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United Nations Security Council Resolution, s/res/1343 (2001) “Fact Sheet 1: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration.” UNAMSIL , December 31, 2005. Accessed December 6, 2015. http://www.un.org/en/ peacekeeping/missions/past/unamsil/factsheet1_DDR.pdf . “Speech by the President of Sierra Leone His Excellency Alhaji Dr. Ahmad Tejan Kabbah at the Ceremony Marking the Conclusion of Disarmament and the Destruction of Weapons.” Lungi, January 18, 2002. INDEX 1

A Alie, Joe A. D., 3, 8n3, 8n9, 11, 29, Abacha, S., 264, 266, 272, 279–80 30n1, 184n2, 184n16, 288 Abdullahi, J. D., 304, 305 Alldridge, T.J., 28 Abidjan Peace Accord, 250–3, 261, Alleyne, John, 43 265, 272, 278–9, 291 All People’s Congress (APC), 185, Abiola, M., 279 186, 189–91, 195–8, 202, 205, abolition 213, 246, 319 of elected councils, 213–14 National Delegates Conference, movement, 66 197–8 Abolition Act, 119 regime, 215 Abubakar, M.C., 261 rule in 1992, 214 Abuja Accord, 315 Amadu, A., 284 Abuja II accord, 316 Amazing Grace , 6 ACRM . See Anti-Corruption American Missionary Association Revolutionary Movement of United States Congregational Act for the Abolition of Slavery Church, 168 (1833), 123 American peacekeeping mission, 289 Act for the Abolition of the Slave American Revolution, 59, 81, 179 Trade (1807), 122 American Union, 155 Adams, J. Q., 148, 152–60, 162 Amistad , 30, 128, 130, 132, 136, AFRC . See Armed Forces 137, 140, 152, 160 Revolutionary Council case , 146–8, 150, 152, 161 Afzelius, A., 104 survival mode on, 129

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to foot notes.

Amistad Africans, 127, 128, 131, Ashanti slaves, 109 133–9, 141, 143, 144, 147, 149, Ashmore, A., 71 161–3, 168 Athens of West Africa, 169 arrest of, 154 Ayamalechi, G., 276 defense of, 153 habeas corpus, 132–3 in prison, 146 B rights of, 152 Bacon, L., 135 transportation for, 162 Bai Bureh, 171, 173–5 Amistad Committee, 131, 135, Baldwin, R. S., 130–2, 136, 137, 141, 146, 162 147–50, 151, 152, 154, 162 Amistad revolt, 127 Bangura, A. O., 304 Amistad Slave Rebellion, 123 Bangura, A. P., 268, 289, 294, 320 Anafu, M., 252 Bangura, Brigadier John, 216 Anderson, A., 74 Bangura, M., 313 Anderson, I., 95, 99–101, 116–18 Bangura, T., 246 Anglicans, 168 Bangura, Yusuf, 224 Ann and Mary , 39 Banks, Joseph, 40, 60 Annan, K. , 311, 312 Banks, William, 40 Antelope Case (1825), 156–9 Banya, S., 269 Anti-Corruption Revolutionary Barrett Sr., L., 109 Movement (ACRM), 188 Barrie, H., 304 anti-slave trade laws, 68, 127, basaraka , 17 138, 146 Bataba-Ena, V., 305–6 enforcement of, 127 Bedie, H. K., 252 APC . See All People’s Congress Beech, Thomas, 36 Armed Forces Revolutionary Council Belle, Dido Elizabeth, 40, 41, 51 (AFRC), 260–4, 270, 274, 275, Bennet, R., 110 283, 284, 286, 287, 318 Berewa, S., 271, 275, 288, 289, 319 Arraganta , 157 Berlin Conference of 1885, 22 Article (5)(a), 316 Bible , 33 Article (6), 316 bilateral agreements, 159 Article 15, 110 Bill of Rights Society, 43 Article III, 291 Bintumani II conference, 245 Article IX Bio, J. M., 244, 245, 247 blanket amnesty of, 291 Bio, S., 278 of Pinckney’s Treaty, 147, 151 black autonomy, 167 Article VII, 7, 55 Black Poor, 59–60, 62, 63, 67–8, 70, Article X of the Treaty of Ghent 73, 82 (1814) , 158 resettlement of, 61 Article XII, 250 black race, dehumanization of, 77 Article XIV, 251 Blah, M. , 314, 315 INDEX 333

Blair, T. , 302 CDF . See Civil Defense Forces Blanco, Pedro, 122 CDF War Council, 269 Blyden, Edward, 24, 169 Ceasefi re Monitoring Committee, 291 Bockarie, S., 252, 253, 285, 293–5, Chalmers, David, 172, 178, 184n3 296, 314–15 Chief Justice, 190 Bomaru, 214 Christianity, 7, 21, 27, 80, 86, attack on, 218 115, 176 bondo society, 12, 13 in Sierra Leone, 168 Bongo, Thomas, 174, 176 Christian teaching, 80 Boroh, B., 304, 305 Church Missionary Society Bowie, J., 71 (CMS), 168–9 British Abolition Act, 122, 127 Cinque, J. , 162 British anti-slave trade laws, 146 Civil Defense Forces (CDF), 263, 266, British forces, 173 269, 284, 305 British Monarchy, 4 civilians, viii, 190, 196, 199, 218, 220–6, British Navy, 122, 123 228, 229, 232, 235, 236, 241, 243, British Royal Commission, 172 246–8, 262, 264, 270, 271, 276–8, British slave trade, 66, 121 284, 286, 288, 298, 305 British trademarked system of Indirect civilization, 21, 22, 77, 121, 169, 176 Rule , 170 civil society groups, 300, 302 Brown, 35 Civil Society Movement, 304 brown-brown, Sierra Leonean war, 224 Clapham sects, 168 Brussels Convention (1890), 22 Clarkson, John, 81–2, 83–8, 91, 92, Bullom , 9, 10, 27 94, 96–102, 122 Bunce Island, 4–7 Clarkson, Thomas, 51–2, 65–7, 69, 75, 81, 127 CMS . See Church Missionary Society C CNC . See Court of Native Chiefs Campbell, E., 117 coalition government, 186 Campbell, G., 316 concept of, 190 Campbell, Greg, 225 Coffi n, J., 84 Cardew, Frederic, 170–3, 175–8 Coleman, A., 252, 289 Carew, T., 268, 274, 276, 289 Collingwood, Luke, 49, 50, 52 Carleton, T., 80 Colombia , 157 Carr, C.E., 173, 174 colonial government, 196 Caulker, Thomas Neale, 175 Commission for the Consolidation of CCP . See Commission for the Peace (CCP), 293, 294 Consolidation of Peace; Committee for the Abolition of the Consolidation of Peace Slave Trade, 65, 66 CDC . See Court of District Committee for the Relief of the Black Commissioners Poor, 59, 60 CDCNC . See Court of District Commonwealth, 252, 262 Commissioners and Native Chiefs community crisis, 96 334 INDEX

Compaoré, B., 290 DDR program . See Disarmament, Conakry Peace Plan, 265–6, 270 Demobilization and Reintegration Conklin, S. , 129 (DDR) program Connecticut, 139, 162 de Bolas, J., 107, 108 Conneh, S. , 314 Deen-Jalloh, I., 253 Consolidation of Peace (CCP), de la Barca, C., 156 250, 253 Demby, J. , 259, 270, 271, 284, 293, Constitution (1991), 244 299, 306 Consultative Conference, 245 de Sintra, Pedro, 1, 2, 29 Conteh, B., 277 de Winton, Francis, 172 Conteh, H. , 259 Diaby, M., 253 Conteh, K. , 259 Dinka, B., 252, 259, 261 Conteh, Kellie, 226 Disarmament, Demobilization and Conté, L., 314 Reintegration (DDR) program , Coromantees, 109 295, 296, 298, 316, 317 corruption, 187, 189–95, 199, 202–4, Doe, Samuel K., 216, 260 207, 227, 248, 255, 273 Dolben Act, 70 consequences of protest, 63 Domingo, A., 80 court martial proceedings, 276 Domingo, S. , 79, 80 Court of District Commissioners Dorgboyosoi , 196–7, 205, 220 (CDC), 170 Dorman, Sir Maurice, 179 Court of District Commissioners and Drake, Sir Francis, 3 Native Chiefs (CDCNC), 170 Dred Scott case, 161 Court of Native Chiefs (CNC), 170 Dubois, I. , 88 Courts of Mixed Commission, 123 Duke of Buccleugh , 74 Covey, J., 133, 134, 144–5 Dumbuya, M. S., 269, 270 Crankapone, R., 117, 118 Dundas, H., 75 Craskell, T., 112, 113 Dunning, John, 41, 43, 45–7 criminal activities, 111 Duo, R. , 315 Crowther, Samuel Ajayi, 168–9 Durham University, 34, 169 Cuban slaves, 138 Duwai, P. M., 276 Cuthbert, J., 116

E D ECOMOG . See Economic Community Dallaire, R., 302 of West African States Monitory Dallas, R. C., 107, 111, 114 Group Dan Fodio, Usman, 25–7 Economic Community of West African Davenport, 41, 50 States (ECOWAS) , 217, 262–5, Dawes, W., 78, 79, 91–4, 95–7, 98, 269–71, 312 101, 102 Economic Community of West African Day, G. E., 135 States Monitory Group INDEX 335

(ECOMOG), 217, 260, 266–8, Fanti slaves, 109 271, 275, 283–5, 286, 287, 292, federalism, 155 294, 295, 297, 301, 318 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), ECOWAS . See Economic Community 12, 15 of West African States Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, 217–18 Edmonds, D., 117 Fernandez, Álvaro, 1 Ekutay , 203–4 Ferrer, R., 128, 140 “elections before peace”, 244, 246 Ferry, J., 134, 139 Electoral Commission, 199–200 FGM . See Female Genital Mutilation English Common Law, 36, 42 Findley, Alexander, 169 English Poor Laws, 59 Finoh, A., 289 EO . See Executive Outcomes “Flames of Peace”, 317 Equiano, Olaudah, 48 Foday, Emmanuel, 218 ethnic groups, 9–30 food shortages Bullom , 9, 10, 27 in Freetown, 106 Fula , 9, 18, 24–7 overcrowding and, 111 Gola, 9, 29 Footpaths To Democracy , 236 Kissi , 18 Foray, S., 268 Kono , 9, 18–19, 22 Fordham, P., 129, 145, 147 Koranko , 9, 23, 24 Fordham, S., 313 Krim , 9, 28, 29 Fourah Bay College, 168–9, 179, Krio , 29–30 192, 198, 214–15 Kru , 9, 29 Student Union, 206 Limba , 9, 17, 18, 21 Fraser, P., 64 Loko, 9, 14–15 Frederic, John, 72, 75–8, 79–80 Mandingo , 20, 23, 24 Freedom Fighters, 219 Mende , 9–12, 14–16, 18, 29 free slaves Soso , 9, 24, 27 in London, 59–60 Temne , 9, 11, 12, 15–17, 27 to Sierra Leone, 60 Vai, 9, 18–19, 29 Freetown Yalunka , 24 AFRC/RUF invasion of, 283–310 European Economic Community, 206 black settlers, 167 Executive Outcomes (EO), 242–3, coast of, 4 250–1, 253 educational institutions in, 168–9 Eyre, James, 36 free slaves in, 59–90 Krio member of, 171–2 location of, 2 F population of, 169 Fabai, E., 294 Protectorate Ordinance, 170 Falconbridge, Alexander, 2, 71–5, Sierra Leone, capital of, 167 84, 88 war and peace in, 91–126 Falconbridge, Anna Maria, 2, 8n1, 69 Freetown Cotton Tree, 284 336 INDEX

“Frenchman’s Bay”, 64 Hallabird, W. S., 137 Frontier Police forces, 169 Hanway, J., 59, 60 in Sierra Leone, 172 Happy Ark , 64 Fula , 9, 18, 24–7 Harpy ship , 105 Futa Jallon, 15, 17, 23–4 harsh methods, 201 Fyle, H., 278 Hartshorne, L., 82 Havana, 128, 138, 146 slaves in, 134–5 G Hawkins, Sir John, 3, 9, 29 Gaddafi , Muammar, 214, 215 heinous crimes, 220 Gallinas, Mande ethnic group, 9, 19, 27 Henry, P., 151 Gbaku , 17 Hick’s Hall in Middlesex, 40 Gberie, L. , 289 hinga (warrior), 13 Gbondema, K. , 294, 314 Hirsch, Ben, 226 Gborie, T., 260, 278 Hirsh, J., 259 Gedney, T., 129, 130, 132, 136, 137, Hochschild, Adam, 6, 8n11 141, 143, 147, 148, 154, 161 Horne, M., 78, 97 Geneva donor conference, 253 hostis humani generis , international law George, D. , 82, 118 principle of, 152 Gibbs, J. , 134, 145 House of Commons, 119 Gilbert, N., 97 House of Lords, 119 Gilpin, H. , 149 humanitarian crisis, 262 Glynn, Sergeant John, 43, 44 Human Rights Watch, 286 God, 33, 34, 37, 38, 48, 56 Hungerford, W., 132, 140, 141 Gola, 9, 29 Hut Tax war, 11, 167–84 Golley, O., 289 Gramby, T. , 277 Grampus ,147 I Green, H., 129, 145, 147 IMF . See International Monetary Fund Green Revolution, 206, 207 Independent Company, 110 Grenville, W., 75 Indirect Rule, British trademarked Griffi ths, A. E., 67 system of, 170 Griffi ths, E., 72, 79 INEC . See Interim National Electoral Grotius, H., 131 Commission GSG . See Gurkha Security Guards Ingersoll, R. I., 132, 137, 140, 141 guerrilla fi ghters, 108 Inglis, W., 145 Gurkha Security Guards (GSG), Interim National Electoral 241, 242 Commission (INEC), 244 Guthrie, J., 109 Internal Security Unit (ISU), 191 international community, 243, 252, 262, 269, 271, 287, 301, H 316, 318 habeas corpus, 132–3, 137 international humanitarian law, Hague, W., 66 violations of, 315 INDEX 337

International Monetary Fund (IMF), Kallay, F., 313, 314 204, 251 Kallon, M., 296 Irwin, J., 61–3 Kamajor , 235, 236, 254, 268–70 ISU . See Internal Security Unit Kamara, I., 294 Italian Commodity Aid programs, 206 Kamara, I. H., 289 Italian Government, 208 Kamara, Mariatu, 12 Kandeh, J., 245 Kanga, M., 259 J Kanina , 19 Jackson, J., 289 kantha , 15–17 Jalloh, A. M., 277 kapr , 15, 16 Jamaica, 35, 39, 40, 49, 50 Kapr Mesim , 16 Jamaican Maroons, 106–10 Karefa-Smart, J., 268 James, J., 111–12 Karimu, J., 246 Janes, W. , 130 Keita, A. M., 277, 314 Jarrett, J., 113 Kelsal, James, 49 Jocelyn, S. S., 131, 162 Kencuffee Maroons, 107–8 Johnson, Joseph, 174–5 Kennedy, John F., 179 Johnson, R., 268 Kent, J., 139 Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen, 29 Kenwood House, 40, 51 Johnson, Wallace, 179 Kerr, James, 35, 36 Joint Monitoring Commission, 291 Khobe, M. M., 270, 274, 275, 284 Joint Monitoring Group of Sierra kholifa Temne , 15 Leoneans, 250 Kilinde , 18 Jomo-Jalloh, A.B.S., 294 King Charles II, 4 Jonah, J. , 244 Kite, Sir Robert, 35 Jopp, L., 261 Kizell, J. , 118 Jordan, M., 116 Klein, Y. , 287 Judson, A., 130, 132, 145, 146 Knowles, John, 39 junta , 187 Koffi goh, K. , 289 justice, courts of, 170 Komrabai , 16 Justices of the Peace, 116 Kono, Mande ethnic group, 9, 18–19, 22 Koranko, Mande ethnic group, K 9, 23, 24 Kabba, Alie, 215–16 Koroma, A., 269 Kabbah, A. T., 246–9, 251–5, 319 Koroma, E. B., 319 Kabbah, T. , 261–75, 277–9, 283, 285, Koroma, J. P., 255, 260, 261, 266, 287–8, 288–91, 292–4, 297–300, 268, 293–5, 299, 300, 302, 303, 307, 311–13, 317, 318 305, 308, 315, 319 Kaigbanja, S., 289 Kouyate, L. , 289 Kaikai, F., 295 Kpaa Mende, 10–11 338 INDEX

Krio , 29–30 Lord Chief Justice Holt, 38, 46, Krio traders, 173–4 47, 51 Kromah, A., 268 Lord Chief Justice Wilmot, 38 Kunike Temne , 15 Lord Cornwallis, 7 Lord Dunmore, 53 Lord Mansfi eld, 40, 42 L Lord Mayor, 35, 40 Lagawo, R. E. S., 268 Loring, E. G., 148 Lahai, S. , 294, 303 Luawa states, 18 Laird, David, 35 Ludlam, T. , 116–18 Lamin, M., 289, 294, 298, 303 Ludlow, H. G., 135 Land of Liberty Sharp, 102 Lumpen , 224 Lapwing , 74 Lungi International Airport, 217 Laurens, Henry, 5–7 LURD . See Liberians United for Lavai , 11 Reconciliation and Democracy Lavalie, E., 269 Leavitt, J., 131, 162 Lee, S. , 100 M Leeward Maroon treaty, 110 Macaulay, Z., 102–4, 106, 167 Le Louis case, 122–3 Macbean, W., 35 Lewis, Sir Samuel, 171–2 MacKenzie, R. C., 241–2 Lewis, Thomas, 39–43, 47 Madam Yoko, 175 Liberia, Special Forces from, 219–20 Madden, R. R. , 146 Liberian rebel leader, 217 Mafwe, 174 Liberians United for Reconciliation Krio traders of, 173–4 and Democracy (LURD), 314 Magbele, Pa Suba of, 173 Liberian United Liberation Movement Malu, V. , 270 (ULIMO) , 268 Mammy Yoko , 175 Libyan government, 215 Mandela, N., 215, 289 Lieutenant Colonel Cunningham, 174 Mandingo, Mande ethnic group, Limba , 9, 17, 18, 21 20, 23, 24 Lion Mountains, 2, 4 Mandinka Empire, 20–3 Lisle, David, 34–6, 38 Mane warriors, 9, 10, 14, 15, 27, 29 Littleton, W. H., 111 Manga Sewa, 20 Loko, Mande ethnic group, 9, 14–15 Mano River Union, 314 Lomboko, 19, 122, 127 mansa , 23 Lomé amnesty, 293 Mansa Kama, 23, 31n26 Lomé Peace Accord, 290–2, 293, Mansaray, Rashid, 215 295, 298, 299, 302, 303, 311, Mansaray, S., 289 312, 315 Mansfi eld, James, 44 London corporation, 5 Margai, Milton, 178–83 London Evangelical Christians, 168 Margai, Sir Albert, 185–6, 191 INDEX 339

Margai, Sir Milton, 13, 180, 185, 213 Nanny, A. , 107 Maria, A., 72, 73, 76, 83, 84, 88, 89, Nannytown, 110 91, 92, 94–9, 102 Napoleon of Africa, 23 Maroons National Advisory Council (NAC), 247 converted to Christianity, 115 National Aid Coordinating Secretariat settled in Nova Scotia, 115–16 (NACS), 207 Marshall, A., 313 National Commission for Marshall, J., 143, 157–9 Disarmament, Demobilization and Massaquoi, G., 306 Reintegration (NCDDR), 295 Matturi, S., 289 National Commission on Human Meade, R. , 129, 140, 161 Rights , 251 mechanized mutilation scheme, 246 National Consultative Conference, Mekunagbe, Anthony, 218–19, 221 243, 249, 288 Mende Hut Tax war, 174, 196 National Delegates Conference, 197–8 Mende, Mande ethnic group, 9–12, National Democratic Party (NDP), 189 14–16, 18, 29 National Diamond Mining Company Middleton, C., 62 (NDMC), 195 Miles, T. , 83 National Interim Council (NIC), 188 military coups, 187, 188 National Patriotic Front of Liberia military prowess, 20, 175, 314 (NPFL), 223, 235 Mills, S., 106 rebel movement, 219 Minah, F., 304 Special Forces, 219–21, 225 Mingo, D., 314 National Provisional Ruling Council Momoh, J. S. , 198–209, 213, 217, (NPRC), 241–4, 245, 254, 313 244, 268, 272, 278, 279 forces, 235–6 Monrovia, 216–17 rebels and, 235–6 Montez, D. P. , 128–30, 132–4, 140, National Reconstruction and 145, 147, 160, 161 Development, 290 Moore, A., 118 National Reformation Council Morrison, M., 307 (NRC), 187–8 Movement for the Restoration national security, 274 of Democracy (MRD), 261 National Union of Sierra Leone Musa, F., 253, 294 Students (NUSS), 262 muskets , 65 National Unity Party (NUP), 246 transportation process of, 68 nationwide work boycott, 197 Myro , 68, 69 Native Affairs Department, 170 Nautilus , 64 NCDDR . See National Commission N for Disarmament, Demobilization NAC . See National Advisory Council and Reintegration NACS . See National Aid Coordinating NDMC . See National Diamond Secretariat Mining Company Naimbana, H., 16, 78 NDP . See National Democratic Party 340 INDEX

Neutral Monitoring Group, 250 Operation Tigerhead, 270 “New Order”, 202 Ordinance 14 (1898), 178 Newton, John, 6 Organization of African Unity (OAU), NIC . See National Interim Council 195, 252, 262 Nigerian forces, 260 Oswald Corporation, 5 Nigerian military reinforcement, 261 Oswald, Richard, 5, 6 Norman, S. H., 254, 259, 266–8, 269, 299 Nova Scotia, 118 P Maroons settled in, 115–16 Pademba Road prison, 260, 269 settlement in, 114 Palmer, J., 113–14 Nova Scotians, 91, 92, 99 Pan-African movement, 214 NPFL . See National Patriotic Front Pandemba Road prison, 255 of Liberia paramilitary force in 1973, 191 NPRC . See National Provisional Paramount Chiefs, 170 Ruling Council Parkes, Ernest, J. C., 172–3 NRC . See National Reformation Parkinson, L., 114 Council Parliamentary Inquiry, 121 NUP . See National Unity Party Parr, J., 80 NUSS . See National Union of Sierra Pa Suba of Magbele, 173 Leone Students Patrick, F., 118 Nyagua, 11 PDF . See Popular Democratic Front Nyumah, Tom, 235 PDP . See People’s Democratic Party Peace and Liberation Party (PLP), 319 peace process, 312, 318 O Peace Rally, 302–3 OAU . See Organization of African Unity Peace Task Force, 302–4, 305 obai , 15 peace treaty, 109–10, 112 oboma , 16 Pedro Blanco, 127 Okelo, F., 288, 289 Pendleton, S., 135 Okra Hills, 313 Penfold, P. , 259, 261, 266, 267, 272, “Old Man Eloquence”, 160 294, 299, 301 Olusoga, D., 123 “People’s Army”, 260 O ma kono kanina , 19 People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 246 one-party system, 191 People’s National Party (PNP), 178 1967 elections, 185–8, 190, 192 Pepys, R., 92, 93 Operation barras , 314 Perkins, C., 95, 99–101 Operation Black December, 270 Perth M., 104 Operation Khukri , 312 Peters, S., 85 “Operation No Living Thing,”, 286 Peters, T., 74–5, 80, 81, 85 Operation Palliser, 301 Pieh, S. , 127–30, 131, 135, 145–7, Operation Sandstorm, 270 152, 160, 162 INDEX 341

Pinckney’s Treaty, 147, 149, 155, 162 rebel movement, 219 Article IX of, 151 reconciliation commission, 251 inapplicability of, 156 reconstruction and revitalization pioneer Christians, 168 processes, Freetown, 119 PL480 . See Public Law 480 Rediker, M., 123 PLP . See Peace and Liberation Party Rediker, R. , 131, 146 PMMC . See Precious Metal Mining Reider, Victor, 215 Company Reid, J. , 68, 74 political maturity, 200 Religious Education Committee, 135 polygamy, 14, 119 Republic of Sierra Leone Military Pomona , 70, 71 Forces Act , 277 Popular Democratic Front (PDF), 215 Resolution 1132 (1997), 264 poro society, 12 Resolution 1231 (1999), 288 Portuguese, 1, 3, 5, 7 Resolution 1289 (2000), 297 postcolonial political fi asco, 185–212 Resolution 1299 (2000), 311 Pratt, C., 133, 134, 145 Resolution 1306 (2000), 312 Precious Metal Mining Company Resolution 1315 (2000), 315 (PMMC), 195 Resolution 1343 (2001) Prerogative of Mercy, 277 Article (5)(a) of, 316 Prince Edward, 179 Resolution 1346 (2001), 316 Protectorate Ordinance, 170, 172, 176 Revolutionary United Front (RUF), Protestants, 168 215, 219, 223, 236–7, 241, Province of Freedom, 60, 64, 65, 67, 245–7, 249, 250, 255, 260, 263, 70, 81, 82 268, 283–5, 287–9, 290, 292, Public Law 480 (PL480), 206–7 293, 298, 299, 305, 311, 312, public nuisance, 60 315, 317 Puerto Rico, 3 rebels, 220 Revolutionary United Front Party (RUFP), 320 Q Richards, D., 301, 302 Queen Elizabeth, 3 Robinson, J. , 116, 117 Queen Masarico, 10, 11, 14, 27 Rogers, S. Y. B., 289 Queen of Spain, 132–3 Rokel estuary, 2 quid pro quo , 172 Roman Catholics, 168 Quiwonkpa, Thomas, 216–17 Rowe, S. E., 289 Rowley, J., 81 Royal African Company (RAC), 4, 5 R Royal Commission in Sierra Leone, RAC . See Royal African Company 173, 175–8 rag-tag rebels, 219 Royal Irish Regiment, 313 Ramsey, J., 67 Rubin, E., 242 rebellion, 196 RUF . See Revolutionary United Front 342 INDEX

RUFP . See Revolutionary Sewa Mende, 10–11 United Front Party Seyle Yorfendeh Development Ruiz, J. , 128–30, 133, 134, 140, 145, Company , 207–8 147, 160, 161 Sharp, Archdeacon, 37 Sharpe, Wilfred S., 171, 173 Sharp, G., 60–2, 65, 67–72, 74–7, 80, S 81, 85, 121 Sadler, F., 109 Sharp, Granville, 180 saints, 168 fi ght to free slaves, 33–58 SAJ Musa, 268, 285–6 Sharp, William, 34 Sanda Temne , 15 Shelpidi, T., 284 Sandline Affair, 267 Sherbro, 9–11, 27 Sankoh, A., 260, 266, 278 Sheriff, J., 117 Sankoh, F. , 241, 247, 249–53, 255, Sherman, S. G., 129 260, 278, 279, 285, 291–300, Sierra Leone, 127 303–8, 311, 312, 315, 318 approach, 179 Sankoh, Foday, 214–17, 220–2, civil war, 217–18 236, 237 discovery of, 1–8 Freedom Fighters, 219 fate of, 179–80 NPFL forces, 223–4 government of, 236–7 NPRC, 235 military, 216, 222 revolutionary force, 224–5 New York Embassy building, 208–9 São Tomé , 49 revolutionaries, 216 SAP . See Structural Adjustment Supreme Court of, 205–6 Program Sierra Leone Action Movement for the Sapes , 9 CDF (SLAM-CDF), 267–8 Saro-Wiwa, K., 279 Sierra Leonean civil war, 317 savage African religions, 168 Sierra Leonean confl ict, 319 Savage, H., 71, 74 Sierra Leonean law, 315 Sayang, Kukoi Samba, 216 Sierra Leone Bar Association, 204, Schama, Simon, 34, 53, 57n1, 58n22, 209, 245 58n32, 58n37, 167, 184n1 Sierra Leone civil war, 252 Schaw, C., 114 Sierra Leone Company (SLC), 2, 75, Scott, W. , 122 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 88, 91, 92, SCSL . See Special Court for Sierra 94, 95, 97–100, 102, 105, 106, Leone 116–18, 120, 121, 167 Security Council Resolution 1343 management, 168 (2001), 315 Sierra Leone Constitution (1991) Sedgwick, G.R., 108–9 Section (63) of, 277 Sedgwick, Jr., T., 132 Sierra Leone Grammar School, 169 Sedgwick, T., 147, 162 Sierra Leone Labor Congress Sesay, I., 315, 316 (SLLC), 197 Sesay, K., 289 Sierra Leone Labour Congress, 261 INDEX 343

Sierra Leone Military Forces, 253 Smeathman, H., 60, 61 Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP), Smith, A., 116, 118 246, 319, 320 Smith, E., 141 Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP), Smith, J. , 157 178, 185, 186, 190, 205 Smith, L. , 117 Sierra Leone Ports Authority, 208 Society for the Education Sierra Leone Produce Marketing of Africans, 106 Board (SLPMB) , 207–8 SOFA . See Status of Force Agreement Sierra Leone Selection Trust (SLST), 193 sofa (cavalry), 20–3 Sierra Leone Teachers Union, 261 Sokoto Caliphate, 25, 26 Sierra Leone Timber Industry and Solima Yalunka, 20–1, 24 Plantation Company (SILETI), Somerset, James, 39, 47, 59 207, 208 Soso, Mande ethnic group, 9, 24, 27 Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation sowe , 12, 13 Commission (SLTRC) , 188, 189, Spain, slavery in, 132–3 194, 199, 214, 216, 221, 242, Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), 253, 267, 295, 297, 302, 305, 259, 315, 319 306, 319 Special Forces, 221, 222 SILETI . See Sierra Leone Timber Special Security Division (SSD), Industry and Plantation Company 191, 196–8 simongama , 14 brutality of, 191–2 Sinclair, M., 118 Special Security Services (SSS), 314 single-party bill, 191 Spencer, J., 284 Single Party Constitution, 195 SSD . See Special Security Division Sinnah, S., 277 SSS . See Special Security Services Sir William Dolben Act (1788), 70 Staples, S. P., 132, 137–43, 147, 162 slavery, 82, 162 Stapylton, Robert, 39, 41 reduction in, 151 State of Economic Emergency, 204 slave trade, 120, 127, 133, 159 Status of Force Agreement abolition of, 70 (SOFA), 266 Ashanti and Fanti slaves, 109 Stevens, Siaka, 186–92, 194–205, 213 British involvement in, 69 Stewart, Charles, 39 in Havana, 134–5 St. George’s Bay, 64, 67–71, 75 slave transportation process, 127 Story, J., 161 SLC . See Sierra Leone Company Strand, J., 96 SLLC . See Sierra Leone Labor Strasser, E. M., 241–5, 247, 251 Congress Strasser, Valentine E.M., 226 SLPMB . See Sierra Leone Produce Strong, Jonathan, 34–6 Marketing Board Structural Adjustment Program SLPP . See Sierra Leone People’s Party (SAP), 206 SLST . See Sierra Leone Selection Trust Suluku, Almamy, 21 SLTRC . See Sierra Leone Truth and Sumba , 10, 27 Reconciliation Commission summum bonum , 34 344 INDEX

survival mode, 129 U Swift , 67 UDP . See United Democratic Party ULIMO . See Liberian United Liberation Movement T Umkhonto We Sizwe , 215 tailored approach, 214 UNAMIR . See UN Mission in Rwanda Talbot, Charles, 36–8 UNAMSIL . See United Nations Taney, R. , 161 Mission in Sierra Leone Tappan, L. , 130, 131, 148, 162 UNDP . See United Nations Tarawallie, A., 24, 242 Development Program Tarbet, Alexander Francis, 173 Union Jack, 65, 84, 121, 122 Tasso Island, 4 United Democratic Party (UDP), tax evasion, 178 189–91 Taylor, C. , 81, 82, 84, 216, 219, 290, United National Front (UNP), 178 296, 297, 312, 314, 315 United National People’s Party Taylor, J. , 68, 69 (UNPP), 246 Teçora , 127, 128 United Nations (UN), 262 Temne , 9, 11, 12, 15–17, 27 United Nations Development Program Temne-Soso war, 173 (UNDP), 247 Terrible Ones , 242 United Nations Mission in Sierra Terrorism, 227, 242, 279 Leone (UNAMSIL), 295–9, 301, in Freetown, 106 304, 306, 307, 311, 316–17 testimony of Bau, 128 United Nations Observer Mission in Thompson, S., 132, 136, 138–40, Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL), 288, 141, 143, 144 292, 295 Thompson, T. B., 61, 62, 64, 65, 68 United States, slavery in, 132–3 Thompson, T. P., 121, 122 United States Congregational Thornton, H., 75, 76, 78, 98 Church, American Missionary Thornton, Henry, 168 Association of, 168 Tilghman, W. , 139 Universal Declaration of Human Tilley, J., 71 Rights , 251 Tolley, U. D., 117 UN Mission in Rwanda Touré, Samori, 11, 20–3, 30n18, 31n24 (UNAMIR), 302 Tower of London, 7 UNOMSIL . See United Nations Townsend, Jr., A., 135 Observer Mission in Sierra Leone Transatlantic Slave Trade, 33, 128 UNPP . See United National People’s Treaty of Paris, 7 Party Trelawney, E., 109 UN Security Council, 264, 288 Trelawney Maroons, 113–14 UN Security Council Resolution 1132 Tucker, Nancy, 175 (1997) , 267 Turay, A., 303 UN Security Council Resolution Turay, E., 246 1270 , 295 INDEX 345

U.S. Act Prohibiting the Importation secondary school in, 169 of Slaves (1807), 120 West African Youth League US anti-slave trade laws, 138 (WAYL), 179 US Constitution, 149 West Side Boys, 312–13, 314 US judicial system, independence Whiteman’s grave, 168 and neutrality of, 149 Wilberforce, D.F., 27–8 Wilberforce, W., 65–71, 75, 81, 168 Wilcox, M. N., 130 V Wilkes, John, 43 Vai, Mande ethnic group, 9, 18–19, 29 Wilkinson, M., 82 Van Buren, M., 146, 147, 154 Willcox, N., 146–7 Vandy, P. , 294 Willes, Edward, 50 Vassa, G., 48, 62–3, 64 Williams, S. S., 307 Vega, A. G., 145 Williams, T., 259 Venezuelan commission, 157 Windward Maroons, 110 Vice Admiralty Courts, 122 World Bank, 204 violence, of Maroon attack, 108 Wurie, Amadu, 179 violent confl icts, 117

Y W Yachts, Hylas, 38 Wallace, William, 46 Yalunkadu, 24 Walpole, G., 114 Yalunka, Mande ethnic group, 24 Wansey, N., 116–18 Yoni Temne , 15, 172 War Council in Exile, 263, 267 Yorke, Philip, 36–8 Washington, G., 137 Yoruba , 169 Watering Place, 2, 64 Weaver, R., 67, 68 Wedgwood, J., 69 Z Wesleyans, 168 Zizer, A., 116 West Africa, 167 Zong , 49