DOCSLIB.ORG

Changing Modes of Political Dialogue Across the Middle East and East Asia, 1880-2010 変遷する政治的対話 中東と東アジア 1880-2010

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changing Modes of Political Dialogue Across the Middle East and East Asia, 1880-2010 変遷する政治的対話 中東と東アジア 1880-2010 Volume 12 | Issue 20 | Number 3 | Article ID 4118 | May 18, 2014 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Changing Modes of Political Dialogue Across the Middle East and East Asia, 1880-2010 変遷する政治的対話 中東と東アジア 1880-2010 Cemil Aydin absence of political dialogue or civil society solidarity. Remembering the intertwined East Asia’s relationship with the Middle East histories of the Middle East and East Asia in today is based mainly on economics and is the last century and a half may help in better devoid of grand political projects of solidarity understanding the challenges of today and in and intellectual dialogue. Countries such as finding ways to make the intellectual and China, Japan and Korea present the Middle political ties stronger in ways beneficial to both East with a model of state-led capitalist regions. While maintaining their dynamic neoliberal economic development. At the same economic ties, the Middle East and East Asia time, the redemptive transformation of East need a more sustained cultural, intellectual and Asia into a globally powerful region offers a political dialogue for constructive cooperation trajectory of development diverging from the on issues of global governance. Middle East, struggling with political turbulence, regime crises and regional wars Era of Humiliation both cold and hot. European empires came to Islamic areas before One hundred years ago, in 1914, both East and they expanded to East Asia, and their impact on West Asia were dealing with a similar reality of Muslim societies was more destructive European hegemony and colonialism. It was a compared to the East Asian zone, which had time of great convergence in identity as strong state traditions enabling resistance. subaltern Easterners, giving birth to several Even after the Opium Wars, China, Japan and projects of cooperation between pan-Islamic Korea were not colonized by Western powers. and pan-Asian currents of thought. There was a Between the 1870s and 1910, Okinawa, Japan moment in Middle Eastern intellectual Hokkaido, Taiwan and Korea were incorporated circles in the decades after the 1905 Russo- by Japan, the two former as prefectures, the Japanese war. The interest in the secrets of two latter as colonies. During the 1880s and Japanese progress continued, even as a vision afterward, however, East Asians and Muslims of solidarity with Chinese nationalism also in South and West Asia began to realize the emerged, peaking with the Bandungparallels between their experiences of conference of 1955. subjugation at the hands of European imperial powers. The peak of European global Today, however, while East Asians exhibit clear hegemony from the 1880s to the 1920s was not self-confidence, Middle Easterners continue to absolute and was always contested. Multiple talk about the “humiliation” of Arab and visions of anti-white racial and intra-regional Muslim societies, particularly vis-à-vis the solidarities emerged across Asia and Africa, West. There is an imbalance between East and fostering connections, solidarities and West Asia that has created miscommunication exchanges. It was ironic, indeed, that the peak in intellectual encounters, leading to anof European hegemony in Asia corresponded 1 12 | 20 | 3 APJ | JF with the zenith of intra-Asian politicalglobal consciousness of the 1880s seen through conversations. Pan-Asianists of Japan and China the eyes of a world traveler. The author did began to see Muslims as members of Asia, indeed travel to British-ruled Egypt and while pan-Islamists began to look at China and Ottoman Istanbul, where he spoke with leading Japan as allies and fellow Orientals. It was not personalities. The protagonist, a Japanese simply that they were sharing a revised student, weaves together multiple stories of an Eurocentric geographic notion about Asia oppressive West versus subaltern Asians to versus Europe, East and West, or white race present a picture of universal struggle for and colored races, they also had more chances justice and equity in the face of imperialism. of mobility, travel and journalistic information The novel includes a conversation with the exchange thanks to globalization ofEgyptian nationalist Col. Ahmad ‘Urabi about transportation and communicationBritish imperialism and the double standards of technologies. European powers, urging Japanese readers to learn lessons from how the British subordinated the Egyptian khedive by extending loans he could not repay. The British and Japanese steamships carrying passengers between the ports of Asia and Europe often stopped to refuel in Ceylon, where ‘Urabi was in exile from 1882 following his unsuccessful revolt against the khedive.Kajin no Kigu became the most popular novel during the mid- Meiji period, selling so many copies that it earned the reputation of “raising the price of paper” in Japan.making egy European orientalism created the initial epistemological foundation of the Asian- Arabian connection. If the same European center “othered” the Muslim world and “yellow” Asians as inferior and in need of the white man’s civilizing mission, Muslim and non- Muslim Asian intellectuals could learn from each other about how to talk back. At this exact moment, the steamship and the telegraph, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, strengthened the ties among various Asians. Shiba Shiro (Sanshin Tokai) with Fez hat, The Suez Canal, while making Egypt part of 1886, Istanbul (Source) Europe as Khedive Isma‘il proclaimed, in many ways strengthened Egypt’s ties to Asia. The first modern Japanese political novel, Kajin Japanese and Chinese travelers to Europe often no Kigu (Strange Encounters of Elegant stopped in the Canal cities. Some made Females), presents the characteristics of the negative comments about the poverty of Arabs new pan-Asian thinking sympathetic toin Port Said in comparison to the European Egyptians and Arabs. Written by Shiba Shiro residents, but not necessarily to imply that (1852-1922) under the pen name Sanshin these conditions were irreversible. New anti- Tokai, this novel reflects the universalism and colonial visions of solidarity would gradually 2 12 | 20 | 3 APJ | JF induce the Chinese and Japanese travelers to appropriating “superficial and harmful” blame Europeans for the Arabs’ low economic Western habits or denying the Japanese status. Similarly, Arab intellectuals developed cultural heritage. In truth, the heritage that an interest in the diminution of Chinese power was preserved was more an invented image of and the extraordinary progress of Japan. Such traditional Japan than a reflection of actual pre- figures as the nationalist Mustafa Kamil and Meiji Japanese culture. But the concept of the Islamic reformer Rashid Rida argued that “Japanese selectivity,” a way to create an the Arabs could be as successful as the effective synthesis of Western and Eastern Japanese. Middle Eastern intellectuals, along knowledge, was fascinating to Muslim with their counterparts in the rest of Asia and reformists and nationalists, who had been Africa, celebrated the Japanese defeat of Russia preoccupied with the questions of East-West as a victory of fellow Orientals against a encounter and civilizational harmony for common enemy, the white Christian West. several decades. For example, the “good wife, Chinese nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen noted wise mother” ideology that Japan adopted from the congratulatory messages he received in Europe was depicted as a successful adaptation 1905 from Arab residents of Port Said when his of Japanese tradition to modernity, since ship stopped in that city on the way back from Japanese mothers and daughters could thereby Europe. Some Arab Muslims even hoped that serve the nation through Westernizing reforms the Japanese emperor, a Shinto deity, would without losing their traditional cultural role. convert to Islam and take the helm of the Second, the rise of Japan engendered optimism “Muslim world” in addition to spearheading a that it was not too late for the Ottoman, rising East Asia. Egyptian, Persian and Indian princely state reformers to usher their own societies into modernity and international equality. The Russo-Japanese war and the constitutional •See Shuang Wen's report on Muslim revolutions in Persia (1906), Ottoman Empire activists in Meiji Japan below• (1908) and China (1911) earned a collective representation as the “awakening of Asia” and were seen as a conclusive defeat of the notion From 1905 to the 1920s, there was a rich of white racial superiority over colored races. debate on Japanese progress in the Arabic-, In fact, slogans describing the “rise” or Ottoman- and Persian-language press. The “awakening” of the East associated with the debate might be considered rather surprising, Russo-Japanese war preceded, by a substantial given that Muslim reformists were promoting period of time, the image of the “decline” or the European-style modernization to strengthen the “retreat” of the West that gained currency in Ottoman Empire and Persia and pointing out the post-World War I period. that the Japanese empire could not be said to be anti-imperialist. There were three main Middle Eastern and Indian Muslim interest in reasons for the Muslim interest in the Japanese China carried an anti-colonial and anti-racist model. First, the Japanese example showed that charge, but the captivation with Japanese non-Western cultural and religious traditions, military success and state-centered such as Buddhism, Islam and Confucianism, modernization implied a search for a non- were not necessarily obstacles to progress. In Eurocentric model of political reform and self- Muslim writings on Japan’s modernization, the strengthening. The grandchild of pro-British prevailing consensus held that Japan had imperial loyalist Syed Ahmad Khan, Syed Ross intelligently selected the essential aspects of Masood (who, incidentally, inspired the Western civilization for adoption, without character Aziz in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to 3 12 | 20 | 3 APJ | JF India), visited Japan and wrote about the Muslim societies in their books and magazines. Japanese model especially for the Princely Two factors complicated the emerging anti- State of Hyderabad.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japanese Opinions About Islam Before and During World War II Articles Related to Islam in Chûgai Nippô, Buddhist Daily Newspaper (1937-45)
    Special Feature (Introduction of Source Materials)／特集（資料紹介） Japanese Opinions about Islam before and during World War II Articles Related to Islam in Chûgai Nippô, Buddhist Daily Newspaper (1937-45) MISAWA Nobuo and ÔSAWA Kôji Ⅰ . Introduction Ⅱ . Media Research Ⅲ . Chûgai Nippô Ⅳ . Some case studies about the articles 戦前・戦中期における日本人のイスラーム 認識 仏教系日刊新聞『中外日報』掲載イスラーム関係記事 （1937 ～ 45 年） 三沢 伸生・大澤 広嗣 近年になって、「回教政策」をはじめとして、長らく学界で取り上げることがなかった戦 前・戦中期における日本とイスラーム世界との関係についての研究が進んできている。第 １に「回教政策」やイスラーム研究の中心人物にかかわる研究、第 2に第1と同じく関係団 107 Japanese Opinions about Islam before and during World War II (Misawa and Ôsawa) 中東学会28-2.indb 107 2013/02/14 13:15:45 体や研究機関にかかわる研究、第3に日本社会における反響、第4に在日タタール人など 在日イスラーム教徒や日本とイスラーム世界との関係にかかわる研究である。このなかで 第3の日本社会における反響の研究が遅れている。社会科学一般で用いられているように メディア研究を進めていくことが必要である。代表的日刊新聞に比べて仏教系日刊新聞『中 外日報』にはイスラーム関係の記事が多く所収される。現在、1937年か ら1945年の同紙 に所収されるイスラーム関係記事のデータベース化を進めており、本稿ではその一部を紹 介しながら、当時の日本社会におけるイスラーム認識の振幅の一例を示す。 I. Introduction After the start of the twenty-first century, studying the relationship between Japan and Islam, including the study about “Japanese Policy toward Muslims（ 「回教 政策」）,” gets various results, including some from new source materials. There were some memoirs and interviews related to this policy, but these were, unfortunately, with the other source materials, both in Japanese and foreign languages. For a long time Japanese scholars have interest in this policy but hesitated to undertake aca- demic research for various reasons. However, Islamic studies recommenced after the war without any assessment of prior academic researches. Nowadays, although many source materials have disappeared, aggressive and corroborative studies have surfaced (see Misawa 2010). In this paper, we would like to introduce the new source material among the Japanese periodicals, in order to get more detailed information about Japanese relations with Islam before and during World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam-In-Japan.Pdf
    With the Name of Allah, Most Merciful, Ever-Merciful Islamic Centre of Japan Publications THE MESSAGE OF ISLAM IN JAPAN – ITS HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT by Dr. Salih Mahdi al-Samarrai Director, Islamic Centre of Japan Translated from the 2nd Arabic edition, November 1999 by Dr. Usama Hasan (London) with thanks to Dr. Imtiaz Ahmad for her invaluable help with Japanese proper nouns ISLAMIC CENTRE OF JAPAN 1-16-11, Ohara, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo – 156 – 0041, Japan Tel: 0081-3-3460-6169 Fax: 0081-3-3460-6105 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://islamcenter.or.jp 1 CONTENTS Introduction 4 Barkatullah, Noda & Yamada 5 Al Tughrul and the Beginning of Japanese-Ottoman Relations 6 The Conference of Religions in Japan, 1906 8 Al-Jirjawi and his Japanese Journey 9 My Travels to Investigate Jirjawi’s Journey to Japan 10 Ahmad Fadli 11 Maulwi Barkatullah and His Role in the Call to Islam in Japan 12 Hasan Hatano 12 ‘Umar Yamaoka, the First Japanese Pilgrim 12 Ahmad Arija 13 Tatar (Kazan) Immigrants and Other Minorities 13 The Role of Universities and Cultural Organisations 13 The Association of Japanese Muslims – the first organised gathering of Japanese Muslims 14 Professor Nazir Ahmad Barlas 14 The Role of Arab Academics 14 The Role of Jama’ah al-Tabligh 15 ‘Abdul Rashid Arshad, one of the Giants of the Call to Islam in Japan 15 The Muslim Students’ Organisation and the Joint Islamic Board 16 The Founding of the International Islamic Centre 16 Muhammad Jamil, another Giant of the Call to Islam 17 2 King Faysal and his influence in anchoring the
    [Show full text]
  • MUSLIM INTELLECTUALS and JAPAN a Pan-Islamist Mediator, Abdurreshid Ibrahim
    13 MUSLIM INTELLECTUALS AND JAPAN A Pan-Islamist mediator, Abdurreshid Ibrahim Komatsu Hisao Since the end of the nineteenth century, especially after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, Muslim intellectuals began to take substantial interest in the emer- gence of modern Japan, and to develop a positive image of Japan and the Japanese people. In general, they supposed that Japan adopted Western civilization without abandoning its traditional culture, becoming one of the most developed countries in the world within a short period after the Meiji revolution. Of these Muslim intellectuals interested in Japan, Abdurreshid Ibrahim (1857–1944) was among the most outstanding.1 He not only introduced Japan and Japanese people in detail to the broad Turkic Muslim audience through his extensive travels, by means of his journal, Âlem-i ⁄slâm: Japonya1da intivar-ı ⁄slâmiyet [The World of Islam: The Spread of Islam in Japan],2 but also made efforts later in his life to establish a close relationship between the Muslim world and Japan based on his Pan-Islamic (⁄ttihad-ı ⁄slâm) ideology and strategy. This essay is a preliminary survey of his vision of modern Japan and aims to present basic information for further research on a comprehensive subject, Islam and Japan, the significance of which is clearly growing in the contemporary world. A leading Pan-Islamist in Russia We will begin with an overview of Ibrahim’s activities before his arrival in Japan in 1909.3 He was born in Tara, a city in the Tobol1sk governorate, Western Siberia. According to his autobiography, his Tatar family came from the descendants of Bukharans who had migrated from Central Asia to Western Siberia.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience – Advancing Despite Adversity
    37. Issue 2020 ONE-MINUTE DAWAH THE MUSLIM READER MCI (P) 059/11/2020 ISSN 1793-7752 The Muslim Reader Vol. 37 Issue 2020 Vol. Muslim Reader The Building Resilience • Building Resilience • Building Resilience –Advancing despite Adversity – Advancing despite Adversity despite Advancing Social Rules in Islam Blessed Beyond Measure – My Journey to the Truth From Hip-Hop to Activism Do charity by helping others Mizznina talks about finding herself and the global refugee crisis Prophet Muhammad’s Example The Prophet (SAW) said, “Greeting your brother with a smiling face is of Anti-racism charity. Enjoining what is good and forbidding what is wrong is charity... Is Kosher Meat Halal? Removing boulders and thorns from the road is charity. Pouring water Where hope grows from your vessel into your brother’s is charity” and miracles happen (Sunan At-Tirmidhi) ... and many more Published by Muslim Converts’ Association of Singapore (Darul Arqam Singapore) Never stop َ أَ َ ِ ِ َ ِّ َ ُ ِ َ َ believing َو إاِذا َس�ل َك ع َب�دي َعنِّي ف إِ�ني ق ِر ٌۖيب أاج ُيب َد ۡع َوة َّٱلد ِاع إاِذا ِ ِ ١٨٦ َد َع� ِۖن َف ۡل َي ۡس َت ِج ُيب ْوا لي َوۡل ُي ۡؤم ُن ْوا ِبي َل َعلَّ ُه ۡم َي ۡر ُش ُد َون Let your life be guided by Allah “And when My servants ask you, [O Muhammad], concerning Me – indeed I am near. I respond to the invocation of the supplicant when he calls upon Me. So let them respond to Me [by obedience] and believe in Me that they may be [rightly] guided.” Al-Baqarah (The Cow) 2:186 Excerpts are from the translations of the Qur’an THE MUSLIM READER
    [Show full text]
  • A Renewed Perspective on the History of Chinese Islamic Studies in Japan and Relevant Research Characteristics
    A Renewed Perspective on the History of Chinese Islamic Studies in Japan and Relevant Research Characteristics Tuoheti Alimu, Tohoku University, Japan The European Conference on the Social Sciences 2019 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract In Worldwide Chinese Islamic studies are consisted of two schools, “Western” and “Japanese.” I will focus my research “On Western Study on Chinese Islam” and “Chinese Islam in Japanese Study”. This will be a groundbreaking piece of work in Worldwide academia. Western study on Chinese Islam began in the latter half of the 19th century. With the opening of China, western missionaries, ambassadors and merchants entered into the inner China region and encountered Chinese Muslim society and culture. About the Japanese study on Chinese Islam, I have listed four stages of the development. There are representative figures, academic achievements, and different traits for each stage. My research will give detailed comments, so have a fuller understanding of the development of the studies of Islam and Muslims in China conducted by the Western scholars and by the Japanese scholars, including research orientation, foci, traits, and so on. A unique research project on how Chinese Islam was studied and understood in the West and the Japan since the first encounter between European Western and Japanese scholars and Chinese Muslim. It also will be a useful reference for the cultural exchange, and the development of Worldwide scholarship. Keyword: Western, Japan, Chinese Islam, Muslim, Academic Value iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org December 2012, the author published “Research on Chinese Islamic Studies in Pre-1945 Japan” (“Toho Minzoku Daigaku Gakkuho” (China) Volume 6, 2012) that contained a literature review: Akira Haneda explained that “Research on Chinese Islamic Studies in Japan began in the year 1911-12 (Meiji 44-First year of Taisho era) by both Endo Sazayoshi and Jitsuzo Kuwabara and especially by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing of Image of Islam in Japan: the Role of Civil Society in Disseminating Informations About Islam
    The Changing of Image of Islam in Japan: The Role of Civil Society in Disseminating Informations about Islam Irma Rachmi Yulita1 and Susy Ong2 {[email protected], [email protected]} 1,2School of Strategic and Global Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia Abstract. This research focuses on the image of Islam in Japan and the efforts to eradicate Islam’s negative image created by the Japan’s mass media. In preparation for the coming 2020 Olympic Games, the government as well as the local organization nationwide is taking initiatives to create a friendlier social condition toward foreigners, including Muslim foreigners. I try to look into their efforts to disseminate knowledge and informations about Islam to the general public. I have conducted in-depth interviews with 6 Muslims residing in Kobe, Kyoto, and Tokyo, and compared their stories with Japanese articles on Muslim and Islam, as well as books and academic journals. I have come to the conclusion that Japanese society is becoming friendlier and showing understanding toward Islam culture and belief. Keywords: Muslim community in Japan, Japanese society, disseminate knowledge about Islam 1. INTRODUCTION This study takes the theme of the Muslim community in Japan, linked to the image of Islam in the Japanese society. Due to geographical and historical reasons, the Islamic religion until the early 20th century is still less well known by Japanese society in general. Few of the Japanese people had the opportunity to interact with the Muslim community, therefore their knowledge and understanding of Islam and Muslims tend to be minimal. The majority of people know Muslims and Islam from the mass media.
    [Show full text]
  • THE STRUGGLE of ISLAMIC TEACHING and LOCAL VALUES in JAPAN Prof
    International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Research Vol.3, No.4, pp.40-47, May 2015 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) THE STRUGGLE OF ISLAMIC TEACHING AND LOCAL VALUES IN JAPAN Prof. Dr. Ishomuddin1—Dr. Vina Salviana DS.2—Tonny Dian Effendy, MA3 Prof. Dr. Norio Suzuki4, Prof. Dr. Aiko Kashimura5 1Department of Sociology, University of Muhammadiyah Malang 2Department of Sociology, University of Muhammadiyah Malang 3Department of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang 4Department of Political Philosophy, Aichi University, Nagoya Japan 5 Department of Sociology, Psychoanalysis, Aichi University, Nagoya Japan ABSTRACT: This research aims to focus some studies was done by researhers in Sociology, Culture and politics, sociology of Islamic society and women studies. To strengthen and focus on previous study, this research will create relation construction “local and religious value on the women empowerment in Japananese family. For the first year of the three years, research has focused on tracking the arrival of Islam in Japan and the struggle of Islam with local values. This is qualitative research and data collection done by observation, documentation, and indepth interview. The analysis done by qualitative descriptive and the result of the observation that needs for deep understanding to find the meaning given by subject of the research by indepth interview. This process is going from one informant to others as snow ball method until the information is relative fix. In other hand, to implement the principles and conceptualization technique based on data, for describe the shape of social-culture relations in pattern or to understand the meaning behind the shape of relaty, this process following the characteristic of qualitative research that it will be vice versa, cyclus and unlinear.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam in Japan Its Past, Present and Future by Abu Bakr Morimoto
    ISLAM IN JAPAN ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE BY ABU BAKR MORIMOTO TRANSLATED BY ISKANDAR CHOWDHURY PREPARED BY PROF. DR. SALIH SAMARRAI [email protected] 1 اﻻسﻻم في اليابان بقلم أبو بكر موريموتو إعداد أ. د. صالح مهدى السامرائى [email protected] الدكتور السام ارئي وأبو بكر موري موتو في حج عام 1978 م Abu Bakr Morimoto with Dr. Salih Samarrai Hajj 1398 AH - 1978 2 ISLAM IN JAPAN: ITS PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER I Religious Environment in Japan and Islam……... 1 CHAPTER II Advent, Growth and DevelopMent of Islam in Japan………………………………………………………..…. 8 PART ONE 1. Historical Background 8 2. Lack of Historical Records of Muslim Contact with Japan.. 13 3. Who Was the First Japanese Muslim?.................................. 14 PART TWO 1. Establishment of Mosques……………………………….... 18 2. TranslatiorKof the Holy Quran into Japanese ..................... 29 3. Growth of Islamic Organizations…………………………. 38 4. Leaders of Islamic Movement…………………………….. 57 5. Relations with Foreign Muslims…………………………... 73 6. Muslim Students Community……………………………... 76 7. A Dialogue' among Japanese Muslims……………………. 79 8. Pilgrimage to Mecca: Experience of a Japanese Muslim…. 83 CHAPTER III Present Condition of Islam in Japan……….. 90 1. The Problems……………………………………………... 90 2. A Dialogue with Indonesian Muslims……………………. 92 3. An Interview with Prof. Ali Hassan EI-Sarnny………….. 102 3 4. Mass Media in Japan and Islam………………………….. 109 5. The problem of Muslim …… in Japan……………………… CHAPTER IV Future Outlook of Islam in Japan…………... 119 4 Introduction By Abdulrahman Siddiqi [email protected] Prof. Dr. Salih Samarrai [email protected] Islamic Center Japan has been receiving requests for information on Islam in Japan, from almost all over the world show in the progress of Islam in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences of a Japanese Muslim Woman
    Article Living Compound Marginality: Experiences of a Japanese Muslim Woman Kieko Obuse Institute for Foreign Studies, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2187, Japan; [email protected] Received: 29 March 2019; Accepted: 13 July 2019; Published: 16 July 2019 Abstract: The present article discusses the ways in which ethnic Japanese Muslim women are perceived and treated in contemporary Japanese society, through a case study of one Japanese female convert. It examines the complexity found in her experiences of marginality by highlighting three inter-related modes of marginalization: marginality deriving from being a Muslim, from being a Japanese Muslim and from being a woman. It discusses her responses to these discourses of marginalization and how she establishes her identity as a Muslim, through responding to them. The article first shows that ethnic Japanese Muslims suffer ‘inverted marginality’—marginalization due to belonging to the ethno-cultural majority. It then demonstrates their experience of ‘double marginality’, marginalization by the wider Japanese society and foreign-born Muslims alike. It argues that their experience of double marginality has partly resulted from the absence of a self- sufficient ethnic community of Japanese Muslims. Ethnic Japanese Muslim women experience further marginalization when they become targets for criticism of Islam, such as that Islam is a religion of female subjugation—a notion of gender orientalism that deprives these women of their agency. However, the process of responding to these challenges of marginality helps ethnic Japanese Muslim women consolidate their identity as Muslims. Keywords: Islam; marginality; women; Japan; conversion; identity; minority; ethnicity; gender 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Knowledge About Muslims from the Meiji Restoration to Today: Islamic World in the Context of a Trans-National Space
    Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Sayı VI/1 – Temmuz 2020, 163-176 Doi: 10.30517/cihannuma.722035 JAPANESE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MUSLIMS FROM THE MEIJI RESTORATION TO TODAY: ISLAMIC WORLD IN THE CONTEXT OF A TRANS-NATIONAL SPACE Sinan Levent* Abstract In this study, interaction/relationship of Japanese people with Muslims from Meiji period to the present day will be illustrated. Japan in modern time, which became a regional power, began to have direct relations with Muslims and obtained more accurate information about Islam in a way quite different from its premodern practices. The victory in the 1904-05 the Russo-Japanese War caused Japan to be an imperial power and to expand its sphere of influence in East and Southeast Asia. So, Muslims were assumed as tributary assets of this expansionist policy, especially those in China and Russia until 1945. It is worth noting that a pool of knowledge blended with political arguments against Muslims was formed in Japan before World War II. Japanese, who built the country from scratch after the heavy defeat in World War II, used the prewar data and human resources on Muslims in the Middle East to advance scientific studies and to restore peaceful official diplomatic relations with them in postwar time. However, all religious and political terms used against Muslims such as “Kaikyō” or “Kaikyōto” before and during the war were rejected in this respect due to the war trauma left in state memory. Keywords: Japan; Muslim World; Asia; Knowledge of Islam Meiji Restorasyonu’ndan Günümüze Japonya’daki Müslümanlar Hakkında Bilgi Birikimi: Sınırlarötesi Alan Bağlamında İslam Dünyası Öz Bu çalışmada, modern dönemden itibaren Japonların Müslümanlar ile tarihsel etkileşimi/münasebeti ve Japonya’da İslam ve Müslümanlar ile ilgili bilgisel alt yapı, anlatılmaktadır.
    [Show full text]
  • Shintoism and Islam in Interwar Japan
    Shintoism and Islam in Interwar Japan Shintoism and Islam in Interwar Japan: How did the Japanese Come to Believe in Islam? Nobuo MISAWA* In previous studies on the Japanese ideology of Pan-Asianism towards the Muslims in the interwar and World War II period, all Japanese Muslims were said to be “bogus Muslims”, who converted to Islam with the intention to utilize the Muslims for the Japanese interests. The Japanese Government committed to provide such “bogus Muslims” among the Japanese people. In reality, a number of Japanese military agents became Muslims in order to promote such an ideology among the Muslims in the East and Southeast Asia. However, quite a few aforesaid Japanese intellectuals and activists became Muslims by their own will. When we consider the history of Japanese Muslims, it is required to clarify how they came to believe in Islam, especially their comprehension of harmony between Shintoism and Islam. Among such unique Japanese Muslims in the interwar period, Nur Muhammad Ippei TANAKA (1882–1934) and Ahmad Bunpachirô ARIGA (1868–1946) provide us the details of their comprehension about Islam and the unique ways they used in order to syncretize Shintoism and Islam. TANAKA learned the Chinese language and Confucianism. When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, he went to China as the interpreter of the Army and stayed in China to study Confucianism as a private scholar after the war. In this career, he was interested in the Chinese Kai-ju or Hui-ru, which literally means “Islamic Confucianism.” Finally, he converted to Islam in China in 1924.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    Notes 1 Introduction 1 . Quoted from BBC News, “Iraq Prepares to Launch Bond Market,” Friday July 16, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3900627.stm accessed 11/06/2009. 2 . Public Record Office, FO 800/184A and 185A, 13 November 1908 (Grey Papers), quoted by Feroz Ahmed in Marian Kent (ed.), The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984), 13. 3 . Egyptian nationalist Mu ṣṭ af ā K ā mil’s well-known Arabic book on Japan, al-Shams al-Mushriqa (Cairo: al-Liw ā’ , 1904) is a direct translation of “The Rising Sun.” 4 . T. Sato, “al-Y ā b ā n ī ,” Encyclopaedia of Islam on CD-ROM (hereafter cited as EI ) [XI: 223a]; see also “W ā ḳ w ā ḳ ” [XI: 103b]. 5 . When Japanese naval officers came ashore from the Kongo and Hiei warships anchored on the Bosphorus in Istanbul in 1891, rumors abounded. They drew crowds when they used the local ham â ms, which made extra money for shopkeep- ers and bath-owners. Ziya Ş akir (Soku) Sultan Hamit ve Mikado . ( İ stanbul: Bo ğ azi ç i Yay ı nlar ı , 1994, 2nd edition), 86. 6 . There is substantial historiography of Orientalist views of Meiji Japan. See Akane Kawakami, Travellers’ Visions: French Literary Encounters with Japan, 1881–2004 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005); Sir Hugh Cortazzi and Gordon Daniels (eds.), Britain and Japan 1859–1991 (New York: Routledge, 1991); Olive Checkland, Britain’s Encounter with Meiji Japan, 1868–1912 (London: MacMillan Press, 1989); Toshio Yokohama, Japan in the Victorian Mind: A Study of Stereotyped Images of a Nation 1850–80 (London: The MacMillan Press, 1987); C.
    [Show full text]