THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Minister’s delegate approved this Conservation Advice on 15/07/2016.

Conservation Advice portuensis

Nielsen Park sheoak

Conservation Status ( sheoak) is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act) effective from the 16 July 2000.

The species was eligible for listing under the EPBC Act at that time as, immediately prior to the commencement of the EPBC Act, it was listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth).

Species can also be listed as threatened under state and territory legislation. For information on the listing status of this species under relevant state or territory legislation, see http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

The main factors that are the cause of the species being eligible for listing in the Endangered category are a very restricted extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, and a very low number of mature individuals.

Description The Nielsen Park sheoak, a member of the family, is a slender shrub growing to 3 - 5 m with smooth bark and wiry, articulated (jointed) branchlets to 27 cm long, dark green and drooping to spreading in habit. The branchlet articles (segments between the joints) are cylindrical with numerous longitudinal rounded to angular ridges, 13 - 27 mm long and 0.8 - 1.0 mm in diameter, hairless and usually faintly waxy. The reduced (modified) leaves are small triangular ‘teeth’ that are 0.7 - 1.1 mm long, seven or eight per whorl (a ring-shaped arrangement of leaves) around the article, spreading in shape to curving backwards at the tip and are often slightly overlapping. The Nielsen Park sheoak is predominantly dioecious (male and female reproductive organs or flowers are borne on separate, individual ). Inflorescences (flower-bearing structures) consist of alternating whorls of tooth-like bracts (modified leaves). Within each bract are two lateral bract-like structures and a single unisexual flower. The male inflorescences are catkin-like spikes shaped like a tight string of beads. Female inflorescences develop into cylindrical woody cone-like infructescences (fruit-bearing structures or cones) that are borne on stalks that are 2 - 15 mm long (NSW NPWS 2000; Wilson & Johnson 2000).

Allocasuarina distyla (scrub sheoak) and A. littoralis (black sheoak), which are both dioecious species, occur in the same habitat as the Nielsen Park sheoak. The scrub sheoak can be distinguished from the Nielsen Park sheoak as it is a shorter shrub growing 1 - 3 m with branchlets usually coarse, article ridges with a yellowish longitudinal midline and furrows with obvious hairs, broadly triangular teeth-shaped leaves, and catkin-like male spikes that are occasionally shaped like a string of beads. The black sheoak can be distinguished from the Nielsen Park sheoak as it is a tree growing to 5 -15 m. It has fissured bark, more slender branchlets, article ridges without strong longitudinal mid-lines and furrows without obvious hairs, narrow triangular teeth, and the catkin-like male spike are never shaped like a string of beads (NSW NPWS 2000).

Distribution

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The Nielsen Park sheoak was discovered in the south-eastern part of Nielsen Park in Vaucluse in the eastern suburbs of , NSW, in 1986. Nielsen Park is part of Sydney Harbour National Park (NSW NPWS 2000).

The habitat in which the Nielsen Park sheoak was discovered (hereafter referred to as the species’ original habitat) was described as open heath/woodland to tall closed woodland on a steep slope above a sandstone headland approximately 20 m above sea level (NSW NPWS 2000). The shallow sandy soils at the site are highly siliceous, coarsely textured and devoid of a soil profile (Matthes & Nash 1994; NSW OEH 2015). Matthes and Nash (1994) described the vegetation in the original habitat as consisting of canopy tree species such as ( fig), (smooth-barked apple), (blueberry ash) and (cheese tree), with a shrub layer of (wild yellow jasmine), (white kunzea) and (tree broom heath). The ground-covering flora in the habitat includes Lomandra longifolia (matrush), Dianella caerulea (blue flax-lily), Billardiera scandens (apple berry), Pteridium esculentum (bracken fern) and Entolasia species. As these vegetation types do not occur exclusively in Nielsen Park (Benson & Howell 1990, cited in NSW NPWS 2000), it is likely that the Nielsen Park sheoak once had a broader distribution, particularly along the southern foreshores of Sydney Harbour (NSW NPWS 2000).

At the time of discovery, the species’ population consisted of 10 plants, eight individuals bearing female flowers (female individuals) and two bearing male flowers (male individuals), found within 100 m of each other at six locations (Brookhouse 1986 cited in NSW NPWS 2000). By February 1998, this number had decreased to only two female individuals (NSW NPWS 2000). This original wild population is now extinct (NSW OEH 2015). Individuals of the species have been successfully propagated and introduced at a number of locations on similar soils in Nielsen Park and in a variety of vegetation types at other sites at The Gap bluff and Hermit Point in Sydney Harbour National Park, and Vaucluse Park and Gap Park (NSW NPWS 2000; NSW OEH 2015). While the total number of cultivated individuals of the species at the latter sites is undisclosed, 90 individuals are currently growing in Nielsen Park (NSW OEH 2016). All of the Nielsen Park sheoaks at the ex situ sites in Nielsen Park and other abovementioned sites have grown quickly and produced an abundance of fruit/seed, however they are now entering senescence. No Nielsen Park sheoak populations (or subpopulations) have been found during subsequent surveys of the Sydney Harbour foreshore, including all potential habitats and some unlikely habitats (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016).

Given that the Nielsen Park sheoak is listed as Endangered, any habitat where subpopulations of the species are known to occur is considered ‘habitat critical to the survival of the species’. Similarly, all subpopulations of the species are considered to be ‘important populations’ that are necessary for the species’ survival and recovery.

In 2000, approximately 30 Nielsen Park sheoaks were propagated from seed and planted in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, NSW; the Australian Botanic Garden at Mount Annan, NSW; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra, ACT (NSW NPWS 2000). The ex situ collections at Mount Annan (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016) and at the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG 2016) are intact and maintained.

Relevant Biology/Ecology Certain aspects of the biology and ecology of the Nielsen Park sheoak are unknown. However, given the species’ similarity to closely related Allocasuarina spp. and other members of the Casuarinaceae family, available information on the biology and ecological requirements of these species is likely to be relevant to the Nielsen Park sheoak (NSW NPWS 2000).

The Nielsen Park sheoak flowers from April to August, although many of the cultivated individuals planted in situ (in the species’ original habitat) have been known to flower during January and March. While virtually all of the known Nielsen Park sheoaks are dioecious, one cultivated individual planted in Nielsen Park is multi-stemmed and monoecious: the individual

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bears both male and female reproductive parts (NSW NPWS 2000). Exhibiting both monoecy and dioecy is common in Allocasuarina species (Wilson pers. comm. cited in NSW NPWS 2000). Like other species in the Casuarinaceae family, the Nielsen Park sheoak is wind pollinated. The number of cones produced by a fertile subpopulation is dependent on the number of female individuals present and the availability of pollen (i.e. the number of male individuals of the species or of other Allocasuarina spp. nearby) (NSW NPWS 2000). At several of the planted locations, there is little or no source of Nielsen Park sheoak pollen available. Therefore, it is likely that some of the seed present will belong to one or more hybrids of the Nielsen Park sheoak and the other Allocasuarina species present in the local area, the scrub sheoak or the black sheoak (NSW NPWS 2000).

Fruit of species in the Casuarinaceae family are referred to as samaras (winged nut-fruits). In the genus Allocasuarina, samaras are produced inside the woody cone and are held there by woody valves. Due to their seed-like appearance, the samaras of the relevant Allocasuarina species are hereafter referred to as ‘seed’. From observations, it is clear that the species grows rapidly, flowers and produces cones within approximately 2-3 years. They continue to grow and fruit vigorously for a few more years and then the growth rate slows. Tozer (pers. obs. cited in NSW NPWS 2000) observed that most of the fertile cultivated individuals planted in situ produced more than 100 cones each (two individuals had more than 500). By 10 years of age, there is little further growth; flower, cone and seed production is greatly reduced; and branches start to die (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016). The age of the original plants was considered most likely to be related to the occurrence of the last wildfire. Given that the two plants remaining at the original site in 1998 appeared to be very old and senescing 30 years after the estimated time of the previous fire, the longevity of the species was estimated to be 30 years (NSW NPWS 2000). While it seems that some individuals may be able to survive this long, they are senescent and will not have been producing fruit for many years (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016).

Seed viability and longevity in the Nielsen Park sheoak has not been specifically researched (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016). Seed of Allocasuarina species is generally viable for a long time (Wilson pers. comm. cited in NSW NPWS 2000). Seed of the scrub sheoak and dwarf sheoak may remain viable within fruits for up to 13 years (Pannell 1990 cited in NSW NPWS 2000). Seed removed from cones on the original plants in 1987 germinated readily in pots, which suggested high levels of viability in plants that were estimated to be 30 years old (Matthes & Nash 1994).

The fire ecology of the Nielsen Park sheoak has not been specifically researched (NSW OEH 2016) and the optimal fire frequency range for the species has not been confirmed (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016). However, as with all species in the Casuarinaceae family, the Nielsen Park sheoak is known to be a serotinous, obligate seeding shrub (NSW OEH 2016). The seed bank of a female individual or subpopulation is retained in the canopy. A small proportion of seed may be continuously released from the individual’s canopy (called seed rain) during its reproductive life (NSW NPWS 2000). However, greater proportions of stored seed tend to be released after an individual or a branch containing fertile cones dies naturally or as a result of disease, or when a fire of sufficient intensity burns through its canopy (NSW NPWS 2000). Pannell (1990) (cited in NSW NPWS 2000) identified that scrub sheoak and dwarf sheoak seedling establishment was higher in areas that had higher soil moisture levels and at sites that had been recently burnt, whereas seedlings were not observed in areas that had not been recently burnt. This is probably because the environmental conditions that are present after fire (e.g. increased light, increased organic and inorganic nutrients and higher available soil moisture due to reduced competition). These environmental factors are likely to be relevant to the Nielsen Park sheoak as it co-occurs with the scrub sheoak (NSW NPWS 2000). Given that germination of seed banks and recruitment of seedlings in a subpopulation is likely to be enhanced under post- fire conditions, the Nielsen Park sheoak is particularly reliant on fire as an environmental trigger for the regeneration of the subpopulation (NSW NPWS 2000). There is likely to be some viable seed after 2 - 3 years and senescent individuals from approximately 10 years of age may hold a store of viable seed up to more than 30 years of age. Given that senescence and a significant reduction in cone production have been observed in individuals of the species younger than 10

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years of age, the optimal inter fire frequency for the Nielsen Park sheoak is likely to range between 5 and 15 years (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016).

Given that the Nielsen Park sheoak is a sclerophyllous species, it is assumed that the species naturally occurred in a more open heath/woodland dominated by sclerophyllous species. The regeneration of such species is generally cued by the occurrence of fire. The habitats where cultivated Nielsen Park sheoaks have been planted in Nielsen Park and in the local area differ from the original habitat in terms of vegetation type, slope, aspect, soil depth, drainage and landscape position. As such, these habitats may or may not represent areas where the Nielsen Park sheoak occurred previously. It is unclear whether the species can carry out its whole lifecycle in these locations (NSW NPWS 2000). In addition, the cultivated sheoaks were not established in the Sydney Harbour National Park by natural means, but were planted during the inter-fire period when other plants in the habitat had long been established. The cultivated plants were watered, fertilised to improve the chances of surviving. It is uncertain whether these plants would have survived during the immediate post-fire period in competition with other regenerating species, without this assistance. Under these circumstances, the apparent success of the cultivated plantings in terms of plant size and fruit production does not necessarily indicate that these individuals are fit for survival at other stages of the lifecycle under natural conditions (NSW NPWS 2000).

Threats The main threats to the Nielsen Park sheoak are weed invasion/competition and a low frequency of moderate intensity wildfires. These threats are largely associated with the loss or modification of the species’ habitat due to changing land uses and management practices (NSW NPWS 2000).

Table 1 – Threats impacting the Nielsen Park sheoak in approximate order of severity of risk, based on available evidence.

Threat factor Threat type Evidence base Invasive species Weed known A site upslope from the original habitat of the Nielsen Park invasion/ current sheoak was used to deposit landfill from nearby building sites competition from 1975 to 1979 (NSW NPWS 2000). The species’ original habitat has been severely degraded with high densities of weed cover since the landfill site upslope was established. This indicates that weed seeds and other vegetative material, and probably nutrients, have been transported downslope from the landfill site to the original habitat mostly in surface runoff. It is not feasible to remove the landfill from the site. The weed cover in the species’ original habitat remains despite repeated episodes of weed removal over the last 20 years. The ground cover is primarily wandering creeper (Tradescantia fluminensis) with a lot of panic veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta). There appears to be little resilience in the habitat as few native species survive there other than mesic species, particularly sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum) (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016). Other weed species that have been recorded in the original habitat and adjacent areas since the the species was discovered are asparagus fern (Asparagus aethiopicus), common lantana (Lantana camara) (Matthes & Nash 1994), cape ivy (Delairea odorata), turkey rhubarb (Acetosa sagittata) and madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia) (NSW NPWS 2000).

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Threat factor Threat type Evidence base Fire Low frequency likely The last fire to burn through the species’ original habitat is of fire current estimated to have occurred 45 years ago (Matthes & Nash 1994; NSW OEH 2015). It is highly probable that, under a more frequent fire regime, the post-fire conditions required for the germination and recruitment of seedlings of sclerophyllous plant species, including the Nielsen Park sheoak, would have existed. Instead, the long inter-fire interval promoted the growth and dominance of the mesophytic species (flora suited to more moist environments) that are present in the original habitat, such as cheese tree and wild yellow jasmine (NSW NPWS 2000).

Hybridisation

Hybridisation likely There is some risk at all the sites as other species are present with other current (mainly A. distyla and A. littoralis) but signs of hybridisation with Allocasuarina regards to cone morphology has not been noted. No new plants have established from planted specimens so hybridisation in the species next generation has not been assessed (Ibbetson pers. comm. 2016).

Habitat loss, disturbance and degradation Habitat loss/ known It is likely that the Nielsen Park sheoak had a broader modification historic distribution along the foreshores of Sydney Harbour, which has due to been reduced due to habitat loss. The area that is now known as Nielsen Park was extensively cleared for cropping and grazing in changing land 1793 (Wellham cited in Matthes & Nash 1994). Nielsen Park uses was resumed in 1911 for public recreation and managed by the Nielsen Park Trust, and in 1970 was transferred to the management of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NSW NPWS) (NSW OEH 2013). There is evidence to suggest that the vegetation in the original habitat of the species has been greatly modified over the last 50 years or more and does not reflect the conditions under which previous generations of the species were distributed. Nevertheless, the original habitat remains the best, known representation of the physical environmental conditions that are suitable for maintaining the population dynamics of the species through all of its life-history stages (NSW NPWS 2000).

Park potential Some park management activities may have an effect on management current planted individuals. Three ex situ planting sites in Nielsen Park activities or and one site at The Gap bluff occur adjacent to tracks. Mowing, slashing, hazard reduction burning, the maintenance of tracks recreational and recreational use of parklands (e.g. movement, creation of use unofficial tracks or the disposal of litter) in these areas may cause harm to individuals of the species or their habitats (NSW NPWS 2000).

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Conservation Actions

Conservation and Management priorities

Weed management and habitat restoration

o Continue to implement the National Trust of ’ Bushland Restoration Plan for Nielsen Park sheoak habitat in Nielsen Park to manage weeds and restore sclerophyllous vegetation communities in the park.

o Devise and implement a weed management plan for the species to control the introduction and growth of all weed species that are known or have the potential to occur in all existing Nielsen Park sheoak planting sites, future translocation sites, and buffer zones established around these sites. Align the species’ weed management plan with the abovementioned Bushland Restoration Plan for Nielsen Park sheoak habitat in Nielsen Park.

o Modify the abovementioned plans, where necessary, to adapt to changing environmental circumstances.

Fire management

o Fires must be managed to ensure that prevailing fire regimes do not disrupt the life cycle of the Nielsen Park sheoak [or component flora of the species’ habitat], that they support rather than degrade the habitat necessary to the species, and that they do not promote weed invasion and growth.

o Develop and implement a fire management plan for the prescribed ecological burning of subpopulations of the species and their habitats in order to stimulate their natural regeneration and manage prescribed hazard reduction burns in a manner that accords with the specie’ ecological requirements.

o Given that the species is a serotinous obligate seeding shrub, the following principles should be adhered to in the fire management of the species: - Ensure that fires do not occur within populations before an accumulation of a seedbank large enough to replace* the number of fire-killed standing plants [*replacement should incorporate expected post-fire rates of seedling survival]. - Ensure that fires do not occur in winter or spring, avoiding the exposure of sub- mature seedling recruits to desiccating conditions. - Ensure that intervals between successive fires take into account the longevity of the standing plant population (note that serotinous seedbanks are unlikely to persist longer than the standing plant population). - Ensure that fires are sufficiently intense to ensure canopy combustion and trigger complete seed release from the cones in the canopy.

o Mechanical damage to the habitat and individuals of the species must be avoided during and after fire operations.

o Fire management should be accompanied by a carefully planned weed management strategy to control erosion and weeds, and post-fire monitoring and control measures should be implemented accordingly. Align the species’ fire management plan with the abovementioned Bushland Restoration Plan for Nielsen Park sheoak habitat in Nielsen Park.

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Avoidance of hybridisation

o Continue to record and remove all species hybrids from all populations and ex situ collections. Protect subpopulations of the species

o Continue to protect all Nielsen Park sheoak subpopulations and their habitats from accidental damage or destruction from activities such as mowing, slashing and hazard reduction burning, and through weed invasion, by creating and managing adequate buffer zones around those plantings.

o Continue to design, install and maintain fencing around all planting sites and their buffer zones in order to adequately prevent the encroachment of activities that may adversely affect the species in those areas.

o Continue to design, install and maintain appropriate walking tracks, where necessary, to redirect the movement of people around all planting sites and their buffer zones.

o In accordance with the EPBC Act and the TSC Act, assess all activities that may have a direct and indirect adverse impact on the species and implement measures to avoid them. Ex situ recovery action

o Maintain existing representative ex situ collections of propagated/cultivated individuals of the species for the continued restoration of existing subpopulations and future translocations, where deemed appropriate given the threat of hybridisation.

o Continue to collect and store seed from planted Nielsen Park sheoaks that are assessed as being genetically pure and viable. Record the source and parentage of all seed collected.

o Continue to collect stem cuttings from planted Nielsen Park sheoaks that are assessed as being genetically pure and propagate them for the ex situ collection. Record the source and parentage of all material collected.

o Continue to implement a translocation program following Vallee et al., (2004). Ensure that only genetically pure Nielsen Park sheoaks are selected from an appropriate ex situ cultivated collection and translocated to suitable ex situ planting sites in order to maintain genetic purity in those plantings.

o Continue to tag all planted individuals of the species with uniquely numbered tags (small numbered ring attached a small metal stake) and record their numbers and locations.

Stakeholder Engagement

o Identify opportunities for, and promote and support the involvement of community groups and volunteers in recovery activities for the species.

o Ensure that advice about the recovery and management requirements of the species is regularly provided to relevant NSW NPWS parks maintenance staff and contractors.

o Continue to update profiles of the species for public information as new information becomes available.

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Survey and monitoring priorities • Continue to monitor all individuals of the species (cultivated and germinated plants) and their habitats at all planting sites at six monthly intervals for the benefit of further biological/ecological research. Assess the condition of individual plants and their habitats, check for damage and disturbance from visitation pressure, such as rubbish dumping or unofficial tracks, and measure mortality (noting the identification number and approximate age of dead individuals), recruitment and reproductive/regenerative statuses of all subpopulations. If degradation to individuals of the species or their habitats is identified, take appropriate remedial action. Adapt management actions where required. • When any germinated seedlings are found at planting sites, collect a tissue sample for genetic analysis in order to determine whether it is a species hybrid. • Tag all newly identified seedlings of the species. Use a numbered brass tag attached to a stick ring placed close to the eastern side of the plant (if the distance from the plant is >10 cm, record the distance). Advise the NSW NPWS and the National Herbarium of NSW of all seedling identifications. • Undertake systematic targeted surveys in habitats suitable for the Nielsen Park sheoak to locate any new or unconfirmed populations.

Information and research priorities • Research key biological/ecological functions of the Nielsen Park sheoak. Confirm the species’ longevity and the timings of life history stages, particularly ranges in maturation and age at which the species senesces; the variability in the rate of cone production in mature female individuals; the longevity of seed and the current seed bank statuses at each of the plantings; the approximate floristic composition and structural characteristics of the vegetation communities in which species is likely to have naturally occurred; and the species’ fire ecology and what frequency and intensity of fire is likely to be appropriate for the species. • Continue the ongoing analysis of the genetic/taxonomic status (pure or hybrid species) of cultivated and germinated individuals and advise the NSW NPWS and the National Herbarium of NSW of the genetic/taxonomic statuses of new records. • Identify habitats that are deemed, through ecological research, to be representative of the types of sclerophyllous vegetation communities, which the species is likely to have inhabited and which are suitable for establishing additional translocated subpopulations. • Test the long-term viability of tissue-cultured material collected from cultivated individuals of the species. • Analyse demographic trends in each of the known planting groups (subpopulations) and their responses to relevant conservation actions. Compare with management histories and conduct population viability analyses. • Conduct an assessment to determine whether the soil horizons underlying the species’ original habitat in Nielsen Park contain abnormally high levels of nutrients or chemical pollutants and, if so, whether the old landfill site up-slope of the species’ original habitat was, and is likely to continue to be, the likely source of the soil contamination there.

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References cited in the advice

Matthes, M. & Nash, S. (1994). Conservation Research Statement and Recovery Plan for Allocasuarina portuensis. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Endangered Species Program, Canberra.

Ibbetson, P. (Regional Operations Group, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage) (2016). Personal communication.

NSW NPWS (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) (2000). Allocasuarina portuensis Recovery Plan. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville. Viewed: 4 April 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/allocasp.pdf.

NSW NPWS (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) (2013). Nielsen Park Conservation Management Plan Final Report, report prepared for the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney. Viewed: 8 April 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/parks/conservation/NielsenParkSHCMP.pdf.

Vallee, L., Hogbin, T., Monks, L., Makinson, B., Matthes, M. & Rossetto, M. (2004). Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia (2nd Edition). Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc., Canberra.

Wilson, K.L. & Johnson, L.A.S. (2000). Allocasuarina. In Harden, G.J. (ed.), Flora of New South Wales. Volume 1, Revised Edition, New South Wales University Press, Sydney, pp. 510- 517.

Other references cited in this advice

ANBG (Australian National Botanic Gardens) (2016). The ANBG Living Collection (Integrated Botanical Information System). Viewed on 16 May 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.chabg.gov.au/cgi-bin/stock?1000=CANB&1010=629991

NSW OEH (NSW Office of Environment and Heritage) (2015). Nielsen Park Sheoak - profile. Viewed: 4 April 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=10039

NSW OEH (NSW Office of Environment and Heritage) (2016). Help save the Nielsen Park Sheoak (Allocasuarina portuensis), Species conservation project summary. Viewed: 4 April 2016. Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/savingourspeciesapp/project.aspx?ProfileID=10039

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