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Partially Strip Ions Tests and Plans for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

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Partially Strip Ions Tests and Plans for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Partially Strip Ions tests and plans for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) R. Alemany Fernandez on behalf of W. Krasny, N. Biancacci, S. Hirlaender, K. Kornelis, T. Bohl, S. Cettour, V. Kain, H. Bartosik, M. Lamont, F. Zimmermann, B. Goddard, SPS Operations team and the Gamma Factory enthusiasts. Topics: 1. Just in case: why do we do this? 2. The CERN Ion Injector Complex & the LHC 3. Life time studies with partially strip ions: Xe39+ 4. Plans for 2018: Pb80+ & Pb81+ 5. Conclusions Photon beams workshop, Padova, 27-28 November 2017 Why do we do this? Goal: achieve comparable fluxes of gamma rays, of up to ~ 400 MeV, as those in the keV domain of X-ray sources Photons Photons per pulse brillance Peak Peak Energy (eV) Are thre “alternative solutions to traditional sources” to increase the photon energy and intensity? 1. Explore the EXISTING world unique opportunities offered by the CERN accelerator complex and scientific infrastructure Partially strip ion Resonant cross section = 5.9e-16 cm2 ~ 9 orders of magnitude bigger cross-section than Compton process E.g. (maximal energy): LHC, Pb80+ = 2887 n=12 laser =104.4 nm (max) = 396 MeV Intensity increase match target size and laser wave length 1.Let’s explore the CERN accelerator facilities 2.Let’s try to inject partially strip ions in this facility LHC 27 km SPS 7 km 24 January 2017 JUAS 2017 10 ION accelerator complex SPS LHC PS LEIR SOURCE+LINAC3 Pb Ion source Small sliver of solid isotopically pure 208Pb is placed in a ceramic crucible that sits in an "oven" The metal is heated to around 800°C and ionized to become plasma. Ions are then extracted from the plasma and accelerated up to 2.5 keV/nucleon Pb29+. The source can also be set up to deliver other species… Ar, Xe, etc Linac 3 Stripping foil Pb29+ Pb54+ Stripping Efficiency is 20% Interdigital-H (IH) linac Pb29+ 2.5 keV/nucleon 4.2 MeV/nucleon RFQ Spectrometer to select Pb29+ 24 January 2017 JUAS 2017 13 Ion Chain : Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) LEIR accumulates the 200 ms pulses from Linac3; then splits into 2 bunches Electron Cooling is used to achieve the required brightness Acceleration to 72 MeV/nucleon before transfer to the PS LEIR Cycle is 3.6 s Example of 5 injections into LEIR Injected beam stack 200ms Cooling of the injected beam ELECTRON COOLER The oldest functioning machine at CERN The first Alternating Gradient Machine! SPS Combined-function magnets (QFQDB) LHC 628 m, Pb54+ @5.9 GeV/u 1970-1976 1959 LHC Cycle time = 3.6 s PS LEIR SOURCE+LINAC3 GARGAMELLE STRIPPER FOIL Pb54+ Pb82+ Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) North area LHC ~ 7 km, Pb82+ @177 GeV/u, 1976 SPS AWAKE HiRadMat SppS- 2 T conventional separated-function - has probed the inner structure of protons magnets - investigated matter antimatter asymmetry 1983 - searched for exotic forms of matter W,Z SEPTUM RF Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Betatron cleaning collimators IP8 IR7 IP1 IR6 SPS (~7 km) IP5 LHC (27 km) IP2 Sector 34 Momentum cleaning collimators RF ARC 24 January 2017 IR4 JUAS 2017 CAS@Chavannes 19 IR3 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geometry of the main dipoles (Total of 1232 cryodipoles) Heat exchanger Beam pipe (Ultrahigh beam vacuum 10-10 Torr Pb82+ like at 1000 km over sea) Collars Cold bore non- @2.76 GeV/u magnetic austenitic steel Beam Screen (Stainless Steel He Vessel + Cu) Thermal 36.9 mm Iron shield 46.5 mm yoke Superconducting Vacuum coils vessel (10-6 mbar) L ~ 15 m 8.3 T, 11.87 kA 24 January 2017 JUAS 2017 T = 1.9 K, ~27.5 20ton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) LHC arc cells = FoDo lattice* with ~ 90º phase advance per cell in the V & H plane o o F D B1 B2 D F LHC TDR MB: main dipole MQ: main quadrupole MQT: Trim quadrupole MQS: Skew trim quadrupole MO: Lattice octupole (Landau damping) MSCB: Skew sextupole + Orbit corrector (lattice chroma+orbit) MCS: Spool piece sextupole MCDO: Spool piece octupole + 24 January 2017 JUAS 2017 Decapole 21 BPM: Beam position monitor STRIPPERThe FOIL SPS and LHC never operated before with partially strip ions, except Pb53+ SPS in 2003 for energy calibration purposes Therefore this is a new way of operating the CERN accelerator complex we are in the learning phase 1.Let’s explore the CERN accelerator facilities 2.Let’s try to inject partially strip ions in this facility 1. Why Xe this year? No LHC heavy ion collisions in 2017 Only NA61 fixed target experiment that requested Xe54+ Careful setup needed (long ~2 s energy plateau + RF setup for transition crossing) several session only for first injection, RF set up and tune, orbit & chromaticity corrections 23.6 Q GeV/C 270 Q GeV/C Intensity (1e8) (1e8) p+ equivalent Intensity Test: 1. 14-15.09.2017 2. 13-19.10.2017 3. 08.11.2017 4. 22.11.2017 time (ms) Possible sources of beam losses in the accelerator Main issue: stability of the PSI beams in the accelerators a loss of a single electron leads to a loss of the beam particle B rho = p/Q beam rigidity • Stark effect • Electron stripping by the residual gas • Electron stripping by intra-beam scattering However, only the outer shell electrons of small Z ions would be stripped by the LHC dipole magnetic field Electron stripping by residual gas Ionization cross section theory (Anholt & Becker, Phys. Rev. A36 (1987) Coulomb contribution cte Transverse contribution ln(γ2) Increases (slowly) with the beam energy • The SPS vacuum is much worse than the LHC vacuum (in the arcs < 10-11 mbar) • The SPS beam pipe contains mainly water • The LHC contains H2: 1.3e12, CH4:1.9e11, CO2: 2.8e11 mol/m3 We do not expect beam gas interactions to be a problem in LHC We are confident we can get lifetime > 2 hours Intra-beam scattering (IBS) Multiple small-angle scattering process within the bunch • IBS scales with “1/relativistic gamma” i.e. decreases with energy • IBS increases with increasing intensity • IBS decreases with increasing emittance • IBS depends on Q2/A strong effect for heavy ions With protons mainly emittance growth (small growth rates) With partially strip ions Elastic scattering IBS for kT < E1-E2 Atomic excitation E1-En max < kT < E1-E2 Atomic ionization kT > E1-E2 The ion is lost!! Analysis of the XE39+ life time Analysis quality: Our a priory Model: Model(lifeTimeModel) model = • I(t) = amp*exp(-t/tau)+shift Fit Statistics: exponential decay ) • data points = 177 inj • variables = 3 injection energy in SPS • reduced chi-square = 1.032 Variables: • amp: 1.00386367 +/- 0.005151 (0.51%) • tau: 1716.98465 +/- 15.04539 (0.88%) • shift: -0.00751979 +/- 0.005549 (73.79%) Correlations: • C(amp, shift) = -0.996 life time @23.6 Q GeV/c • C(tau, shift) = -0.992 = 1.72+/-0.02 seconds • C(amp, tau) = 0.979 Normalized intensity = N/N( intensity Normalized time (ms) N. Biancacci, S. Hirlaender Xe39+ lifetime vs momentum Lifetime increases 23.6 189 270 107 with energy Q Q Q Q GeV GeV GeV GeV /c /c /c /c Lifetime =/= intensity • Lifetime measurements with RF ON (bunched beam) or RF OFF (coasting beam) • Large jump in lifetime between low and high energy under investigation • High bunch intensity test at 189 Q GeV/c no clear dependence on intensity observed N. Biancacci, S. Hirlaender Plans for 2018 concerning beam studies Working on two fronts: 1. Optimization of the stripping schema using existing resources 2. Preparation of the machine development studies in SPS and LHC Stripping scenarios for 2018 to get Pb80+ and Pb81+ Current stripper in TT2 (transfer between PS and SPS) is optimized for Pb82+ (Al foil ~ 1mm) We cannot replace it with a foil optimized for Pb81+ because it might compromise the main experiments physics program for 2018: LHC PbPb collisions and NA61 fixed target A back-up schema use the existing beam screens in TT2 to strip It is not optimal in terms of intensity, and emittance, but does not require hardware intervention Machine studies (MD) in 2018 Lifetime, sources of beam losses, emittance growth 1. MD with Pb80+, Pb81+ and Pb54+ in SPS Injection 2. MD with Pb80+ and Pb81+ in LHC + 3. If of interest for the experiments acceleration ep collisions at 6.5 Q TeV/c @LHC Pb81+(1s) Ecm ~ 200 GeV ~600 fm > strong interaction Ecm ~ 8.8 TeV Conclusions 1. 2017 first ever tests in the CERN accelerator chain with partially strip Xe39+ in SPS 2. Lifetimes ~ 2.6 s at flat top very challenging ions since they still have 15 electrons attached very easy to ionize and therefore new beam rigidity ion is lost at the beam pipe 3. Extrapolations to Pb80+ or Pb81+ give lifetimes 100 times better (if beam-gas driven) should be possible to extract these ions to LHC !!! since LHC vacuum is several orders of magnitude better than SPS longer lifetimes are expected such we can bring those ions to 6.5 Q TeV/c 4. Working on stripping scenarios for 2018 not really optimal from stripping efficiency point of view, but from accelerator schedule 5. However, beam intensity is not yet one of our main goals so we estimate we can get enough intensity to do this proof of principle 6. If success then in LS2 we’ll install dedicated strippers optimized for the ions we are interested on 7. Experiment proof of principle EXTRACTED BEAM Collisions of laser with PSI in SPS CIRCULATING BEAM Spares .
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