The Glucosinolate/Myrosinase System: Variation in Glucosinolates, Hydrolysis Products, Transcript Abundance, and Quinone Reductase Bioactivity in Brassica Sp
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Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs During 2020–2024
IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0) ................................................................................................. 3 Acrolein (CAS No. 107-02-8) ....................................................................................................... 4 Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) .................................................................................................... 5 Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) ................................................................................................ 6 Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2) .................................................................................................. 8 Air pollutants and underlying mechanisms for breast cancer ....................................................... 9 Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxins ............................................................................. 10 Alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) (CAS No. 15972-60-8) .................................................. 10 Aluminium (CAS No. 7429-90-5) .............................................................................................. 11 -
Traditional African Vegetables: Directory of Research and Development Specialists
Neglected leafy green vegetables in Africa. Vol. 1. TraditionalTraditional AfricanAfrican Vegetables:Vegetables: DirectoryDirectory ofof ResearchResearch andand DevelopmentDevelopment SpecialistsSpecialists H. de Koeijer (compiler), J.A. Chweya and A.F. Attere netic t Ge Res lan ou P rc al e n s o I ti n a s t n i r t u e t t e n I IPGRI IPGRI is an institute of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Neglected leafy green vegetables in Africa. Vol. 1. TraditionalTraditional AfricanAfrican Vegetables:Vegetables: DirectoryDirectory ofof ResearchResearch andand DevelopmentDevelopment SpecialistsSpecialists H. de Koeijer (compiler), J.A. Chweya and A.F. Attere t Genetic Re lan so P ur al ce n s o I ti n a s t n i r t u e t t e n I IPGRI ii Traditional African Vegetable Workers Directory The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous international scien- tific organization, supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRIs mandate is to advance the conservation and use of plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. IPGRIs headquarters is based in Rome, Italy, with offices in another 14 countries worldwide. It operates through three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support Programme, and (3) the Interna- tional Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP). The international status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 1998, had been signed and ratified by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte dIvoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovak Republic, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine. -
Glucosinolates and Their Important Biological and Anti Cancer Effects: a Review
Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 11, No.1 2015 Glucosinolates and their Important Biological and Anti Cancer Effects: A Review V. Rameeh * ABSTRACT Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich plant metabolites of the family of Brassicace and other fifteen families of dicotyledonous angiosperms including a large number of edible species. At least 130 different glucosinolates have been identified. Following tissue damage, glucosinolates undergo hydrolysis catalysed by the enzyme myrosinase to produce a complex array of products which include volatile isothiocyanates and several compounds with goitrogenic and anti cancer activities. Glucosinolates are considered potential source of sulfur for other metabolic processes under low-sulfur conditions, therefore the breakdown of glucosinolates will be increased under sulfur deficiency. However, the pathway for sulfur mobilization from glucosinolates has not been determined.Glucosinolates and their breakdown products have long been recognized for their fungicidal, bacteriocidal, nematocidal and allelopathic properties and have recently attracted intense research interest because of their cancer chemoprotective attributes. Glucosinolate derivatives stop cancer via destroying cancer cells, and they also suppress genes that create new blood vessels, which support tumor growth and spread. These organic compounds also reduce the carcinogenic effects of many environmental toxins by boosting the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Keywords: Brassicace, dicotyledonous, mobilisation, myrosinase,sulfur. INTRODUCTION oxazolidinethiones and nitriles (Fenwick et al., 1983). Glucosinolates can be divided into three classes based on Glucosinolates are sulfur- and nitrogen-containing the structure of different amino acid precursors(Table 1): plant secondary metabolites common in the order 1. Aliphatic glucosinolates derived from methionine, Capparales, which comprises the Brassicaceae family isoleucine, leucine or valine, 2. -
Defence Mechanisms of Brassicaceae: Implications for Plant-Insect Interactions and Potential for Integrated Pest Management
Agron. Sustain. Dev. 30 (2010) 311–348 Available online at: c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2009 www.agronomy-journal.org DOI: 10.1051/agro/2009025 for Sustainable Development Review article Defence mechanisms of Brassicaceae: implications for plant-insect interactions and potential for integrated pest management. A review Ishita Ahuja,JensRohloff, Atle Magnar Bones* Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway (Accepted 5 July 2009) Abstract – Brassica crops are grown worldwide for oil, food and feed purposes, and constitute a significant economic value due to their nutritional, medicinal, bioindustrial, biocontrol and crop rotation properties. Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in Brassica crop production every year, and are a threat to global agriculture. In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica species themselves use multiple defence mechanisms, which can be constitutive, inducible, induced, direct or indirect depending upon the insect or the degree of insect attack. Firstly, we give an overview of different Brassica species with the main focus on cultivated brassicas. Secondly, we describe insect pests that attack brassicas. Thirdly, we address multiple defence mechanisms, with the main focus on phytoalexins, sulphur, glucosinolates, the glucosinolate-myrosinase system and their breakdown products. In order to develop pest control strategies, it is important to study the chemical ecology, and insect behaviour. We review studies on oviposition regulation, multitrophic interactions involving feeding and host selection behaviour of parasitoids and predators of herbivores on brassicas. Regarding oviposition and trophic interactions, we outline insect oviposition behaviour, the importance of chemical stimulation, oviposition-deterring pheromones, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, nitriles, and phytoalexins and their importance towards pest management. -
Volume 73 Some Chemicals That Cause Tumours of the Kidney Or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS VOLUME 73 SOME CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE TUMOURS OF THE KIDNEY OR URINARY BLADDER IN RODENTS AND SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES 1999 IARC LYON FRANCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances VOLUME 73 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 13–20 October 1998 1999 IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on Internet: http://www.iarc.fr/. -
Figure 1. Metabolism of Glucoraphanin and Glucobrassicin to Biologically Active Metabolites
Legend to Figures: Figure 1. Metabolism of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin to biologically active metabolites. (A) Sulforaphane is released from glucoraphanin by the plant enzyme myrosinase. Red dashed arrow marks the reactive carbon atom subject to glutathione conjugation. (B) Sulforaphane is metabolized via the mercapturic acid pathway into active metabolites. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) first conjugates a GSH molecule (Glu-Cys-Gly) to the reactive carbon on sulforaphane. Glutamate is then removed by γ- glutamyltranspeptidase (GTP), followed by removal of the glycine residue by cysteinylglycinase (CGase). Cysteine is then acetylated by an acetyltransferase (AT) to sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine, which is excreted in the urine. (C) Indole-3-carbinol is released from the glucosinolate glucobrassicin by myrosinase and undergoes spontaneous condensation in the acidic environment of the gut. Diindolylmethane (DIM) is the most abundant post-absorption acid condensation product. Acid condensation products can be modified further post-absorption. LTr1: Linear trimer 1. LTr2: Linear trimer 2. Structures from PubChem at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Figure 2. Selected non-epigenetic effects of sulforaphane and I3C/DIM on prostate cancer cells. Sulforaphane (SFN) and I3C/DIM inhibit the Akt signaling axis, a signaling pathway often hyperactive in prostate cancer. Inhibition of this pathway decreases pro-survival signaling by mTOR, Akt, and NFkB. Sulforaphane and I3C/DIM treatment also lead to changes in gene expression (blue arrow) that trigger growth arrest and apoptosis. The expression of proteins controlling the cell cycle (e.g. p21, p27, CDK6) are altered to effect growth arrest, and apoptosis is finally induced through the mitochondrial pathway. Abbreviations: AR – Androgen Receptor, CDK6 – cyclin dependant kinase 6, IAP – inhibitors of apoptosis. -
Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption on Urinary
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 997 Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption on Urinary Metabolites of the Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Singapore Chinese Stephen S. Hecht,1 Steven G. Carmella,1 Patrick M.J. Kenney,1 Siew-Hong Low,2 Kazuko Arakawa,3 and Mimi C. Yu3 1University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; 2Department of Community, Occupational, and Family Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and 3Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Abstract Vegetable consumption, including cruciferous vegeta- major glucosinolates in seven of the nine cruciferous bles, is protective against lung cancer, but the mechan- vegetables, accounting for 70.0% to 93.2% of all glu- isms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study cosinolates in these vegetables. There was a significant was to investigate the effects of cruciferous vegetable correlation (P = 0.01) between increased consumption consumption on the metabolism of the tobacco-specific of glucobrassicins and decreased levels of NNAL in lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- urine after adjustment for number of cigarettes smoked butanone (NNK) in smokers. The study was carried out per day; similar trends were observed for NNAL-Glucs in Singapore Chinese, whose mean daily intake of (P = 0.08) and NNAL plus NNAL-Glucs (P = 0.03). cruciferous vegetables is three times greater than that These results are consistent with those of previous of people in the United States. Eighty-four smokers studies, which demonstrate that indole-3-carbinol de- provided urine samples and were interviewed about creases levels of urinary NNAL probably by inducing dietary habits using a structured questionnaire, which hepatic metabolism of NNK. -
(Raphanus Sativus L.) Based on Comparative
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Insights into the species-specifc metabolic engineering of glucosinolates in radish (Raphanus Received: 10 January 2017 Accepted: 9 November 2017 sativus L.) based on comparative Published: xx xx xxxx genomic analysis Jinglei Wang1, Yang Qiu1, Xiaowu Wang1, Zhen Yue2, Xinhua Yang2, Xiaohua Chen1, Xiaohui Zhang1, Di Shen1, Haiping Wang1, Jiangping Song1, Hongju He3 & Xixiang Li1 Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their hydrolysis products present in Brassicales play important roles in plants against herbivores and pathogens as well as in the protection of human health. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of species-specifc GSLs and their hydrolysed products in Raphanus sativus L., we performed a comparative genomics analysis between R. sativus and Arabidopsis thaliana. In total, 144 GSL metabolism genes were identifed, and most of these GSL genes have expanded through whole-genome and tandem duplication in R. sativus. Crucially, the diferential expression of FMOGS-OX2 in the root and silique correlates with the diferential distribution of major aliphatic GSL components in these organs. Moreover, MYB118 expression specifcally in the silique suggests that aliphatic GSL accumulation occurs predominantly in seeds. Furthermore, the absence of the expression of a putative non-functional epithiospecifer (ESP) gene in any tissue and the nitrile- specifer (NSP) gene in roots facilitates the accumulation of distinctive benefcial isothiocyanates in R. sativus. Elucidating the evolution of the GSL metabolic pathway in R. sativus is important for fully understanding GSL metabolic engineering and the precise genetic improvement of GSL components and their catabolites in R. sativus and other Brassicaceae crops. Glucosinolates (GSLs), a large class of sulfur-rich secondary metabolites whose hydrolysis products display diverse bioactivities, function both in defence and as an attractant in plants, play a role in cancer prevention in humans and act as favour compounds1–4. -
'Pushing the Week' an Ethnography on The
‘PUSHING THE WEEK’ AN ETHNOGRAPHY ON THE DYNAMICS OF IMPROVING LIFE IN KIBERA: THE INTERPLAY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES THESIS MSC DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL INNOVATION WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH CENTRE THE NETHERLANDS KEYWORDS SLUM, NGO’S, UPGRADING, GRASSROOTS, UPWARD MOBILITY, IMPROVEMENT, AGENCY, INFORMALITY, TRIBALISM, SPATIALITY, ETHNOGRAPHY STUDENT EVA VAN IWAARDEN STUDENT NUMBER 870712-383060 [email protected] SUPERVISOR DR. B.J. JANSEN SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE [email protected] ABSTRACT The title of this research starts with ‘pushing the week’. This is the translation of the most eaten vegetable in Kenya and Kibera, a kale by the name of ‘sukuma wiki’ in Swahili. As this research progressed and life in Kibera was examined more closely, it seems that language around life and living in Kibera can be seen closely related to the name of this vegetable that is eaten almost every day. ‘We are just pushing ahead in life, another week, lets see where it takes us’. No matter what is written down about life in Kibera, another week starts, and another one, and another one… This research examines how women living in Kibera perceive improvement of life in Kibera. This topic is very dynamic, broad and has many ways in which it can be approached. It is impossible to merely ask some questions and draw conclusions about a space so dynamic and a population in all its diversity. As most slums worldwide, Kibera is a popular place for organisations to lend a helping hand, where community initiatives are plenty and where slum upgrading programs are implemented. -
Toxicity of Glucosinolates and Their Enzymatic Decomposition Products to Caenorhabditis Elegans
Journal of Nematology 27(3):258-262. 1995. © The Society of Nematologists 1995. Toxicity of Glucosinolates and Their Enzymatic Decomposition Products to Caenorhabditis elegans STEVEN G. DONKIN, 1 MARK A. EITEMAN, 2 AND PHILLIP L. WILLIAMS 1'3 Abstract: An aquatic 24-hour lethality test using Caenorhabditis elegans was used to assess toxicity of glucosinolates and their enzymatic breakdown products. In the absence of the enzyme thioglucosi- dase (myrosinase), allyl glucosinolate (sinigrin) was found to be nontoxic at all concentrations tested, while a freeze-dried, dialyzed water extract of Crambe abyssinica containing 26% 2-hydroxyl 3-butenyl glucosinolate (epi-progoitrin) had a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 18.5 g/liter. Addition of the enzyme increased the toxicity (LCs0 value) of sinigrin to 0.5 g/liter, but the enzyme had no effect on the toxicity of the C. abyssinica extract. Allyl isothiocyanate and allyl cyanide, two possible breakdown products of sinigrin, had an LC50 value of 0.04 g/liter and approximately 3 g/liter, respectively. Liquid chromatographic studies showed that a portion of the sinigrin decomposed into allyl isothio- cyanate. The resuhs indicated that allyl isothiocyanate is nearly three orders of magnitude more toxic to C. elegans than the corresponding glncosinolate, suggesting isothiocyanate formation would im- prove nematode control from application of glucosinolates. Key words: Caenorhabditis elegans, Crambe abyssinica, enzyme, epi-progoitrin, glucosinolate, myrosi- nase, physiology, sinigrin, thioglucosidase. Glucosinolates are naturally occurring position products or between decomposi- compounds found primarily in plants of tion products. the family Cruciferae, where they are An objective of this work was to quantify thought to serve as repellents to potential the toxicity to the free-living nematode pests (5,10). -
Benzyl Isothiocyanate As an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mary Allison Wolf [email protected]
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2014 Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mary Allison Wolf [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Biological Phenomena, Cell Phenomena, and Immunity Commons, Medical Biochemistry Commons, Medical Cell Biology Commons, and the Oncology Commons Recommended Citation Wolf, Mary Allison, "Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma" (2014). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 801. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Benzyl Isothiocyanate as an Adjuvant Chemotherapy Option for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biomedical Sciences By Mary Allison Wolf Approved by Pier Paolo Claudio, M.D., Ph.D., Committee Chairperson Richard Egleton, Ph.D. W. Elaine Hardman, Ph.D. Jagan Valluri, Ph.D. Hongwei Yu, PhD Marshall University May 2014 DEDICATION “I sustain myself with the love of family”—Maya Angelou To my wonderful husband, loving parents, and beautiful daughter—thank you for everything you have given me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Pier Paolo Claudio. He has instilled in me the skills necessary to become an independent and successful researcher. -
Broccoli Or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source Or Dose That Matters? Molecules and Cells, 24(19), 1-38
University of Dundee Broccoli or Sulforaphane Yagishita, Yoko; Fahey, Jed W.; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T.; Kensler, Thomas W. Published in: Molecules and Cells DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193593 Publication date: 2019 Licence: CC BY Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Discovery Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Yagishita, Y., Fahey, J. W., Dinkova-Kostova, A. T., & Kensler, T. W. (2019). Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters? Molecules and Cells, 24(19), 1-38. [3593]. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193593 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in Discovery Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from Discovery Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 molecules Review Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters? Yoko Yagishita 1, Jed W.