5 4 3 2 1 ContractNo.DG133C07NC0616 The objectives of this chapter were to: The objectivesofthischapterwereto: the CommunityBasedFisheriesManagementProgram (KingandFaasili1998,Samuelu2003). Samoa must be made available for analysis, but at present many are proprietary at the village level as part of able in American Samoa are needed to inventory the protected habitats of Samoa. Second, MPA boundaries in in needoffurtherdevelopment.First,benthicmaps similarinspatialscopeandcategoricaldetailtothoseavail- a key part of the MPA landscape in the archipelago as demonstrated in Chapters 3 and 4, two key datasets are In thischapteroftheassessmentwefocusouranalysisonlyonMPAs of American Samoa.WhileSamoais tion atanyonesite. protection within each region thereby reducing the risk to the network that is associated with localized degrada- is theideathatthereshouldbemorethanoneMPA ineachdistinctbiogeographicregion.Replicationspreads least part of each distinct biogeographic region should be included in a ‘complete’ network of MPAs. Replication including biogeographicrepresentationandreplicationwillbeaddressed.Representationisthe idea thatat the regioninpreviouschaptersandappendicesofthisassessment,keyconceptsMPA networkdesign encompassed byallMPAs. Basedontheavailabledatasetsusedtobroadlycharacterizebiogeographyof vidually, throughbriefsummariesofeachMPA, and thencollectively, throughanalysisofthecombinedarea elements. Here we seek to summarize what aspects of the coral reef ecosystem are protected by MPAs indi- passes is critical for assessing the scope of current protection and thoughtfully designing additional network MPAs of encom- network multifaceted this that resources habitat and coral, fish, of variety the Understanding verse mosaicofmarineresourcemanagementintheregion(See Text Box:SummaryofMPA Programs). agement authorities.Eachcontributestothedi- protection regulations,andhavedifferent man- lengths oftime,haveawiderangesizesand objectives, havebeeninexistencefordifferent pendent processesandthereforehavedifferent MPAs in the network were created through inde- different the of Many significance. international level tonationalprotectedareasandthosewith chipelago fromthevillageandlocalcommunity a diversityofMPAs nowinplaceacrossthear- concepts inSamoaand American Samoawith federal agencieshaveeagerlyembracedMPA promote longtermresiliency. Multiplelocaland reef sustainabilitywithinMPAs, managerscan different areasandraisingawarenessissueson moting particular resource uses and activities in sustainable reef ecosystems. By limiting or pro- MPAs) are considered key tools for maintaining Areas (hereafterreferredtocollectivelyas Marine Protected Areas andMarineManaged Introduction The ExistingNetworkofMarineProtected Areas in American Samoa 3) Summarize the area of reef ecosystem, by bottom type and reef type, that is currently protected relative to 3) Summarizetheareaofreefecosystem,bybottom typeandreeftype,thatiscurrentlyprotectedrelativeto 2) EvaluatethedistributionofMPA sitesinthecontextofbiogeographicregionsand ecologicalhotspots MPA of existing all each to of relative features key other and habitats, corals, fishes, reef the Characterize 1) American Samoa/Departmentof Marine andWildlifeResources NationalPark of American Samoa FagateleBayNationalMarine Sanctuary Matthew Poti NOAA/NOS/NCCOS/CCMA BiogeographyBranch NOAA/NOS/NCCOS/CCMA/Biogeography BranchandConsolidatedSafetyServices,Inc., Fairfax,VA, underNOAA American Samoa overall. American Samoaoverall. defined inChapter4andidentifykeyareasnotcurrently inthenetwork. American Samoa. 1 , MatthewS.Kendall 2 , GeneBrighouse 3 , TimClark Selaina Vaitautolu Photo credit:MattKendall,NOAA Biogeography. Image 19.FagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuarysign. 4 , KevinGrant 5 3 , LucyJacob 5 , Alice Lawrence , Alice 5 , MikeReynolds 4 and and page 123 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 124 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas NPS andvillage leaders. subsistence fishing by native American Samoans using traditional tools and methods in accordance with rules established by the with the territorial DMWR and the individual villages. Management of the NPSA maintains traditional Samoan customs consultation and in allows NPS the by managed NPSAis The villages. local the with lease a of approval awaits additions these of lishment NPSAthe to Olosega and Ofu of islands the of portions of estab- addition Formal the 410qq-1). authorized U.S.C. Congress (16 2002 In 1997). (NPS Ofu of coast south the and Tutuila study on Ta’u feasibility areas and the the by – identified units separate 3 of consists NPSAcurrently The 410qq). U.S.C. (16 world” the around from visitors by forest tropical Samoan the of resources the Samoan tropicalforest, and, consistent withthe preservation of these resources,to provide for the enjoyment of the unique re- cultural and archaeological of and balance ecological the forest preserve foxes, flying of tropical habitat the maintain to the reefs, associated of and protect Samoa, of American sources and “preserve to 1988 in Congress by designated was (NPSA) Samoa of American Park National the NPS, the of recommendation Under 1988). (NPS additions future possible as suggested were Ofu, of coast south the including park. areas, national Additional a in inclusion for Ta’u)criteria of the portion met best that Govern- the and leaders village ment of with American Samoa, consultation the NPS and identified twoprocess areas (north-centralthis Through Tutuila from 1988). Vatia Bay(NPS to Fagasapark Bay andnational the south-central a in inclusion for areas these of suitability the assess to and Samoa in American in study resources cultural feasibility and natural a significant of conducted areas NPS identify to the 1986-87 Congress, of direction the Under 1). U.S.C. (16 generations” future of enjoyment the life thereinandto provide for the enjoyment of the same insuchmannerandby such meansas will leavethem unimpaired for the wild objects and historic and and thenatural to “conservethescenery (NPS) wascreatedin1916 Park Service The National National Parks accordance withtheNMSA (16U.S.C.1431etseq.,ProclamationNo.8337). in FBNMS to added be shall Monument National Rose Marine the Atoll of areas marine the 8337, Proclamation Presidential per Also, designation. sanctuary of worthy significance national of qualities possess they if determine to criteria NMSA using areas ONMS of attention in 2009. meetings via public Athe Group oftheSanctuary Working SiteSelection of thesuggested each evaluated Council Advisory to brought were areas potential Additional C.F.R.922.100-104). (15 Commerce of Department Samoa American the through TerritorialGovernment the with co-managed is and 1986 in designated was (FBNMS) Sanctuary Marine National Bay Fagatele the Samoa, In American seq.). et as- 1431 U.S.C. (16 natural areas” these inhabit the that resources living of of semblage services, ecological and habitat, the generations future for “maintain to and environment”, marine the of tion apprecia and understanding, awareness, public “enhance to resources”, marine of use sustainable and wise and management, marine sanctuaries (16 U.S.C. 1431 et seq.). The Sanctuaries Program is intended to “improve the conservation, understanding, “conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archeological, educational, or aesthetic qualities” as national their to due significance” national “special with environment marine the of areas protect and designate to amendments) sequent The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS) is authorized by the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA, 1972 with sub- National MarineSanctuaries Federal orederal/Territorial Co-ManagedMPAs (ASCA §18.0214). At presenttimetheOfuVaoto Territorial MarineParkhasnoenforcement,monitoring,ormanagementplan. legislation in 1994 to protect the “unique coral reef wildlife habitat while enabling the public to enjoy the natural beauty of the site” territorial by established was that Park National the of unit Ofu the to adjacent park marine small a is other The Reserve. Marine established in 1985 at Alega Bay by a local restaurant owner, Tisa Fa’amuli. This reserve is hereafter referred to as Alega Private TwoMPAs additional arepresent in listed above.Oneisaprivatereserve Samoa butarenotpartoftheformal programs American Other TerritorialMPAs Community-Based FisheriesManagementProgram(under ASAC §24.1001)toenforceno-takeregulations. the under authority the using currently No-Takeis MPAThe Program 2008). Oram 2000, (Sunia areas no-take of network a of MPA Program is to “ensure protection of unique, various, and diverse coral reef habitat and spawning stocks” through the creation Sunia’s recommendation to protect 20% of American S ASAC §26.0221. - - Figure 5.1. Table 5.1, Appendix D). vate marine reserve,three Special Management Areas (SMAs), and one Territorial MarinePark (Figure 5.1, Park units,onepri- Marine Sanctuary(NMS),threeNational Wildlife Refuge(NWR),oneNational National one No-TakeProgram (CFMP)Reserves, Management MPA,(MNM), one Monument National oneMarine MPAsin existing 2011.as ofJanuary Samoa American 23 the Fisheries Community-Based eleven This included for documents implementation and shapefiles) (GIS maps boundary obtained we Group, User GIS WorkingMPAwith local practitioners,the Island Program, and Zone Management Coastal Samoa American Inventory ofexistingMPAs Methods E T x was taskedwithinitiatingtheprocessofaddingmarineareasMNMtoFagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuary (NOAA). gave However, Proclamation NOAA was The given management responsibility complex. for fisheriesCommerce outsidemore of ofDepartment thethe NWR,is with andconsultation thein MNM SecretaryMNM ofthe for Commerce the responsibility management (USFWS) Interior of of Department the management but USFWS, by exclusively managed Presidential is by NWR The established 431). was NWR Atoll Rose the includes which Proclamation 8337 to (MNM), protect objects of historic and scientific interest under the authority of Monument the Antiquities Act of 1906 (16 National U.S.C. Marine Atoll Rose 2009 In public sinceitsestablishmenttoprotectthefishandwildlifeinrefuge. agreement between the American Samoa Government and the USFWS (RANWR cooperative 1974). Rose a Atoll NWR through has been 1973 closed to the in established was (NWR) Refuge Wildlife National Atoll Rose Samoa, American In 668dd-668ee). U.S.C. (16 Americans” of generations future and present of benefit the for States United the within habitats their and resources plant and wildlife, fish, the of restoration appropriate, where and management, conservation, the for waters and lands of network national a “administer to amendments) subsequent with (1966, Act Administration System Refuge Wildlife National the through fish, enhance and protect conserve, to others, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for with the continuing benefit of theworking American people. In 1966 Congress authorized the USFWS is, mission (USFWS) Service Wildlife and Fish States United The National WildlifeRefugesandMarineMonuments u Po i t s u l t o i l i R R F N C F O A A a a n Am

a a l S o o a o f g a e F u g g se se t m n

a F a

g i

D a a M o n g a d V a m a g a t m

n O

a Au A A P e

v m a P a u e m o l a C A t t a L e ExistingMPAs in American SamoaasofJanuary 2011. l o o n r t a n l

l e o i

s o

o P l l i va l o S u B o l l t

n y- a

' M N M N p N a u e t r

o e y B e o F a k P a a -T a c

- a t a r r N M o g i T a i l i i o a se a n a n k f a a

a t n

e S l e e e A ke

t

r a d M M l M i

e o i m P N n

l A

P

B n F a W M a e A a e a a n i r

sh y t r P R k l a i i i

o l ca N d M A g e e n M l e se i a r a n S f i m e r e l

i S r

M n s e R ve a e n M o e m

t n S f

a A u o u a n g r a m n e a e

ct ( a g e

N ( s e n u N P

m t a (

W S S ( r N e M y M A PSA R n N ( ) t ) A N

0 M U P

s) M T r n u ) o S t i u t g i s ) l a r a

U N m n F u i a ' t

M u g ( u a C a l i H t n

u Pa F Pa e a ' u a 5 rb M g

l n & V a o o e P a

r SM a Pa t Au i SM ) a

g R a A o A e Al se e g r a ve M Am & a 1 Au s s 0 a a u t u o a s

i Al o

Sa 15°S 14°S 13°S 12°S 11°S f a i u l e l e Ao S a w a i 1 n 7 s 1 ° I W sl a Au n d n u ' u 2 0 K i 0 l o m 1 7 e 0 t e ° W r s 5 M 0 M O 0 a a f ri u n n

u V e a '

1 a Pa o 0

0 t I o r sl 5 k 1 N a 6 9 PSA n ° R d W o s s

O e 1

f At 0 u

o U 2 l n l R

0 M i 0 t o N se M 1

6 At 8 ° o W R l l o N s 2 e W 0 K

3 At R i 0 l o 0 o K m N l i l l e o PSA t m e r e s . t 1 e

6 T r s 7 a ° ' u W ±

U n i t page 125 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 126 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas possess high coral cover and relatively more abundant and diverse fish communities compared to other to compared communities fish types. hardbottom reef habitats”. as “coral to collectively referred These four bottomtypesarehereafter diverse and abundant more relatively and cover coral high possess patch reefs,andspur andgroovewhichalltypicallyhavehighstructural rugosityandoften reef, aggregated of onlythe highestqualityreefhabitats. structure typesrepresentative reef, patch aggregate These include by those of allcoralreefandhardbottom structuresarediscussed,followed the relativeproportions wherein benthic habitats withineach MPA to those of American Samoaoverall. A approach wastaken hierarchical summarized theareaswithin eachMPA by structuretypeusingpiecharts andcomparedtheproportionsof B, NOAA(Appendix to asreefslope),andbank/shelf referred crest, forereef(locally NCCOS2005).We feature’s position ontheinsularshelfandincludes13mutually exclusivecategoriessuchaslagoon,reef bottom typessuchaspatchreef,pavement, andsand,2)“zone”whichreferstoeach mutually exclusive 2 attributes: 1) “structure” which refers to predominant physical compositionof the feature andincludes15 polygons insideeachMPA. Benthic mapsfor American Samoa categorizebottom features onthe basis of of American Samoa (AppendixB,NOAAwere usedtoclipportions ofhabitat NCCOS2005).Boundaries tected within eachMPA. Boundary mapsof each MPA were overlaiduponrecentlycompletedbenthic maps pro- communities coral and fish, reef habitats, ecosystem reef the on is profile site each of focus main The socio-economic monitoring, community involvement, and current and future projects, is provided in Appendix D. individual MPA including implementation, purpose, management practices, fishing regulations, biological and list ofregulations. for acomplete be consulted each siteshould Aof each description morecomprehensive for documents designation Original site. the establishing for reasons ecological the or fishing to pertain that in ArcGIS (Figure 5.2). In addition, key natural resource regulations for each MPA are listed, specifically those Piggery ComplianceProgram(ASEPA PiggeryComplianceProgram2011) usingthenaturalbreaksfunction km adjacent toeachMPAin watersheds using fourcategories(high=>50pigs/ isnoted.Pigdensitydescribed pigs areamajorsourceofaffectingnearshore pollution coralreefecosystems,thedensityof domestic pigs Protection Environmental 2000a-c). Inaddition,because Consultants Planning Agency in2000(Pedersen from the tion wasobtained WatershedSamoa American for the prepared Plan Protection Samoa American erosion andrunoff potential, andnotablehumanuseimpacts(e.g. major sourcesof pollution). This informa- lands that may impact thesizeandcondition ofdensity,marine environmentincludingwatersheds,population of MPA date,andrationale.We size,location,implementation characteristics ofadjacent alsoidentifygeneral ic setting. For each 2-page profile, we first provide an overview that includes a site map and short description For each MPA, we created a site profile that summarizes key information focused on the MPA’s biogeograph by accuracy their correspondingmanagementauthorities. for confirmed and GIS, the in necessary as modified reviewed, then were boundaries These Table 5.1.ExistingMPAs in American SamoaasofJanuary2011. Marine NationalMonuments Management Program Community-Based Fisheries MPA Program/Type National MarineSanctuaries System National WildlifeRefuge Samoa National Parkof American Private MarineReserves No-Take MPA Program Territorial MarineParks Areas Management Special 2 , medium=12-50pigs/km Federal/Territorial 2 Government Co-Managed , low=<12pigs/km Territorial Territorial Territorial Territorial Level of Federal Federal Federal Private ASCMP, villages DMWR, villages NOAA, USFWS NOAA, ASDOC Management DPR, DMWR Alega village 2 Authority , and zero) assigned to watersheddatafromthe , andzero)assigned ASEPA AS NPS USFWS DMWR loa, Sailele,Vatia Po- & Faganeanea, Masausi, Matu’u Fagamalo, 11:& Auto, Aoa, Aua, Alofau, Amanave,Amaua Sites (No.,Locations) 1: Rose Atoll 1: 1: FagateleBay 3: Ofu, Ta’u,3: Tutuila 1: Fagamalo 1: Rose Atoll 1: 1: Alega Bay 1: Alega 3: LeonePala,Nu’uuliPagoHarbor 1: Ofu - sound comparisons are provided but are not compared to but arenotcompared are provided comparisons sound the spatial In addition, overall. Samoa American pie charts.Surveyresults forMPAs(see Chapter4)using Samoa overall American withtoofew sitestomake the proportionsofhigh, medium,andlowvalueswithineachMPAfor werecomparedtotheproportions on mapswiththeMPA boundaries,andsummarizedinpiecharts. ForMPAs withfour ormoresurveysites, plotted MPA variables, each coral within and sites fish Survey for low or medium, high, as categorized were in eachprofileforthoseinterestedmoredetailed sitecharacterization. methodology,of surveys.Consequently, ortiming noted but are in theanalysis not included are suchstudies methodology,due todifferencescomparison island-wide but those studies didnotenable insite selection, can Samoawereused.ManyMPAswith customizedstudiesand more individually arealsocharacterized datasets withmany,Samoa; therefore,only sites around spread widely Tutuilaof or theotherislands Ameri- of American rest the MPA to each relative describe to only was goal Our methods). classification and data and fish richness classified into high, medium, and low categories (see Chapter 4 for a description of survey cover,coral 4: Chapter in biomass, considered fish those richness, as coral same the were variables These We MPA each at variables coral and fish reef general evaluated also to compared overall. Samoa American monitoring around American Samoa. the fore reef, a high-value and reef zone which gleaners, has the greatest by diversity of reef fish use and is the village focus of most for reef habitat this of importance the to due flats, reef on focused description but charts andcomparedthe proportions of these reefzonesto American Samoaoverall. All zonesareprovided Similarly,of thecoralreefandhardbottomstructureswithineachMPAthe zonation wesummarized inpie Figure 5.2. Densityofpigs(pigs/km having high,medium,orlowpigdensityusingthenaturalbreaksfunctionin ArcGIS. Pig Density (pigs/km2) 100 120 140 80 40 60 20 0

1

2 high 3 4 5 6 7 8 2

) in piggeries by watershed for watershed Tutuilaby Watershedswatersheds. piggeries as Manu’a in classified and ) were 9 10 11 12 medium 13 14 15

Watershed 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 low 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 zero 38 39 40 41 page 127 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 128 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas provide thestrongestlevel ofprotection,completeno-take. MPAs of parts MPAs or which identified we addition, In area. overall larger much a but habitats reef of tion than anMPAreef area protect asmaller may actually but thatisverysmall habitats propor thathasalower MPA reef an of because proportion significant high is a protected. This has area that total the consideration overall networkandalsotocomparetheproportions ofbenthichabitatsamongtheMPAs whiletakinginto MPAof each contributions the relative us toevaluate allowed charts inthismanner of pie the size ing tothe size of the habitatpiechartfor each MPA relative to the totalareaof potential reefecosystemwithinit. Scal- MPAs in American Samoahaveawiderangeof sizes. We compared thesizesamongMPAs by scalingthe Size andregulatorycomparisonsamongMPAs as gapsincoverage. mine whichwerealreadyrepresentedintheMPA network andwhichlacked anMPA and maybe considered of =10). Boundaries theexistingMPAshotspots to andecologicaldeter- were overlaid onto theBioregions (n richness fish and 10), = (n biomass fish 6), = (n richness coral Bioregions), 10 = n in (hotspot cover coral hotspots ecological 4).Thirty-six (Chapter corals among these and 20 Bioregions have been fish defined relative to reef American Samoa overall for of each of four variables: distribution the on based “Bioregions”) The coastlineof regions (termed distinct biogeographic into 20ecologically American Samoacanbedivided Which biogeographicregionsandecologicalhotspotsarerepresentedintheMPA network? take restrictionsandwithotherfishingrestrictions. reef habitatwith no- coral reef ecosystem and of potential the proportions charts showing provided we also tected relativetothetotalareaofcoralreefhabitataround American Samoa. Along withthesecomparisons is pro- reef habitat much coral how to examine reef category the coral only using this comparison repeated substrates (mud, reef rubble,rock/boulder),andunconsolidatedsandwithscatteredcoral/rock, sand).We and groove),otherhardbottomtypes(pavement,pavementwithpatchreefs,sand channels, into majorgroups. These were coralreefhabitats(aggregatereef, patch reef, aggregated patchreefs, spur 150 mdeep. by structuretype.Forsimplicity,Areas werecategorized were aggregated somemapcategories B). For most MPAs this is the same valueas the total area sincethey only encompassregionsshallower than Coral Ecosystems2010, (Bare etal.2010,Mesophotic in theregion reef communities mesophotic Appendix and photic for limit depth the approximates which m, 150 than shallower areas as defined was ecosystem MPAs, weusedapiecharttosummarizethetotalareawithinMPAs versustheareaoutside.Potentialreef To evaluatetheproportionof the totalareaof potential reef ecosystem in American Samoaprotectedby How muchof American SamoaisprotectedintheMPA Network? destinations forcoralandfishlarvaearealsonoted. oftheMPAthe Bioregion and sources 3 onpotential Key resultsfromChapter those inotherBioregions. and fish and coral variables analyzed in Chapter 4 and any similarities between the fish and coral communities in reef the for status “hotspot” the is noted 4. Also Chapter in data coral and fish of analysis archipelago-wide Last, for each MPA we identified the biogeographic region (hereafter “Bioregion”) in which it lies based on the summary variablesdescribedaboveforevaluatingsites. than onewithonlyafewsurveys). As aresultoftheselimitations,ouranalysiswasfocusedonmoregeneral inconsistency intotalareasurveyed(e.g. an MPA with 30surveysinsideit will havea much largerspecieslist was notpossible.Second,theverydifferent levelsofsurveyeffort among theMPAs haveresultedinsevere methods usedamongstudiesandlackof consistent specieslevelinformation,creating rarefactioncurves different survey very the of because First, reasons. main two for information this include not did profiles our for eachMPA,observed of species numbers lists andcumulative species be usefultocompile While itwould noted. distribution of survey siteswithinMPAs was evaluatedandkeylocationswheregreatereffort is required are - amounts inthereefcrestandforenone inthecompletelyenclosedlagoonarea. lesser with flat, reef the in mostly is contrast in Island Swains at hardbottom and reef zones. coral shelf The reef andhardbottomisinthebackreef,whereas ~10%isineachofthereefcrest,forereef,andbank/ Island andRose differentAtoll, arealsofundamentally features. At Rose Atoll, almost two-thirdsofthecoral to Islands compared the Manu’a around Tutuila. in atolls The twosteep-sided Samoa, Swains American zone flat reef the in is hardbottom and reef coral of percentage greater a shelf, narrower the of result a As and bank/shelfbasinzonesnotfoundontheotherislands. around theManu’aIslandsandincludespinnacle Manu’a Islands. However, the bank/shelf around Tutuila extendsmuchfarther from the shoreline thanit does American Samoa. The progression ofto reef zonesfromshorelineslopeissimilarfor Tutuila andthe of the islands among with shelfgeomorphology structures varies hardbottom reef and of coral The zonation tion ofzones). B Figure B.1 for cross sec- (Figure 5.3b,see Appendix shelf escarpment zones bank/ and flat reef the of each is in ~10% reef, and zone, ~20%isinthefore in the bank/shelf is found Samoa around American coral reefandhardbottom half ofthe zone. Nearly gal plaininthebank/shelf American Samoaisal- benthic habitataround ity (~60%)ofthemapped ly. However, themajor- of thearea,respective ing ~7%, ~6%, and ~5% reefcover- and aggregate reefs, spurandgroove, patch with aggregated as hardbottomstructures, almost twiceasmucharea Coral reefstructurescover 5.3a). (Figure can Samoa thic habitataround Ameri- 400 km 400 prise ~30%of the almost structures togethercom- Coral reefandhardbottom Results: BENTHICABITATS OF AMERICAN SAMOA 2 of mapped ben- ofmapped - (a) <1% ofthetotalmappedareaarenotshown. representing Structure typesorzones reef zone. each in hardbottom reef and of coral Proportion structure typesin benthic of mapped Figure 5.3.(a)Proportion (b) Samoa overall. American Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Benthic Structure Type Total Mapped Area by Aggregated Patch Reefs Patch Aggregated Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual 1% 59% 9% ~394 km 1% 5% 2 ~29% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~29% of 7% 6% Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 7% 2% (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Rock/Boulder Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent * small percentages of back reef, back reef, small percentages of * Reef Flat ~115 km (9%) reef crestnot shown aksefbsnpnal and pinnacle basin bank/shelf 2 Fore Reef (22%)

basin Scattered Coral/Rock Scattered Sand with Artificial Sand Unknown Bank/Shelf , pinnacle (49%) Escarpment Bank/Shelf (10%) , and Deep Water

Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral ieVle o ahVariable: each for Values Site Fish Biomass Fish Ric Fish Biomass Fish page oa oe Coral Ri Coral Cover 129

Survey Sites ChapterValues 5 - Marine Protected Areas

for

each CCR CC BFR FB

Variable: c page 130 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas and REA. survey dataarefrom coral site. Fishand with nodata atagiven variables indicates Grey shading shading). (white low ASEPA, KRS, or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, Figure 5.4. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within Alega Private Marine Reserve. Coral cover, coral Alega Bay from overfishing and other destructive practices. By maintaining a low level of subsistence fishing, Point to Tifaby Point(Figure5.4).Itwasinitiated Tisato protectthecoralreefecosystemin in 1985 Fa’amuli Alega PrivateMarineReserveislocatedinthesoutheastof Tutuila in Alega BayandextendsfromVaiola Overview Alega PrivateMarineReserve Territorial MPAs Results: SiteCharcteizati ons 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Vaiola Point Aggregate Reef Individual Patch Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated SpurGroove and Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB 0.25 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered 0.5 Kilometers Deep Water Alega Private Marine Reserve Boundary k

Tifa Point Tifa 14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 170°30'W Alega Private Marine Reserve is a small part of a biogeographic region that is a hotspot for fish richness fish for hotspot a (Bioregion 4,Chapter4). is that region biogeographic a of part small a is Reserve Marine Private Alega Biogeographic Characteristics MPA. reef fish and coral communities within this are neededto more fullycharacterize the surveys spread more widely Additional, with parisons American Samoa overall. of these findings and does not allow com- limits thescope greatly size sample small (Figure 5.6). and richness biomass The one lowandtwo medium valuesfor both um valueforrichness.Fishdataincludes two lowvaluesforcoverandonemedi- and medium one at thesesitesincludes data Reserve. Coral ga PrivateMarine Only 3 surveys were located within Ale- American Samoa(Figure5.5b). to only~9%and~22%around zones, respectively, compared reef fore and flat reef the in are and hardbottominthereserve reef and ~42% ofthecoral 50% American Samoaoverall. About less than15%of comprise son, these threestructure types ~44% of the area. In compari In addition,pavementcovers (~37%) andpatchreef(~4%). reef aggregate area andinclude structures comprise ~41%of the serve (Figure5.5a).Coralreef the re- within of thearea ~88% comprise together tures which coral reefandhardbottomstruc- MPAThis small by isdominated and CoralCommunities Reef Fish, Habitat Composition, outsiders areprohibitedwithin Alega PrivateMarineReserve. with traditional methods by village members is allowed within the reserve. Commercial fishing and fishing by have been slightly impacted by urban runoffs and insufficiently treated wastewater. Only subsistence fishing waters mayalso nearshore of thewatershed, on thesteepslopes soils erosive by highly caused mentation density.population human sedi- to natural In addition in thewatershed. pigs reported There arenodomestic and infuturegenerations. The reservefrontsa~1.3km the reserve allowsfor sustainable useof the marineresourcesinreserveby the villagecommunitynow - representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. in eachreef zone. Structuretypesorzones (b) Proportionofcoralreefandhardbottom Figure 5.5. (a) Proportionofbenthicstructuretypesin Alega PrivateMarineReserve. (a) Total Area by Total Benthic Structure Type 44% 3% each piechart. comprising parentheses) sites (in and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number Pie charts depict the proportions of high (red), medium (pink),andlow(white) in data collected coral Figure 5.6.Fishand Private MarineReserve. Alega 12% Reserve Marine Private Alega ~0.15 km 2 2 watershed in minimally impacted condition with low condition impacted in minimally watershed ~88% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~88% of 4% Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 3 (3) 37% (b) 1 (1) 1 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Fore Reef Bank/Shelf (42%) (5%) 3 (3) ~0.13 km Reef Crest 2 (3%) 3 (3) 3 Reef Flat (50%) page 131 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 132 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas (white shading). Grey shading indicates variables with nodataatagiven site.Fishandcoralsurvey data arefrom indicates variables (white shading). Greyshading ASEPA and REA. or low shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish ness, Figure 5.7. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Alofau CFMP reserve. Coral cover, coral rich- (ASDMWR 2002a).The~0.3km (Figure 5.7)wasestablishedin2001to“conservethemarineresourcesoceanandonvillagereef” The villageofAlofauislocatedinSETutuilaontheeasternsideFagaituaBay.CFMPreserve Overview Alofau CFMP Reserve urban runoffs and insufficiently treated wastewater. Fishing is prohibited within the reserve with the excep- the with reserve the within prohibited is Fishing wastewater. treated insufficiently and runoffs urban by highlyerosivesoilsonthesteepslopesofwatershed,nearshorewatershavealsobeenimpacted moderate humanpopulationdensityandamediumofpigs.Inadditiontonaturalsedimentationcaused DMWR 2002a).Itfrontstheeasternendofa~4.9km Pagai village to Uea Point on Cape Fogausa with a seaward boundary that includes the entire reef area (AS- 00 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef Aggregated Patch Reefs Patch Aggregated SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Asasama Point Asasama 0.25 Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB Uea PointUea 2 CCR CC BFR FB reserve extends north to south from Asasama Point at the boundary with reserveextendsnorthtosouthfromAsasamaPointattheboundarywith . 51 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 2 watershed in intermediately impacted condition with watershedinintermediatelyimpactedconditionwith Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k Kilometers

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Alofau CFMP Reserve Boundary oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 170°30'W Orcutt 1993, Andrews 2004,MusburgerHouk2010 Additional References Tutuila, wherethe Tutuila unitoftheNationalParkandVatia north-central CFMP reserveare located. around those to similar are communities coral and fish region’s The biomass. fish and cover The Alofau CFMP6, Chapter4)that isahotspotforcoral (Bioregion region reserveliesinabiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics nities withinthisMPA. commu- coral and fish reef the acterize surveys areneededto more fully char- overall. spread Additional, morewidely with low comparisons Samoa American scope of these findings and does not al- the size greatlylimits sample The small 5.9). (Figure and richness biomass for both value high one and low one value forrichness.Fishdataincludes low valuesforcoverandonemedium Coral dataatthesesitesincludestwo cated withinthe Alofau CFMP reserve. Only two fish and coral surveys were lo- bottom structuresareinthelagoon. other ~20%ofthecoralreefandhard- Samoa (Figure5.8b). Also ofnote,an- to ~9%and~22%around American fore and reef zones, respectively, compared flat reef the in are reserve the coralreefandhardbottom in can Samoa. About 52%and~17%of around habitat benthic mapped Ameri- types comprise only~18%of the these threestructure In comparison, groove (~3%). (~16%), andspur patch reefs reef (~19%),aggregated aggregate include and of thearea ~37% reef structurescomprise Coral 5.8a). (Figure the reserve within area ~95% ofthe together comprise which coral reefandhardbottomstructures, fau CFMPby reserveisdominated The benthichabitatwithinthe Alo- Coral Communities Reef Fish, and Composition, Habitat of bleach,poisons,anddynamite,arebannedfishingbyoutsidersisalsoprohibited(ASDMWR2002a). use the including methods, fishing Destructive fishing. subsistence for openings Saturday occasional of tion zones representing<1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. (b) Proportionofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesor Figure 5.8. (a) Proportionof benthic structuretypesinthe Alofau CFMP reserve. (a) each piechart. comprising sites (in parentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number of high(red),medium(pink), andlow(white) charts depicttheproportions in the data collected Figure 5.9.Fishandcoral CFMPAlofau reserve.Pie Reserve CFMP Alofau 23% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 34% 6% ~0.32 km Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 2 (2) 2 ~94% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~94% of 19% 3% 16% 1 (1) 1 (b) Reef Crest Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (9%) Fore Reef (17%) 2 (2) Channel (3%) ~0.30 km 2 (2) 2 2 Reef Flat (52%) Lagoon (19%) page 133 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 134 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas recreational fishingapartfromwhenitisopenedforsubsistenceonemontheveryyear impacted by urban runoffs and insufficiently treated wastewater. The reserve is closed to all commercial and waters havealsobeen ofthewatershed,nearshore tion causedbyhighlyerosivesoilsonthesteepslopes to naturalsedimenta density andmediumofpigs.Inaddition tion withmoderatehumanpopulation village and the boundary with Fa’ilolo village. It and theboundarywithFa’ilolofronts village a~1.0km low (white shading). Grey shading indicates variables withnodata at a given site. Fish and coralsurveydataarefrom KRS and REA. or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, Figure 5.10. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Amanave CFMP reserve. Coral cover, coral the future. The ~0.3km today andin of theresourcesinreserveforvillagers in 2009toensuretheavailability established The villageof on thewesterntipof is found Amanave Tutuila. The Amanave CFMP reserve(Figure5.10)was Overview Amanave CFMP Reserve 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated 0.25 2 reserveextendsoffshorewith Poloa approximately50yardsbetweentheboundary Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.5 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 1 Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered 2 watershed in intermediately impacted condi watershedinintermediately CCR CC BFR FB Deep Water k CCR CC BFR FB

Amanave CFMP Reserve Boundary 14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB . 170°30'W - - Randall andDevaney1974,Orcutt1993 Additional References are representative ofsouthwestern Tutuila. communities coral and fish region’s The richness. and biomass fish as well as cover coral for hotspot The CFMPAmanave 1, Chapter4)thatis aregional (Bioregion region reserveliesinadistinctbiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics coral communitieswithinthisMPA. to more fully characterize the reef fish and more widelyspreadsurveys are needed overall. Additional, Samoa with American comparisons allow not does and findings ple sizegreatly limits thescopeof these 5.12). (Figure richness sam- The small for biomassandtwomediumvalues includes onelowandmediumvalue Fish data for richness. value one high and value forcover one mediumandhigh serve. Coraldataatthesesitesincludes cated neartheeasternendof the re- CFMP reserveandthese werebothlo- the cated withinorjustoutside Amanave lo- were surveys coral and fish two Only can Samoa(Figure5.11b). to ~9%and~22%around Ameri- zones, respectively, compared reef fore and flat reef the in are and hardbottominthereserve of thecoralreef ~20% and 44% American Samoaoverall. About er ~6%and~2%,respectively, of cov- and groovereefrubble reef rubble.Incomparison, spur within thereserveiscoveredby almost halfof the benthic habitat ~22% ofthearea. Also ofnote, ily spurandgroove,comprise Coral reefstructures, primar CFMP5.11a). reserve(Figure of theareawithin Amanave comprise~97% tures together Coral reef and hardbottomstruc- and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, - representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. (b) Proportionofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzones Figure 5.11. (a) Proportion of benthic structure types in the Amanave CFMP reserve. (a) 47% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total each piechart. comprising labels representthenumberofstudiesandsites(inparentheses) values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number Pie chartsofhigh(red),medium(pink),andlow(white) depict theproportions Figure 5.12. Fish andcoraldatacollectedinthe Amanave CFMP reserve. Reserve CFMP Amanave 4% ~0.34 km 3% 2 ~97% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~97% of 21% Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 25% 2 (2) (b) Fore Reef 1 (1) 1 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (20%) Bank/Shelf (17%) Channel (2%) Reef Crest 2 (2) ~0.33 km (16%) 2 2 (2) 2 Reef Flat (44%) page 135 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 136 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas MPABRand TCRMP. from survey dataare coral site. Fishand no dataatagiven with variables indicates Grey shading shading). (white or low shading), (pink medium Coral shading), (red as high reserve. classified CFMP are site survey each Auto at and values richness fish Amaua and the biomass, fish richness, cover, within coral data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.13. of area ofthevillage Amaua and Auto” (ASDMWR 2003a). The ~0.4km coastal the and shellfish, fish, the preserve and protect, “manage, to 2003 in established was 5.13) (Figure concerns over declines in fish and shellfish populations from overfishing, the Amaua and Auto CFMP reserve The villagesof Amaua and Auto arelocatedinSE Tutuila onthewesternsideofFagaituaBay.to Inresponse Overview Amaua and Auto CFMP Reserve the watershed fronted by the reserve there is moderate to high potential for runoffthe watershedfrontedbyreservethereismoderatetohighpotential of because anderosion density of pigs.Inthepartof density andmedium population human with amoderate condition impacted edge ofthereefarea(ASDMWR2003a).It fronts thewesternendofa~4.9km boundary of Auto to the eastern boundary of Amaua withaseawardboundaryrangingfrom 250 yardsto the 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Amaua & Auto CFMP Reserve Boundary CFMP & Reserve Amaua Auto 170°40'W 0.25 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.5 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered 1 Kilometers Deep Water 2 reserveextendsfromthewestern k 2 watershedinintermediately Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Andrews 2004,Musburger 2004,Houk2010 Additional References central Tutuila, wherethe Tutuila unitoftheNationalParkandVatia CFMP reservearelocated. north- around those to similar are communities coral and region’s biomass. fish The fish and cover coral for The Amaua and Auto CFMP6, Chapter4)thatisahotspot region (Bioregion reserveliesinabiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics fish reef and coralcommunitieswithinthisMPA. the characterize fully more to surveys areneeded spread more widely overall. Additional, Samoa with American comparisons ings anddoesnotallow size greatly limits the scope of these find- ness (Figure5.15). The smallsample for biomassandtwolowvaluesrich- includes onelowandmediumvalue two lowvaluesforrichness.Fishdata low andonehighvalueforcover one Coral dataatthesesitesincludes of thereserve. boundary to theseaward reef close in the aggregate these were the Amaua and Auto CFMP reserve,and within located Only twosurveyswere Samoa (Figure5.14b). ~9% and~22%around American respectively,zones, to compared reef fore and flat reef the in are and hardbottom in the reserve 63% and~24%of the coralreef overall. Samoa American About ~7%, respectively,and ~5% of reef andpavementcomprise aggregate area. Incomparison, of the covers ~50% pavement comprise ~22%ofthearea. Also, reef, tures, primarilyaggregate (Figure 5.14a). Coral reefstruc- the reserve within of thearea ~95% together comprise which reef andhardbottomstructures, by coral is dominated reserve CFMP Auto and The Amaua and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, including theuseofbleachandpoisons,arebanned(ASDMWR2003a). apart from when it is opened for subsistence fishing at certain times of the year. Destructive fishing methods, runoffs and insufficiently treated wastewater. The reserve is closed to all commercial and recreational fishing extent byurban to alesser impacted also waters are Nearshore slopes. and steep soils the highlyerosive zones representing<1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. in each reefzone.Structuretypesor serve. (b)Proportionofcoralreefandhardbottom Figure 5.14. (a) Proportion of benthic structuretypesinthe Amaua and Auto CFMP re- (a) 23% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total comprising eachpiechart. of studiesandsites(inparentheses) the number represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, fish richness, cover,coral coral for values (white) serve. Piechartsdepicttheproportionsofhigh(red),medium(pink),andlow Figure inthe 5.15. Fishandcoraldatacollected Amaua and Auto CFMP re- Reserve CFMP & Auto Amaua 5% ~0.37 km 49% 2 ~95% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~95% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 22% 2 (2) 1% (b) 2 (2) 2 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Reef Crest Fore Reef (13%) (24%) 2 (2) ~0.35 km 2 2 (2) 2 Reef Flat (63%) page 137 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 138 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas from whenitisopenedforsubsistencefishingatcertaintimesoftheyear apart fishing recreational and commercial all to closed is wastewater. reserve treated The insufficiently and tion ismoderatedbythe Aoa wetland.Nearshorewatersarealsoimpactedto a lesser extent by urbanrunoffs but sedimenta steep slopes, type and to thesoil due erosion natural for periodic potential to high moderate density andamediumofpigs.Insomeareasthewatershedthereis moderate humanpopulation Benthic habitat (by structure type) within the Aoa CFMP reserve. No reef fish or coral surveys from the island-wide the from surveys coral or comparison were locatedwithinthe fish Aoa CFMP reserve. reef No reserve. CFMP Aoa the within type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.16. km ~0.3 The reserve. the within stocks invertebrate and fish restore and habitat reef coral the The villageof Aoa isinNE Tutuila. The Aoa CFMP reserve (Figure5.16)wasestablishedin2005to improve Overview Aoa CFMP Reserve yards fromthereefedge. fronts a~2.2km The reserve cludes theentire Aoa BaybetweenMotusagaPointandPalauextendsoffshore50 approximately 00 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Aoa CFMP Reserve Boundary Motusaga Point Motusaga 0.25 Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement . 51 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder Palau Point Palau 2 watershed in intermediately impacted condition with condition impacted in intermediately watershed Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water . k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Kilometers Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 2 reserve in- 170°30'W - Houk 2010 et al.2003, Birkeland et al.1994, Birkeland Orcutt 1993, et al.1987, Birkeland 1974, Devaney and Randall Additional References malo CFMP reserveandNo-Take MPA arelocated. 11,(Bioregion 4). Chapter The region’sto thoseinNW are similar communities coral Tutuila,the Faga- where The Aoa CFMP regionthat reserve islocatedinadistinctbiogeographic wasahotspotfor coral richness Biogeographic Characteristics coral and surveys fromtheisland-widecomparisonlocatedwithin Aoa CFMP reserve. fish no were There can Samoa(Figure5.17b). to ~9%and~22%around Ameri- zones, respectively, compared reef fore and flat reef the in are and hardbottominthereserve of thecoralreef ~10% and 73% American Samoaoverall. About gregate reef covers ~5%of ag- of thearea.Incomparison, ~70% together comprise rubble and reef pavement area, while gregate reefcover~8%of the reef structures in theform of ag- the reserve(Figure5.17a).Coral within ~80% ofthearea comprise tom structures,whichtogether nated bycoralreefandhardbot The Aoa CFMPis domi- reserve and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, - senting <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. portion of coral reefandhardbottom ineachzone.Structuretypesorzonesrepre- Figure 5.17. (a)Proportionofbenthicstructuretypesinthe Aoa CFMP- reserve.(b)Pro (a) 2% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 20% 34% ~0.34 km 8% 2 ~80% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~80% of 35% (b) Bank/Shelf Fore Reef Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (10%) (5%) Reef Crest (11%) ~0.27 km 2 Reef Flat (73%) page 139 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 140 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas Benthic habitat (by structure type) within the Aua CFMP reserve. No reef fish or coral surveys from the island-wide the from surveys coral or comparison were locatedwithinthe fish Aua CFMP reserve. reef No reserve. CFMP Aua the within type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.18. lage of Aua” (ASDMWR2003b). The ~0.2km was established in 2002 to “manage, protect, and preserve the fish, shellfish, and the coastal area of the vil- The village of Aua islocatedonthe eastern sideof Pago Harbor. The Aua CFMP reserve (Figure5.18) Overview Aua CFMP Reserve Pago Harbor. There isamediumdensityofpigsinthewatershedcompared toallof American Samoa. The to Pago and militaryactivitiesadjacent commercial, industrial, and otherhistorical by thetunacanneries by nutrientandchemicaldischarges nearshore waterqualityhasalsobeenseverelydegraded urbanization, by highly erosivesoilsonthesteepslopesof the watershed andincreasedsurfacerunoffs due to extensive tion ofa~10.4km boundary rangingfrom200yardstotheedgeofreefarea(ASDMWR2003b).It fronts thenortheastpor- 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Aua CFMP Reserve Boundary 170°40'W 2 watershed inextensivelyimpactedcondition.In addition tocaused natural sedimentation 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.25 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 2 reserveextendsfrom Ava PointtoMulitiwithaseaward 0.5 Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites Ava Point Ava CCR CC BFR FB 2004, Greenetal.2005 DiDonato and Cornish 2003, et al.2004, Birkeland 2004, Andrews et al. Coles 2002, Birkeland Fisk and 1997a, Green etal. Orcutt 1993, 1993, Connaughey Mc- Lamberts 1977, and Dahl Mayor 1924, Additional References American Samoaitisnotnecessarily“healthy”. in elsewhere to relative “unique” is community coral the while and harbor the from fish of sale on ban the to biomass and has a unique coral community (Bioregion 5, Chapter 4). Note that high fish biomass may be due The Aua CFMP reserve is in a biogeographic region that includes Pago Pago Harbor and is a hotspot for fish Biogeographic Characteristics There were no fish and coral surveys from the island-wide comparison located within the Aua CFMP reserve. and hardbottomisinthelagoon. ~8% ofthecoralreef an additional Samoa (Figure 5.19b). Also of note, to ~9%and~22%around American reef zones,respectively, compared fore and flat reef the in are reserve the coral reef and hardbottominthe overall. About 75%and~16%of respectively, of American Samoa cover lessthan1%and~2%, rubble patch reefand son, individual ers ~60%ofthearea.Incompari and cov- reef rubbleispredominant ~7% ofthearea,while comprise structures in the form of patch reefs serve (Figure5.19a).Coralreef the areawithin Aua CFMP re- tures together comprise~82%of Coral reefandhardbottomstruc- and CoralCommunities Reef Fish, Composition, Habitat are alsobanned,asisfishingbyoutsiders(ASDMWR2003b). fishing for corals of up breaking the and fishing for nets and gear scuba of use The banned. are explosives and poisons, bleach, of use the including methods, fishing subsistence Destructive year. for the of opened times is certain at it fishing when from apart fishing recreational and commercial all to closed is reserve - representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. of coralreefandhardbottomineachzone. Structuretypesorzones Proportion Figure 5.19. (a) Proportionof benthic structuretypesinthe Aua CFMP reserve. (b) (a) Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 8% 10% Photo credit:Matt Kendall,NOAA Biogeography. Image 20.PagoHarbor andRainmakerMountain near Aua. ~0.23 km 61% 7% 2 ~82% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~82% of 13% (b) Fore Reef (16%) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation ~0.19 km Lagoon (8%) 2 Reef Flat (75%) page 141 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 142 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas to all commercial and recreational fishing apart from when it is opened for subsistence fishing at certain at fishing subsistence for opened is it when from apart fishing recreational and commercial all to Stream. via Matavai Bay primarily transport intoFagamalo with sediment steep slopes is closed The reserve mal inthewatershed,there is moderateto high potentialfor runoff and erosionbecauseof the soil types and condition withverydensityanda low humanpopulationdensityof pigs. Whilehumanimpactsaremini- and TCRMP. survey dataarefromCRSR, REA, coral site. Fishand with nodata atagiven variables indicates Grey shading shading). (white low or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, Figure 5.20. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Fagamalo CFMP reserve. Coral cover, coral 2003c). The ~0.4km (ASDMWR in 2010 amended and of Fagamalo” of thevillage reef area thecoral to“preserve in 2003 lished in NW is located of Fagamalo The village Tutuila. CFMPThe Fagamalo reserve(Figure5.20)wasestab- Overview Fagamalo CFMP Reserve approximately 200 yards. It abuts the Fagamalo No-Take200 yards.ItabutstheFagamalo approximately MPA andfrontsa~2.1km 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Fagamalo CFMP Reserve Boundary Reserve CFMP Fagamalo 0.25 2 reserve extends from Niutulua Point inthewestto extends fromNiutulua reserve Tafagaoffshore Pointintheeastand Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CC BFR FB CR 0.5 CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered 1 Kilometers Deep Water k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 2 watershed in pristine watershed 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 170°30'W Orcutt 1993,FiskandBirkeland 2002,Musburger2004 Additional References NE Tutuila, where theMasausi,Sailele,and Aoa CFMP reservesarelocated. hotspot for coral cover and fish biomass and richness. The region’s coral communities are similar to those in CFMPThe Fagamalo 4) thatisa 14, Chapter (Bioregion region reserveliesinadistinctbiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics fish reef and coralcommunitieswithinthisMPA. the characterize fully more to surveys areneeded spread more widely overall. Additional, Samoa with American comparisons ings anddoesnotallow size greatly limits the scope of these find- ness (Figure5.22). The smallsample for rich- values and twohigh low one and one highandtwolowvaluesforbiomass values forrichness.Fishdataincludes for coverandtwomedium values dium two me- and one low these sitesincludes Fagamalo CFMP reserve. Coraldataat Only 3 surveyswerelocatedwithinthe intertidal zone. hardbottom isintheshoreline reef and of the coral ~14% 5.21b). (Figure Also ofnote, Samoa around American compared to ~9% and~22% zones, reef fore and flat reef tom in the reserve areinthe - the coralreefandhardbot moa. About 4%and~59%of habitat around American Sa- ~5% of the mappedbenthic aggregate reef covers only of the area. In comparison, gate reef, cover justoverhalf structures, primarilyaggre- (Figure 5.21a).Coralreef the reserve the areawithin together comprise~85%of structures, which hardbottom is dominatedbycoralreefand CFMPThe Fagamalo reserve Fish, andCoralCommunities Habitat Composition,Reef explosives, arebanned.Inaddition,fishingwithinFagamalostreamsisalsoprohibited(ASDMWR2003c). and devices, shocking electrical bleach, of use the including year. methods, the fishing of Destructive times senting <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. Proportion ofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzonesrepre- CFMPthe Fagamalo structure typesin of benthic Figure 5.21.(a)Proportion reserve.(b) (a) 12% 4% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 17% 13% each piechart. comprising sites (in parentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number Pie chartsdepicttheproportionsofhigh(red),medium(pink),andlow(white) CFMPFigure intheFagamalo 5.22. Fishandcoraldatacollected reserve. Reserve CFMP Fagamalo 3% ~0.38 km 2% 2 ~85% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~85% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 51% 3 (3) 3 (b) Bank/Shelf (19%) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation 2 (2) 2 Channel (1%) ~0.32 km 3 (3) 3 Shoreline Intertidal 2 (14%) Fore Reef (59%) Reef Flat (4%) 3 (3) 3 Reef Crest (3%) page 143 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 144 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas extractive useareprohibitedwithintheno-takeMPA. and fishing of types slopes. All steep and types soil the of because erosion and runoff for potential high to tion densityandalowofpigs.Whilehumanimpactsareminimalinthewatershed,thereismoderate low (whiteshading). Greyshadingindicates variables withnodataatagiven site.Fishandcoralsurvey dataarefromREA. or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, Figure 5.23. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Fagamalo No-Take MPA. Coral cover, coral 2011. The ~2.9km years. is May and expectedcompletion plan isstillunderway of therevisedmanagement The completion of 10 period initial (c)(i)) foran (ASAC §24.1008 regulations to activate theno-take was made agreement the and 2010 December in finalized were No-Takeboundaries MPAthe The join Program. to 2010 May in in NW is located of Fagamalo The village Tutuila. with DMWR agreement a cooperative signed The village Overview Fagamalo No-Take MPA km offshore (Figure5.23). It fronts a ~2.1 km 012 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated FagamaloNo Take MPABoundary CCR CC BFR FB 170°40'W 0.5 2 no-take boundaryextends from Tafaga Point(inthe west) to Oali’i (intheeast)and~2 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB 2 watershed inpristineconditionwithvery low humanpopula Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Kilometers Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB - Orcutt 1993,Musburger 2004,Oram2008 Additional References work. MPAcomponent oftheMPAand unique bank reefformations,makingitavaluable thatencompasses net- in NE Tutuila,and Sailele, the Masausi, where Aoa CFMPare located. reserves Also ofnote,thisistheonly 4). Chapter 14, (Bioregion richness and biomass fish as region’s The those to similar are communities coral No-TakeThe Fagamalo MPAas well cover that isahotspotforcoral region biogeographic a distinct in lies Biogeographic Characteristics and coralcommunitieswithinthisMPA. fish reef the characterize adequately to surveys areneeded spread more widely with these surveys. collected Additional, (Figure 5.25).Nocoralrichnessdatawas lower are relatively values biomass fish pared to all of American Samoa,whereas at thesesitescom- higher are relatively richness fish and cover Coral formations. bank madeup of reef and hardbottom and threewerecarriedoutontheoffshore tom formationsnearesttotheshoreline of these, one wasinthe reef and hardbot outside theFagamaloNo-Take MPA and, Only 4surveyswerelocatedwithinorjust tom around American Samoaisinthebank/shelf,~9%reefflatand~22%forereef. and hardbottomisinthebank/shelf(Figure5.24b).Incomparison,only~50%ofcoralreef hardbot ly. reef Almost 90%ofthecoral fore reefzones, respective and flat reef the in are MPA the in hardbottom reef and the coral overall. Only~1%and~11% of than 15%of American Samoa patch reefscoverless gregated reefandag- parison, aggregate covered byalgalplain.Incom- the MPAwithin thic habitat is ben- over halfofthemapped reef (~5%).However,gregate patch reefs(~39%)andag- area andincludeaggregated tures comprise~44%ofthe reef struc - 5.24a). Coral ure No-TakeFagamalo MPA (Fig- the ~46% oftheareawithin structures togethercomprise Coral reefandhardbottom Fish, andCoralCommunities Reef Habitat Composition, - resenting <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. of coralreefandhardbottomineachzone. Structuretypesorzonesrep- Proportion No-Takestructure typesintheFagamalo of benthic Figure 5.24.(a)Proportion MPA. (b) (a) 52% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total - of studiesandsites(inparentheses)comprisingeachpiechart. richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number labels represent the number tions of high (red), medium (pink), and low(white)valuesfor coral cover, coral Take MPAof todatafromall the propor Samoa. Piechartsdepict American Figure 5.25. Comparison of fish and coral data collected in the Fagamalo No- overall Samoa American MPA No-Take Fagamalo ~2.9 km 2% 5% 1% 2 1% ~46% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~46% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 1 (4) 39% (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation 0 (0) 0 Shoreline Intertidal (2%) 1 (4) ~1.3 km Fore Reef (11%) 2 1 (4) 1 Bank/Shelf (86%) - - page 145 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 146 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas discharges into the streams that flow into the lagoon have significantly impacted the ability of the wetland to wetland the of ability the impacted significantly have lagoon the into flow that streams the into discharges and silt nutrient, sediment, area and into thewetland density ofpigs.Encroachment density aswellahigh Leone PalaSMA fronts a ~14.7 km regulate on-shoreactivitiesthat could beharmfulto unique marineecosystems(Gombosetal.2007). The the adjacentwetlandareas(ASAC§26.0221). The primaryreasonfor this andotherdesignatedSMAs is to parison werelocated withintheLeonePala SMA. com - island-wide the from surveys coral or fish reef No SMA. Pala Leone the within type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.26. cludes botha ~0.02 km (ASCApressures” threat fromdevelopment the “imminent and characteristics” valuable and It in- §24.0503). area by the management a special Management Coastal Samoa American of its“unique because Act of1990 Management Pala Special The Leone in SW 5.26) islocated Area (SMA)(Figure Tutuilaand wasdesignated Overview Leone PalaSpecialManagement Area 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated 170°40'W 2 170°30'W marine component,delineated by a straight linefrom the mouth of Leafu stream, and Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.25 2 watershed inextensivelyimpactedconditionwithhigh humanpopulation Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 0.5 Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Leone Pala Special Management Area Boundary Area Management Special Pala Leone Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB Photo credit:Matt Kendall,NOAA Biogeography. Image 21.Mangrovesat Leone PalaSMA. Gilman etal.2007 Additional References tion ofwetlandandnearshorehabitats. However, this MPAfor protec- reefs andisintended lackswelldeveloped 4). Chapter 1, (Bioregion richness fish and biomass, fish cover, coral for Leone PalaSMA lies adjacent to a regionthat biogeographic is a hotspot Biogeographic Characteristics comparison theisland-wide located withintheLeonePalaSMA. from surveys coral and fish no were There of coralreefandhardbottominFigure5.27. the zonation we donotinclude only ~0.25%ofthelagoon, tures comprise (NOAAmapping NCCOS2005).Becausecoralreefandhardbottomstruc- in island-scale that wastoosmalltobeincluded a mangroveshoreline of mud(Figure5.27)with consistsmainly environment Instead, itsbenthic SMA. Pala ofLeone component that is themarine Leone lagoon very small Coral reef and hardbottom structures together comprise~0.25%of the Habitat Composition,ReefFish,andCoralCommunities territorial regulationsandthereisnotawrittenmanagementplan(Gombosetal.2007). beyond exist regulations fishing no but Commerce, of Department the of (ASCMP) Program Management Coastal the Samoa by SMA American primarily Pala is Leone of Management nutrients. and sediment filter shown. senting <1%ofthetotalareaarenot SMA. Structure typesorzonesrepre- Pala structure typesintheLeone of benthic Figure 5.27.Proportion Benthic Structure Type Area by Total ~0.02 km 100% 2 page 147 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 148 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas low (whiteshading). Greyshadingindicates variables withnodataatagiven site.Fishandcoralsurvey dataarefromREA. or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, CFMP Masausi the within data cover, survey Coral coral reserve. and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.28. coral “conserve the marine resourcesintheoceanor village reef”(ASDMWR 2003d). The ~0.2 km in NE lies of Masausi The village Tutuila. CFMPThe Masausi to in 2002 5.28) wasestablished (Figure reserve Overview Masausi CFMP Reserve certain times of the year. Destructive fishing methods, including the use of bleach, poisons, and explosives, and poisons, bleach, of use year. the the including of methods, times fishing certain Destructive at fishing subsistence for opened is it when from apart fishing recreational and commercial all to closed is fronting the watershed. Nearshorewatersarealsoimpactedto a lesser extent by urban runoffs. The reserve is moderatetohighpotentialfor periodic naturalerosionwithsedimentscarried into thenearshorewaters Masausi Village anda medium densityof pigs. Becauseof the erosive soiltypesandsteepslopes,there It frontsa~1.6km Point inthewesttoFolaueastandoffshoreextends fromPuputagi 200 yards. approximately 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated MasausiCFMP Reserve Boundary Puputagi Point Puputagi 2 watershed in minimally impacted condition with low population density concentrated in concentrated density population low with impacted condition in minimally watershed Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.25 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB 0.5 Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Folau Point Folau Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 2 170°30'W reserve Orcutt 1993,Musburger 2004 Additional References CFMP reserveandNo-Take MPA arelocated. 11,gion 4). Chapter The region’sto those inNW are similar communities coral Tutuila,the Fagamalo where The MasausiCFMP regionthatisahotspotforcoral richness(Biore- reserveislocatedinabiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics fish reef and coralcommunitieswithinthisMPA. the characterize fully more to spread surveysareneeded more widely overall. Additional, Samoa with American ings anddoesnot allow comparisons size greatly limits the scope of these find- ness (Figure 5.30). The smallsample rich- for biomassand each value low one value for richness. Fishdataincludes high one for coverand value medium one areas. Coraldataat these sites includes plain ratherthanthe reef and pavement by algal were locatedintheareacovered the MasausiCFMP reserve, andthese Only twosurveyswerelocatedwithin zone. intertidal the shoreline tom isin of thecoralreefandhardbot ure 5.29b). Also ofnote,~10% around American Samoa(Fig- compared to ~9% and~22% fore reef zones, respectively, and flat reef the in are reserve in the reef andhardbottom coral all. About 23% and ~54%of the ~5% of American Samoaover- reef covers parison, aggregate covered byalgalplain.Incom- ~40% oftheareais area, while reef, comprise~18%ofthe structures, mostly aggregate area (Figure5.29a).Coralreef of its together comprise~59% hardbottom structures, which is dominatedbycoralreefand The MasausiCFMP reserve and CoralCommunities Reef Fish, Habitat Composition, fishing arealsobanned,asisbyoutsiders(ASDMWR2003d). for of corals up breaking the and fishing, night for flashlights fishing, for gear scuba of use banned. The are - representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. of coralreefandhardbottomineachzone. Structuretypesorzones (b) Proportion Figure 5.29. (a) Proportion of benthic structuretypesintheMasausiCFMP reserve. (a) 40% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total each piechart. comprising sites (in parentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number of high(red),medium(pink), andlow(white) charts depicttheproportions CFMPin theMasausi coral datacollected Figure 5.30.Fishand reserve.Pie Reserve CFMP Masausi 6% ~0.20 km 1% 6% 2 ~59% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~59% of 17% Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 2% 1 (1) 1 28% (b) 1 (1) 1 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Bank/Shelf (3%) 1 (1) 1 ~0.12 km Shoreline Intertidal (10%) 2 oeReef Fore Reef Flat (54%) (23%)

1 (1) 1 Reef Reef Crest (11%) page 149 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 150 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas waters fronting the watershed. Nearshore waters are also impacted to a lesser extent by insufficiently treated carried intothenearshore with sediments natural erosion for periodic potential there ismoderatetohigh ate humanpopulationdensityandalowofpigs.Because the erosivesoil typesandsteepslopes, km 2005).~0.3 (ASDMWR The generation” future the for fish more provide to Faganeanea and Matu’u of reefs CFMPganeanea in 2005withtheprimarygoalof“protectingcoral reserve(Figure5.31)wasestablished are foundonthesouthcentralcoastof The villagesofMatu’uandFaganeanea Tutuila. The Matu’uandFa- Overview Matu’u andFaganeaneaCFMP Reserve 100 yards(ASDMWR2005).It fronts a ~2.6km from ASEPA andREA. (pink shading), orlow(whiteshading).Grey shadingindicatesvariableswith nodataatagivensite.Fish andcoralsurveydataare medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, cover,fish Coral richness, coral reserve. CFMP Faganeanea and Matu’u the within data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.31. 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Utulaina Point Utulaina 2 reserve extends from the western tip of Utulaina Point to Matautuloa Point andoffshorePoint toMatautuloa extends fromthewesterntipofUtulaina reserve approximately Aggregate Reef Aggregated Patch Reefs Patch Aggregated SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Matu'u & Faganeanea CFMP Reserve Boundary Reserve CFMP Faganeanea & Matu'u 0.25 Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 0.5 2 impactedcondition,hasmoder- watershed inintermediately Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k CCR CC BFR FB

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CC BFR FB CR 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB Matautuloa Point Matautuloa 1 Kilometers 170°30'W Randall andDevaney1974, McConnaughey1993,OrcuttPeshut et al.2007 Additional References (Bioregion 4,Chapter4). CFMPThe Matu’uandFaganeanea that isahotspotforfishrichness region reserveliesinabiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics MPA. reef fish and coral communities within this to morefullycharacterizethe are needed more widelyspreadsurveys Additional, parisons with American Samoaoverall. of these findings and does not allow com- small samplesizegreatlylimitsthescope high valuefor richness (Figure5.33). The values for biomass andonelow twomedium ness. Fishdataincludes for rich- value for coverandonemedium includes onelowandmediumvalue sites data atthese reserve. Coral of the and thesewerebothontheeasternend CFMPMatu’u andFaganeanea reserve, Only twosurveyswerelocatedwithinthe zone. and hardbottomis in the reef crest Also ofnote,~16%thecoralreef American Samoa(Figure5.32b). compared to ~9% and~22%around flat and fore reef zones, respectively, are inthereef bottom inthereserve and ~70%of the coral reef and hard- 2% Samoa. About American around tively, of the mappedbenthichabitat ~2%, respec- cover ~5%and rubble parison, aggregatereefand more than50%ofthearea.Incom- the area,whilereefrubblecovers of ~29% reef comprise aggregate Coral reefstructuresintheformof within thereserve(Figure5.32a). together comprise~94%of the area and hardbottomstructures,which reserve is dominated by coral reef CFMPThe Matu’uandFaganeanea Coral Communities Habitat Composition,ReefFish,and ited (ASDMWR2005). subsistence fishing at certain times of the year. Loitering in the reserve and in village streams is also prohib wastewater. The reserve is closed to all commercial and recreational fishing apart from when it is opened for Structure typesorzonesrepresenting<1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. CFMPnea reef zone. in each hardbottom reef and ofcoral reserve.(b)Proportion Figure 5.32. (a) Proportionof benthic structuretypesintheMatu’uandFaganea (a) 53% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total theses) comprisingeachpiechart. sites (inparen and of studies the number represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover, coral for values (white) low and CFMPof high(red),medium(pink), reserve.Piecharts depicttheproportions Figure 5.33. Fish and coraldatacollectedinthe Matu’u andFaganeanea Reserve CFMP Faganeanea & Matu’u 6% ~0.32 km Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 2 ~94% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~94% of 2 (2) 2 12% 29% 1 (1) 1 (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Bank/Shelf (11%) 2 (2) 2 Fore Reef ~0.30 km Reef Flat (70%) (2%) 2 2 (2) 2 Reef Crest (16%) - - - page 151 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 152 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas to unique marine ecosystems (Gombosetal.2007). to uniquemarine SMAPala The Nu’uuli frontsa~17.6km this and other designated SMAs is toactivitiesinthe regulate on-shore wetlandareasthat could beharmful Avatele Pointto Mulinu’u Point, and the adjacent wetlandareas(ASAC§ 26.0221). The primary reasonfor Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Nu’uuli Pala SMA. No reef fish or coral or fish reef No SMA. Pala Nu’uuli surveys fromthe island-widecomparisonwere locatedwithintheNu’uuliPala SMA. the within data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.34. (ASCAsures” a ~2.0km both It includes §24.0503). pres- characteristics” andthe“imminentthreatfromdevelopment 1990 becauseofandvaluable its “unique Pala SMA,aspecialmanagementareabythe was designated American SamoaCoastalManagement Act of The Nu’uuli PalaSMA (Figure 5.34) is located insouth-central Tutuila nearthe airport and,similarto Leone Overview Nu’uuli PalaSpecialManagement Area sion. Increased turbidity and sedimentation within the lagoon result from the steep slopes and highly erosive result fromthesteepslopesandhighly within thelagoon sion. Increasedturbidityandsedimentation expan from residential pressure continued and density population with high condition impacted extensively 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated 0.25 0.5 Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 1 Kilometers Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 2 marine component, delineated by a straight line from by astraightline delineated component, marine Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Nu'uuli Pala Special Management Area Boundary Area Management Special Pala Nu'uuli Mulinu'u Point Mulinu'u Deep Water k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites Avatele Point 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 2 watershed in watershed 170°30'W - Peshut etal.2007 Helfrich 1975, Yamasaki1993, Orcutt etal.1985,Kluge1992,Ponwith 1992,IoseandMcConnaughey1993, Additional References juvenile fish. habitat in American Samoa and may contribute to the adjacent region’s fish richness by providing habitat for While Nu’uuli Palaisclearlyadifferent and separatesubregion,it has by far the largest areaof mangrove This SMA lies adjacent to a biogeographic region that is a hotspot for fish richness (Bioregion 4, Chapter 4). Biogeographic Characteristics There werenofishandcoralsurveysfromtheisland-widecomparisonlocatedwithinNu’uuli PalaSMA. areas. is indredged hardbottom and note, ~15%ofthecoralreef moa (Figure5.35b). Also of ~22% around American Sa- tively, compared to ~9% and and forereefzones,respec- flat reef the in are SMA the coral reefandhardbottom in About 78%and~8%of the of American Samoaoverall. together compriseonly~1% trast, thesestructuretypes 5.35a). Incon- (Figure area respectively,~13%, and ofits habitats, whichcover~73% nated bymudandmangrove this MPA. It is insteaddomi- within structures arefound SMA. In fact, no coralreef Pala of theNu’uuli ponent only ~5% of the marine com- structures togethercomprise Coral reefandhardbottom Fish, andCoralCommunities Reef Habitat Composition, territorial regulationsandthereisnowrittenmanagementplan(Gombosetal.2007). beyond exist regulations fishing no but Commerce, of Department the of (ASCMP) Program Management SMAPala of Nu’uuli Management in thewatershed. sity ofpigs by the isprimarily Samoa Coastal American nutrient loading from insufficiently treated wastewater may impact nearshore waters. There is a medium den- soils inadjacentwatershedsaswell from impervious surfacerunoffs in the urbanized areas.In addition, the totalareaarenotshown. <1% of in eachreefzone.Structuretypes orzonesrepresenting of coralreefandhardbottom SMA. (b)Proportion Pala structure typesintheNu’uuli of benthic Figure 5.35.(a)Proportion (a) Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 73% 7% ~2.0 km 1% 4% 2 ~5% oftotal area is coral reef andhardbottom 13% (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation * also andforereef,but some dredged th ese areasare < ~0.1 km Reef Flat (78%) 2 1% 1% fttl o f

t o t a l area area page 153 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 154 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas waters of the Park since the portion of the watershed frontingthe Park is largely uninhabited.Whilethe De- compared to all of American Samoa, but waste dischargefrom piggeries is less likely to impact the nearshore erosive soils. of thesteepslopesandhighly because density ofpigsinthewatershed There isamedium human activity.impacted byland-based waters maybeimpactedbynaturalsedimentrunoffsThe nearshore unit oftheNationalPark(ASCA §18.0214).It fronts thesoutherntipofa~4.4km om depthcontourfromthewesternendofOfu Airport runwaytoFatauanaPoint,whereitabutstheOfu the tenfath- to approximately water lineseaward of OfuIsland(Figure5.36)andextendsfromthemeanhigh of thesite”(ASCAbeauty the natural to enjoy thepublic enabling while tip at thesouthwest It lies §18.0214). The OfuVaoto Territorialin 1994“to MarineParkwasestablishedprotectitsuniquecoralreefwildlifehabitat Overview Ofu Vaoto Territorial MarinePark(alsoknownasOfuVaoto MarineReserve) low (whiteshading). Greyshadingindicates variables withnodataatagiven site.Fishandcoralsurvey dataarefromREA. or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, cover, Ofu Coral the Park. coral within Marine data Vaoto survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.36. 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S CCR CC BFR FB Aggregate Reef Aggregated Patch Reefs Patch Aggregated SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual 169°40'W 169°30'W 0.25 Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.5 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water CCR CC BFR FB k 2 Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Ofu Vaoto Marine Park Boundary watershedbutisminimally Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish 1 oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Kilometers Survey Sites (14 o 11'2''S, 169 11'2''S, CCR CC BFR FB Fatauana Point Fatauana o 39'50''W) Maragos etal.1995 Additional References region 18,Chapter4). This areaisaregionalhotspotforcoralrichness, fishbiomass,andrichness. The OfuVaoto(Bio- islands Olosega of Ofuand all that includes region in abiogeographic Park lies Marine Biogeographic Characteristics adequately characterizethereeffishandcoral communities withinthePark. with comparisons not allow American Samoa overall. to spread surveysareneeded more widely Additional, does and findings these of scope the its 5.38). The smallsamplesizegreatlylim- and onehighvalueforrichness(Figure value forbiomassandonelow medium one lowand veys. Fishdataincludes ness datawascollectedwiththesesur- medium valueforcover. No coralrich- one lowand line. Coraldataincludes bottom formationsnearesttotheshore- these surveyswasinthe reef and hard- Ofu Vaoto MarinePark, and neitherof Only twosurveyswerelocatedwithinthe American Samoa(Figure5.37b). to only~9%and~22%around zones, respectively, compared reef fore and flat reef the in are the coral reef and hardbottom swash. About 42%and~46%of to wave structure typedue known mapped benthichabitatisof un- Samoa. Of note, ~11% of the thic habitataround American ben- only ~15%ofthemapped three structuretypescomprise of thearea.Incomparison,these addition, pavementcovers~45% reef(~10%).In and aggregate include spurandgroove(~24%) comprise ~34%oftheareaand 5.37a). Coralreef structures prise ~85%ofitsarea(Figure structures, which togethercom- by coralreefandhardbottom Vaoto Marine Park is dominated The benthichabitatintheOfu and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,Reef Fish, Ofu Islandresidentsaccordingtoterritorialregulations(ASCA §18.0214). by harvesting and fishing subsistence of exception the with prohibited, are harvesting shellfish and Fishing 2007). al. et (Gombos regulations fishing over authority primary exercises (DMWR) Resources Wildlife and of Marine authority forthePark,Department (DPR) hasmanagement partment ofParksandRecreation representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. Proportion ofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzones Figure 5.37. (a) Proportion of benthic structure types in the Ofu Vaoto MarinePark. (b) (a) Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 6% 4% each piechart. comprising sites (inparentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number of high(red),medium(pink),andlow(white) charts depicttheproportions in theOfuVaotodata collected Figure 5.38.Fishandcoral Park. Pie Marine Park Marine Vaoto Ofu 45% 11% ~0.48 km 9% 2 ~85% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~85% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 1 (2) 1 25% (b) 0 (0) 0 Bank/Shelf Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (10%) Fore Reef Fore (46%) 1 (2) 1 ~0.41 km Shoreline Intertidal (2%) 2 1 (2) 1 Reef Flat (42%) page 155 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 156 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas highly erosive soils on steep slopes and increased surface runoffs soilsonsteepslopes andincreased erosive highly nearshore due toextensiveurbanization, a ~10.4km et al. 2007). The PagoHarborSMA includes theinnerharborareaandfronts the westernportionof late on-shoreactivitiesinthewetlandareasthat could beharmfultouniquemarine ecosystems(Gombos comparison were locatedwithinthePago HarborSMA. Figure 5.39. Benthic habitat (by structure type) within the Pago Pago Harbor SMA. No reef fish or coral surveys from the island-wide ~1.2 km and include 26.0221) § (ASCA Leloaloa at jetty the to Point Island Goat from line straight a by defined are boundaries able characteristics”andthe“imminentthreatfrom development pressures”(ASCA § 24.0503). Its marine by the area agement Management Coastal Samoa American valu- and of its“unique because Act of1990 The PagoHarborSMA (Figure5.39)islocatedincentral Tutuilaa specialman- andwasdesignated Overview Pago HarborSpecialManagement Area 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Aggregate Reef Pago Pago Harbor Special Management Area Boundary 0.25 2 watershed inextensivelyimpactedcondition.In addition to natural sedimentationcausedby 170°40'W 0.5 2 of marine habitat. ofmarine SMAs istoregu- for thisandotherdesignated The primaryreason 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 1 Kilometers Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB Goat Island Point Island Goat Leloaloa Leloaloa jetty al. 2005,GreenetPeshut2007 1993, Orcutt McConnaughey 1993,Greenet al. 1997a,Fisk and Birkeland2002,Coleset al. 2003,Craig et Additional References “unique” relativetoelsewherein American Samoa itisnotnecessarily“healthy”. be may community coral the while and concerns contaminant to due harbor the from fish of sale on ban the has a unique coral community (Bioregion 5, Chapter 4). However, note that high fish biomass may be due to and biomass fish for hotspot a is that region biogeographic a of margin the at SMAlies Harbor Pago Pago Biogeographic Characteristics SMA. There were no fish and coral surveys from the island-wide comparison located within the Pago Pago Harbor (Figure 5.40b). ~22% around Samoa American tively, comparedtoonly~9%and respec- zones, reef fore and flat tom intheSMA areinthereef hardbot reef and of thecoral turbidity. About 23%and~40% structure typeduetohigh known Pago HarborSMA isofun- habitat in benthic of themapped ered by mud. Also of note, ~15% thic habitatinthisSMA iscov- portion (~37%) oftheben- large American Samoa.In addition, a benthic habitataround mapped types compriseonly~12%of the comparison, thesetwostructure gregated patchreefs(~15%).In aggregate reef(~18%)andag- ~33% oftheareaandinclude Coral reefstructurescomprise Harbor SMA (Figure5.40a). the areawithinPago tures together comprise~44%of Coral reefandhardbottomstruc- and CoralCommunities Reef Fish, Composition, Habitat inner Harborisprohibitedduetocontaminationbyheavymetalsandotherpollutants(ASEPA 1991). rial regulations. There is no written management plan (Gombos et al. 2007). Sale of fish or shellfish from the agement Program (ASCMP) of the Department of Commerce, but no fishing regulations exist beyond territo- of theSMAdensity ofpigsinthewatershed.Management by the isprimarily American SamoaCoastalMan- and otherhistoricalindustrial,commercial,militaryactivitiesadjacenttotheharbor. There isamedium water qualityhasalsobeenseverelydegradedbynutrientandchemicaldischargesthetunacanneries - (a) representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. (b) Proportionof coral reefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzones of benthicstructuretypesinthePago HarborSMA. Figure 5.40.(a)Proportion Total Area by Total Benthic Structure Type 3% 37% 15% ~1.2 km 2 1% ~44% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~44% of 18% 10% 15% (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Shoreline Intertidal ~0.5 km (3%) 2 Reef Flat (23%) Bank/Shelf (() Fore Reef 34% (40%) ) page 157 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 158 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas low (whiteshading). Greyshadingindicates variables withnodataatagiven site.Fishandcoralsurvey dataarefromKRS. or shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover, Coral reserve. CFMP Poloa the within data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.41. serve frontsa~2.1km density,with lowpopulation impacted condition in minimally watershed tip ofthere- the northeastern while ~0.4 km reef” (ASDMWR2001). lished in2001to“conserve,protect,andmanagetheresourcesvillage The The village of Poloa is located onthe NW tip of Tutuila. The Poloa CFMP reserve (Figure5.41)wasestab- Overview Poloa CFMP Reserve fishing apart from when it is opened for subsistence fishing at certain times of the year. Destructive fishing year. Destructive the of times certain at fishing subsistence for opened is it when from apart fishing watersheds. a lowdensityofpigsintheadjacent and recreational to allcommercial The reserveisclosed for runoffpotential there ishigh soil typesandsteepslopes. oftheerosive because anderosion There is and offshore to 100 yards beyond the seaward edge of the reef flat (ASDMWR 2001). It fronts a ~1.1 km ~1.1 a fronts It 2001). (ASDMWR flat reef the of edge seaward the beyond yards 100 to offshore and 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Legaotaema Point Legaotaema Poloa CFMP Reserve Boundary Reserve CFMP Poloa 2 reserve extends from Legaotaema Point in the west to the boundary of Poloa with Fagali’i village with Fagali’i of Poloa Point inthewesttoboundary reserveextendsfromLegaotaema 0.25 2 watershed of similar condition. While human impacts are minimal in thewatershed, While humanimpactsareminimal of similarcondition. watershed Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.5 Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB 1 Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites 170°40'W CCR CC BFR FB 170°30'W 2 Orcutt 1993,Musburger 2004,Peshutetal.2007 Additional References reef fishvariablesanalyzed(Bioregion15,Chapter 4). CFMPThe Poloa and that isnotahotspotforanyofthecoral region in abiogeographic is located reserve Biogeographic Characteristics coral and communities withinthisMPA. fish reef the characterize to surveys areneeded spread more widely overall. Additional, Samoa with American comparisons ings anddoesnotallow size greatly limits the scope of these find- richness (Figure5.43). The small sample one lowvalueforeachof biomass and the reserve.Fishdataatsiteincludes data wascollectedwithin coral richness includes onemediumvaluefor cover. No CFMPPoloa data atthis reserve.Coral the within survey waslocated Only one American Samoa. shelf, comparedto~50%around and hardbottomisinthebank/ note, over30%ofthecoralreef Samoa (Figure5.42b). Also of ~9% and~22%around American zones, respectively, comparedto reef fore and flat reef the in are and hardbottominthereserve 33% and~21%of the coralreef overall. Samoa American About of ture typescompriseonly~15% In comparison,thesethreestruc- ment covers ~38%of the area. pave- reef (~7%).Inaddition, groove (~18%)andaggregate of the area andincludespur reef structures comprise ~25% the reserve(Figure5.42a).Coral ~98% oftheareawithin comprise tom structures, which together nated by coral reef and hardbot- CFMPThe Poloa is domi- reserve and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, by outsiders(ASDMWR2001). flashlights or lanterns for night fishing, and the breaking up of corals for fishing are also banned, as is fishing methods including the use of bleach, poisons, and explosives are banned. The use of scuba gear for fishing, representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. in eachreefzone.Structuretypesorzones of coralreefandhardbottom Proportion Figure 5.42. (a) Proportionof benthic structuretypesinthePoloaCFMP reserve. (b) (a) 29% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total each piechart. comprising sites (inparentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number of high(red),medium(pink),andlow(white) charts depicttheproportions CFMPin thePoloa data collected coral Figure 5.43.Fishand Pie reserve. Reserve CFMP Poloa 7% ~0.36 km 1% 7% 2 38% ~98% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~98% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 1 (1) 1 18% (b) 0 (0) 0 Bank/Shelf Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (34%) Channel (2%) 1 (1) 1 Fore Reef (21%) ~0.35 km Shoreline Intertidal (3%) 2 Reef Crest 1 (1) 1 (7%) Reef Flat (33%) page 159 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 160 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas comparison were locatedwithintheSaileleCFMP reserve. island-wide the from surveys coral or fish reef No reserve. CFMP Sailele the within type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.44. km use ofthemarineresourcesinreserve. 2005 toprotectthereefareasoitcanallowsustainable The ~0.1 The village of Sailele is located inNE Tutuila. The Sailele CFMP reserve (Figure5.44)wasestablishedin Overview Sailele CFMP Reserve reef crest. It fronts a~0.7km ing atcertaintimesoftheyear. reserve is closed to all commercial and recreational fishing apart from when it is opened for subsistence fish- waters arealsoimpactedtoalesserextentbyurbanrunoffs.waters frontingthewatershed.Nearshore The carried intothenearshore with sediments natural erosion for periodic potential there ismoderatetohigh soil types andsteepslopes of theerosive Because come fromelsewhere. most likely from piggeries charge concentrated inSaileleVillage. There arenopigs reported inthewatershed,soanyimpactsbywastedis- 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 2 170°50'W reserve extends from Malo Point to Leanmanu Point andoffshore reserveextendsfromMaloPointtoLeanmanu 75 yardsfromthe toapproximately SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Aggregate Reef Malo Point Malo 170°40'W 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 2 density watershed inminimallyimpactedcondition,withlowhumanpopulation Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 0.25 Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered Deep Water k Sailele CFMP Reserve Boundary Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB Leanmanu Point Leanmanu 0.5 Kilometers reserve andNo-Take MPA arelocated. 11, Chapter4). The region’s coralcommunitiesaresimilartothoseinNW Tutuila, wheretheFagamaloCFMP The SaileleCFMP regionthat reserve islocatedinabiogeographic hotspot for coral richness(Bioregion Biogeographic Characteristics serve. re- CFMP Sailele the within located comparison island-wide the from surveys coral and fish no were There bottom isinthereefcrest. ~15% ofthecoralreefandhard- 5.45b). (Figure Also ofnote, ~22% around American Samoa ~9% and to only compared fore reefzones,respectively, and flat reef the in are reserve coral reefandhardbottominthe all. of the ~35% and About 48% 15% of American Samoaover- structure typescoverlessthan area. Incomparison,thesetwo pavement covers~45%ofthe prise ~24%ofthearea,while the form of aggregate reef com- reefstructuresin 5.45a). Coral area withinthereserve(Figure the entire comprise together structures, which hardbottom reef and by coral dominated CFMPThe Sailele reserveis and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, resenting <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. rep- reef zone.Structuretypesorzones reef andhardbottomineach of coral Proportion Figure 5.45. (a) ProportionofCFMPbenthic structuretypesintheSailele reserve.(b) (a) Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 31% ~0.08 km 45% 2 100% of total area is coral reef and hardbottom total areaiscoral 100% reef of 24% (b) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Fore Reef (35%) Reef Crest (15%) Bank/Shelf ~0.08 km (2%) 2 Reef Flat (48%) page 161 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 162 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas serve the fish, shellfish, and the coastal area of the village of Vatia” (ASDMWR 2002b). The ~0.6 km National Park. The Vatia CFMP in2001to reserve (Figure5.46)wasestablished“manage,protect, and pre- The villageofVatiacoast of islocatedonthenorth-central Tutuilathe overlaps andpartially Tutuila unitofthe Overview Vatia CFMP Reserve impacts. Nearshorewaters are alsosomewhatimpactedbywastewaterdischarge concentratednearthevil- sediment and nearshore natural erosion potential forperiodic to high and steepslopes,thereismoderate Vatiaconcentrated around withthepopulation impacted condition minimally Bay.of thesoiltypes Because village and offshoreand village fronts a~4.9km It primarily yards (ASDMWR2002b). 100 approximately with boundary Afono the at Point Craggy to Islet Polatai of end northern the at Point Falelofia from extends Fish andcoral survey dataarefromKRS,MPABR, andREA. (white shading). Greyshadingindicatesvariables withnodataatagiven site. or low shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish ness, Figure 5.46. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within the Vatia CFMP reserve. Coral cover, coral rich- 012 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Aggregate Reef Individual Patch Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated SpurGroove and Vatia CFMP Reserve Boundary Falelofia 0.5 Point Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered CCR CC BFR FB Deep Water k

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover CCR CC BFR FB Survey Sites 170°40'W Craggy Point Craggy CCR CC BFR FB 2 watershed in watershed 2 170°30'W reserve Randall and Devaney1974,Orcutt1993, Colesetal.2003, Andrews 2004,Musburger 2004,Houk2010 Additional References similar tothosearoundFagaitua BayontheSEsideof Tutuila. are communities coral and fish region’s The 4). Chapter 12, (Bioregion Park National the of Tutuilaunit the The Vatia CFMPincludes cover andalso that isahotspot forcoral region reservelies inabiogeographic Biogeographic Characteristics reef fishandcoralcommunitieswithinthisMPA. American Samoaoverall Additional, morewidelyspreadsurveysareneededto more fullycharacterize the ings anddoes not allowcomparisons with size greatly limits the scope of these find- ness (Figure5.48). The smallsample for rich- values one lowandtwomedium value forbiomassand and onemedium low one Fish dataincludes for richness. high valueforcoverandonelow includes onelow, one medium,and sites data atthese reserve. Coral of the at theextremewesternandeasternends the Vatia CFMP reserve,andthesewere Only threesurveyswerelocatedwithin American Samoa. compared to ~50% around is in thebank/shelf, hardbottom most 40%ofthecoralreefand (Figure 5.47b). Also ofnote,al- around ~22% Samoa American ly,~9% and to only compared and forereefzones,respective flat reef the in are reserve the coral reefandhardbottomin About 22%and~30%of the of American Samoaoverall. two structuretypescover~12% the area.In comparison, these covers ~37%of tion, pavement prise ~30%of the area.In addi reef com- the formofaggregate reef structuresin 5.47a). Coral the reserve(Figure area within together comprise~96%ofthe hardbottom structureswhich dominated by coral reef and The Vatia CFMP reserveis and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, fishing arealsobanned,asisbyoutsiders(ASDMWR2002b). for of corals up breaking the and fishing, night for flashlights fishing, for gear scuba of use banned. The are explosives, and poisons, bleach, of use year. the the including of methods, times fishing certain Destructive at fishing subsistence for opened is it when from apart fishing recreational and commercial all to closed is lage. There isalowdensityof pigs inadjacentwatershedscomparedto all of American Samoa. The reserve - - resenting <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. Proportion ofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzonesrep- structure typesintheVatiaof benthic Figure 5.47.(a)Proportion CFMP reserve.(b) (a) 14% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 15% each piechart. comprising sites (inparentheses) and of studies the number represent labels values for coral cover, coral richness, fish biomass, and fish richness. Number of high(red),medium(pink),andlow(white) charts depicttheproportions Figure 5.48. FishandcoraldatacollectedintheVatia CFMP reserve.Pie Reserve CFMP Vatia 1% ~0.62 km 3% 37% 2 ~96% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~96% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 30% 3 (3) 3 (b) Bank/Shelf 1 (1) 1 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (39%) 2 (2) 2 ~0.60 km Shoreline Intertidal (2%) Fore Reef 2 (30%) Reef Flat (22%) 3 (3) 3 Reef Crest (7%) page 163 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 164 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas REA, and TCRMP.REA, coral surveydata arefrom site. Fishand with nodataatagiven variables indicates Grey shading shading). ASEPA, CRSR,MPABR, fish biomass, and fish richness values at each survey site are classified as high (red shading), medium (pink shading), or low (white Figure 5.49. Benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within Fagatele Bay NMS. Coral cover, coral richness, ~0.7 km Located on the SW side of Tutuila, Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary (FBNMS) (Figure 5.49) encompasses Overview Fagatele BayNationalMarineSanctuary Federal orederal/Territorial Co-ManagedMPAs the watershed, these runoffs are not associated with significant nutrient loads. There is a low density of pigs in the the in pigs of density low a is There loads. nutrient significant with associated not are runoffs these watershed, the are minimal and although nearshore waters may be affected by runoff of highly erosive soils on the steep slopes of Regulations 1986). FBNMS fronts a ~3.2 km an exampleofapristinetropicalmarinehabitatandcoralreefterraceecosystem”(15C.F.R. 922.100-104,FBNMS Fagatele PointtothesoutherntipofStep’s Point. The Sanctuarywasdesignatedin1986to“protectandpreserve 0 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend

14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Fagatele Bay NMS Boundary NMS Bay Fagatele 2 (14 of fringing coral reef ecosystem within a collapsed volcanic crater and extends from the southern tip of offringingcoralreefecosystemwithinacollapsedvolcaniccraterandextendsfromthesoutherntip o 21'54''S, 170 21'54''S, Fagatele Point Fagatele 0.25 170°40'W o 46'8''W) 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 0.5 CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder 2 watershed in pristine condition. Human impacts within the watershed watershed in pristine condition. Human impacts within the watershed (14 CCR CC FB o 22'26''S, 170 22'26''S, FR Steps Point Steps 1 CCR CC BFR FB Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered o 45'36''W) CCR CC BFR FB Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Larsen Bay 2003, Coleset al.2003, Andrews 2004,Birkelandet al.2004,Greenet2005 Birkeland etal. 1987,Orcutt1993,Birkeland etal.1994,Green al.1999,FiskandBirkeland 2002,Birkelandetal. Additional References around Aunu’u. communities coral to similarities some have and southwestern Tutuila of representative are communities coral and fish region’s includes Larsen Bay and is a hotspot for coral cover as well as coral and fish richness (Bioregion 2, Chapter 4). The FBNMS liesinabiogeographicregionthat Biogeographic Characteristics portions oftheBay. needed tomorefullycharacterizetheouter Additional, more widely spread surveys are biomass wascomparable(Figure5.51). elsewhere in American Samoawhereas richness valuesaremuchhigherthanthose compared toallof American Samoa.Fish relatively highercoverandrichnessvalues areas. Coraldataatthosesitessuggests northeast aggregatereefandpavement Bay andthosewereconcentratedinthe Eight surveys were located within Fagatele and hardbottomfeaturesarereplicatedbythosefoundinadjacentLarsenBay. ~10% isinthebank/shelfescarpment.Ofnote,relativeproportionsandinshore/offshore zonationofthesereef In comparison,~50%ofthecoralreefandhardbottomaround American Samoaisinthebankshelf,whereasonly ~22% and~31%ofthecoralreefhardbottomareinbank/shelfescarpment, respectively. Samoa (Figure5.50b).Inaddition, ~9% and ~22% around American reef fore zones, respectively, comparedto and flat reef the in are reef andhardbottominFBNMS About 7% and ~36% of thecoral habitat around American Samoa. only ~11% of the mapped benthic two structure types comprise (~28%). In comparison, these reef (~36%)andspurgroove the areaandincludeaggregate reef structures comprise ~64% of of itsarea(Figure5.50a).Coral which together comprise ~91% reef andhardbottomstructures, FBNMS is dominated by coral and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, bay areprohibited. line between Matautuloa Benchmark and Fagatele Point) whereas a hook and line of and commercial (seaward fishing in bay the inner outer the in allowed is types gear designated with underway.Presently,fishing currently is that revision plan management a with no-take complete to modified be soon may but FBNMS in zones two within ently is recommended to assess the potential for groundwater seepage into the Bay. Fishing is presently regulated differ- cent toFagateleBay. However, theonlylandfillon Tutuila islocatednorthoftheridgeaboveFBNMS,andresearch watershed compared to all of American Samoa, and no humans (or pigs) inhabit the portion of the watershed adja- <1% ofthetotalareaarenotshown. tion ofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesorzonesrepresenting Figure 5.50. (a) Proportionof benthic structure types inFagateleBayNMS. (b) Propor- (a) 23% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 2% 3% and sites(inparentheses)comprisingeachpiechart. studies of number the represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, (red), medium (pink), and low (white) values for coral cover, coral richness, fish to datafromallof ofhigh Samoa. Piechartsdepicttheproportions American Figure 5.51. Comparison of fish and coral data collected in Fagatele Bay NMS overall Samoa American NMS Bay Fagatele 9% ~0.70 km 28% 2 ~91% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~91% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 36% 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 3 (7) (b) Escarpment Bank/Shelf 3 (6) 3 (31%) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Bank/Shelf (22%) 4 (7) ~0.64 km Reef Flat (7%) 2 Reef Crest (() 4% ) 4 (7) 4 Fore Reef (36%) page 165 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 166 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas ing), orlow(white shading).Greyshadingindicates variableswithnodata atagivensite.Fishandcoral surveydataarefromREA. shad- (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover, Coral Park. National the of Unit Ofu the within data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.52. (NPS 1988). The ~1.5km outbreaks starfish crown-of-thorns from damage reef of lack the as well as area this in communities” coral and fish reef diverse “exceptionally the noted study 1997). feasibility NPS NPS 410qq-410qq-1, 1986-7 The tends 0.25milesoffshore. It also extendsinlandto include thesouthernslopesof Sunu’itao Peak(16U.S.C. Point to of OfuIslandfromFatauana road the southeastshoreline Its boundaryfollows Asega Straitandex- NPS 1997). (16 U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1, with thevillages a leaseagreement in 1993following established formally and 1988 in 100-571 Law by Public was authorized 5.52) Park (Figure of theNational The Ofuunit Overview National Parkof American Samoa–OfuUnit of a ~4.4 km be impactedbynaturalsedimentrunoffs because of the steepslopesandhighlyerosivesoils. There isa 012 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Fatauana Point (14 Point Fatauana 14°20'S 14°10'S Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated 169°40'W 2 watershed. The nearshore waters are not significantly impacted by human activity but may but activity human by impacted significantly not are waters nearshore The watershed. 0.5 o 169°30'W 11'2''S, 169 11'2''S, Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement o 39'50''W) 2 marine portion of the Ofu park unit fronts the largely uninhabited southeast side southeast uninhabited unit frontsthelargely of theOfupark portion marine CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB Kilometers Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered National Park of American Samoa - Ofu Unit Boundary Unit Ofu - Samoa of American Park National Deep Water k Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC FB FR CCR CC BFR FB Asaga Strait CCR CC BFR FB Craig etal.2001,Smith and Birkeland2003, Andrews 2004,Pendleton etal.2005,Garrison2007 and Basch 2001, 1993, Hunteretal.1993,Maragos1995,Craig Itano andBuckley1988, Friedlander Additional References richness (Bioregion18,Chapter 4). fish and biomass, fish richness, coral for all of Ofu and Olosega and is a hotspot thatincludes region ed inabiogeographic The Ofu unit ofPark is locat- the National Biogeographic Characteristics of thesefindings. small samplesizegreatlylimitsthescope the relatively lower(Figure5.54)although are richness and biomass fish and cover to all of American Samoa, while coral these sitesarerelativelyhighercompared Coral richnessvaluesat key variables. eachofthe park unitandnoneincluded Only 5surveyswerelocatedwithinthis Samoa. note, almost20%ofthecoralreefandhardbottomisinbank/shelf,comparedto~50%around American fore and reef zones,respectively, flat compared to only ~9%and~22%around American Samoa(Figure5.53b). Also of reef the in are unit reef and hardbottominthis park About 48%and~33%ofthecoral bottom typeduetowaveswash. within thepark unit is of unknown habitat of note,~9%thebenthic mapping. for satellitebased Also in theOfuparkunitwastoodeep Of note,~8%oftheoffshore area habitat around American Samoa. benthic only ~13%ofthemapped these twostructuretypescomprise patch reefs(~6%).Incomparison, groove (~24%) and aggregated area andincludemostlyspur structures comprise ~32%of the area (Figure5.53a).Coralreef together comprise~71%ofthe structures,which and hardbottom bycoralreef unit isdominated The benthic habitatinthis park and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,Reef Fish, Park Serviceandvillageleaders(16U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1,NPS1997). by theNational with rulesestablished tools andmethodsinaccordance American Samoansusingtraditional Park is largely uninhabited. Fishing or gathering is prohibited in the park, except subsistence fishing by native medium densityofpigsinthewatershedoverall,howeverportion the watershed actuallyfrontingthe zones representing<1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. Park. (b)Proportionofcoralreefandhardbottomineachzone.Structuretypesor structure typesintheOfuUnitofNational of benthic Figure 5.53.(a)Proportion (a) 5% 8% 10% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 9% number ofstudiesandsites(inparentheses)comprisingeach piechart. the represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover,for coral values (white) low (pink), and (red), medium of high proportions of Unit Ofu Park todatafromallof the National Samoa. Piechartsdepict the American the in collected data coral and fish of Comparison Figure 5.54. overall Samoa American Unit Ofu NPSA – %1% 8% ~1.5 km 29% 6% 2 Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral ~71% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~71% of 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 1 (3) 24% (b) 1 (2) 1 Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation Bank/Shelf (18%) 1 (3) ~1.1 km Fore Reef (33%) 2 1 (3) 1 Reef Flat (48%) page 167 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 168 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas ing), orlow(white shading).Greyshadingindicates variableswithnodata atagivensite.Fishandcoral surveydataarefromREA. shad- (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish richness, coral Figure 5.55. Benthic habitat(by structure type) and fish andcoralsurveydatawithinthe Ta’u Unitof the NationalPark. Coral cover, km lished in1993followingaleaseagreementwiththevillages(16U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1,NPS1997).Itoccupies~20 The Ta’u unit of the National Park (Figure 5.55) was authorized by Public Law 100-571 in 1988 and formally estab- Overview National Parkof American Samoa–Ta’u Unit site (16 U.S.C. 410qq-410qq-1, NPS 1997). Most of the marine component of the park fronts an uninhabited ~8.5 site (16U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1,NPS1997).Mostofthemarinecomponentparkfrontsanuninhabited~8.5 of theparkhasaseawardboundarythatextends0.25milesoffshore fromSi’ufa’alelePointeastwardtotheSaua sama, orthe Yellow Waters of Tui Manu’aculturalsite, located centrally on the southshore. The marine component birds” (NPS1988). Also notedisthepresenceofprehistoricvillageSaua,alongeastcoast,and Taisama- forest left in American Samoa” and would “provide important habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, flying foxes, and forest study notedthatthisareaincludes“thelargestextentofbothundisturbedlowlandandmontanerainforestcloud 024 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend (14

14°20'S 14°10'S 2 o 16'23''S, 169 16'23''S, oflandand~4.7km Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated Si'ufa'alele Point Si'ufa'alele 169°40'W 1 o 29'17''W) 169°30'W CCR CC FB FR 2 ofmarinehabitatsinthesouthandsoutheast Ta’u Island. The 1986-7 NPSfeasibility Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Taisamasama CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB Kilometers CCR CC BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered National Park of American Samoa - Ta'u UnitBoundary CCR CC BFR FB Deep Water CCR CC BFR FB (14 k o 14'2''S, 169 14'2''S, Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Saua Site Saua Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover Survey Sites o 25'16''W) CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC CCR CC BFR FB BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CC BFR FB CR fronts anuninhabitedportionofa~37km km Green andHughes 1999,CraigandBasch 2001,Pendletonet al. 2005 Additional References 20, Chapter4). representative of Ta’u Island(Bioregions19- and thatshareaunique coralcommunity richness, fish and coral and cover coral for two biogeographicregionsthatarehotspots The Ta’u unitoftheNationalParkstraddles Biogeographic Characteristics American Samoa(Figure5.57). comparable orslightlylowerrelativetoallof data. Fishbiomassandrichnessvaluesare only twosurveysincludedcoralrichness pared to all of American Samoa, although and relatively higher richness values com- unit. Coraldatasuggestscomparablecover Twelve surveyswerelocatedwithinthepark is inthebank/shelf(Figure5.56b). This issimilartotheproportionsofreefzonesaround American Samoaoverall. hardbottom and reef coral the of half respectively, over zones, while reef fore and flat reef the in are unit park this the coral reef and hardbottom in swash. About 12% and ~34%of known bottom type due to wave addition, ~7%oftheareaisun- for satellitebasedmapping.In the NationalParkwastoodeep offshore areainthe Ta’u unitof the shelf edge, about half of the Because ofthesteepdropoff at habitat around American Samoa. only ~6% of the mapped benthic parison, spurandgroovecovers prise ~17% of the area. In com- the form of spur and groove com- 5.56a). Coral reef structures in area withintheparkunit(Figure together comprise~43%ofthe hardbottom structures,which are dominated by coral reef and Ta’u unit of the National Park The nearshore areas of the and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, 1997). and methodsinaccordancewithrulesestablishedbyNPSvillageleaders(16U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1, or gathering is prohibited in the park, except subsistence fishing by native American Samoans using traditional tools ing theparkunitisuninhabited,sowastedischargefrompiggerieslesslikelytoimpactnearshorewaters.Fishing steep slopes and highly erosive soils. There is a low density of pigs in the watershed and the portion actually front- human impactstothenearshorewaters,thereisamoderateseverepotentialforsedimentrunoffs becauseofthe 2 watershed in pristine condition that covers the southern portion of the island. The eastern marine component watershedinpristineconditionthatcoversthesouthernportionofisland. The easternmarinecomponent representing <1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. reef zone.Structuretypesorzones in each reef andhardbottom (b) Proportionofcoral Figure 5.56. (a)Proportionofbenthicstructuretypesinthe Ta’u UnitoftheNationalPark. (a) 50% Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 2 watershedthatoccupiesmostoftheisland. Although therearenoreal number ofstudiesandsites(in parentheses)comprisingeachpiechart. the represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover,for coral values (white) low (pink), and (red), medium of high proportions Park todatafromallof the National Samoa. Piechartsdepict the American of Unit the Ta’u in collected data coral and fish of Comparison Figure 5.57. overall Samoa American Unit Ta’u NPSA – ~4.7 km 7% 2 ~43% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~43% of 17% 5% Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 1 (10) 20% (b) 1 (2) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation 1 (10) ~2.1 km Reef Flat (12%) 2 oeReef Fore (34%) 1 (10)

Bank/Shelf Reef (54%) page 169 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 170 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas and in relatively and inrelatively pristinecondition.Nearshorewatersmay however, be impactedby sediment runoff resulting park unit primarily fronts twowatersheds. park unitprimarily The westernoftheseisa~5.1km ASEPA, KRS,MPABR, andREA. from survey dataare coral site. Fishand no dataatagiven with variables indicates Grey shading shading). (white or low shading), Coral (pink medium shading), Park. (red as high National classified are site the survey each at of values richness Unit fish and biomass, Tutuila fish the richness, cover,coral within data survey coral and fish and type) structure (by habitat Benthic Figure 5.58. forest on undisturbed and coastline veloped Tutuila”(NPS 1988). The ~6.5km CFMP reserve. stretch ofunde “the longest study notedthatthisareaincludes NPS feasibility The 1986-7 that extends0.25milesoffshore (16U.S.C.NPS1997). 410qq-410qq-1, The parkpartiallyoverlapstheVatia of Fagasaand lies betweenthevillages Afono onthenorth-centralcoastof Tutuila withaseawardboundary NPS 1997).It (16 U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1, with thevillages agreement a lease following in 1993 ly established The Tutuilain 1988andformal- by PublicLaw100-571 unitoftheNationalPark(Figure5.58)wasauthorized Overview National Parkof American Samoa–Tutuila unit 024 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend CCR CC FB 14°20'S 14°10'S 170°50'W Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated FR CCR CC BFR FB CC BFR FB 1 170°40'W CR CCR CC BFR FB 170°30'W Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB CC BFR FB CR Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CCR CC BFR FB Kilometers CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC CCR CC BFR FB BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered National Park of American Samoa - Tutuila Unit Boundary Unit Tutuila - Samoa of American Park National Deep Water k 2 watershed that isuninhabited watershed 2 marine portion of the portion marine Tutuila Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover CCR CC BFR FB Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB - from the erosive soil types on steep inland slopes. from theerosivesoiltypesonsteepinland To theeastisa4.9km Green andHunter 1998,CraigandBasch 2001,Colesetal. 2003,Pendletonetal.2005 Additional References Fagaitua BayontheSE coastof Tutuila. coral communities aresimilar to those around and fish region’s The 4). Chapter 12, cover (Bioregion is ahotspotforcoral gion alongthe north shoreof Tutuila that re- Park overlaps withabiogeographic Most of the Tutuila unitof the National Biogeographic Characteristics (Figure 5.60). lower comparedto all of American Samoa mass andrichnessvalueswererelatively pared to all of American Samoa. Fish bio- er coverandsimilarrichnessvaluescom- park. Coral datasuggestsrelativelyhigh the located within Fifteen surveyswere coral reefandhardbottomisinthebank/shelfcomparedto~50%around American Samoa. 5.59b). Also ofnote,36%the around American Samoa(Figure ly, compared to ~9% and~22% fore reefzones, respective and flat reef the in are unit park this in the coralreefandhardbottom general. of ~59% and About 4% of sentative in Samoa American within theparkunitarerepre- tions of benthic structure types park unit. propor The relative ers ~43%oftheareawithinthis ing corals. cov- Also, algalplain a highpercentageof reef build reefs, a structure type often with are dominatedbyaggregate ~28% oftheareaand comprise ure 5.59a).Coralreefstructures Park (Fig- unit oftheNational the offshore areasofthe Tutuila tures togethercomprise~43%of struc - reef andhardbottom Coral and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, village leaders(16U.S.C.410qq-410qq-1,NPS1997). by native by NPSand established with rules methods inaccordance traditional Samoans using American and most of the area is uninhabited. Fishing or gathering is prohibited in the park, except subsistence fishing impacted condition. west beinginintermediately There isalowdensityof pigs intheseadjacentwatersheds of and easternboundariestheparkextendslightlyintoadjacentwatersheds,withwatershedto the south- and runoff andsurfacewatercontamination. and slightimpactsfromgroundwater potential The southwest concentrated aroundVatiawith thepopulation condition Bay. In thisareathereismoderatetohigherosion - - - zones representing<1%ofthetotalareaarenotshown. Structure typesor reef zone. each in hardbottom reef and Park. (b)Proportionofcoral Figure 5.59. (a) Proportion of benthic structure types in the Tutuila Unitof the National (a) Benthic Structure Type Area by Total 43% - 12% number ofstudiesandsites(in parentheses)comprisingeachpiechart. the represent labels Number richness. fish and biomass, fish richness, coral cover,for coral values (white) low (pink), and (red), medium of high proportions Park todatafrom allof the National Samoa. Piechartsdepictthe American the in collected data of coral Unit and Tutuila fish of Comparison Figure 5.60. overall Samoa American Unit Tutuila NPSA – ~6.5 km 2% 2 ~43% of total area is and hardbottom total area coral reef ~43% of Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 7% 25% 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 1% 1 (10) 7% 2% (b) 2 1 (2) watershed in minimally impacted watershedinminimally Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation 1 (10) ~2.8 km Reef Flat (4%) 2 Fore Reef 1 (10) Bank/Shelf (59%) (36%) page 171 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 172 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas (white shading). Greyshadingindicatesvariables withnodataatagiven site. Fishandcoralsurveydata arefromCRSRandREA. or low shading), (pink medium shading), (red as high classified are site survey each at values richness fish and biomass, fish ness, Figure 5.61. Mapped benthic habitat (by structure type) and fish and coral survey data within Rose Atoll MNM. Coral cover, coral rich- 35,000 km the Vailulu’u (Appendix lies justwestofthemonument seamount, A). almost encompasses The Monument low waterlineofRose Atoll (Figure5.61). for theSamoanIslandchain, hotspot responsible The volcanic miles fromthemean 50 nautical boundary approximately seaward 8337).The Monumenthasarectangular No. (Proclamation or endangered” species, manyofwhicharethreatened and marine of terrestrial semblage around Rose marine environment Atoll” andits“dynamicreefecosystemthatishometoaverydiverseas- established in2009by Presidential Proclamation8337to protect the “lands, submergedlands,waters, and Rose Atoll MarineNationalMonument(MNM)liesat the eastern endofandwas the Samoanarchipelago Overview Rose Atoll MarineNationalMonumentandWildlife Refuge agreement betweenthe Government of American SamoaandtheUSFWS in 1973andincludesthe ~6.8 km 012 Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend CCR CC CCR CC FB BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated CCR CC CCR CC BFR FB BFR FB FR CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC CCR CC BFR FB BFR FB 0.5 2 , Rose including by cooperative Atoll NationalWildlifeRefuge(NWR),whichwasestablished CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CC BFR FB CR Kilometers CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CR CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB FR CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Artificial Sand Sand with Unknown Scattered Coral/Roc Scattered CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB CCR CC BFR FB Deep Water CCR CC BFR FB k CCR CC BFR FB

15°S 14°S Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish CC BFR FB oa oe Coral Richness Coral Cover 169°W CCR CC BFR FB Survey Sites CR oeAolMMBoundary MNM Atoll Rose Rose Atoll NWR Boundary NWR Atoll Rose CCR CC BFR FB

CCR CC BFR FB Atoll CCR CC BFR FB 168°W

MNM CCR CC BFR FB

Boundary CCR CC BFR FB 2

ellite imagery. The ~7.9 km with sat- to map too deep and Rose ocean Atoll MNMisopen munities (unpublished MDS analyses and MDS analyses (unpublished munities comprised of different fish and coral com- fish and coral values within the lagoon are (Figure5.63).Of lower note,the is slightly richness fish whereas Samoa, American of to all relative is slightlyhigher biomass compared toallof American Samoa.Fish values coverandrichness lower relatively goon. Coraldata at these sites suggests Rose rounding Atoll andin the innerla- spur andgroovepavementareassur- There are51surveysdistributedinthe ~3% around American Samoa. to only is inthebackreefzone,compared around American Samoa(Figure5.62b). Almost two-thirdsof the coralreefandhardbottominMonument coral reef and hardbottom in the Monument is in the reef flat, while ~8% is in the fore reef compared to ~22% fied as unknown because of cloud cover or because it is part of the deeper interior of the lagoon. None of the is classi- the lagoon area within area and~25%ofthemapped dition, pavementcovers~40%ofthemapped patch reefs.Inad- reef andaggregated area containsalloftheaggregate low waterline,whereasthelagoon American Samoa. American lies inthe~1.2km groove Almost allofthespurand around benthic habitat mapped of the ture typescover~18% three struc- these comparison, and spur groove (~5%). In patch reefs(~3%), aggregated include aggregatereef (~2%), the mapped benthichabitatand tures compriseonly~10%of reef struc- (Figure 5.62a).Coral of the areawithinMonument ~63% together comprise which reef andhardbottomstructures, by coral is dominated Monument mapped benthichabitatwithinthe Most of the ~35000 km Most ofthe~35000 and CoralCommunities Habitat Composition,ReefFish, cordance withtheNationalMarineSanctuaries Act (16U.S.C.1431etseq.). Commerce hasinitiatedtheprocesstoaddmarineareasofMonumentFagateleBayNMSinac- in activities fishery-related the marine areasoutsideof the NWR (16 U.S.C. 1801 et seq., Proclamation No. 8337). over The Secretary of authority management primary NOAA) (through Commerce of Secretary the gives and Monument the within fishing commercial prohibits 8337 Proclamation USFWS. by exclusively been closed to the public since its establishment to protect the fish and wildlife in the refuge and is managed pacted by human usesuchasfrom urban runoffs and wastedischargefrom piggeries. Rose Atoll NWRhas im- not are waters nearshore uninhabited, Rose is Because Atoll 2007). al. et (Gombos fish reef of species It ofgiantclamsin shorebirds. alsosupportsthelargestpopulation American Samoaaswellmanyrare for the threatenedgreenseaturtle and habitatfor 17 speciesof federally protectedmigratoryseabirdsand grounds nesting important It provides by humans. is uninhabited and the world in atolls of thesmallest one of Rose water line the meanlow and waterswithin land, of land,submerged is Rose 1974). Atoll (RANWR 2 within 2 of resenting <1%ofthetotalmappedareaarenotshown. of coralreefandhardbottomineachzone. Structuretypesorzonesrep- Proportion benthic structuretypesinRose of mapped Figure 5.62.(a)Proportion Atoll MNM.(b) (a) 14% 1% Benthic Structure Type Total Mapped Area by 21% studies andsites (inparentheses)comprising eachpiechart. of the number represent labels ness, fishbiomass, andfishrichness.Number cover,for coral values (white) and low (pink), (red), medium of high rich- coral RoseAtoll the in MNM todatafromallof Samoa. Pie chartsdepicttheproportions American collected data coral and fish of Comparison Figure 5.63. 13% overall Samoa American MNM Atoll Rose ~7.9 km 2% 3% 2 ~63% of mapped area is and hardbottom mapped area coral reef ~63% of 5% Coral Cover Coral Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Fish Biomass Fish Richness Coral Cover Coral 39 17 34 6(347) 6(344) 5(137) 6 (339) 2 (39) 40% 2 (b) of benthic habitat outside the mean habitat outside of benthic Escarpment Bank/Shelf 1 (11) Coral Reefand Hardbottom of Zonation (5%) Bank/Shelf (11%) 2 (40) Fore Reef ~5.0 km Lagoon (8%) (2%) 2 Reef Crest (8%) 2 (40) Back Reef (65%) page 173 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 174 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas opment restrictions, and bans on commercial fishing (Figure 5.64b). Considering only the ~69 km ~69 the only Considering 5.64b). (Figure fishing commercial on bans and restrictions, opment has complete no-take restrictionswhereas~5%(~20km has complete (Figure 5.64a). Considering the type of protection, only ~3% of the total potential reef ecosystem (~12km reef ecosystem areaaround potential American Samoaiscurrentlyprotected bytheexistingMPA network with otherfishing restrictions(lightpink). and of thetotalarea arenotshown.(b)Proportion ofthetotalpotentialreefecosystem withno-takerestrictions (darkpinkshading) <1% representing sediments. Structure typesorcategories into unconsolidated with scatteredcoral/rock,and sandwereaggregated with patchreefs, into otherhardbottom.Mud,sand pavement with sandchannels,reefrubble,androck/boulderwereaggregated ries. reef. Pavement,pavement into coral aggregated were groove spur and patch reefs,and reef, patchaggregated Aggregate suite ofexistingMPAs andfortherestof American Samoa.Forsimplicity, into largercatego- some structure typeswereaggregated Figure 5.64. (a)Proportionofthetotalpotential reefecosystemareaaround American Samoabybenthicstructuretype for theentire 427 km Approximately How muchof American SamoaisprotectedintheMPA network? Results: MPA network et al.2010,Vroom 2011 WassWass 1981, Wegmannet al.1997a, Green 1982, et al.2008, Schroeder 2006, Holzwarth and Tribollet Additional References dominated bycrustosecorallinealgaeandpossessesauniquealgalcommunity(Tribollet etal.2010). may beisolatedfromlarvalsourcesandlessresilient to disturbance (Chapter3). Also ofnote,Rose Atoll is to therestofSamoan Archipelago. suggests thatRose in theregion connectivity of larval Analysis Atoll fish biomass and has a unique coral community. Rose lies upstream in the South Equatorial Current relative Rose Atoll MNMcomprisesaregion(Bioregion17, distinct biogeographicChapter4) that is a hotspot for Biogeographic Characteristics water lineintheforereefandbank/shelf(Figure5.61). in Kenyonetlowerrelativeto al. 2010)andareconsiderablythevalueslocated just outside the mean low considered potential reef ecosystem as defined previously. As of January 2011, only ~8% (~32 km (~32 ~8% 2011, only January previously. of defined As as ecosystem reef potential considered (a) 53% Total Potential Reef Ecosystem - ~427 ~427 km Total Reef Ecosystem - Potential 2 of the nearshore area around area around ofthenearshore than 150mandcanbe Samoa isshallower American 8% anal 2% yses 2% 1% 1 % 2 * small percentages of emergent emergent percentages of small * 14% ~8% in existing MPAs existing ~8% in structure typenot shown and unknowndeep water, vegetation, artificial structures, 9% 8% 2 ) has other regulations such asgearlimits,devel ) hasotherregulations (b) Restrictions No-Take ~32 km 3% 2 Deep Water Algal Plain Sediments Unconsolidated Hardbottom Coral Reef 5% Restrictions Other 2 ofcoral 2 ) ofthe 2 - ) habitat withno-takerestrictions(darkpinkshading)andotherfishing(lightpink). rest of reef of coral (b) Proportion are notshown. <1% ofthetotalarea Samoa.Structuretypesrepresenting American Figure 5.65. (a) Proportionof coral reef habitat by benthicstructuretypefor the entiresuiteof existing MPAs and for the (Figure 5.65a)withonly~3%(~2km reef habitatsaround Samoa, theexistingMPAAmerican networkprotects~10%oftheareathosefeatures out of the 4 variables (none werehotspotsfor out ofthe4 variables 3 for hotspots as defined were Bioregions the that are hotspots for fewer variables. Sevenof to regions relative importance conservation for multiple and may havegreaterecological variables hotspots as defined Bioregions sistent amongallfourvariables(Table 5.2). by existingMPAs.con- Results werebroadly out of36hotspotsareatleastpartlyprotected work. that 25 indicated This simpleaccounting are at least partlyprotectedbythe existingnet- with MPAhotspots which revealed boundaries Bioregions the among defined hotspots logical Aunu’u (Bioregion8). Overlaying the 36 eco- 16) and clude onlySwainsIsland(Bioregion in- 4 Chapter in communities coral and/or fish that have been identified as having unique reef in theexistingMPArently represented network MPA network(Tablenot cur- 5.2).Bioregions inthepresent only sixwithnorepresentation Fourteen of the twenty ecologically distinct Bioregions identified in Chapter 4 include at least oneWhich biogeographicregionsandecologicalhotspotsarerepresentedintheMPA MPA, network? leaving regulations (Figure5.65b). (a) 2% 25% Total Coral Reef Habitat - ~69 ~69 km - Total Habitat Coral Reef 39% 4% 3% 2 ) having complete no-take restrictions and~7%(~5km complete ) having 3% 2 ~10% (~7km * small percentageof * patch reef notshown Photo credit:Matt Kendall,NOAA Biogeography. Image 22.ShorelineofBioregion 2insideLarsenBay. 24% 2 ) in existing MPAs existing ) in (b) Restrictions Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend No-Take ~7 km Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual Reefs Patch Aggregated 3% 2

Patch 7% Restrictions

Reefs Other Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement 2 ) having other ) having M Al Em R o u g page 175 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 176 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas resented bytheexistingMPA network. with atleastoneMPAhotspots foreachvariable rep- of hotspotsforeachvariable andtheproportion in thelastcolumn. is summarized Bioregion each of the number The bottomtworowssummarize regions and hotspots are defined in Chapter 4 of this assessment. The number of existing MPAs within Table withexistingMPAs.hotspots, andoverlap 5.2. regions,ecological Biogeographic Biogeographic ity oftheBioregionunprotected. MPAsless than0.4km 1 togethercomprise inBioregion However,protected withreplication. is beingadequately therefore itmayappear that thisBioregion the two MPAs existing the of and two contains variables) coral and fish 4 the of 3 for hotspot a Tutuila1, (Bioregion of coast SW the example, For protection. sufficient guarantee not does Bioregion MPAa an within of ence tors that vary among MPAs:considerably size of the protected areaandtype of protection. The mere pres- The summariespresented abovedonot simple hotspotandbioregional taketwo into considerationkeyfac- tip of Tutuila (Bioregion 10),andSwainsIsland(Bioregion16)(Figure5.66). notcurrentlyprotectedbytheexistingMPAvalue Bioregions networkare 8), theeastern Aunu’u (Bioregion 18). ExistingMPAsregion (1, 2,14,and18). Bioregions protectportions offourthesehigh-value The high- Tutuila16), andOfu/Olosega(Bio- Island (Bioregion 14), Swains area (Bioregion (Bioregion 10),Fagamalo Cape between Taputapu2), 1 and Rock Point(Bioregions Sail and tip of 8), theeastern (Bioregion Aunu’u sites. relatively high-value and canbeconsidered all 4variables) These includetheSW coast of Tutuila Hotspots w/an Total Hotspots MPA Present Represented Proportion of Bioregion Hotspots 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover Coral 6/10 10 X X X X X X X X X X 6 Richness Coral 5/6 X X X X X X 5 6 Biomass Fish 6/10 10 X X X X X X X X X X 6 Richness Fish 6/10 10 X X X X X X X X X X 6 2 of potential reef ecosystem, leaving the vastmajor- reef ecosystem,leaving ofpotential Hotspots Total 36 2 2 3 1 3 0 3 0 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 MPAs within Bioregion Existing 25 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 1 2 3 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 2 3 0 ered in the context of MPA size. For example, fifteen of the twenty-two MPAs were smaller than 1 km 1 than MPAs smaller twenty-two were the of MPAfifteen of example, context For the size. in ered the relativecontributionsof in judging an MPAreef andhardbottomcanbemisleading and must be consid proportions of coral reef and hardbottom,often less than50%of their area. These lowproportionsof coral protect. The largestMPAsencompass awidervariety ofbottomtypesandthereforehavelower generally to intended are they species fish the of range home the encompass to enough large be not may ever,they very efficiently.some keyhabitats so encompass of theirarea,and than 80% structures, oftengreater How- features. For instance, manyof the smallest MPAs possess a high proportionof coral reef and hardbottom relative protection ofcoralreefandhardbottom of habitatsaswelltheirsizewhenevaluating proportions coral reef and hardbottom aroundallof American Samoa(~5km 30% ofthetotalprotected reef ecosystemiscoral reeforhardbottom,butthisencompasses of thepotential (~4.4 km hardbottom and reef coral protected the of ~25% only MPAs encompass fifteen these vidually. Collectively tial reefecosystem,from<0.02km MPAs around protect verydifferentand of sizes range a verywide have Samoa American of poten- amounts Size andregulatorycomparisonsamongMPAs hotspots forthreefish/coralvariables(Chapter4)andthemesophoticcoralbankssurrounding are that Bioregions including features, ecological significant of locations the MPAsto existing relative of Distribution Figure 5.66. to beeffective inprotectingfishspecieswithlarge homeranges. more coralreefandhardbottom thanall15ofthesmallestMPAsLarger MPAs combined. arealsomorelikely 0 S T u w t a u 0 1 i i n l a s

a I 2 sl n K d a m

n Au d 2 n of 16.9km u 1 ' u 6

(B 5 i o re g i

o 15°S 14°S 13°S 12°S 11°S n s 1 2 1 -1 ) around Samoa. In contrast,atRose American Atoll MNM,thelargestMPA,~50% only 7 1 5 ° 1 W ) 5 0 1 0 S 1 V 7 e a 0 a 1 i ° m l W 0 u 1 0 o l u u ' u n 1 6 t 9 2 0 ° W 0 1 4 2 1 to~9.1km 6 8 ° W 1 4 6 0 7 0 K ° 2 W m 1 3 2 R 0 K o i 2 l s o (Figure5.67, Table 5.3).It both the is importanttoconsider e m

e At t e r o 3 s l l 0 1 1 7 2 K L m e g e 5 1 n M B o c M B 2 0 o t d i i a h P o o r n 2 e a A r r T out of 16.9 km u e e r l a

'

b g g b a e k o i i

m a e o o I u sl n y n n a n a ks

s

B f b d 5 n e 4 a 1 t o a d a h n 8 s u r t a k i u n e ( s t r Bi

d s e a a o r s 7 e r r i e e 6 h g 1 s 0 o i o N t Tutuila (AppendixB). n sp a s f g a o 1 1 i 2 n a 1 t 8 ). This singleMPA protects s u n -2

a t f

0 o c B ) o r a

r 3 n a

k l f

s h i sh e a / d co s 2 r 0 K a i 1 l l o

0 va m 1 e 8 9 t r e i r a s b l e s 2 0 2 9 indi ± - - page 177 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 178 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas or zones created within present MPAspresent within created or zones DMWR’swith inconsultation No-Take MPAto partlymeetthis Program modified be can regulations Existing 2000). (Sunia 2010 by areas no-take in reefs Samoa’scoral American as coralreefhabitataround American Samoa.In2000, Governor Tauese Suniasetagoal toprotect20%of identified area the of ~3% only comprise areas no-take These NWR). the (including curve fathom 50 the of no-take. No-Takethe entireFagamalo These include MPAof theRose andtheportion Atoll MNMlandward MPAsOnly twoexisting complete of protection, with thestrongestlevel designated at leastsomezone have In additiontosizedifferences, theMPAs around American Samoavaryinthetypeofprotection theyprovide. Existing MPAs (~32 km (~32 MPAs Existing Pie sizesarescaledrelativetopotentialreefecosystemarea. MPA.structure typeforeachexisting of potentialreefecosystemareabybenthic Figure 5.67.Proportion Benthic Structure TypesBenthic Structure Legend Fagamalo No-Take MPA No-Take Fagamalo NPS – Tutuila unit Tutuila NPS – Rose Atoll MNMRose P auunit Ta’u NPS – Aggregated Patch Reefs Patch Aggregated Aggregate Reef SpurGroove and Reef Patch Individual (2.9 km (6.5 km (9.1 km (4.3 km 2 2 2 2 ) ) ) ) * 2 ) Fagamalo CFMP Reserve CFMP Fagamalo Pago Pago Harbor SMA Harbor Pago f at Marine Park Vaoto Ofu Vatia Pavement Reef Rubble Channels Sand with Pavement Reefs Patch with Pavement Bay NMS Fagatele Nu’uuli Pala SMA Pala Nu’uuli P f unit Ofu NPS – FPReserve CFMP (0.5 km (2.0 km (1.2 km (0.7 km (0.6 km (1.5 km (0.4 km

Reserve 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Mud Plain Algal VegetationEmergent Rock/Boulder Amanave CFMP Reserve CFMP Amanave lfuCFMP Reserve Alofau auu&Faganeanea Matu’u Poloa CFMP Reserve CFMP Poloa Aua CFMP Reserve CFMP Aua Aoa CFMP Reserve CFMP Aoa CFMP Reserve CFMP Reserve A maua * Rose Atoll includes RoseAtoll MNM NWR (0.4 km (0.2 km (0.3 km (0.3 km ( (0.4 km (0.3 km 0.3 km 0.3 &

AtA 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) u t o Artificial Sand Coral/Rock Scattered Sand with Unknown Alega Private Marine Reserve PrivateMarine Alega MiM all CFMP Reserve Sailele asaus Leone Pala SMA Pala Leone Deep Water (0.02 km 00 km 08 (0 (0.2 km (0.1 km i FPR CFMP . 08

km 2 2

2 2 ) ) R Fish/Coral Data Fish/Coral ) ) Site ValuesSite Variable: each for Fish Biomass Fish Ric Fish Biomass Fish eserve oa oe Coral Ri Coral Cover Survey Sites CCR CC BFR FB c Table 5.3. Potentialreefecosystemarea(km program, fortheentiresuiteofexistingMPAs, andforallof American Samoa. MPA network. information to identify areas of high ecologicalvaluethat could beaddedto the no-take componentsof the additional and B), (Appendix features benthic 4), (Chapter communities coral and fish 3), (Chapter nectivity meet thisgoal,MPA practitionersin American Samoacanuseinformation inthisassessmentonlarvalcon- strong commitmentsto achieving the 20% goal. As the MPA network expandsundervariousauthoritiesto (Oram 2008), and planscontinuedengagement with other MPA programs andlocalcommunitiesto build priority sites(e.g. additional surveys atthose sites biological standardized 4), hasconducted Chapter Aunu’u, DMWR’sNo-TakeFagamalo, at site no-take the establishing to identified addition has In Program goal. this with no-take restrictions such as recently implemented at Fagamalo by DMWR are necessaryto accomplish implemented. large, crosssectionalMPAsexample demonstratesthatadditional re-zoning This hypothetical New MPAsachieved. the sametotalarea asallexistingMPAs encompassing need tobe would combined existing MPAs,within only behalfway would as no-take, the20%goal re-zoned evenifallwerehypothetically goal. However, it should be noted that because only10%of the total coral reef habitat in American Samoais

Unconsolidated Habitat Benthic Classifications Other Hardbottom Coral reef sediments types Total Area Deep Water Unknown Artificial Algal plain vegetation Emergent Sand rock scattered coral/ Sand with Mud Total hardbottom Rock/Boulder Reef rubble sand channels Pavement with patch reefs Pavement with Pavement Total coralreef Spur andgroove reef Individual patch patch reefs Aggregated Aggregate reef structure types Detailed Reserves CFMP 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 MNM 9.1 1.2 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 4.2 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 2 ) bybenthicstructuretypeforexistingMPAs. Areas aregivenfor MPAeach individual NMS 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 Existing MPAs byType NPSA 12.3 2.0 0.6 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 2.9 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.9 3.1 1.2 0.0 0.2 1.7 No-Take MPA 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.1 Reserve Private 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 SMAs 3.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 Territorial Marine Park 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 32.4 3.3 2.5 0.0 4.5 0.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 9.9 0.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 6.6 7.0 2.0 0.0 1.8 3.1 American Samoa 426.7 231.2 36.6 36.5 43.4 28.8 68.6 19.1 28.3 19.6 4.3 0.1 0.3 1.7 4.1 2.7 8.8 0.8 2.2 1.6 page 179 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 180 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas area are the largest source of larvae in the archipelago, some of which are circulated to someofwhichare circulated area arethe largestsourceoflarvae inthearchipelago, American Samoa It wasfoundthatSamoa’sof the entire archipelago. tions among islands and coralreef islands muchlarger model toevaluateconnec hydrodynamic larval dispersal.Chapter 3ofthisassessmentusedabroad-scale and acrossMPAmodels areneededtoquantifyconnectionsamong MPAsHydrodynamic boundaries. dueto among movements fish of frequencies and scales the quantify to needed are studies Telemetrytagging or design. network in consider to important also are larvae coral and fish of dispersal and shifts, habitat onto- genic fish, adult for range home a within swimming as such factors to due MPAs among connections The gions lacking representation or replication in the existing network are identified in Table 5.2 and Figure 5.66. No-Takeof bankfeaturessuchasthoseintheFagamalo protection to replicate choices MPA. re- Additional coral banksaround Also, thediscontinuous Tutuila(e.g. Taema,and manyothers)offer Nafanua, abundant theverysimilarreefecosysteminadjacent andalreadyprotectedFagateleBayNMS. perfectly replicate for MPAconsideration in authorities almost Bay would Larsen protecting Samoa. Forexample, American genic and natural disturbance (e.g. crown-of-thorns starfish, tsunamis, pollution), this should be an important of reefecosystemstoanthropo of theprotectedecosystemorresource.Givensusceptibility resiliency MPAsecosystem orresourceovermultiple or lossofaparticular the riskofdegradation the andenhances of MPAimportant principle is an similar sites thatare or habitatsatmultiple design. network This spreads In addition to protecting such special or unique featuresat single sites, replication ofregions non-unique the existingMPA network. Park boundaryon These featurespresentlylieoutsidetheNational Ta’u andarenotcurrentlyprotectedby cies of a special anduniqueareais off the southwest coast of Ta’u andincludesseveralcoralheadsof the spe- vent communitiesandlikely eventualemergenceasanewisland(Staudigelet al. 2006). Another example hydrothermal unique its encompass would modification boundary small a and MNM Rose Atoll the outside lies betweenRose of theSamoanarchipelago, Atoll andtheManu’aIslands (Appendix A). Vailulu’ulies just active seamountofthe65inEEZs the onlyvolcanically Samoa andtheorigin American No-Takethe Fagamalo MPAsuch featuresaround encompasses Tutuila presently. Another feature,Vailulu’u, reefs (RieglandPiller2003,Bareet al. 2010)butarepoorlyrepresentedintheexistingMPA network.Only stressors thanshallower and nearshore change to climate reef communitiesthatmaybelessvulnerable this study.on in focused ables around banks the mesophotic Forexample, Tutuilacoral some vibrant have vari- the general using not addressed that were that areworthyofprotection importance features ofspecial sources or specific biota (e.g. Saua and Taisamasama cultural sites on Ta’u). There is a diversity of additional to protectculturalre- sincetheymaybedesigned variables ecological have littletodowiththesegeneral MPAs existing some variables, coral and fish While ouranalysishasfocusedonbroadreef cultural sites. or ecological specific of protection and sites, among connectivity no-take), ensuring 20% sentation, replication,quantitativetargets(e.g. repre- biogeographic These goalsmayinclude them. the networkandaprocesstoachieve by achieved be to goals specific the identify to in American Samoa.It is up to this community plicitly stated goal of the local MPA community ex- an not is 4 Chapter in defined hotspots cal cluding representationof the particular ecologi or in- Bioregions among protection spreading variables. However, it should be notedthat important ecosystem consistent setofbroadly oftheMPAan accounting using a landscape features withinexistingMPAs wastoprovide the biogeographic Our goalinsummarizing Conclusins (Fisk and Birkeland 2002, Brown et al. 2009) that are remarkable for their enormous size. for theirenormous 2002, Brownetal.2009)thatareremarkable Porites lutea(FiskandBirkeland - Photo credit:MattKendall,NOAA Biogeography. under developmentin2011. Image 23.OriginalCFMPwas New signage signpostedatFagamalo. - - the widerMPA network,butalsocoralreefecosystemsmoregenerally throughoutthearchipelago. is recommended that maximizes the benefits of this potential connectivity and promotes resiliency of not only of MPAsinterdependency acrossboththesejurisdictions. AMPAarchipelago-wide comprehensive, strategy sible. MPAThis isacriticalnextstepinregional given thecloseproximityandhighpotential for planning of theMPAand Savai’i,afullaccounting Upolu of Islands Networkforboth be pos- Samoa and will American Samoan the for available become files MPAboundary and maps benthic comprehensive Once 3). and 4 (Chapter communities coral and fish reef B), (Appendix (Chapter connectivity larval and C), Appendix to thenetworkonbasisofprotectedhabitats of additions contributions the ecological be usedtoevaluate MPA landscapearound of thisBiogeographic American Samoaevolves,the components Assessment can needs andresourceconditions. to changing in response leaders can bemadebyvillage regulations As the are established for an initial period of 2-3 years, after which modifications to protection level, boundaries and more changeable provide others and protection for shorter durationsat which pointthey must be renewed.ManyCFMP reserves, for instance, newlegislation barring in perpetuity protection fixed provide Some It is alsoimportant to notethat MPAs in in termsoftheir permanence. American Samoavaryconsiderably network. features notedinthisreportthatarenotcurrentlyprotectedbytheexisting cal hotspots,orspecial coral reefandhardbottomareastotheMPAtem andadditional ecologi networkandmayprotectBioregions, MPAstential process. in the“proposal” stages at various were These MPAsreef ecosys- potential add would The MPA networkin landscape. American Samoaisanever-changing As ofJanuary2011, anumberofpo- financial, network. each siteandtheoverall manage to successfully necessary support roles material, andstakeholder of combination appropriate the contribute can programs, of mix which likely more or authorities, ification of the size, regulations, or spatial arrangement of existing MPAs, and 4) identify which management NOAA NOS 2009), 3) identify ways toMPAsaccomplish resourceprotectiongoalsthroughadditional or mod- protected withintheexistingMPA network (i.e. this analysisandotherslikeit, e.g. Fisk and Birkeland2002, such as establishment of 20% of coral reefsasno-takerefugia(Oram2008),2)quantifywhatresourcesare already programs stated byindividual been have some ofwhich goals, protection quantitative resource all MPAthe of evolution the in steps next WorkingKey Network Group. over- define 1) to, are strategy network MPAwithin the Coordinator Territorial government’s CoralReef Advisory GroupandtheformationofanMPA working inarelativelysmallregion. To date,theMPAof an networkstrategyhasfacilitatedtheestablishment confusion at the villagelevelbutalsotoagencies prevent competitiveobstruction amongmanywellintending Effective among MPAcommunication andcollaboration programs isvitalto not only minimizestakeholder MPA programstomost effectivelymanagement authorities. alignresource protectionneedswithappropriate for effectiveis theneed goals One ofthekey overarching objectives. and among collaboration and dialogue goals time-bound and enforcement,witheachcontaining and outreach,researchmonitoring, education 2007). The strategyconsistsofandadministration,MPA5 actionplanscoveringgovernance designation, in ment programs over thepast5years(Oram2006,2008,Damitz developed Samoa hasbeen American A comprehensive andcooperativeMPA strategy with protection goalsthat involves the many MPA manage larvae tothebroaderecosystemandMPA network. larval transportandidentifypotentialMPAunderstand localized sites that may provideresilientsourcesof particular islands.DMWRand around ASEPAaround such amodel arepresentlydeveloping Tutuilato better in models hydrodynamic scale this assessment must be coupled with broad finer-scale models to understand smaller current patterns and eddies the benefit, maximum For context. similar a in evaluated be should gets production exporteddownstreamtotheotherislandsinarchipelago. MPAsAll existingandproposed of theprotectedreefhabitatsin that someofitslarval American Samoa,butconnectivitymodelsindicate in another.population For example,theMPA at Rose Atoll MNMnotonlyencompassesalargeproportion in oneMPAof larvae maybespawned species dictate which butthenbetransported tosustaintheresident seed thereefsofSamoa.DistancesbetweenislandsandMPAsin thesecurrentspartly andtheir positions turn, lies upstreamof Samoa inthe South EquatorialCurrentandmanylarvaespawnedinMPAs there may 3). Mostof Current (Chapter Counter via theSouthEquatorial Island) in Samoa (exceptSwains American - - page 181 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 182 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas implementation forthe Alega PrivateMarineReserve. and rationale the of description a provided Fa’amuli Tisa boundaries. reserve CFMP the of shapefiles GIS the NOAA Biogeography Branch workedwithSelainaVaitautolu, of the CFMP program manager, Buja to produce Ken boundaries. NPSA the of shapefiles GIS corrected draft us helped NPS of Bone Sarah ment. description of and understandablethecomplicatedmanagementregimeat Rose Atoll MarineNationalMonu- to eachMPA.adjacent the watersheds used tocharacterize a simple of USFWSprovided FrankPendleton Marine Reserve, Ofu Vaoto Territorial MarinePark, and theSpecialManagement Areas pluscontextualdata at Reynolds Program. Christin pliance for the GIS boundaries DOC provided Samoa American Private Alega chapter. Phil Wilesat American SamoaEPAinformation fromthe contributedvaluable ASEPA PiggeryCom- Weto this contributions who madeveryhelpful people of several theassistance acknowledge gratefully Acknowledgements Fagamalo. 10pp.+ Appendices. Plan for Management and WildlifeResources(ASDMWR). 2003c.Fisheries ofMarine Samoa Department American Aua. 11 pp.+ Appendices. Plan for American SamoaDepartment ofMarineandWildlifeResources(ASDMWR).2003b. FisheriesManagement Amaua and Auto. 9pp.+ Appendices. Plan for American SamoaDepartmentofMarineandWildlife Resources(ASDMWR).2003a.FisheriesManagement Vatia. 11 pp.+ Appendices. Plan for American SamoaDepartmentofMarineandWildlife Resources(ASDMWR).2002b.FisheriesManagement Alofau. 9pp.+ Appendices. Plan for American SamoaDepartmentofMarineandWildlife Resources(ASDMWR).2002a.FisheriesManagement Poloa. 7pp.+ Appendices. American SamoaDepartmentof Marine andWildlifeResources(ASDMWR). 2001. Fisheries ManagementPlanfor management areas. tion & Development, Chapter 5: Coastal ManagementProgram;Section3:of Designation coastalzoneandspecial American SamoaCode Annotated (ASCA)§24.0503. Title 24:NaturalResources&EcosystemProtec- Environmental and Recreation,Section14:EstablishmentofOfu-Vaoto MarinePark. American SamoaCode Annotated (ASCA)§18.0214. Title 18:ParksandRecreation,Chapter2:Departmentof ter 2:CoastalManagement,Section21:SpecialManagement Areas. American Samoa Code(ASAC)§26.0221. Administrative TitleSafety 26:EnvironmentalandLandManagement,Chap marine protected area. village a in fish taking or Fishing 8: Section Program, Management Fisheries Community-Based 10: Chapter American Samoa (c)(i). Administrative Code(ASAC)§24.1008 Title 24:EcosystemProtectionandDevelopment, 10: Community-BasedFisheriesManagementProgram,Section1: Authority. Samoa American (ASAC) §24.1001. Administrative Code TitleChapter 24:EcosystemProtection andDevelopment, Community-Based FisheriesManagementProgram. American Samoa Administrative Code(ASAC) § 24.10. Title 24: Ecosystem Protection andDevelopment,Chapter10: 16 U.S.C.1801. Title 16:Conservation,Chapter38:Fisheryconservationandmanagement. cies; establishmentofsystem. 16 U.S.C. 1431. Title 16:Conservation,Chapter32:MarineSanctuaries,Section1431:Findings,purposes,andpoli Endangered speciesoffishandwildlife,Section668dd:NationalWildlifeRefugeSystem,668ee:Definitions. 16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee. Title 16: Conservation, Chapter5A: Protection andconservationof wildlife, SubchapterIII: of lands;relinquishmentprivateclaims. Subchapter LXI: National andInternationalMonumentsMemorials,Section431:Monuments;reservation 16 U.S.C. 431-433. Title 16:Conservation,Chapter1: National Parks, Military Parks, Monuments, andSeashores, Establishment. Park of LIX-O:National shores, Subchapter 410qq-1: Section and purpose, Findings Samoa, Section410qq: American 16 U.S.C. 410qq-410qq-1. Title 16:Conservation, Chapter1: National Parks, Military Parks, Monuments, andSea- I: NationalParkService,Section1:Servicecreated;director;otheremployees. 16 U.S.C.1. TitleSubchapter Parks, Monuments,andSeashores, Parks, Military 1: National Chapter 16:Conservation. tions, SubpartJ:FagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuary. 15 C.F.R. 922.100-104. Title 15:CommerceandForeign Trade,Marine SanctuaryProgramRegula Part922:National refences - - - page 183 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 184 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas long-term monitoring sites.Reporttothe DepartmentofMarineand WildlifeResources.Pago Pago, AS. 134pp. of islands onthevolcanic 2002. Statusofcoral communities Fisk, D.andC. Birkeland. Samoa. American A re-surveyof Fagatele BayNationalMarine Sanctuary(FBNMS)Regulations.51Fed.Reg.15878-15883 (29 April 1986). Samoa CoralReef Advisory GroupbyChromisLLC. August 2007.53pp. Damitz, B. 2007. American Samoamarineprotectedarea networkstrategy. Technicalfor the report prepared American Pacific Science31:309-319. Dahl, A.L. and 1917transect. A.E. Lamberts. 1977.EnvironmentimpactonaSamoancoralreef:resurveyofMayor’s NOAA Tech ReportNOSNCCOS11. 522pp. states. associated freely Pacific and US the of ecosystems reef coral Waddellof In 2005.status (ed.), The 312-337. J. Craig, P., G. DiDonato, D.Fenner, andC.Hawkins.2005. The stateofcoralreefecosystems American Samoa.pp. corals in American Samoa.CoralReefs20:185-189. Craig, P.,of shallow-water 2001. Hightemperatures toleratedbyadiverseassemblage and S.Belliveau. C. Birkeland, National ParkService.17pp. Craig, P.Park of program fortheNational a coralreefmonitoring Developing andL.Basch.2001. American Samoa. to asoftcoral(Alcyonacea)community. MarinePollutionBulletin48:768-777. devastation reveals years 85 in after flat Samoa reef American a of Resurvey 2004. DiDonato. Cornish, E.M. and A.S. of MarineandNaturalResources.BishopMuseum Technical ReportNo.26.Honolulu,HI.182pp. Sanctuary, Marine Service, FagateleBayNational Parkof National Samoa, and American Department Samoa American Harbor,Pago Bay, Fagatele park coast, the national and report totheU.S.FishandWildlife Samoa. Final American Coles, S.L., P.R. Reath, P.A. Skelton, V. Bonito, R.C. DeFelice, andL. Basch. 2003.IntroducedmarinespeciesinPago massive Poritescoloniesat Ta’u island.CoralReefs28:735. Brown, D.P., L. Basch,D.Barshis,Z. Forsman, D.Fenner, and J. Goldberg. 2009. American Samoa’s islandofgiants: National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, U.S.DepartmentofCommerce.158pp. and Tutuila Island(American Samoa)1985to 2001: summaryof surveys conducted in1998and2001.Reportto the Birkeland, C., A. Green, C.Mundy, and K. Miller.Marine Sanctuary ofFagatele BayNational 2004. Longtermmonitoring Series. PagoPago, AS. 226pp. Fagatele BayNMS and Tutuila Island(AmericanSamoa),1982-1995.FagateleBayNationalMarineSanctuaryScience Birkeland, C.E., R.H. Randall, in thecoralreefcommunitiesof A.L. Green,B.D.Smith,andS.Wilkins.2003.Changes pp. Sanctuary.Marine and Oceanic to theNational Report Atmospheric of Commerce.126 U.S. Department Administration, National S.S. Bay and Fagatele Randall, the R.H. Amesbury. of C.E., assessment Birkeland, reef-fish and Coral 1994. ment Division.Washington, DC.232pp. Sanctuary.Marine Bay National gatele NOAA Technicaland EstuarineManage NOS MEMD3.Marine Memorandum Birkeland, C.E., R.H. Randall, R.C.Wass, B. Smith, and S.resource assessmentoftheFa- Wilkins. 1987.Biological insular shelfat Tutuila, American Samoa.CoralReefs29:369-377. Bare, A.Y., K.L. Grimshaw, J.J. Rooney, M.G. Sabater, D. Fenner, and B. Carrol. 2010.Mesophoticcommunitiesof the American Samoa.MSc Thesis, UniversityofWales Bangor. 128pp.+ Appendices. Andrews, Z. 2004. EffectsProgramme onthecoralreefcommunitiesin FisheryManagement of theCommunity-Based American SamoaEnvironmentalProtection Agency (ASEPA) PiggeryComplianceProgram.February2011. nated FishinHarbor. Protection American SamoaEnvironmental Agency (ASEPA). December6,1991.PublicHealthDirective:Contami Matu’u andFaganeanea.6pp. American SamoaDepartmentof Marine andWildlifeResources(ASDMWR). 2005. FisheriesManagementPlanfor Masausi. 8pp.+ Appendices. Plan for American SamoaDepartmentofMarineandWildlifeResources(ASDMWR).2003d.FisheriesManagement - - Mayor, A.G. 1924.Structureandecology ofSamoanreefs.Carnegie InstituteofWashington Publications340:1-25. prepared byCorial.Honolulu, HI.61pp. Park of National American Samoaandadjacentterritorialreefparkat OfuParkService Island. Report fortheNational Maragos, J.E., K.Z. Meier, and C.L. Hunter. 1995. Reefmappingandbeachmonitoringprojectat the Ofu unit of the Marine andWater ResourcesBiologicalReport Series,No.36.PagoPago, AS. 33pp. Kluge, K. of inPalaLagoon. 1992. Seasonalabundanceszooplankton American SamoaGovernment,Departmentof King, M.andU.Faasili.1998. A networkofsmall,community-ownedvillagefishreservesinSamoa.Parks8:11-16. moa. Atoll ResearchBulletinNo.586.NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory, Washington, DC.30pp. Kenyon, J.C.,J.E.Maragos,andS.Cooper.at Rose of coralcommunities 2010.Characterization Atoll, Sa- American Department ofMarineandWater ResourcesBiologicalReportSeries,No.12.PagoPago, AS. 26pp. Itano, D.and T. Buckley. 1988. Islands, The coralreefsoftheManu’a Samoa. American Samoa Government, American of MarineandWater ResourcesBiologicalReportSeries,No.37.Pago Pago, AS. 42pp. Iose, P.K. andJ.McConnaughey.in PalaLagoon. 1993.Fisheryresources Samoa Government, Department American Park Service.90pp. Park, Ofu, National of theproposed for long-termmonitoring mendations American Samoa.FinalreporttotheNational Hunter, C.L.,W.H. Magruder, A.M. Friedlander, andK.Z.Meier.recom- assessment and Ofu reefsurveybaseline 1993. Workshop SummaryandRecommendations.16pp. Houk, P. 2010. Program Data Samoa Community Based Monitoring American Assessment andProgramDevelopment Samoa. SeaGrant Technical ReportUNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-76-02. 84pp. Helfrich, P. 1975. An assessmentof the expectedimpactofprojectproposedfor a dredgingPalaLagoon, American to theNationalOceanicand Atmospheric Administration. U.S.DepartmentofCommerce.93pp. land, a re-surveyofthehistoric Samoa:resultsofsurveysconductedin2004,including American Aua Transect. Report Green, A., K. Miller, and C.Mundy. Marine Sanctuary,2005. Longtermmonitoring ofFagateleBayNational Tutuila Is- Park of American Samoa.DraftreporttotheNationalParkof American Samoa.14pp. Green, A. and T. assessment Hughes. 1999.Rapidecologicalof the coral reef resources inthe Ta’u unitof the National Marine Sanctuary, American Samoa.PacificScience53:376-400. Green, 1999. A.L., andR.H.Randall. C.E. Birkeland, Twentyin Fagatele BayNational and change yearsofdisturbance of American Samoa.ReporttotheNationalParkof American Samoa.42pp. Green, C. Hunter.A. and 1998. Ain the reef resources of thecoral survey preliminary TutuilaPark of theNational unit Islands Ecoregion.Honolulu,HI.65pp. ated fuel spill at Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, American Samoa. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Green, A., J. Burgett,M. Molina, D.Palawski,andP. Gabrielson. 1997b. and associ- The impactofashipgrounding Pago Harbor:aquantitativerecord.Proceedingsofthe8thInternationalCoralReefSymposium2:1883-1888. Green, Pago in reef degradation of coral 78 years S. Wilkins.1997a. B.D. Smith,and R.H. Randall, A.L., C.E.Birkeland, pendices. NOAA TechnicalCRCPMemorandum 2.NOAASpring, MD.129pp.+ Program. Silver Reef Conservation Coral Ap- the UnitedStatesVolume 1: Marine Protected Areas ManagedbyU.S. States, Territories,2007. andCommonwealths: Mendez, D.andC. TrappeProtected (ed.), 2007.ReportontheStatusofMarine Reef Ecosystemsof Areas inCoral Gombos, M.J., R. Oram, and S. Vaitautolu. 2007. American SamoaCoralReefMPA Summary. pp. 11-25. In Wusinich- recent historicalreconstructionofshorelineposition.EnvironmentalMonitoringand Assessment 124:105-130. 2007. and R.Coleman. Gilman, E.,J.Ellison, rise and sea-level relative to projected response Assessment ofmangrove Report tothe American SamoaDepartment ofCommerce.19pp. Garrison, V.H., K.Kroeger, D.Fenner, andP.of coralreefsinOfuandOlosega. comparison Craig.2007.Eutrophication the proposedNationalParkonOfuIsland, American Samoa.Draftreportto the NationalParkService.39pp. Friedlander, A. 1993. Preliminary assessment and recommendations for long-term monitoring of reef fish populations in page 185 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 186 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas Rose Atoll NationalWildlifeRefuge (RANWR), American Samoa. 39Fed.Reg.71-76 (January2,1974). Science 92:520–531. Riegl, B. and W.E. Piller. 2003. Possible refugiafor reefs in times ofstress. environmental InternationalJournalof Earth American Samoa.U.S. Army CorpsofEngineers.PacificOceanDivision. 108pp. J.E. andD.M.Devaney.Randall, inventory of selectedcoastalsitesat surveys andresource biological 1974.Marine Proclamation No.8337,74Fed.Reg.1577(January 12, 2009). Wildlife ResourcesBiologicalReportSeries,No.27. 28 pp. and Marine of Department Government, fishery. Samoa subsistence American Lagoon Pala The 1992. B.J. Ponwith, moa. Chemosphere71:484-492. Sa- from American shellfish and fish marine in speciation 2007. Arsenic Brooks. B.A. P.J.,and Peshut, Morrison, R.J. Samoa (NPSA)tosea-levelrise.U.S.GeologicalSurvey Open-FileReport2005-1055. Pendleton, E.A., E.R. Thieler, andS.J. assessment ofNationalPark Williams. 2005.Coastalvulnerability American 124 pp. for Prepared Protection Environmental Samoa American and Agency Program. Management Coastal Samoa American 2000c. Planning Consultants. Pedersen American SamoaWatershed ProtectionPlan,Volume 3:Watersheds 36-41. 313 pp. for Prepared Protection Environmental Samoa American and Agency Program. Management Coastal Samoa American 2000b. Consultants. Planning Pedersen WatershedSamoa American Plan, VolumeProtection 2: Watersheds 24-35. 390 pp. for Prepared Protection Environmental Samoa American and Agency Program. Management Coastal Samoa American Pedersen PlanningConsultants. 2000a. American Samoa Watershed ProtectionPlan,Volume 1: Watersheds 1-23. moa DepartmentofMarineandWildlifeResources,PagoPago, AS. 67pp. Orcutt, A.M. 1993. Fishesobservedduringthe Tutuila coastalresourcesinventory. Report preparedfor American Sa- Series 2008-01.PagoPago, AS. 64pp. marine protectedareas. American SamoaGovernment,DepartmentofReport Marine andWildlifeResourcesBiological Oram, R.G. 2008. Marineprotectedareamasterplan: Aof no-take and management the establishment manualtoguide ment ofMarineandWildlifeResources.January2007.PagoPago, AS. 25pp. Oram, R.G. 2006. American Samoacoralreefmarineprotectedareastrategy. American SamoaGovernment,Depart- MD. 26pp. Territory of American Samoa. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program and NOS Special Projects Office. Silver Spring, NOAAReef Habitat Coral OceanService(NOS).2009. National Protected Assessment forU.S.Marine Areas: U.S. NCCOS 8,Biogeography Team. SilverSpring,MD. (CD-ROM). NOAAMarianas of theNorthern Samoa, Guam,andtheCommonwealth TechnicalNOS Memorandum NOAA NCCOS (NationalCenters for Coastal OceanSciences).2005.Shallowwaterbenthichabitatsof American ican Samoa.Pacific AreaOffice,Honolulu, HI.81pp. Park of impact statement,National plan/environmental management General (NPS). 1997. Park Service National Amer- HI. 138pp. Honolulu, Office, Area Pacific Samoa. Study,American Feasibility Park National 1988. (NPS). Service Park National tuila, American Samoa.Reportpreparedfor theDepartmentofMarineandWildlifeResources,PagoPago, AS. 48pp. Musburger, C. for 2004. Monitoringrecommendationsthe Community-Based FisheriesManagementProgramof Tu- site accessedMarch2010,http://www.mesophotic.org. Webof Queensland. at theUniversity Studies the CentreforMarine and Science, Perry InstituteofMarine Research, - Mesophotic CoralEcosystems. 2010. A research cooperative betweenthe NOAA Center for Sponsored CoastalOcean ment ofMarineandWater ResourcesBiologicalReportSeries,No.41.PagoPago, AS. 68pp. Depart- Government, Samoa American FY92. in Samoa American of fishery shoreline The 1993. J. McConnaughey, U.S. FishandWildlifeServicebySulaRestorationEcology. Honolulu,HI.93pp. Wegmann, Rose 2006. S. Holzwarth. A. and for prepared Report compendium. research Refuge Wildlife Atoll National es, Governmentof American Samoa,PagoPago, AS. 11 pp. Wass, R.C. 1982. The fishes of Rose Atoll – Supplement I. Unpublished Report, Office of Marine and Wildlife Resourc of American Samoa,PagoPago, AS. 10pp. Wass,1981. RoseR.C. of fishes The Government Resources, Wildlife and Marine of Office Report, Unpublished Atoll. 164127, 8pp.doi:10.1155/2011/164127. Vroom, P.S. 2011. “Coraldominance”: Aecosystem misnomer?JournalofMarineBiology. dangerous 2011 Article ID lagoon areas of Nu’uuli and Tafuna, American Samoa. Economic Development Planning Office. Pago Pago, AS. 99 pp. Yamasaki, G., D. Itano,andR.Davis.1985. Aand of themangrove for themanagement studyandrecommendations Samoa. Phycologia49:574-591. Tribollet, A.D., T. Schils, andP.S. Vroom.of assemblages 2010.Spatio-temporalvariabilityinmacroalgal American Coral Reef Advisory Group)regardingcoral reefprotection. August 2,2000. American SamoaGovernment. Sunia, T. 2000.LetterfromGovernor Taueseof the Peau (Chairperson to Lelei Sunia Samoa Governor’s American tional Academy ofSciencestheUnitedStates of America 103:6448–6453. and others.2006.Vailulu’uof theNa- volcano. Proceedings seamount, Samoa:Lifeanddeathonanactivesubmarine Staudigel, H., S.R. Hart, A. Pile, B.E. Bailey, E.T. Baker, S. Brooke, D.P. Connelly, L. Haucke,C.R.German,I. Hudson, for year1.UniversityofHawaiiatManoa10-03 Technical Report.Honolulu,HI.32pp. NPSA’s2003. Managing C. Birkeland. Smith, L.and report project research warming: coralreefsinthefaceofglobal fish assemblagesatRose Atoll, AmericanSamoa.BulletinofMarineScience82:345-364. Schroeder, R.E., A.L. Green, E.E. DeMartini, andJ.C. Kenyon. 2008.Longtermeffects oncoralreef of aship-grounding ment SectionFisheriesDivision.Ministryof Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries,andMeteorology. 6pp. Samuelu, J. 2003. Village fish reserve report for Vaisala (re-survey). August 2003. Assessment, Research and Manage - - page 187 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas page 188 Chapter 5 - Marine Protected Areas