only be allowed if there is no other alternative and that it is occurs at a distance from the territorial baseline of greater than 12 nautical miles. As obligated under the requirements of MARPOL Annex III and the Protection of the Sea (Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Act 1983, vessels will execute safety measures when necessary. Dry break refuelling hoses, keeping equipment well serviced and maintaining spill cleanup and containment equipment are some of the safeguards that can be adopted. The most suitable and relevant standard to observe in this environment is the internationally-accepted MARPOL standard due to the scope, extent and character of the activity and its use by the wider industry. The measure outlined in the MARPOL would be adopted in the event of a spill.

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Permissible refuelling locations should feature deep waters and strong currents which would reduce the effects of an accidental spill. In these conditions, it is anticipated that a low-volume spill would dilute and disperse quickly into the surrounding waters. Since only minor physical and / or chemical impacts are expected, sensitive receptors in near-surface waters would not be greatly affected, thereby justifying that the risks and impacts of a potential spill have been reduced to levels as low as reasonably practicable.

B-3.6 Damaged fuel tank associated with vessel collision

Environmental hazard description During the activities, there is a possibility that vessels could collide. The rupture of a vessel’s fuel tank is the predominant risk resulting from a potential vessel collision. The significance of the risk is attributed to the release of marine diesel into the aquatic environment from the damaged fuel tank. Collision between vessels and other obstacles is unlikely, with no additional sub-surface hazards found in the vicinity. Such obstacle would typically be infrastructure or regions of shallow seabeds. As a consequence of a tank rupture from vessel collision, a standard tank is expected to empty into the marine environment within hours.

Impact analysis

Fauna Receptors

Marine Mammals Geraci (1990) cited studies that suggested that marine mammals have the capacity to identify and avoid oil slicks. In contrast, other sources indicate that this is not evident (Etkins, 1997) with examples of marine mammals observed surfacing and feeding in oil (Matkin et al., 2008). Understanding of the effects of surface oil on marine mammals has not been fully developed. The impact of oil on marine wildlife is influenced by the characteristics of the oil and the extent to which it has been weathered. Through direct contact and ingestion, organisms oiled in the early stages of a spill experience high levels of toxicity than those exposed to weathered oil. Within the activity zone, particularly at locations which coincide with migrational routes, the surface oil released from a vessel collision is likely to have severe effects on animals in the afflicted areas. No known key breeding, feeding or rest areas are located in the activity area, where any potential surface spill may to occur. Therefore it is unlikely that numerous species would be exposed in the event of a spill. Marine mammals may be affected by oil slicks via the following mechanisms, as outlined by Geraci (1990): y Ingestion and accumulation; y Skin contact; y Interference with feeding; y Vapour inhalation; and y Baleen fouling.

Ingestion and accumulation Feeding behaviours which rely on surface skimming are especially susceptible to the ingestion of surface oil condensate. The following effects may occur as a consequence of oil condensate ingestion:

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y Acute effects include neurological damage and liver disorders (Geraci 1990), gastrointestinal ulceration, haemorrhaging and secondary organ dysfunction due to ingestion of oil (Etkin 1997); and y Chronic poisoning via ingestion of components that have entered the food web (Neff et al., 1976). There is no observed evidence from studies or records to indicate that a whale may consume enough hydrocarbons to suffer the above acute impacts by conducting feeding patterns around a hydrocarbon spill. Additionally, Mysticetes (baleen whales) are less affected by chronic poisoning as they typically feed on biota that can accumulate and dispose of hydrocarbons from their systems in a relatively short period of time. The ingestion of oil in the water column and of contaminated feed, the subsequent effects, will be discussed in following sections.

Skin contact Hydrocarbon’s material characteristics mean that rough surfaces on fauna, e.g. fur, calluses and hair, are more likely to draw hydrocarbons to them. Due to their hairless and smooth-skinned features, hydrocarbons typically do not stick to whales and dolphin, with testing conducted by Geraci and St Aubin (1985) confirming that cetacean skin is a suitable barrier to oil. However, Etkins (1997) reported the development of eye and skin lesions on cetaceans as a result of prolonged exposure to oil.

Interference with feeding The loss of food species and loss of access to feeding areas due to the surface condensate and their selective diet result in substantial decrease in body mass in marine mammals. The stress associated with oil spill also has an effect on the body mass of marine mammals (UNEP, 2013). Baleen feeders rely on a sieve-like mechanism called a baleen to filter nutrient-rich water for food such as plankton and small fish. The whale’s tongue then shifts the feed to the oesophagus. This feeding mechanism is vulnerable to heavy oil spill or even instances of weathered oil as indicated by the combined evidence of studies conducted by Geraci and St. Aubin (1985). Oil can potentially disrupt the efficiency of the feeding mechanism for days by blocking the baleen plates. Whales such as baleen whales which skim from surface waters and the water column are more susceptible for surface oil than those whales which swallow feed, e.g. humpback and blue whales.

Vapour inhalation Congested lungs, damaged airways or emphysema are possible consequences of vapour inhalation of surface oil, depending on the inhalation concentration. The inhalation of oil vapours is also known to cause irritation and harm to soft tissue e.g. the mucous eye membranes. The damage to an individual is greatest when it is trapped, panicked and exposed continuously or for prolonged periods to the oil (Geraci, 1990).

Fish According to Kennish (1997) and Scholz et al. (1992), open sea fish typically have the ability to identify and avoid surface slicks. Compared to other marine organisms, fish are unlikely to experience as much exposure to surface oil since diesel would remain on the sea surface. However, since eggs, larvae and fish in their early juvenile stages are likely to inhabit the planktonic sea surface waters, recruitment success would be limited. The surface oil would predominantly have lethal or near-lethal impacts on the future growth and development of these fish (Kennish, 1997).

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Despite being mobile fauna, there is insufficient information to confirm the whale shark’s ability to identify a spill and avoid the afflicted zone. Because the diet of the whale shark consists of plankton, bait fish and krill located near or on the surface of the water column, whale sharks are susceptible to ingesting surface condensate during feeding. The impact to whale sharks from surface condensate is considered to be low as observed in whale sharks in Western Australia. Very few incidences of whale sharks in the activity zone were reported relative to the total annual number of whale sharks in the Ningaloo coast vicinity (DPW, 2013). Surface dwelling fish are exposed to and would most affected by dissolved and entrained hydrocarbons in the affected water column. Unlike surface dwelling fish, demersal and pelagic fish are not unlikely to be exposed to surface condensate.

Marine reptiles Similar to baleen whales, surface diesel may impact marine turtles and seasnakes via a variety of direct and indirect means, including: y Ingestion and accumulation; y Consumption of contaminated food; y Skin contact; and y Vapour inhalation. Hydrocarbon spills are particularly detrimental to marine turtles since they are vulnerable to the impacts of such spills in all stages of its life cycle from eggs to adults, onshore or offshore (NOAA, 2010). This is compounded by indications that turtles show no avoidance behavioural mechanisms to zones affected by the oil spills. Ingestion and inhalation of surface hydrocarbons is also likely as marine turtles rise to the surface to breathe. Skins infections, infection of internal organs and the occurrence of respiratory issues are likely effects of surface hydrocarbons on marine turtles. Turtles within the activity zone would be transiting through the area afflicted by the surface spill. It is not anticipated that affected marine turtles would have any significant impact on overall turtle numbers in the ocean as the evaporation and entrainment would not cause to toxic constituents of hydrocarbons to linger on the surface for longer periods of time. The chance of a seasnake being impacted by the surface condensate from an oil spill higher in shallower coastal waters where seasnakes typically remain, as opposed to the deep waters surrounding the activities region.

Birds The feeding and resting behaviours of birds on surface waters renders them exposed to surface oil condensate. The primary impact mechanisms faced by seabirds include: y Ingestion of oil; y Impact on feeding areas; and y Fouling of plumage. Seabird fouling can occur when contact is made between the seabirds and floating hydrocarbons. According to Hayes et al. (1992), seabirds may experience fouling during feeding and diving for pretty, wading in shallower waters or during roosting on the surface of waters affected by surface condensate. The structural integrity, performance and function of a seabird’s plumage are affected by fouling. Fouling can consequently cause the loss of buoyancy, inability to fly and loss of waterproofing properties of plumage resulting in hyperthermia in affected seabirds.

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Preening and feeding / diving actions on the surface of affected waters can lead to the ingestion of surface oils by seabirds. Changes in blood characteristics and intestinal irritation are some of the consequences of oil ingestion by bird species (Hayes et al., 1992). The quantity of hydrocarbons required to instigate effects in seabirds is not known. However the extent of impacts on seabirds is dependent on the type of hydrocarbon they are exposed to and the type of seabird affected. Hydrocarbon condensate on the water surface can affect a wide number of prey species occupying the surface water environments, e.g. krill and baitfish. These disruptions to the food chain through the reduced availability of suitable prey caused by surface condensate may be detrimental to the behaviour and survival of certain bird species which feed on surface water biota. The predominant feeding behaviours of seabird species within the activity zone are either by skimming surface water or by dive bombing. These birds are therefore exposed to surface oil condensate while feeding and resting on the water surface. The quantity of marine wildlife affected and the extent of surface oil’s impact is reliant on a variety of factors including the weather, season and biological productivity of the afflicted region (Dunlop, 1988).

Shoreline habitat receptors

Rocky shorelines The oiling of rocky shorelines (such as the Coogee headland) is likely in the event that vessel collision occurs within the vicinity of shallow waters, which may subsequently lead to the suffocation of marine organisms and potentially toxic effects. High water movement and water energy may eventually remove oil on platform surfaces while lower energy water environments would result in oil persisting on platform surfaces. Reestablishment of hard substrate surfaces by organisms is often a reasonably fast process lasting between weeks to months after the removal of oil from platform surfaces.

Rocky reefs An oil spill in near-shore environments as a consequence of vessel collision and ruptured fuel tank close to shore and or in shallow waters may coat a wide variety of organisms inhabiting the rocky reefs. Rocky reefs consist of the primary habitat along the cable corridor from the Coogee headland to a water depth of 20 m. Such an oil spill would subsequently hinder the photosynthesis processes for some of these reef-inhabiting organisms and impart toxic effects to affected species.

Sandy beaches Oil caught on sandy beaches (such as the Coogee Beach north of the cable corridor) as a result of vessel collision close to shore or in shallow waters is typically in the tidal zone. It is likely that some of the oil will result in the contamination of sand deeper in the beach profile. This may be facilitated by the melting of oil into the beach profile, the suspension of sediments within the surf zone or the infiltration of oil condensate to sediments located deeper in the beach profile. It must be noted that sandy beaches are vital environments to various shorebirds for feeding and roosting. Turtle eggs are laid on the beach above the high tide mark. Before approaching the beach, adult female turtles would typically wait in nearshore waters and emerge onto the beach via the surf zone. Surface slicks pose a risk to nesting adult turtles as they approach condensate on the beach environment.

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After emerging from their eggs, hatchlings would advance towards the water for the purpose of migrating away from the beach. This trip conducted by hatchlings from the nest location to the beach would expose them to condensate stranded onto the beach. Surface oil slicks in the nearshore and offshore waters would also be encountered by hatchlings as they migrate from to open waters from the beach. It is expected that the impact of oil from a vessel collision would be minimal due to the low chance of this incident occurring, the lack of turtle nesting areas and the remote likelihood of the surface oil extending to significant areas of sandy beach due in part to the rapid evaporation of surface condensate.

Sensitive benthic habitats

Rocky reef species There is a general absence of information on the long-term effects of hydrocarbons in the water column on coral reefs. Some impacts on coral are temporary while others may persist for longer period of time, with variations of extent and duration dependent on the coral type, health of the reef and reproduction period of the coral (NOAA, 2001). The effect of hydrocarbon exposure resulting from vessel collision or ruptured fuel tank includes diminished feeding, fertilisation and larval settlement. Decreased growth rates and the demise of larvae and tissue may also be consequences of hydrocarbon exposure (Villanuvea et al., 2008). The extent of impact is dependent on the length of time the environment is exposed to dissolved hydrocarbons. One mitigating factor of the toxicity effects on hard corals is the dispersive nature of the waters on the NWS, as a result of strong winds and tidal currents. This is also attributable to the DAHs lessening the exposure durations. Entrained oil has the potential to impact this habitat type (e.g. direct toxicity from toxic components of the entrained oil or ingestion) (e.g. filter feeding epifauna such as ascidians) and through impacts to photosynthetic ability in the case of marine flora. It is expected that the impact of oil from a vessel collision on coral reefs would be minimal due to the low chance of this incident occurring and the lack of coral reefs within the cable corridor.

Macroalgal beds The occurrence of oil captured within the water column could affect light qualities and the ability for macroalgae to photosynthesise and survey. Periods ranging from weeks to months are required for benthic habitats exposed to oil within the water column to recover to original water quality conditions. Studies conducted by Burns et al. (1993) and Dean et al. (1998) reveal that fast recovery rates are possible despite heavy oiling. Phytotoxic effect caused by the DAH absorption from the water column may be experienced by macroalgae. Reduced photosynthetic efficiency has been indicated by aquatic plants where hydrocarbon compounds have concentrated within the membranes of the plant (Runcie et al., 2004). A recovery duration ranging from weeks to months is required for habitats to return to original water quality conditions after experiencing long-term effects.

Soft sediments Even though soft sediment benthic environments may not be impacted by residue oil, shallower regions are susceptible to accumulation of oil.

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Other Key ecological features (KEFs) include the canyons on the eastern continental slope, Tasman front and eddy field, and Norfolk Ridge. Accidental diesel spill is not expected to impact on KEFs due the depth of these features below water surface.

Management controls The following management controls may be adopted and executed for the purposes of mitigating or eliminating the risk of hydrocarbon spillage as a result of vessel collision: y Visual observations will be maintained by watch keepers on all vessels; y Regular notification to the following Australian Government agencies before and during operations:

– The AMSA RCC of proposed activity, location and commencement date to enable a AusCoast warning to be issued;

– The Australian Hydrographic Office (including [email protected]) of proposed activity, location and commencement date to enable a ‘Notice to Mariners’ to be issued; and

– In the event of a spill resulting in notification to AMSA or other sea users are informed of the incident via Marine Notices to prevent vessels entering an area where hydrocarbons have been released e.g. fishing industry. y Vessel will operate in compliance with all marine navigation and vessel safety requirements in the International Convention of the SOLAS 1974 and the Navigation Act 2012. This includes the requirement for all equipment and procedures to comply with the following AMSA Marine Orders:

– Marine Orders - Part 30: Prevention of Collisions;

– Marine Orders - Part 21: Safety of Navigation and Emergency Procedures;

– Marine Orders - Part 27: Radio Equipment: sets out ship requirements regarding radio installations, equipment, watch keeping arrangements, sources of energy, performance standards, maintenance requirements, personnel and recordkeeping;

– Marine Orders Parts 3 and 6 – Seagoing Qualifications and Marine Radio Qualifications: ensures seafarer competency standards meet the needs of the Australian Shipping Industry; and

– Vessels will also be equipped with an automatic identification system (AIS) and an automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA) system capable of identifying, tracking and projecting the closest approach for any vessel (time and location) within the operational area and radar range (up to approximately 70 km). y Marine diesel oil compliant with MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 14.2 (i.e. sulphur content of less than 3.50% m/m) is the only engine fuel to be used by the vessels; and y Oil spill responses will be executed in accordance with the vessel’s SOPEP, as required under MARPOL.

Environmental outcome In order to undertake the activities, vessel presence is required and no alternative is available. Navigation and safety instruments and equipment can be found on vessels, as prescribed by the International Convention of the SOLAS 1974 and actioned through the Navigation Act 2012. These are necessary for the safe navigation of the vessel to avoid potential vessel collisions.

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In order to combat the possible eventuality of a spill, measures have been implemented to respond to spills and minimise their effects. Marine user notifications and stakeholder consultation for affected parties within the activity zone are some of the other industry standard and activity-specific controls in place to reduce the risk of vessel collision which could result in ruptured fuel tanks and oil slicks. Further industry standard and activity-specific controls to reduce collision risks can also been implemented including (but not limited to) the marine user notifications and stakeholder consultation for potentially affected parties within the activity area. These standards and controls are considered to reduce the likelihood of a vessel collision.

B-3.7 Seabed disturbance associated with cable maintenance activities

Environmental hazard description The design life of the cable system is 25 years. Once the cable is installed there is generally no requirement to access and maintain the cable. If unplanned maintenance is required, cable maintenance activities necessitate that the cable be retrieved from the seabed. This has the potential to damage habitats and associated biota that lie within the footprint of retrieval activities and immediately adjacent to the footprint.

Impact analysis Cable maintenance is typically undertaken in the following manner: y Initial cutting drive, where the repair ship pulls a grapnel with cutting blades perpendicular across the expected cable line; or y In water depths less than 2,500 m, an ROV is deployed behind the ship to cut the cable near the fault; then, y Recovery of a (expected) fault free section of the cable via grapnel retrieval; y Recovery of a section of fault free cable past the faulty section via grapnel retrieval; y Fault isolation and cable repair between the two sections retrieved; and y Final splice, confirmation tests and return of the repaired cable to the seabed. Cable maintenance operations (including associated vessel movements) have the potential to occur across a large span of marine seabed, perpendicular to the portion of the cable needing repair. The area of potential disturbance associated with cable retrieval activities depends on water depth, and the number of grapnel runs required in retrieving the cable. Typically, the tow wire for the grapnel is 3-4 times the water depth. Therefore grapnel run lines at the deepest points (5,000 m) could be in the order of 15-20 km long. Grapnel size will vary depending on the benthic substrate and conditions in the area of the cable maintenance, however typically grapnels range in width from 0.5 – 3.5 m. The maximum footprint of a single grapnel run is therefore expected to be approximately 0.07 km2 (7 ha). For an ROV repair, the disturbed footprint is much less than grapnel retrieval, and dictated by the footprint of the ROV as it contacts the seabed while it cuts the cable. As the ROV is deployed from the vessel, it is tethered and directed under its own propulsion via telemetry towards the cable, eliminating the need of dragging it across the seafloor. This is an alternative method to the grapnel, typically used in waters ranging from 1,500 – 2,500 m depth. Disturbance of the benthic habitat and associated communities will be realised as a result of each grapnel run and contact with the ROV. This will include direct disturbance as the grapnel

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creates a furrow in the seabed, or indirect disturbance associated with increased suspended sediment and turbidity, which is also caused by propulsion of the ROV. Impacts are expected to be localised to the immediate vicinity of the grapnel run and cable, and temporary, with recovery timeframes dependant on water depth, sediment type and characteristics of the in situ benthic communities. The majority of the cable will be placed in a deep sea environment, characterised by open expanses of soft sediments. Deep sea benthic communities are typically very sparsely distributed; biomass of such communities is generally less than 1 % of that found in shallower ecosystems (Glover and Smith, 2003). The current offshore alignment of the cable avoids sensitive marine habitats such as seamounts and canyons, as such; impacts associated with deep water grapnel runs are expected to be limited and those from ROV even less. Inshore, the cable is aligned within the SSPZ in an effort to reduce the potential for third party damage to the cable, and thus reduce the need for maintenance. Further, the current alignment of the cable avoids sensitive marine habitats such as rocky shores and canyons. Given the need for grapnel runs to be conducted perpendicular to the cable, there is potential for sensitive habitats to be impacted during cable retrieval activities. This could include localised physical damage and mortality to the epibenthos (e.g. algae, sponges etc.) and any sessile or slow- moving fauna (e.g. Syngnathids).

Management controls To reduce or eliminate the risk of habitat disturbance from cable maintenance activities, the following management controls should be implemented when possible: y Inshore alignment of the cable to be within the SSPZ to reduce the potential for third party damage (and thus required maintenance) to the cable; y Cable placement activities to include detailed records of cable locations to enable relative certainty of cable position during grapnel activities; y To minimise impact footprint selection of grapnel sizes is to be based on smallest available to achieve required outcome; and y To minimise impact footprint, ROV repair methods to be utilised where possible (depending on water depth and clarity).

Environmental outcome Cable maintenance, if required, will be performed by a specialist group who have established targeted procedures to manage identified risks. Localised, short-term disturbances to sediments and/or epibenthos living on unburied cable/within the disturbance footprint of the grapnel are expected to occur as a result of unplanned maintenance. Through these industry accepted controls and procedures, the likelihood of maintenance adversely impacting marine habitats in and around the cable alignment is considered to be reduced to as low as reasonably practicable.

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References

Amoser, S., & Ladich, F. (2005). Are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats? Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(18), 3533-3542. Apache (2007). Van Gogh Drilling Programme, Environment Plan. WA-155-P(1)(Defined Area) Commonwealth Waters. Apache Energy Ltd. September 2007. Available from: http://www.apachevangogh.com.au/_content/documents/556.pdf. Baldridge, HD. (1970). Sinking factors and average densities of Florida sharks as functions of liver buoyancy. Copeia 1970: pp. 744-754 Bartol, S., Musick, J.A. (2003). Sensory biology of sea turtles. The Biology of Sea Turtles: Volume II. P.L. Lutz, Musick, J.A., Wyneken, J. (eds.). Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press: 79-102. BOEM. (2012). Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, and Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities. A Workshop Report for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Contract # M11PC00031. 72 pp. plus Appendices. Burns, K. A., Ehrhardt, M. G., Howes, B. L., & Taylor, C. D. (1993). Subtidal benthic community respiration and production near the heavily oiled Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. Marine pollution bulletin, 27, 199-205. Carpenter, C. P., Geary, D. L., Jr., Myers, R. C., Nachreiner, D. J.,Sullivan, L. J., and King, J. M. (1977). “The Effects of Oil on the Feeding Mechanism of the Bowhead Whale,” Final Rep., Contract ... U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Anchorage, Alaska Carter L., Burnett D., Drew S., Marle G., Hagadorn L., Bartlett-McNeil D., and Irvine N. (2009). Submarine Cables and the Oceans – Connecting the World. UNEP-WCMC Biodiversity Series No. 31. ICPC/UNEP/UNEP-WCMC Davie, P. (2011), Wild Guide to Moreton Bay and Adjacent Coasts, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Vol. 2 Dean, T. A., Stekoll, M. S., Jewett, S. C., Smith, R. O., & Hose, J. E. (1998). Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(3), 201-210. Department of the Environment and Heritage (DEH) (2005). Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Recovery Plan: Issues Paper. Page(s) 26. (Online). DEH, Canberra. Available from: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/df4f4778-8c93-4e05-bee4- 9d24c51428e5/files/r-typus-issues-paper.pdf Department of Environment and Heritage (2006). Australian National Guidelines for Whale and Dolphin Watching. (online) available from https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/publications/australian-national-guidelines-whale- and-dolphin-watching-2005 Department of Parks and Wildlife (2013). Whale shark management with particular reference to Ningaloo Marine Park, Wildlife management program no. 57, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Perth, Western Australia. Department of Water, Heritage and the Arts 2008. EPBC Act Policy Statement 2.1 – Interaction between offshore seismic exploration and whales. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/8d928995-0694-414e-a082- 0ea1fff62fc8/files/seismic-whales.pdf

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Etkin D.S (1997). The Impact of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals, OSIR Report 13 March 1997 Special Report. Foote, A. D., Osborne, R. W., & Hoelzel, A. R. (2004). Environment: Whale-call response to masking boat noise. Nature, 428(6986), 910-910. Fristrup, K. M., Hatch, L. T., & Clark, C. W. (2003). Variation in humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song length in relation to low-frequency sound broadcasts. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(6), 3411-3424. Geraci, J. R., St. Aubin, D. J., Smith, T. G., & Friesen, T. G. (1985). How do bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, react to oil films under different light conditions? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(3), 430-436. Granda, A.M., and O’Shea, P.J. (1972). Spectral sensitivity of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas) determine by electrical responses to heterochromatic light. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 5: 143-154. Gordon, J., Gillespie, D., Potter, J., Frantzis, A., Simmonds, M. P., Swift, R., and Tompson, D. (2004). A review of the effects of seismic surveys on marine mammals. Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 37(4): 16–34. Hayes, M. Michel, J.(1992). Sensitivity of coastal environments to oil. Introduction to Coastal Habitats and Biological Resources for Spill Response, 92-4. Heathershaw, A. D., Ward, P. D., & David, A. M. (2001). The environmental impact of underwater sound. Proceedings Institute of Acoustics, 23(4), 1-12. Kennish MJ (1997). Practical handbook of estuarine and marine pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton; Kogan, I., Paull, C., Kuhnz, L., Burton, E., Von Thun, S., Greene, H.G. and Barry, J. (2006). ATOC/Pioneer Seamount cable after 8 years on the seafloor: Observations, environmental impact. Continental Shelf Research 26: 771–787 Kogan, I., Paull, C.K., Kuhnz, L., Burton, E., von Thun, S., Greene, H.G. and Barry, J.P. (2003). Environmental Impact of the ATOC/Pioneer Seamount Submarine Cable. MBARI/Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 80 pp. www3.mbari.org/news/publications/ATOC.pdf Lindquist, D. C., Lindquist, D. C., Shaw, R. F., & Shaw, R. F. (2005). Effects of current speed and turbidity on stationary light-trap catches of larval and juvenile fishes. Fishery Bulletin, 103(2), 438-444. Marquenie, J., M., Donners, H., Poot, W., Steckel and B., de Wit (2008) Adapting the spectral composition of artificial lighting to safeguard the environment. Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe – Electrical and Instrumentation Applications. Nederlandse Aardolie aatschappij (NAM), The Netherlands, Vol. 5, Iss. 1012 (online) available from http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art47/ McCauley, R.D. (1994) The environmental implications of offshore oil and gas development in Australia – seismic surveys. In ‘Environmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Australia – The Findings of an Independent Scientific Review Swan’, (eds. J. M. Neff & P. C. Young), Pp 19–122, Australian Petroleum Exploration Association, Sydney. McCauley, R. D., Maggi, A., Perry, M. & Siwabessy, J. (2002). Analysis of Underwater Noise Produced by Pile Driving, Twofold Bay, NSW – Phase 11, Signal Measures, prepared for Baulderstone Hornibrook Pty Ltd. McCauley R.D.& Salgado Kent, C.P. (2008). Sea noise logger deployment 2006-2008 Scott Reef – whales, fish and seismic surveys. Prepared for Woodside Energy, CMST R2008-36, 58 pp., 41 Fig.

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Matkin, C.O., Saulitis, E.L., Ellis, G.M., Olesiuk, P., Rice, S.D. (2008). Ongoing population-level impacts on killer whales Orcinus orca following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 356:269-281 Meekan, M., Wilson, S., Halford, A., & Retzel, A. (2001). A comparison of catches of fishes and invertebrates by two light trap designs, in tropical NW Australia. Marine biology, 139(2), 373- 381. Milicich, M. J. (1992). Light traps: a novel technique for monitoring larval supply and replenishment of coral reef fish populations (Doctoral dissertation, Division of Environmental Studies, Griffith University). Myrberg, A. A., Jr (2001). The acoustical biology of elasmobranchs. Environ. Biol. Fishes 60, 31-45. Myrberg, A. Gordon, C. Kimbley, A. (1978). Rapid withdrawal from a sound source by open-ocean sharks. Journal of Acoustic Society of America. Volume 64, pages 1289-1297. Neptune Geomatics. (2012). Balnaves Deep-2 site. Final Report prepared for Apache Energy Ltd. Report No. 12A667-RR-001-RO Rev. 0, 16 March 2012. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2010). Oil spills in coral reefs: planning and response considerations. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Office of Response and Restoration. Norman, B.M. (1999). Aspects of the biology and ecotourism industry of the Whale Shark Rhincodon typus in north-western Australia. MPhil. Thesis (Murdoch University, Western Australia). M.Sc. Thesis. NRC (National Research Council) (2003). Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals. National Academy, Washington, DC OSPAR Commission. (2009). Assessment of the environmental impacts of cables (online). Available: http://qsr2010.ospar.org/media/assessments/p00437_Cables.pdf Ottaway, JR, Andrews, JS, Burdon-Jones, C, Hammond, LS, Roberts, CR and Saalfeld, WK (1989). Marine environmental impacts of construction of an off-shore coal-loading facility at Abbot Point, Queensland, Department of Marine biology, School of Biological Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville. Richardson, W. J., Greene, C.R., Malme, C.I. & Thomson, D.H. (1995). Marine Mammals and Noise, Academic Press, San Diego. Runcie, J. W., and Durako, M. J. (2004). Among-shoot variability and leaf-specific absorbance characteristics affect diel estimates of in situ electron transport of Posidonia australis. Aquatic Botany, 80(3), 209-220. Salmon, M. (2006). Protecting Sea Turtles from Artificial Night Lighting at Florida’s Ocean Beaches. (Chapter 7 pp 141-169) in Longcore, R. 2006. Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Edited by Rich, C and Longcore, R. Island Press Washington. Scholz D., Michel J., Shigenaka G. & Hoff R. (1992). Biological resources. In: Hayes M., Hoff R., Michel J., Scholz D. & Shigenaka G. Introduction to coastal habitats and biological resources for spill response, report HMRAD 92-4. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle.

Shaw, FR. Lindquist, D. C., Benfield, M. C., Farooqi, T., & Plunket, J. T. (2002). Offshore petroleum platforms: functional significance for larval fish across longitudinal and latitudinal gradients. US Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. Simmonds, M., Dolman, S., & Weilgart, L. (2004). Oceans of noise: A WDCS science report. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society.

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Smith, SDA, and Rule, MJ. (2001). ‘The effects of dredge-spoil dumping on a shallow water soft- sediment community in the Solitary Islands Marine Park, N.S.W, Australia’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 42, pp. 1040-1048. Söker, H. Rehfeldt, K., Santjer, F., Strack, M. & Schreiber, M. (2000). Offshore Wind Energy in the North Sea. Technical Possibilities and Ecological Considerations - A Study for Greenpeace (online) available from: www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/259344.pdf Southall, B.L., Bowles, A.E., Ellison, W.T., Finneran, J.J., Gentry, R.L., Greene Jr, C.R., Kastak, D., Ketten, D.R., Miller, J.H., Nachtigall, P.E., Richardson, W.J., Thomas, J.A. and Tyack, T.P. (2007). Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations. Aquatic Mammals 33(4): 411-509. Surman, C., Morgan, M., Burbidge, A., & Gaughan, D. (2002). Feeding ecology of seabirds nesting on the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. Unpublished Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (FRDC) Report. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2007). Deep-Sea Biodiversity and Ecosystems: A scoping report on their socio-economy, management and governance, (online) available from: http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/publications/reports/RSRS/pdfs/rsrs184.pdf

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). (2013). Effects of oil pollution on marine wildlife. Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway (Online). Available: http://oils.gpa.unep.org/facts/wildlife.htm

Wilber, DH, Clarke, DG and Rees, SI. (2007). ‘Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates to thin-layer disposal of dredged material in Mississippi Sound, USA’. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(1): 42- 52. Wiese, F. K., Montevecchi, W. A., Davoren, G. K., Huettmann, F., Diamond, A. W., & Linke, J. (2001). Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the North-west Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), 1285-1290 Witherington, B.E., and Martin, R.E. (1996). Understanding, assessing, and resolving light-pollution problems on sea turtle nesting beaches. FMRI Technical Report TR-2. Department of Environmental Protection. Witherington, B.E. (1997). The Problem of photopollution for sea turtles and other nocturnal animals. Chapter 13 in: J.R. Clemmons and R. Buchholz (eds.), Behavioural Approaches to Conservation in the Wild. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp: 303-328.

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Appendix C – Protected Matters Search

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| GHD | Report for Hawaiki Submarine Cable - Hawaiki Submarine Cable, 21/25477| 140 EPBC Act Protected Matters Report

This report provides general guidance on matters of national environmental significance and other matters protected by the EPBC Act in the area you have selected.

Information on the coverage of this report and qualifications on data supporting this report are contained in the caveat at the end of the report.

Information is available about Environment Assessments and the EPBC Act including significance guidelines, forms and application process details.

Report created: 10/06/16 10:42:00

Summary Details Matters of NES Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act Extra Information Caveat Acknowledgements

This map may contain data which are ©Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), ©PSMA 2010

Coordinates Buffer: 10.0Km Summary

Matters of National Environmental Significance

This part of the report summarises the matters of national environmental significance that may occur in, or may relate to, the area you nominated. Further information is available in the detail part of the report, which can be accessed by scrolling or following the links below. If you are proposing to undertake an activity that may have a significant impact on one or more matters of national environmental significance then you should consider the Administrative Guidelines on Significance.

World Heritage Properties: 4 National Heritage Places: 8 Wetlands of International Importance: 1 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: None Commonwealth Marine Area: 1 Listed Threatened Ecological Communities: 6 Listed Threatened Species: 75 Listed Migratory Species: 83

Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

This part of the report summarises other matters protected under the Act that may relate to the area you nominated. Approval may be required for a proposed activity that significantly affects the environment on Commonwealth land, when the action is outside the Commonwealth land, or the environment anywhere when the action is taken on Commonwealth land. Approval may also be required for the Commonwealth or Commonwealth agencies proposing to take an action that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere.

The EPBC Act protects the environment on Commonwealth land, the environment from the actions taken on Commonwealth land, and the environment from actions taken by Commonwealth agencies. As heritage values of a place are part of the 'environment', these aspects of the EPBC Act protect the Commonwealth Heritage values of a Commonwealth Heritage place. Information on the new heritage laws can be found at http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage

A permit may be required for activities in or on a Commonwealth area that may affect a member of a listed threatened species or ecological community, a member of a listed migratory species, whales and other cetaceans, or a member of a listed marine species.

Commonwealth Land: 44 Commonwealth Heritage Places: 47 Listed Marine Species: 102 Whales and Other Cetaceans: 34 Critical Habitats: None Commonwealth Reserves Terrestrial: None Commonwealth Reserves Marine: None

Extra Information

This part of the report provides information that may also be relevant to the area you have nominated.

State and Territory Reserves: 3 Regional Forest Agreements: None Invasive Species: 51 Nationally Important Wetlands: 1 Key Ecological Features (Marine) 1 Details

Matters of National Environmental Significance World Heritage Properties [ Resource Information ] Name State Status Australian Convict Sites (Hyde Park Barracks Buffer Zone) NSW Buffer zone Sydney Opera House - Buffer Zone NSW Buffer zone Australian Convict Sites (Hyde Park Barracks) NSW Declared property Sydney Opera House NSW Declared property

National Heritage Properties [ Resource Information ] Name State Status Indigenous Cyprus Hellene Club - Australian Hall NSW Listed place Historic Bondi Beach NSW Listed place First Government House Site NSW Listed place Hyde Park Barracks NSW Listed place Kurnell Peninsula Headland NSW Listed place Sydney Harbour Bridge NSW Listed place Sydney Opera House NSW Listed place Bondi Surf Pavilion NSW Within listed place

Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) [ Resource Information ] Name Proximity Towra point nature reserve Within 10km of Ramsar

Commonwealth Marine Area [ Resource Information ] Approval is required for a proposed activity that is located within the Commonwealth Marine Area which has, will have, or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment. Approval may be required for a proposed action taken outside the Commonwealth Marine Area but which has, may have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment in the Commonwealth Marine Area. Generally the Commonwealth Marine Area stretches from three nautical miles to two hundred nautical miles from the coast.

Name EEZ and Territorial Sea

Marine Regions [ Resource Information ] If you are planning to undertake action in an area in or close to the Commonwealth Marine Area, and a marine bioregional plan has been prepared for the Commonwealth Marine Area in that area, the marine bioregional plan may inform your decision as to whether to refer your proposed action under the EPBC Act.

Name Temperate East

Listed Threatened Ecological Communities [ Resource Information ] For threatened ecological communities where the distribution is well known, maps are derived from recovery plans, State vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and other sources. Where threatened ecological community distributions are less well known, existing vegetation maps and point location data are used to produce indicative distribution maps. Name Status Type of Presence Castlereagh Scribbly Gum and Agnes Banks Endangered Community may occur Woodlands of the Sydney Basin Bioregion within area Coastal Upland Swamps in the Sydney Basin Endangered Community likely to occur Bioregion within area Cooks River/Castlereagh Ironbark Forest of the Critically Endangered Community may occur Sydney Basin Bioregion within area Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub of the Sydney Region Endangered Community known to occur within area Posidonia australis seagrass meadows of the Endangered Community likely to occur Manning-Hawkesbury ecoregion within area Western Sydney Dry Rainforest and Moist Woodland Critically Endangered Community may occur on Shale within area Listed Threatened Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Birds Anthochaera phrygia Regent Honeyeater [82338] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern [1001] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Calidris canutus Red Knot, Knot [855] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot [862] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover [877] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover [879] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird [533] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [82270] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Fregetta grallaria grallaria White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Tasman Sea), White- Vulnerable Species or species habitat bellied Storm-Petrel (Australasian) [64438] likely to occur within area

Grantiella picta Painted Honeyeater [470] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot [744] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Limosa lapponica baueri Bar-tailed Godwit (baueri), Western Alaskan Bar-tailed Vulnerable Species or species habitat Godwit [86380] known to occur within area

Limosa lapponica menzbieri Bar-tailed Godwit (menzbieri), Northern Siberian Bar- Critically Endangered Species or species habitat tailed Godwit [86432] may occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot [747] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Fairy Prion (southern) [64445] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera Gould's Petrel [26033] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pterodroma neglecta neglecta Kermadec Petrel (western) [64450] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour may occur within area Rostratula australis Australian Painted Snipe [77037] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sternula nereis nereis Australian Fairy Tern [82950] Vulnerable Breeding likely to occur within area Thalassarche bulleri Buller's Albatross, Pacific Albatross [64460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche cauta cauta Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross [82345] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche cauta steadi White-capped Albatross [82344] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche eremita Chatham Albatross [64457] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche impavida Campbell Albatross, Campbell Black-browed Albatross Vulnerable Species or species habitat [64459] may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche salvini Salvin's Albatross [64463] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Fish Epinephelus daemelii Black Rockcod, Black Cod, Saddled Rockcod [68449] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Prototroctes maraena Australian Grayling [26179] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Frogs Heleioporus australiacus Giant Burrowing Frog [1973] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog [1870] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Mammals Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale [36] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat, Large Pied Bat [183] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (SE mainland population) Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll Endangered Species or species habitat (southeastern mainland population) [75184] known to occur within area

Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale [40] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Isoodon obesulus obesulus Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern) [68050] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale [38] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Petauroides volans Greater Glider [254] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby [225] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Phascolarctos cinereus (combined populations of Qld, NSW and the ACT) Koala (combined populations of Queensland, New Vulnerable Species or species habitat South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory) likely to occur within area [85104] Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse, Pookila [96] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox [186] Vulnerable Roosting known to occur within area Plants Acacia bynoeana Bynoe's Wattle, Tiny Wattle [8575] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis Sunshine Wattle [64829] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Allocasuarina glareicola [21932] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Allocasuarina portuensis Nielsen Park She-oak [21937] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur Name Status Type of Presence within area Asterolasia elegans [56780] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Caladenia tessellata Thick-lipped Spider-orchid, Daddy Long-legs [2119] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Cryptostylis hunteriana Leafless Tongue-orchid [19533] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eucalyptus camfieldii Camfield's Stringybark [15460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Genoplesium baueri Yellow Gnat-orchid [7528] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Melaleuca biconvexa Biconvex Paperbark [5583] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pelargonium sp. Striatellum (G.W.Carr 10345) Omeo Stork's-bill [84065] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora [4182] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Pimelea spicata Spiked Rice-flower [20834] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pterostylis sp. Botany Bay (A.Bishop J221/1-13) Botany Bay Bearded Greenhood, Botany Bay Bearded Endangered Species or species habitat Orchid [64965] likely to occur within area

Syzygium paniculatum Magenta Lilly Pilly, Magenta Cherry, Pocket-less Brush Vulnerable Species or species habitat Cherry, Scrub Cherry, Creek Lilly Pilly, Brush Cherry likely to occur within area [20307] Thesium australe Austral Toadflax, Toadflax [15202] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Reptiles Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth [1768] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Hoplocephalus bungaroides Broad-headed Snake [1182] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known Name Status Type of Presence to occur within area Sharks Carcharias taurus (east coast population) Grey Nurse Shark (east coast population) [68751] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark [64470] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Rhincodon typus Whale Shark [66680] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Calonectris leucomelas Streaked Shearwater [1077] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [64466] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Puffinus carneipes Flesh-footed Shearwater, Fleshy-footed Shearwater Foraging, feeding or related [1043] behaviour likely to occur within area Sterna albifrons Little Tern [813] Breeding likely to occur within area Thalassarche bulleri Buller's Albatross, Pacific Albatross [64460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto) Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross [64697] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or Name Threatened Type of Presence related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche eremita Chatham Albatross [64457] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche impavida Campbell Albatross, Campbell Black-browed Albatross Vulnerable Species or species habitat [64459] may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche salvini Salvin's Albatross [64463] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche steadi White-capped Albatross [64462] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Migratory Marine Species Balaenoptera bonaerensis Antarctic Minke Whale, Dark-shoulder Minke Whale Species or species habitat [67812] may occur within area

Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's Whale [35] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale [36] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale [39] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark [64470] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale [40] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin Mako, Mako Shark [79073] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Lagenorhynchus obscurus Dusky Dolphin [43] Species or species Name Threatened Type of Presence habitat may occur within area Lamna nasus Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark [83288] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Manta alfredi Reef Manta Ray, Coastal Manta Ray, Inshore Manta Species or species habitat Ray, Prince Alfred's Ray, Resident Manta Ray [84994] known to occur within area

Manta birostris Giant Manta Ray, Chevron Manta Ray, Pacific Manta Species or species habitat Ray, Pelagic Manta Ray, Oceanic Manta Ray [84995] likely to occur within area

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale [38] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Orcinus orca Killer Whale, Orca [46] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Physeter macrocephalus Sperm Whale [59] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Rhincodon typus Whale Shark [66680] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin [50] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Migratory Terrestrial Species Cuculus optatus Oriental Cuckoo, Horsfield's Cuckoo [86651] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail [682] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater [670] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch [609] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Monarcha trivirgatus Spectacled Monarch [610] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail [644] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher [612] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Migratory Wetlands Species Name Threatened Type of Presence Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper [59309] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret [59541] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone [872] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper [874] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris alba Sanderling [875] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris canutus Red Knot, Knot [855] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper [858] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint [860] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint [861] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot [862] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover [895] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover [877] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover [879] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel [882] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe, Japanese Snipe [863] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Gallinago megala Swinhoe's Snipe [864] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Name Threatened Type of Presence Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe [841] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler [59311] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Heteroscelus incanus Wandering Tattler [59547] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper [842] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit [844] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit [845] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Numenius minutus Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel [848] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel [849] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pandion haliaetus Osprey [952] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Philomachus pugnax Ruff (Reeve) [850] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover [25545] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover [865] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank, Greenshank [832] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank [833] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper [59300] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act Commonwealth Land [ Resource Information ] The Commonwealth area listed below may indicate the presence of Commonwealth land in this vicinity. Due to the unreliability of the data source, all proposals should be checked as to whether it impacts on a Commonwealth area, before making a definitive decision. Contact the State or Territory government land department for further information. Name Commonwealth Land - Commonwealth Land - Australian & Overseas Telecommunications Corporation Commonwealth Land - Australian Broadcasting Corporation Commonwealth Land - Australian National University Commonwealth Land - Australian Postal Commission Commonwealth Land - Australian Postal Corporation Commonwealth Land - Australian Telecommunications Commission Commonwealth Land - Australian Telecommunications Corporation Commonwealth Land - Commonwealth Bank of Australia Commonwealth Land - Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia Commonwealth Land - Defence Housing Authority Commonwealth Land - Defence Service Homes Corporation Commonwealth Land - Director of War Service Homes Commonwealth Land - Reserve Bank of Australia Commonwealth Land - Telstra Corporation Limited Defence - BANKSMEADOW DEPOT (Sydney Workshop Company) Defence - DEFENCE PLAZA SYDNEY Defence - DEGAUSSING RANGE Defence - DSTO PYRMONT - (SEE SITE 1177) Defence - ENDEAVOUR HOUSE - COOGEE Defence - FLEET BASE WHARVES Defence - GARDEN ISLAND Defence - HMAS KUTTABUL (AC 30/5 Lot4 DP218946) Defence - HMAS WATSON Defence - JENNER BUILDING Defence - KENSINGTON DEPOT Defence - KISMET/HMAS KUTTABUL-POTTS PT Defence - LADY GOWRIE HOUSE Defence - MARITIME COMD CTRE-POTTS POINT ; BOMERAH/TARANA Defence - MARITIME HEADQUARTERS Defence - MATERIAL RESEARCH LAB Defence - MILLER'S POINT TRAINING DEPOT Defence - NFI CHOWDER BAY (fuel depot) Defence - OXFORD ST SYDNEY Defence - PARKVIEW BUILDING - SYDNEY Defence - RANDWICK (CARRINGTON RD) Defence - RANDWICK BARRACKS Defence - RANDWICK FRENCHMANS TRG Defence - SYDNEY UNIVERSITY REGIMENT - DARLINGTON Defence - TRESCO Defence - VAUCLUSE TRAINING DEPOT Defence - VICTORIA BARRACKS - PADDINGTON Defence - WOOLLOOMOOLOO CARPARK Defence - ZETLAND NAVY SUPPLY CENTRE

Commonwealth Heritage Places [ Resource Information ] Name State Status Natural Malabar Headland NSW Listed place Historic Admiralty House Garden and Fortifications NSW Listed place Admiralty House and Lodge NSW Listed place Army Cottage with return verandah NSW Listed place Bondi Beach Post Office NSW Listed place Botany Post Office NSW Listed place Building VB1 and Parade Ground NSW Listed place Building VB2 Guard House NSW Listed place Buildings 31 and 32 NSW Listed place Buildings MQVB16 and VB56 NSW Listed place Name State Status Buildings VB13, 15, 16 & 17 NSW Listed place Buildings VB41, 45 & 53 NSW Listed place Buildings VB60 and VB62 NSW Listed place Buildings VB69, 75 & 76 including Garden NSW Listed place Buildings VB83, 84, 85, 87 & 89 NSW Listed place Buildings VB90, 91, 91A & 92 NSW Listed place Chain and Anchor Store (former) NSW Listed place Chowder Bay Barracks Group NSW Listed place Cottage at Macquarie Lighthouse NSW Listed place Defence site - Georges Heights and Middle Head NSW Listed place Factory NSW Listed place Garden Island Precinct NSW Listed place Gazebo NSW Listed place General Post Office NSW Listed place Headquarters Training Command Precinct NSW Listed place Kirribilli House NSW Listed place Kirribilli House Garden & Grounds NSW Listed place Macquarie Lighthouse NSW Listed place Macquarie Lighthouse Group NSW Listed place Macquarie Lighthouse Surrounding Wall NSW Listed place Marine Biological Station (former) NSW Listed place Military Road Framework - Defence Land NSW Listed place Naval Store NSW Listed place Navy Refuelling Depot and Caretakers House NSW Listed place Office Building NSW Listed place Paddington Post Office NSW Listed place Pyrmont Post Office NSW Listed place Reserve Bank NSW Listed place Residences Group NSW Listed place Rigging Shed and Chapel NSW Listed place School of Musketry and Officers Mess, Randwick Army Barracks NSW Listed place

Shark Point Battery NSW Listed place Sydney Airport Air Traffic Control Tower NSW Listed place Sydney Customs House (former) NSW Listed place Victoria Barracks Perimeter Wall and Gates NSW Listed place Victoria Barracks Precinct NSW Listed place Victoria Barracks Squash Courts NSW Listed place

Listed Marine Species [ Resource Information ] * Species is listed under a different scientific name on the EPBC Act - Threatened Species list. Name Threatened Type of Presence Birds Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper [59309] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift [678] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Ardea alba Great Egret, White Egret [59541] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Ardea ibis Cattle Egret [59542] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone [872] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper [874] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris alba Sanderling [875] Foraging, feeding or Name Threatened Type of Presence related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris canutus Red Knot, Knot [855] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper [856] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper [858] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Catharacta skua Great Skua [59472] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Charadrius bicinctus Double-banded Plover [895] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover [877] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover [879] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover [881] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel [882] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo, Himalayan Cuckoo [710] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [64466] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely Name Threatened Type of Presence to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Gallinago hardwickii Latham's Snipe, Japanese Snipe [863] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Gallinago megala Swinhoe's Snipe [864] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe [841] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle [943] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler [59311] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Heteroscelus incanus Wandering Tattler [59547] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt [870] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail [682] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot [744] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper [842] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit [844] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit [845] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater [670] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch [609] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Monarcha trivirgatus Spectacled Monarch [610] Species or species habitat may occur within area Name Threatened Type of Presence Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail [644] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher [612] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Neophema chrysogaster Orange-bellied Parrot [747] Critically Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Numenius madagascariensis Eastern Curlew [847] Critically Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Numenius minutus Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel [848] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel [849] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pachyptila turtur Fairy Prion [1066] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Pandion haliaetus Osprey [952] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Philomachus pugnax Ruff (Reeve) [850] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover [25545] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover [865] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Puffinus carneipes Flesh-footed Shearwater, Fleshy-footed Shearwater Foraging, feeding or related [1043] behaviour likely to occur within area Recurvirostra novaehollandiae Red-necked Avocet [871] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail [592] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Rostratula benghalensis (sensu lato) Painted Snipe [889] Endangered* Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sterna albifrons Little Tern [813] Breeding likely to occur within area Thalassarche bulleri Buller's Albatross, Pacific Albatross [64460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche salvini Salvin's Albatross [64463] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche steadi White-capped Albatross [64462] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank, Greenshank [832] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank [833] Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper [59300] Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Fish Acentronura tentaculata Shortpouch Pygmy Pipehorse [66187] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Festucalex cinctus Girdled Pipefish [66214] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Filicampus tigris Tiger Pipefish [66217] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Heraldia nocturna Upside-down Pipefish, Eastern Upside-down Pipefish, Species or species habitat Eastern Upside-down Pipefish [66227] may occur within area

Hippichthys penicillus Beady Pipefish, Steep-nosed Pipefish [66231] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Hippocampus abdominalis Big-belly Seahorse, Eastern Potbelly Seahorse, New Species or species habitat Zealand Potbelly Seahorse [66233] may occur within area

Hippocampus whitei White's Seahorse, Crowned Seahorse, Sydney Species or species habitat Seahorse [66240] may occur within area

Histiogamphelus briggsii Crested Pipefish, Briggs' Crested Pipefish, Briggs' Species or species habitat Pipefish [66242] may occur within area

Lissocampus runa Javelin Pipefish [66251] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Maroubra perserrata Sawtooth Pipefish [66252] Species or species Name Threatened Type of Presence habitat may occur within area Notiocampus ruber Red Pipefish [66265] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Phyllopteryx taeniolatus Common Seadragon, Weedy Seadragon [66268] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Solegnathus spinosissimus Spiny Pipehorse, Australian Spiny Pipehorse [66275] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Solenostomus cyanopterus Robust Ghostpipefish, Blue-finned Ghost Pipefish, Species or species habitat [66183] may occur within area

Solenostomus paegnius Rough-snout Ghost Pipefish [68425] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Solenostomus paradoxus Ornate Ghostpipefish, Harlequin Ghost Pipefish, Species or species habitat Ornate Ghost Pipefish [66184] may occur within area

Stigmatopora argus Spotted Pipefish, Gulf Pipefish [66276] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Stigmatopora nigra Widebody Pipefish, Wide-bodied Pipefish, Black Species or species habitat Pipefish [66277] may occur within area

Stigmatopora olivacea a pipefish [74966] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Syngnathoides biaculeatus Double-end Pipehorse, Double-ended Pipehorse, Species or species habitat Alligator Pipefish [66279] may occur within area

Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus Bentstick Pipefish, Bend Stick Pipefish, Short-tailed Species or species habitat Pipefish [66280] may occur within area

Urocampus carinirostris Hairy Pipefish [66282] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Vanacampus margaritifer Mother-of-pearl Pipefish [66283] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Mammals Arctocephalus forsteri Long-nosed Fur-seal, New Zealand Fur-seal [20] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Arctocephalus pusillus Australian Fur-seal, Australo-African Fur-seal [21] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Dugong dugon Dugong [28] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Reptiles Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area Name Threatened Type of Presence Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth [1768] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour known to occur within area Pelamis platurus Yellow-bellied Seasnake [1091] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Whales and other Cetaceans [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Mammals Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke Whale [33] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera bonaerensis Antarctic Minke Whale, Dark-shoulder Minke Whale Species or species habitat [67812] may occur within area

Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's Whale [35] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale [36] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Berardius arnuxii Arnoux's Beaked Whale [70] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale [39] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Delphinus delphis Common Dophin, Short-beaked Common Dolphin [60] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale [40] Endangered Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Feresa attenuata Pygmy Killer Whale [61] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Globicephala macrorhynchus Short-finned Pilot Whale [62] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Globicephala melas Long-finned Pilot Whale [59282] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Grampus griseus Risso's Dolphin, Grampus [64] Species or species habitat may occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Kogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm Whale [57] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale [58] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Lagenorhynchus obscurus Dusky Dolphin [43] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Lissodelphis peronii Southern Right Whale Dolphin [44] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale [38] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrew's Beaked Whale [73] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville's Beaked Whale, Dense-beaked Whale [74] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Mesoplodon grayi Gray's Beaked Whale, Scamperdown Whale [75] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Mesoplodon layardii Strap-toothed Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale, Species or species habitat Layard's Beaked Whale [25556] may occur within area

Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked Whale [54] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Orcinus orca Killer Whale, Orca [46] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Peponocephala electra Melon-headed Whale [47] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Physeter macrocephalus Sperm Whale [59] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale [48] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin [50] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Stenella attenuata Spotted Dolphin, Pantropical Spotted Dolphin [51] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Stenella coeruleoalba Striped Dolphin, Euphrosyne Dolphin [52] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Stenella longirostris Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin [29] Species or species habitat may occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed Dolphin [30] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Tursiops aduncus Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Spotted Bottlenose Species or species habitat Dolphin [68418] likely to occur within area

Tursiops truncatus s. str. Bottlenose Dolphin [68417] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Goose-beaked Whale [56] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Extra Information State and Territory Reserves [ Resource Information ] Name State Botany Bay NSW Malabar Headland NSW Sydney Harbour NSW

Invasive Species [ Resource Information ] Weeds reported here are the 20 species of national significance (WoNS), along with other introduced plants that are considered by the States and Territories to pose a particularly significant threat to biodiversity. The following feral animals are reported: Goat, Red Fox, Cat, Rabbit, Pig, Water Buffalo and Cane Toad. Maps from Landscape Health Project, National Land and Water Resouces Audit, 2001.

Name Status Type of Presence Birds Acridotheres tristis Common Myna, Indian Myna [387] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Alauda arvensis Skylark [656] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Anas platyrhynchos Mallard [974] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch [403] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch [404] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Columba livia Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon [803] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Lonchura punctulata Nutmeg Mannikin [399] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Passer domesticus House Sparrow [405] Species or species Name Status Type of Presence habitat likely to occur within area Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow [406] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul [631] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-Dove [780] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling [389] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Turdus merula Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird [596] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Frogs Rhinella marina Cane Toad [83218] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mammals Bos taurus Domestic Cattle [16] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Canis lupus familiaris Domestic Dog [82654] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Felis catus Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat [19] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Feral deer Feral deer species in Australia [85733] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Lepus capensis Brown Hare [127] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Mus musculus House Mouse [120] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit, European Rabbit [128] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Rattus norvegicus Brown Rat, Norway Rat [83] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Rattus rattus Black Rat, Ship Rat [84] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Vulpes vulpes Red Fox, Fox [18] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Plants Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator Weed [11620] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Anredera cordifolia Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb's-tail, Mignonette Vine, Species or species habitat Anredera, Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine, likely to occur within area Potato Vine [2643] Asparagus aethiopicus Asparagus Fern, Ground Asparagus, Basket Fern, Species or species habitat Sprengi's Fern, Bushy Asparagus, Emerald Asparagus likely to occur within area [62425] Asparagus asparagoides Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Smilax, Florist's Species or species habitat Smilax, Smilax Asparagus [22473] likely to occur within area

Asparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus-fern [48993] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Asparagus scandens Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern [23255] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba, Fanwort, Carolina Watershield, Fish Grass, Species or species habitat Washington Grass, Watershield, Carolina Fanwort, likely to occur within area Common Cabomba [5171] Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou Bush, Boneseed [18983] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera Boneseed [16905] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata Bitou Bush [16332] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Cytisus scoparius Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Species or species habitat Broom, Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom [5934] likely to occur within area

Dolichandra unguis-cati Cat's Claw Vine, Yellow Trumpet Vine, Cat's Claw Species or species habitat Creeper, Funnel Creeper [85119] likely to occur within area

Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth, Water Orchid, Nile Lily [13466] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Genista linifolia Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom Species or species habitat [2800] likely to occur within area

Genista monspessulana Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Species or species habitat Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom [20126] likely to occur within area

Genista sp. X Genista monspessulana Broom [67538] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Lantana camara Lantana, Common Lantana, Kamara Lantana, Large- Species or species habitat leaf Lantana, Pink Flowered Lantana, Red Flowered likely to occur within area Lantana, Red-Flowered Sage, White Sage, Wild Sage [10892] Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn, Boxthorn [19235] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Opuntia spp. Prickly Pears [82753] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Pinus radiata Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pine, Wilding Species or species habitat Pine [20780] may occur within area

Protasparagus densiflorus Asparagus Fern, Plume Asparagus [5015] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Protasparagus plumosus Climbing Asparagus-fern, Ferny Asparagus [11747] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry, European Blackberry [68406] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Sagittaria platyphylla Delta Arrowhead, Arrowhead, Slender Arrowhead Species or species habitat [68483] likely to occur within area

Salix spp. except S.babylonica, S.x calodendron & S.x reichardtii Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and Species or species habitat Sterile Pussy Willow [68497] likely to occur within area

Salvinia molesta Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Species or species habitat Weed [13665] likely to occur within area

Senecio madagascariensis Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Madagascar Species or species habitat Groundsel [2624] likely to occur within area

Nationally Important Wetlands [ Resource Information ] Name State Botany Wetlands NSW

Key Ecological Features (Marine) [ Resource Information ] Key Ecological Features are the parts of the marine ecosystem that are considered to be important for the biodiversity or ecosystem functioning and integrity of the Commonwealth Marine Area.

Name Region Canyons on the eastern continental slope Temperate east Caveat The information presented in this report has been provided by a range of data sources as acknowledged at the end of the report. This report is designed to assist in identifying the locations of places which may be relevant in determining obligations under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It holds mapped locations of World and National Heritage properties, Wetlands of International and National Importance, Commonwealth and State/Territory reserves, listed threatened, migratory and marine species and listed threatened ecological communities. Mapping of Commonwealth land is not complete at this stage. Maps have been collated from a range of sources at various resolutions.

Not all species listed under the EPBC Act have been mapped (see below) and therefore a report is a general guide only. Where available data supports mapping, the type of presence that can be determined from the data is indicated in general terms. People using this information in making a referral may need to consider the qualifications below and may need to seek and consider other information sources.

For threatened ecological communities where the distribution is well known, maps are derived from recovery plans, State vegetation maps, remote sensing imagery and other sources. Where threatened ecological community distributions are less well known, existing vegetation maps and point location data are used to produce indicative distribution maps.

For species where the distributions are well known, maps are digitised from sources such as recovery plans and detailed habitat studies. Where appropriate, core breeding, foraging and roosting areas are indicated under 'type of presence'. For species whose distributions are less well known, point locations are collated from government wildlife authorities, museums, and non-government organisations; bioclimatic distribution models are generated and these validated by experts. In some cases, the distribution maps are based solely on expert knowledge.

Only selected species covered by the following provisions of the EPBC Act have been mapped: - migratory and - marine The following species and ecological communities have not been mapped and do not appear in reports produced from this database: - threatened species listed as extinct or considered as vagrants - some species and ecological communities that have only recently been listed - some terrestrial species that overfly the Commonwealth marine area - migratory species that are very widespread, vagrant, or only occur in small numbers The following groups have been mapped, but may not cover the complete distribution of the species: - non-threatened seabirds which have only been mapped for recorded breeding sites - seals which have only been mapped for breeding sites near the Australian continent Such breeding sites may be important for the protection of the Commonwealth Marine environment.

Coordinates -33.927763333 151.259746667,-33.930124446 151.268475176,-33.930706979 151.272803895,-33.931414791 151.275018463,-33.951016403 151.315066786,-33.956407281 151.326082593,-33.963991913 151.341582348,-33.966669032 151.345687911,-33.971104427 151.350129603,- 33.976600811 151.353372305,-33.979937312 151.354999998,-33.98575505 151.357838303,-33.985833001 151.357886833,-34.009384238 151.372551529,-34.1 151.4095694,-34.143329247 151.427284168,-34.151881916 151.430781932,-34.173508209 151.442958212,-34.182082428 151.449996595,-34.260042466 151.537505016,-34.276119926 151.556372436,-34.285463678 151.567855405,-34.300297425 151.586639957,- 34.307046883 151.595188168,-34.307831692 151.596182177,-34.326107669 151.619332459,-34.329595897 151.623751596,-34.367871944 151.693808241 Acknowledgements This database has been compiled from a range of data sources. The department acknowledges the following custodians who have contributed valuable data and advice: -Office of Environment and Heritage, New South Wales -Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria -Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania -Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, South Australia -Parks and Wildlife Commission NT, Northern Territory Government -Department of Environmental and Heritage Protection, Queensland -Department of Parks and Wildlife, Western Australia -Environment and Planning Directorate, ACT -Birdlife Australia -Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme -Australian National Wildlife Collection -Natural history museums of Australia -Museum Victoria -Australian Museum -South Australian Museum -Queensland Museum -Online Zoological Collections of Australian Museums -Queensland Herbarium -National Herbarium of NSW -Royal Botanic Gardens and National Herbarium of Victoria -Tasmanian Herbarium -State Herbarium of South Australia -Northern Territory Herbarium -Western Australian Herbarium -Australian National Herbarium, Atherton and Canberra -University of New England -Ocean Biogeographic Information System -Australian Government, Department of Defence Forestry Corporation, NSW -Geoscience Australia -CSIRO -Other groups and individuals

The Department is extremely grateful to the many organisations and individuals who provided expert advice and information on numerous draft distributions.

Please feel free to provide feedback via the Contact Us page.

This report provides general guidance on matters of national environmental significance and other matters protected by the EPBC Act in the area you have selected.

Information on the coverage of this report and qualifications on data supporting this report are contained in the caveat at the end of the report.

Information is available about Environment Assessments and the EPBC Act including significance guidelines, forms and application process details.

Report created: 14/07/16 15:20:56

Summary Details Matters of NES Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act Extra Information Caveat Acknowledgements

This map may contain data which are ©Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia), ©PSMA 2010

Coordinates Buffer: 10.0Km Summary

Matters of National Environmental Significance

World Heritage Properties: None National Heritage Places: None Wetlands of International Importance: None Great Barrier Reef Marine Park: None Commonwealth Marine Area: 2 Listed Threatened Ecological Communities: None Listed Threatened Species: 31 Listed Migratory Species: 38

Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act

Commonwealth Land: None Commonwealth Heritage Places: None Listed Marine Species: 24 Whales and Other Cetaceans: 37 Critical Habitats: None Commonwealth Reserves Terrestrial: None Commonwealth Reserves Marine: 2

Extra Information

This part of the report provides information that may also be relevant to the area you have nominated.

State and Territory Reserves: None Regional Forest Agreements: None Invasive Species: None Nationally Important Wetlands: None Key Ecological Features (Marine) 2 Details

Matters of National Environmental Significance Commonwealth Marine Area [ Resource Information ] Approval is required for a proposed activity that is located within the Commonwealth Marine Area which has, will have, or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment. Approval may be required for a proposed action taken outside the Commonwealth Marine Area but which has, may have or is likely to have a significant impact on the environment in the Commonwealth Marine Area. Generally the Commonwealth Marine Area stretches from three nautical miles to two hundred nautical miles from the coast.

Name EEZ and Territorial Sea Extended Continental Shelf

Name Temperate East

Listed Threatened Species [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Birds Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [82270] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Fregetta grallaria grallaria White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Tasman Sea), White- Vulnerable Species or species habitat bellied Storm-Petrel (Australasian) [64438] likely to occur within area

Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant-Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Fairy Prion (southern) [64445] Vulnerable Species or species Name Status Type of Presence habitat may occur within area Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera Gould's Petrel, Australian Gould's Petrel [26033] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pterodroma neglecta neglecta Kermadec Petrel (western) [64450] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour may occur within area Sternula nereis nereis Australian Fairy Tern [82950] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche bulleri Buller's Albatross, Pacific Albatross [64460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche salvini Salvin's Albatross [64463] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Mammals Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale [34] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale [36] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale [37] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale [40] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale [38] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Reptiles Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area Name Status Type of Presence Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth [1768] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Sharks Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark [64470] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [64466] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant-Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Puffinus carneipes Flesh-footed Shearwater, Fleshy-footed Shearwater Foraging, feeding or related [1043] behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche bulleri Buller's Albatross, Pacific Albatross [64460] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto) Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross [64697] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely Name Threatened Type of Presence to occur within area Thalassarche eremita Chatham Albatross [64457] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche impavida Campbell Albatross, Campbell Black-browed Albatross Vulnerable Species or species habitat [64459] may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale [34] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's Whale [35] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale [36] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale [37] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale [39] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Carcharodon carcharias Great White Shark [64470] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth [1768] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale [40] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin Mako, Mako Shark [79073] Species or species habitat likely to occur Name Threatened Type of Presence within area Isurus paucus Longfin Mako [82947] Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Lagenorhynchus obscurus Dusky Dolphin [43] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Lamna nasus Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark [83288] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Manta birostris Giant Manta Ray, Chevron Manta Ray, Pacific Manta Species or species habitat Ray, Pelagic Manta Ray, Oceanic Manta Ray [84995] may occur within area

Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale [38] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Orcinus orca Killer Whale, Orca [46] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Physeter macrocephalus Sperm Whale [59] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Other Matters Protected by the EPBC Act Listed Marine Species [ Resource Information ] * Species is listed under a different scientific name on the EPBC Act - Threatened Species list. Name Threatened Type of Presence Birds Calonectris leucomelas Streaked Shearwater [1077] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Catharacta skua Great Skua [59472] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Diomedea antipodensis Antipodean Albatross [64458] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto) Southern Royal Albatross [1072] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea exulans (sensu lato) Wandering Albatross [1073] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea gibsoni Gibson's Albatross [64466] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Diomedea sanfordi Northern Royal Albatross [64456] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Name Threatened Type of Presence Macronectes giganteus Southern Giant-Petrel, Southern Giant Petrel [1060] Endangered Species or species habitat may occur within area

Macronectes halli Northern Giant Petrel [1061] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Pachyptila turtur Fairy Prion [1066] Species or species habitat may occur within area

Phoebetria fusca Sooty Albatross [1075] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto) Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross [64697] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche eremita Chatham Albatross [64457] Endangered Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche impavida Campbell Albatross, Campbell Black-browed Albatross Vulnerable Species or species habitat [64459] may occur within area

Thalassarche melanophris Black-browed Albatross [66472] Vulnerable Species or species habitat may occur within area

Thalassarche salvini Salvin's Albatross [64463] Vulnerable Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Thalassarche steadi White-capped Albatross [64462] Vulnerable* Foraging, feeding or related behaviour likely to occur within area Reptiles Caretta caretta Loggerhead Turtle [1763] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Chelonia mydas Green Turtle [1765] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth [1768] Endangered Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Eretmochelys imbricata Hawksbill Turtle [1766] Vulnerable Species or species habitat likely to occur within area

Natator depressus Flatback Turtle [59257] Vulnerable Species or species habitat known to occur within area

Whales and other Cetaceans [ Resource Information ] Name Status Type of Presence Mammals Name Status Type of Presence Balaenoptera acutorostrata Minke Whale [33] Species or species habitat may occur within area