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Based Fisheries Management on Coral Reef Communities of American Samoa

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Based Fisheries Management on Coral Reef Communities of American Samoa EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY- BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ON CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES OF AMERICAN SAMOA by Zoë Andrews Msc Marine Environmental Protection 2004 (Rare blue coral Heliopora, Ofu lagoon, American Samoa) University of Wales, Bangor Supervisor Dr J. Turner School of Ocean Sciences University of Wales, Bangor ABSTRACT ___________________________________________________________________________________ EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF COMMUNITY-BASED FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ON CORAL REEF COMMUNITIES OF AMERICAN SAMOA ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the effects of protection on coral reef communities at CB MPA (Community-based Marine Protected Area), federal (Statutory) MPA and non MPA sites in American Samoa. The population in American Samoa is rapidly increasing which places an increased pressure on the marine environment. A community-based fisheries management programme (CBFMP), administered by the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources (DMWR) was implemented in 2001. By establishing MPAs in the participating villages, the programme aims to improve sustainable development of marine resources by improving habitat quality and increasing fish abundance. Key objectives of the study were to provide a quantitative description of coral reef benthic communities in terms of substrate cover, abundance of coral species and key macro-invertebrates. The Point-Intercept transect method was performed to quantify the percentage cover by substrate and hard coral species along 5 replicate 25m transects at each survey site. The ecological software PRIMER was used to understand and document the present status of each benthic community surveyed by multivariate analysis techniques. A total of 42 species of coral were recorded; Massive Porites, Porites cylindrica, Porites rus, Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora microphthalma and Pavona frondifera comprised the majority of coral cover throughout the study area. These dominating branching and massive species reflect the extreme exposure to waves on the reef flat. Coral cover ranged from 11% at Aua control to 68% at Alofau reef flat and Fagatele Bay, and was found to be positively correlated with fish abundance. No significant difference was found between CB MPA and non MPA sites in reef substrate cover and coral species abundance. This suggests that location rather than protection is responsible for differences in coral cover at the sites. Furthermore, the success of MPA performance will vary on a case-by- case basis, depending on the social, environmental, biological and physical factors involved. The aim of this study was accomplished, however not all CB MPA sites were surveyed due to time constraints. CB fisheries management should continue to be pursued. It may not initially increase habitat quality, but it is important in sustaining and enhancing fish populations. Zoë Andrews Bala Mill 21 Ffrydan Road Bala LL23 7RY [email protected] i DECLARATION __________________________________________________________________________________ DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. This dissertation is being submitted to the University of Wales, Bangor in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MSc Marine Environmental protection. This dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed by candidate …………………….......... Date …………………………………………... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Ray Tulafono and the staff of the Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources for providing the facilities and resources during the field work of this study. Without their help and support this study would not have been possible. In particular, special thanks to Lesley Whaylen for organising and implementing many of the field logistics, and for all her help and enthusiasm in the field. I am also grateful to Doug Fenner for all his help and advice with coral identification and for providing many of the underwater photographs; Chris Hawkins for providing project ideas and initially setting up the project; and Troy Curry for his technical help and advice with GIS. My thanks also go to Risa Grace Oram, Francesca Riolo, Selaina Vaitautolu, Pora Toliniu, Peter Craig, and Charles Birkeland for their assistance and advice during my stay in American Samoa. I would like to thank my supervisor John Turner for his help and guidance in the preparation of this project. My deepest thanks go to Mark for his continual encouragement, support and patience, and for keeping my spirits high through such a challenging time. I am also extremely grateful to my family and friends for all their support and enthusiasm, with special thanks to Alice for all her enthusiasm, help and advice during the past 6 months and for making our trip to American Samoa such a memorable time. Fa'afetai tele lava. iii LIST OF CONTENTS ___________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF CONTENTS Abstract Declaration Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Plates List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1 INTRODUCTION Page 1.1 Aim 1 1.2 American Samoa 1 1.2.1 Location 1 1.2.2 Origin and Geography 1 1.2.3 Economy 3 1.2.4 Climate 3 1.2.5 American Samoan Islands 4 1.3 Marine Environment 5 1.3.1 Hydrography 5 1.3.2 Coral Reefs 7 1.3.2.1 Status of Coral Reefs 7 1.3.3 Coral Reef Fish Communities 7 1.3.3.1 Relationship between Fish and Coral 8 1.3.4 Algae 9 1.3.5 Fishing 9 1.3.6 Key Macroinvertebrates 12 1.3.6.1 Giant Clams 12 1.3.6.2 Crown-of-thorns Starfish 13 1.3.6.3 Sea Urchins 14 1.3.7 Water Quality 14 1.3.7.1 Pago Pago Harbour Special Management Area 17 1.3.8 Population Increase 17 1.3.9 Threats to Coral Reefs 18 1.4 Coastal Management 19 1.4.1 Marine Protected Areas 19 1.4.1.1 Uses of Marine Protected Areas 20 1.4.2 Marine Protected Areas in American Samoa 20 1.4.2.1 Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary 21 1.4.2.2 National Park of American Samoa 23 1.4.3 Community-based Fisheries Management Programme 24 1.4.3.1 Aua 27 1.4.3.2 Alofau 27 1.4.3.3 Auto & Amaua 27 1.4.3.4 Vatia 28 1.5 Underlying Rationale 29 1.6 Objectives 30 iv LIST OF CONTENTS ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Collaboration with Outside Body 32 2.2 Survey Sites 32 2.2.1 Location of Survey Sites 32 2.2.2 Description of Survey Sites 32 2.2.3 Site Selection 36 2.3 Habitat Description Methods 36 2.3.1 Point-Intercept Transect Method 36 2.3.2 Macrobenthic Invertebrate Survey 39 2.3.3 Environmental and Physical Parameters 40 2.4 Survey Site Descriptions 41 2.5 Statistical Analysis 52 3 RESULTS 3.1 Reef Substrate 54 3.1.1 Reef Substrate Cover 54 3.1.2 Site Similarities 54 3.1.3 Environmental Parameters 60 3.1.4 Comparison of MPAs and non MPAs 61 3.2 Coral Species Abundance 63 3.2.1 Coral Cover and Species Richness 63 3.2.2 Diversity Indices 66 3.2.3 Site Similarities 68 3.2.4 Relationship between Coral Species 74 3.3 Substrate and Coral Species Abundances 75 3.4 Key Macroinvertebrates 78 3.5 Relationship between Coral and Fish 79 3.6 Site Evaluation 84 4 DISCUSSION 4.1 Reef Substrate 86 4.2 Coral Species Abundances 90 4.3 Reef Substrate and Coral Species Abundance 95 4.4 Key Macroinvertebrates 95 4.5 Relationship between Coral and Fish 96 4.6 Effects of Protection of Coral Reef Communities 99 4.6.1 Success of CB MPAs 102 4.7 Summary 103 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Management Recommendations 105 5.2 Limitations of the Present Study 106 5.3 Conclusion 106 6 REFERENCES 108 7 APPENDICES v LIST OF FIGURES __________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of South Pacific showing the location of American Samoa and the adjacent independent country of Samoa. Figure 1.2 Map of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Figure 1.3 Map of Manu’a Islands, American Samoa. Figure 1.4 Potential Total Economic Value of coral reefs in American Samoa. Figure 1.5 Destructive fishing methods damaging the coral reefs in American Samoa. Figure 1.6 Most common food collected from the reefs in American Samoa. Figure 1.7 Population growth in American Samoa. Figure 1.8 The villages currently participating in the Community-based fisheries management programme. Figure 1.9 The extension process for the Community-Based Fisheries Management Programme in American Samoa. Figure 1.10 Boundaries of Aua marine management area. Figure 1.11 Boundaries of Alofau marine management area. Figure 1.12 Boundaries of Auto & Amaua marine management area. Figure 1.13 Boundaries of Vatia marine management area. Figure 2.1 Map of the main island of Tutuila, American Samoa, showing location of each survey site. Figure 2.2 Map of the Manu’a Islands, American Samoa, showing location of survey site. Figure 2.3 Satellite image of Masefau indicating the location of the 5 transects. Figure 2.4 Satellite image of Vatia indicating the location of the 5 transects. Figure 2.5 Satellite image of Alofau indicating the location of the 5 transects. Figure 2.6 Satellite image of Alofau indicating the location of the 5 transects. Figure 2.7 Satellite image of Faga’itua indicating the location of the 5 transects. Figure 2.8 Satellite image of Auto & Amaua indicating the location of the 5 transects.
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