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1 Introduction Notes 1 Introduction 1 . Quoted from BBC News, “Iraq Prepares to Launch Bond Market,” Friday July 16, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3900627.stm accessed 11/06/2009. 2 . Public Record Office, FO 800/184A and 185A, 13 November 1908 (Grey Papers), quoted by Feroz Ahmed in Marian Kent (ed.), The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1984), 13. 3 . Egyptian nationalist Mu ṣṭ af ā K ā mil’s well-known Arabic book on Japan, al-Shams al-Mushriqa (Cairo: al-Liw ā’ , 1904) is a direct translation of “The Rising Sun.” 4 . T. Sato, “al-Y ā b ā n ī ,” Encyclopaedia of Islam on CD-ROM (hereafter cited as EI ) [XI: 223a]; see also “W ā ḳ w ā ḳ ” [XI: 103b]. 5 . When Japanese naval officers came ashore from the Kongo and Hiei warships anchored on the Bosphorus in Istanbul in 1891, rumors abounded. They drew crowds when they used the local ham â ms, which made extra money for shopkeep- ers and bath-owners. Ziya Ş akir (Soku) Sultan Hamit ve Mikado . ( İ stanbul: Bo ğ azi ç i Yay ı nlar ı , 1994, 2nd edition), 86. 6 . There is substantial historiography of Orientalist views of Meiji Japan. See Akane Kawakami, Travellers’ Visions: French Literary Encounters with Japan, 1881–2004 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005); Sir Hugh Cortazzi and Gordon Daniels (eds.), Britain and Japan 1859–1991 (New York: Routledge, 1991); Olive Checkland, Britain’s Encounter with Meiji Japan, 1868–1912 (London: MacMillan Press, 1989); Toshio Yokohama, Japan in the Victorian Mind: A Study of Stereotyped Images of a Nation 1850–80 (London: The MacMillan Press, 1987); C. Holmes and A. H. Ion, “Bushidō and the Samurai: Images in British Public Opinion, 1894–1914,” Modern Asian Studies 14:2(1980), 309–329; Jean-Pierre Lehmann, The Image of Japan: From Feudal Isolation to World Power, 1850–1905 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1978). 7 . Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), 86. 8 . San-eki Nakaoka, “Japanese Research on the Mixed Courts of Egypt in the Earlier Part of the Meiji Period in Connection with the Revision of the 1858 Treaties,” The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies 6 (1988), 11–47 for English translation. 9 . San-eki Nakaoka, “The Yoshida Masaharu Mission to Persia and the Ottoman Empire during the Period 1880–1881,” Collected Papers of Oriental Studies in Celebration of Seventy Years of Age of His Imperial Highness Prince Mikasa . Ed. by the Japan Society for Near Eastern Studies (Shogakukan, 1985), 203–235 for English translations. 10 . San-eki, “The Yoshida Masaharu Mission,” 21. 11 . Fukuzawa Yukichi editorial, “Datsu-a-ron ” [Escape from Asia], Jiji Shinpo (March 1885). 12 . The Japanese self-view as protectors of East Asia was often published in the Arabic press. In “Ra’īs Wuzar ā’ al-Y ā b ā n,” al-Liw ā ’ (July 14, 1904), 1, Count Katsura explained Japan was not a war-monger: the war was between political states, not between religions or about domination. 263 264 Notes 13 . “Mi ṣ r wa K ū r ī y ā ,” Mi ṣ r al-Fat ā t (August 21, 1910), 1, describes annexation apologeti- cally: Koreans did not care enough about their country, so Japan took matters into its own hands. 14 . “Na ẓ ra fi’l-Sharq,” translated as “a glance East,” was the title of an article by Shukrī al-‘Asal ī in the Arabic al-Muqtabas (July 25, 1910). 15 . In Resurrecting Empire: Western Footprints and America’s Perilous Path in the Middle East (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 15, Rashid I. Khalidi writes: “By the early twen- tieth century, benefiting from the spread of education and the increased mobility of people, goods, and ideas, many among the elites and the growing professional, middle, and working classes in countries like Turkey, Egypt, and Iran had become imbued with the desire to establish constitutional democracy, the rule of law, and modern governmental arrangements. They often looked to the liberal constitu- tional systems of Great Britain, France, and the United States as models. They also hoped that these democracies would help them to overcome both the powerful and enduring autocratic tendencies within their own governments and societies.” There is a conspicuous lack of mention of Meiji Japan as another model. 16 . An enormous pool of scholarship has emerged on Orientalism, the majority of which is explored in Zachary Lockman’s Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, 2nd edition). 17 . Abdullah Cevdet, “Le Japon porteur de flambeau,” I ç tihat 5 (April 1905), 77. 18 . Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1978). 19 . I am indebted to Professor Harry Harootunian for the nuanced, thought-provoking insight he provided me in pondering this complex relationship between the Middle East and Japan. 20 . Stefan Tanaka, Japan’s Orient: Rendering Pasts into History (California: University of California Press, 1993). 21 . Urs Matthias Zachmann, China and Japan in the Late Meiji Period: China Policy and the Japanese Discourse on National Identity, 1852–1904 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 46. 22 . See essays by Samuel C. Chu, John E. Schrecker, and Ernerst Young in Akira Iriye (ed.), The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interaction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980). 23 . David G. Marr, Vietnamese Anticolonialism 1885–1925 (Los Angeles: University of California Center for South & Southeast Asia Studies, 1971), Chapters 5–6, 98–155; V ĩ nh S í nh (ed.), Phan B ô i Ch â u and the Ðô ng-du Movement (New Haven, CT: Yale Southeast Asia Studies, 1988). 24 . Victor A. van Bijlert, “The Icon of Japan in Nationalist Revolutionary Discourse in India, 1890–1910,” in Li Narangoa and Robert Cribb (eds.), Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945 (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 23–42; P. A. Narasimha Murthy, India and Japan: Dimensions of Their Relations (India: Lancers Books, 1986); Keenleyside, T. A., “Nationalist Indian Attitudes Towards Asia: A Troublesome Legacy for Post-Independence Indian Foreign Policy,” Pacific Affairs [Canada] 55:2 (1982), 210–230; Kr á sa, M., “The Idea of Pan-Asianism and the Nationalist Movement in India,” Archiv Orient á ln í 40:3 (1972), 238–260; Stephen Hay, Asian Ideas of East and West: Tagore and His Critics in Japan, China, and India (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970). 25 . R. P. Dua, The Impact of the Russo-Japanese (1905) War on Indian Politics (New Delhi: Chand and Co., 1966). 26 . Klaus Kreiser, “Der Japanische Sieg ü ber Russland (1905) und Sein Echo under den Muslimen,” Die Welt des Islams 21:1–4 (1981); Michael Laffan, “Watan and Negeri: Mustafa Kamil’s ‘Rising Sun’ in the Malay World,” Indonesia Circle 69 (1996), 157– 175; Barbara Watson Andaya, “From R ū m to Tokyo: The Search for Anti-Colonial Allies by the Rulers of Riau, 1899–1914,” Indonesia 24 (October 1977), 123–156; Notes 265 Akira Nagazumi, “An Indonesian’s View of Japan: Wahidin and the Russo-Japanese War,” in F. H. King (ed.), The Development of Japanese Studies in Southeast Asia (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong, 1969), 72–84; Thijs, J. D., “The Influence on Asia of the Rise of Japan and Her Victory over Russia,” Acta Historiae Neerlandica 2 (1967), 142–162. 27 . Roxane Haag-Higuchi, “A Topos and Its Dissolution: Japan in Some 20th Century Iranian Texts,” Iranian Studies 29:1–2 (Winter-Spring 1996), 71–83; Anja Pistor-Hatam, “Progress and Civilization in Nineteenth-Century Japan: The Far Eastern State as a Model for Modernization,” Iranian Studies 29:1–2 (Winter-Spring 1996), 111–126. 28 . Marc Gallicchio, The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895–1945 (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 21–25. 29 . Tetsuo Najita and H. D. Harootunian, “Japan’s Revolt against the West,” in Peter Duus (ed.), A Cambridge History of Modern Japan, vol. 6 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). 30 . Samuel Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72 (1993): 22–49. 31 . To name a few, William Cleveland, The Making of an Arab Nationalist: Ottomanism and Arabism in the Life and Thought of Sati ʽ al-Husri (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971); Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Hans Kohn, History of Nationalism in the East (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929); Bassam Ṭ ib ī , Arab Nationalism: A Critical Enquiry ( New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1971). 32 . Barbara Heldt, “Japanese in Russian Literature: Transforming Identities,” in Kinya Tsuruta (ed.), The Walls Within: Images of Westerners in Japan and Images of the Japanese Abroad (Selected proceedings, symposium at the Institute for Asian Research, University of British Columbia, May 8–10, 1988), 247. 33 . H. S. Deighton, “The Impact of Egypt on Britain: A Study of Public Opinion,” in P. M. Holt (ed.), Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), 231. 34 . Ibid., 232. 35. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983), 36. 36 . Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). 37 . For example, James L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 38 . Donald Quataert, “Ottoman History Writing at a Crossroads,” in Quataert and Sabri Sayar ı (eds.), Turkish Studies in the United States (Indiana University: Institute of Turkish Studies, 2003), 15–30.
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