La Rappresentazione Della Grande Guerra Nella Letteratura Inglese Contemporanea

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La Rappresentazione Della Grande Guerra Nella Letteratura Inglese Contemporanea Università degli Studi di Trento Dipartimento di Lettere e filosofia Dottorato di ricerca in Le forme del testo – XXXI ciclo Curriculum in Linguistica, Filologia e Critica TESI DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA La rappresentazione della Grande Guerra nella letteratura inglese contemporanea. Candidato: Michele Peroni Relatrice: prof.ssa Francesca Di Blasio Anno accademico 2017-2018 Ringraziamenti Al termine di questo percorso di ricerca ritengo doveroso ringraziare le persone che hanno contribuito, in diversa maniera, alla maturazione delle idee contenute in questa tesi e alla stesura vera e propria. Un ringraziamento speciale va ad Ann-Marie Einhaus, per aver risolto degli impedimenti burocratici e aver reso possibile un soggiorno di ricerca presso la Northumbria University a Newcastle Upon Tyne: i consigli e i suggerimenti ricevuti durante quel periodo sono stati decisivi per sviluppare alcune parti di questo lavoro. Ringrazio anche Ann-Marie Foster, per avermi guidato all'interno dell'università durante i miei primi giorni e per avermi fatto conoscere Newcastle e il North East. Il soggiorno inglese non sarebbe stato altrettanto utile e piacevole senza di loro. A Fulvio Ferrari sono riconoscente per avermi messo in contatto con Stefano Giorgianni dell'Associazione Italiana Studi Tolkieniani, questo mi ha permesso di presentare per la prima volta la mia ricerca a una conferenza. Claudia Demattè mi ha gentilmente invitato a parlare di memoria e guerra ai suoi studenti di laurea magistrale, il primo capitolo di questa tesi nasce dalle riflessioni fatte durante la preparazione di quelle lezioni. Alcune considerazioni contenute nel terzo capitolo sono state discusse con Carla Locatelli all'interno di un seminario sulla teoria letteraria, a lei sono grato anche per alcuni stimolanti suggerimenti bibliografici. Sabrina Meneghini mi ha procurato le scansioni di un articolo del Daily Chronicle del 1916 e per questo la ringrazio ufficialmente. Un sentito ringraziamento va ad Anna Pisetti, per aver letto le bozze dei primi tre capitoli della tesi, per aver fatto un ottimo lavoro di revisione e per avermi suggerito degli interessanti spunti di riflessione. Infine, un dovuto ringraziamento alla mia relatrice, Francesca Di Blasio, che mi ha supportato durante gli anni di dottorato e che ha pazientemente letto ogni mio testo fornendomi sempre consigli mirati e puntuali. Indice Introduzione.......................................................................................................1 1. Memoria, trauma e mito della Grande Guerra 1.1 Memoria..........................................................................................9 1.2 Trauma...........................................................................................23 1.3 Mito della Grande Guerra..............................................................34 2. Il mito negli anni: rappresentazione e commemorazione 2.1 Rappresentazione...........................................................................44 2.2 Commemorazione..........................................................................76 2.2.1 Letteratura e commemorazione.....................................85 3. Storia, finzione, romanzo storico 3.1 Storia e finzione.............................................................................92 3.2 Il romanzo storico e il recupero del passato.................................107 3.2.1 Il paratesto e il romanzo storico...................................125 3.2.2 Le funzioni contemporanee del passato.......................131 4. Il romanzo storico e la Grande Guerra 4.1 I romanzi storici degli anni Novanta............................................138 4.1.1 Birdsong Sebastian Faulks...........................................142 4.1.2 Regeneration Trilogy di Pat Barker.............................148 4.2 I romanzi storici degli anni Duemila.............................................161 4.2.1 My Dear, I Wanted to Tell You di Louisa Young.........169 4.2.2 The Heroes' Welcome di Louisa Young.......................197 4.2.3 Toby's Room di Pat Barker...........................................214 4.2.4 The Lie di Helen Dunmore...........................................239 4.2.5 Field Service di Robert Edric.......................................257 Conclusioni........................................................................................................270 Bibliografia........................................................................................................275 Introduzione Nel Regno Unito la prima guerra mondiale è un tema carico di significato. In un intervento del 2012, l'allora primo ministro David Cameron annunciava i piani del governo per il centenario del conflitto e affermava: “There is something about the First World War that makes it a fundamental part of our national consciousness.”1 Una manifestazione di questa pervasività si trova all'interno della vasta quantità di media e di prodotti artistici e culturali che, dagli anni del conflitto fino a oggi, si sono fatti veicolo per la trasmissione di racconti, immagini, e stereotipi sul conflitto. La letteratura, in particolare, è il campo in cui la prima guerra mondiale ha sempre trovato un florido canale di diffusione. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di analizzare la presenza della guerra nella letteratura inglese contemporanea cercando di evidenziare il rapporto tra la letteratura e il modo in cui la società contemporanea ricorda questo evento epocale. Lo storico americano Eric Leed sostiene che “the cessation of hostilities did not mean the end of the war experience but the beginning of a process in which that experience was framed, institutionalized, given ideological content, and relived in political action as well as in fiction.”2 È possibile affermare che questo studio sulla letteratura contemporanea della Grande Guerra ha come scopo quello di fotografare la fase più recente di questa esperienza di guerra 'prolungata.' La guerra del 1914-1918 ha lasciato una traccia indelebile nella cultura britannica, un marchio che si manifesta nei campi più disparati: esistono una moltitudine di prodotti culturali, di abitudini, di modi di dire, che rimandano a quel conflitto. Il calendario è costellato dalle date delle commemorazioni e anche il paesaggio urbano mostra le tracce della guerra: la diffusione dei monumenti ai caduti, che si trovano praticamente in ogni città e in ogni villaggio, costituisce infatti una presenza concreta che richiama l'altissimo costo umano degli anni di guerra. Non è nemmeno azzardato affermare che per comprendere la società contemporanea è necessario tenere in considerazione l'impatto della prima guerra mondiale sulla vita della nazione. Nel 1975, Paul Fussell scrive nel suo fondamentale studio The Great War and Modern Memory: 1 David Cameron, “Speech at Imperial War Museum on First World War centenary plans”, London, 11 ottobre 2012. Accessibile a: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/speech-at-imperial-war-museum-on-first-world-war- centenary-plans. Visualizzato il 18/08/2018. 2 Eric Leed, No Man's Land. Combat and Identity in World War I, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. xi. 1 The whole texture of British daily life could be said to commemorate the war still. It is remembered in the odd pub-closing hours, one of the fruits of the Defense of the Realm Act; the afternoon closing was originally designed, it was said, to discourage the munitions workers of 1915 from idling away their afternoons over beer. The Great War persists in many of the laws controlling aliens and repressing sedition and espionage. 'D'-notices to newspapers, warning them off 'national-security matters,' are another legacy. So is Summer Time. So are such apparent universals as cigarette-smoking, the use of wristwatches (originally a trench fad), the cultivation of garden 'allotments' ('Food Will Win the War'). So is the use of paper banknotes, entirely replacing gold coins. […] Even cuisine commemorates the war. Eggs and chips became popular during the war because both bacon and steak were scarce and costly. It became the favorite soldiers' dish off duty, and to this day remains a staple of public menus not just in England but in France and Belgium as well. […] The current economic bankruptcy of Britain is another way it remembers. From 1914 to 1918 its gold reserve diminished dramatically.3 La portata di questo evento storico è senza precedenti e spesso viene considerato uno spartiacque nella storia del Ventesimo secolo. Gli anni che precedono la guerra sono carichi di speranze per un mondo migliore, gli avanzamenti tecnologici e scientifici sembrano promettere condizioni di vita più accettabili alla popolazione di molti stati europei, ma “the war of 1914-1918 challenged this hopeful vision of a world more prosperous and more peaceful.”4 Scienza e tecnologia si piegano alle necessità belliche, rivelando le loro potenzialità nella massiccia produzione di armi di distruzione. La guerra mostra subito la sua modernità: per la prima volta nella storia un esercito di soldati – perlopiù composto da non professionisti – si trova a combattere una guerra meccanizzata, dove l'industrializzazione ha un ruolo fondamentale;5 la mobilitazione di massa e l'estensione geografica degli scontri la distinguono, per numeri e statistiche, da tutte le guerre precedenti. L'effetto distruttivo della guerra non si limita solo ai campi di battaglia, ma si estende a una concezione del mondo. L'intera società viene coinvolta, il conflitto innesca – o accelera – molte trasformazioni sociali
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