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Therapeutic Effects of Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae for Management of Obesity

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Therapeutic Effects of Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae for Management of Obesity Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 19(4): 1-11, 2017; Article no.JPRI.37617 ISSN: 2456-9119 (Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759) Therapeutic Effects of Phytochemicals of Brassicaceae for Management of Obesity Abudukadeer Kuerban1*, Soonham Sami Yaghmoor2,3, Yaaser Q. Almulaiky4,5, Youssri Ahmed Mohamed1,2,6, Syed Shoeb Iqbal Razvi1, Mohammed Nihal Hasan1, Said Salama Moselhy1,3,7,8, Ayat B. Al-Ghafari1, Hadeel M. Alsufiani1, Taha A. Kumosani1,2,3 and Abdulrahman L-AL-Malki1,3,7 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 2Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 3Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 5Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Yemen. 6Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki –Cairo, Egypt. 7Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 8Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors SSM, TAK and ALA designed the study. Authors AK and SSIR wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors YQA, SSY and YAM reviewed and corrected the manuscript. Authors MNH, ABA and HMA managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2017/37617 Editor(s): (1) Vasudevan Mani, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia. Reviewers: (1) Dinithi Peiris, University of Sri Jayeardenepura, Sri Lanka. (2) Mohini Chetan Kuchekar, Pune University, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/21808 Received 22nd October 2017 th Review Article Accepted 4 November 2017 Published 8th November 2017 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Kuerban et al.; JPRI, 19(4): 1-11, 2017; Article no.JPRI.37617 ABSTRACT Cruciferous vegetables are rich in glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls and ascorbic acid which play a major role in the modulation of lipid metabolism and are therefore involved in the lowering of total cholesterol levels in the blood. Cruciferous diet has an inverse relationship with the obesity which has been attributed to the indoles and isothiocyanates derived from the glucosinolates, such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and sulforaphane. Obesity and overweight still remain one of the leading causes of “preventable” deaths worldwide exerting a great deal of strain on the healthcare systems. It is ironic to note that there are nearly 100 drugs available in the market for the obesity related diseases like hypertension, but only 6 medications have been approved for the treatment of obesity in the long run. Since obesity is a chronic and permeant disease, it puts an individual to a risk of 30 more chronic diseases like hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cancers, degenerative joint diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, there is a desperate need to find an alternative supporting strategy to support the current medications. In this communication, we have explored the role of phytochemicals from cruciferous diet in exerting hypolipidemic effects, which may open up nascent avenues for therapeutic intervention to tackle obesity. Keywords: Cruciferous; brassicaceae; hyperlipidemia; cholesterol; indole-3-carbinol; brassica; hypercholesterolemia. 1. INTRODUCTION to note that among the age group of 13–18 years, the prevalence of obesity in female was Obesity and Overweight have dramatically 12.1% and that of male was 13.8% [2,6]. It is increased in the recent times and have been agonizing to report that in GCC, an estimated recognized as a topic of considerable research 20,000 deaths per year take place due to obesity interest globally. Moreover, the adiposity goes and related comorbidities [5]. Obesity and undetected in significant proportion of population Overweight have been proved to be major risk in developed countries. In 2014 alone, more than factors for many chronic diseases, including 1.9 billion adults aged 18 years and older were diabetes [7], cardiovascular diseases [8], cancer overweight, of these over 600 million (11% of [9], obstructive sleep apnea [10] and men and 15% of women of the world’s adult osteoarthritis [11]. population) adults were obese [1]. People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (a measurement obtained Previously, obesity was considered as a problem by dividing a person's weight (in kilograms) by only in developed and affluent countries. But the square of the person's height in meters), is now, it has become a major concern in over 30 kg/m2 and with the range 25–30 kg/m2, developing, low- and middle-income countries, they are categorized as overweight [12]. Some particularly in urban settings. In Saudi Arabia, it East Asian countries use lower values than that has been reported that, from 1988 to 2005, the as mentioned above [13]. prevalence of obesity among young people increased significantly [2]. It is quite dejecting to In order to maintain the quality of life for the note that the incidences of pre-mature morbidity population and decrease the economic burden and mortality rate is rising exponentially. It has on the health system, there is an urgent need for been observed that the overall more powerful dietary strategies to keep obesity overweight/obesity prevalence has risen from related diseases at bay. With this perspective in 20% in 1996 [3] to 35% in 2005 to 59.4% in 2013 focus, considerable interest has been aroused [4] and nearly 75% of Gulf cooperation council worldwide to tap the hidden potential of dietary (GCC) population has been collectively included phytochemicals to help counteract obesity. [5]. Vegetables are major dietary source for The National Growth Study reported that the phytochemicals with potential anti-obesity overall prevalence of obesity in children and properties, with the types and levels varying adolescents from 5 to 18 years was 11.3%. markedly between species and even cultivar [22]. Among the age group of 5–12 years, the Cruciferous vegetables belong to the family of prevalence of obesity in females was 11% and Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many that of male was 7.8%. While, it was interesting genera, species, and cultivars being raised for 2 Kuerban et al.; JPRI, 19(4): 1-11, 2017; Article no.JPRI.37617 food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, valuable adjunct to reduce dietary energy in garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, brussels combating obesity. The relationship between sprouts and similar green leafy vegetables. The adiposity and inflammation is also being family takes its alternate name (Cruciferae, New gradually unraveled with the recognition that Latin for "cross-bearing") from the shape of their adipocytes also produce inflammatory cytokines, flowers, wherein the four petals resemble a suggesting that obesity induces an inflammatory cross. Cruciferous vegetables are one of the state which may lead to further disease dominant food crops worldwide. They are high in progression [21]. vitamin C, soluble fiber and they contain multiple nutrients and phytochemicals. 3. DIABETES AND CRUCIFEROUS DIET 2. OBESITY In the last few years, there has been a steep rise in the premature morbidity and mortality cases 2.1 Causes and Preventive Measures related to Type 2 diabetes (T2D). It has been estimated that the number of affected adults from Obesity is most commonly caused by a T2D will swell up to 439 million by 2030 [53]. The combination of excessive food intake, lack of increase in the calorie-rich foods like fast foods, physical activity, and genetic susceptibility [12] meat and animal products, sugar-sweetened [14]. Few cases are primarily attributed to the beverages have increased the risk of T2D in genetic makeup, while others are endocrine especially aging and more sedentary population. disorders and the rest are related to medications This has gathered the attention of researchers or prolonged mental illness [15]. The myth that globally to overcome this crisis by a suitable diet. “obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a Intervention of lifestyle by slight alteration in the slow metabolism” is invalid and unsupported [16]. dietary factors have proved to be beneficial in On an average, obese people have a greater reversing this global epidemic. In a recent study, energy expenditure than their lean counterparts it has been mentioned that the daily WHO due to excess energy required to maintain an recommended intake of more than 400g or 5 increased body mass [16,17]. portions of combined fruits and vegetables have been quite effective in reducing the incidences of Obesity can be effectively prevented through a T2D [54]. In a diabetes prevention program, it combination of social changes and personal was interesting to note that nearly 20% of the choices [12]. Changes in diet and exercise are population which aged 60 and above could the primary strategies [7]. Quality
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