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Still Living Without the Basics in the 21St Century

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Still Living Without the Basics in the 21St Century rcap_cover_final 6/2/04 2:21 PM Page 1 Still Living Without the Basics in the 21st Century Analyzing the Availability of Wa t e r and Sanitation Services in the United States Rural Community Assistance Partnership Still Living Without the Basics Table of Contents Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary...........................................................................................................................................3 Still Living Without the Basics in the 21st Century ......................................................................................3 Still Living Without the Basics: Analyzing the Availability of Water and Sanitation Services in the United States.......................................................................................................................................................7 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................7 Methodological Layout of the Study...............................................................................................................8 Part I of the Analysis......................................................................................................................................8 Part II of the Analysis....................................................................................................................................9 Information Gaps ............................................................................................................................................10 Report Findings and Discussions..................................................................................................................11 How Many People in the United States Live Without Basic Water and Sanitation Services?..............11 Who Are the People Living Without Basic Water and Sanitation Services?...........................................12 Rural – Urban Divide...................................................................................................................................13 Analysis by Race and Ethnicity...................................................................................................................16 In Which States Are Basic Water Services Most Lacking? ........................................................................26 State-Level Analysis......................................................................................................................................26 County-Level Analysis .................................................................................................................................26 Rural-Urban Analysis...................................................................................................................................28 Ethnic Distribution ......................................................................................................................................29 Why Are Water and Sanitation Services Important? ..................................................................................34 Factors Affecting People Living Without Basic Services...........................................................................36 Socioeconomic Conditions .........................................................................................................................36 Ruralness........................................................................................................................................................38 Cost and Quality of Water and Sanitation Services.................................................................................39 Demographics...............................................................................................................................................40 Factors Influencing Trends in Access to Water and Sanitation................................................................40 Socioeconomic Immigration.......................................................................................................................40 Housing Development.................................................................................................................................41 What Has Been and Is Being Done to Address These Issues?.................................................................42 Ensuring That Water Infrastructure Is Adequately Maintained ...............................................................42 Key Program and Policy Concerns Related to These Issues.....................................................................44 State-by-State Analysis at County Level .......................................................................................................55 Explanation of Terms .....................................................................................................................................57 Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................... 199 i Still Living Without the Basics Foreword Still Living Without the Basics in the 21st Century is the culmination of nearly a year of research and analysis that documents the availability of adequate water and sanitation service in U.S. homes. It is based in large part on data from the 2000 decennial census, supplemented by other publicly available information. This publication is a sequel, updating an analysis published in 1995 by the Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP, Inc.) that focused on data from the 1990 decennial census. In comparing these documents, two points stand out clearly. The efforts of the Rural Community Assistance Partnership – and other agencies and organizations working tirelessly in thousands of small rural communities – have paid off significantly. And still, much remains to be done. The 1990 census showed that 405,855 rural households lacked complete indoor plumbing. Rural households represented more than half of all U.S. homes that lacked adequate water and sanitation services. By the 2000 census, 226,967 rural households were without complete indoor plumbing, representing about one-third of the national total. This is real progress. Despite the success to date, more than 600,000 residents of rural communities still do not have the basic water and sanitation services the rest of us take for granted. It is no surprise that they are likely to be economically disadvantaged, ethnic minorities, and geographically isolated. There is much more to the story, of course. This report also looks at the quality of water and sanitation services and the health consequences of inadequate service. Just as there is much to do, there also is much to learn about the causes and effects of inadequate basic infrastructure. The research, analysis, and writing for this report was done by Stephen Gasteyer, Ph.D., RCAP’s Director of Community Development, and Rahul T. Vaswani, M.A., Research Associate at RCAP. Their work was made possible by grants from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water as well as U.S. EPA’s Office of Wastewater Management and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Utility Service’s Water and Environmental Programs. As a nation, we have succeeded in bringing proper water and sanitation service to almost every home. What’s left is likely to be the most difficult part of making water and sanitation services truly universal. Randolph A. Adams, Ph.D. Executive Director Rural Community Assistance Partnership, Inc. 1 Still Living Without the Basics Executive Summary Still Living Without the Basics in the 21st Century The United States has achieved remarkable success in improving access to modern water and sanitation services for its citizens in the past five decades. Today only 0.64 percent of U.S. households lack complete plumbing facilities. This is a monumental leap from 1950, when more than one-fourth of the nation, and more than half of all rural residents, lacked those facilities. Yet we have more to accomplish – and in more complex ways. The U.S. 2000 Census reveals that more than 1.7 million people in the United States, 670,986 households, still lack the basic plumbing facilities that most of us have come to take for granted. To some observers, these Americans may appear to be lost or insignificant within the larger population, but the hardships they endure in their daily lives are very real. It may seem reasonable to assume that people who live in the 21st century with services more characteristic of a bygone era choose to live in places or situations where modern services are not available, or to live in such conditions only temporarily. A closer look at the numbers and trends reveals the opposite. A combination of circumstances – some of them persistent – have excluded these people from the reach of development. Some of the people affected are the poorest of the poor, living in sparsely populated rural areas or in densely populated urban areas. They live in almost every state from coast to coast – in the vast reaches of Alaska; the urban centers of southern California, New York, and Illinois; the sprawling colonias bordering Mexico; the Indian reservations and counties of the Four Corners region
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