DOCSLIB.ORG

4 Comparing Housing Policy Strategies in Australia and the Netherlands, 1945-1980

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4 Comparing Housing Policy Strategies in Australia and the Netherlands, 1945-1980 4 COMPARING HOUSING POLICY STRATEGIES IN AUSTRALIA AND THE NETHERLANDS, 1945-1980 4.1 Introduction The two previous chapters have described the structures and logical range of actions through which state intervention in housing may (or may not) occur, with a focus on the potential impact of different policies on the affordability of housing for low income households. Theoretical accounts of how distinctive national housing policy strategies arise and develop in the context of broader economic, political and social processes have also been discussed. Chapters 4 and 5 draw on this framework to examine the first research question: “How have the Australian and Dutch governments intervened in their respective housing systems over the second half of the 20th century to help provide more affordable housing?” These chapters compare the post 1945 history of housing policy intervention in the two countries, drawing out similarities and differences in goals, forms, intensity, duration and paths of intervention. The analysis of the policy strategies in each country is divided into two periods - before 1980 and after 1980. As will become apparent in this and the following chapter, 1980 is a convenient breakpoint between identifiable phases of expansion and review of housing policy strategy in each case.1 To situate the policy analysis in its wider context, section 4.2 gives a short comparative overview of relevant aspects of the two societies in which housing policy unfolded from 1945 to 1980. Using the framework in figure 3.1, the following sections then analyse different arenas of intervention in turn. Section 4.3 considers policies impacting on the production and supply of housing. The impact of broader urban policies on the residential sector is then compared in section 4.4. Section 4.5 focuses on policies directly or indirectly affecting the financing of housing investment and exchange. The next two sections (4.6 and 4.7) are concerned with policies connected with housing consumption - allocative and delivery processes, and with income support for housing. The final section draws together the policy elements to provide a comparative picture of the similarities and differences in the overall national housing policy strategy of each case study until around 1980. 4.2 The general context in comparative perspective 4.2.1 Demographic factors influencing the housing system In both countries, very rapid population growth and even higher levels of household formation drove a high need for housing in the postwar period. Population increased in the Netherlands by 41 per cent from 1950 to 1980, the highest rate in Western Europe (Boelhouwer and van der Heijden, 1992; MVROM (various)). In Australia, the rate of growth was double that of the Netherlands over the same period (Foster and Stewart, 1991). The population explosion was most rapid in the 1950s and 1960s in both countries, levelling out by the end of the period. By 1973, Australia’s population exceeded that of the Netherlands for the first time (OECD, 1998). 72 A central factor in Australia’s massive expansion across the period was the extent of overseas immigration, which comprised about half of all growth (Stilwell, 1980). In 1947, nearly 10 per cent of the population were foreign born. This share rose to over 14 per cent in 1954 and reached nearly 21 per cent in 1981 (ABS, various, cat. no. 1301.0). Immigration was less significant in the Netherlands and for much of the early part of the period was offset by emigration that was triggered by austere conditions. Apart from repatriation of the Dutch from Indonesia and Indonesian immigration after the end of the Second World War, the main wave of in-migration did not occur until the 1970s. In 1985, about 4.5 per cent of Dutch citizens were foreign born or non-Dutch nationals (Mik, 1991). In both countries, the vast majority of foreign citizens settled in the largest cities (Dieleman and Musterd, 1992; Frost and Dingle, 1995). Household formation rates exceeded population growth in both countries. The number of Australian households grew by 151 per cent from 1947 to 1981; the number of Dutch households by 134 per cent over the same period (MVROM, various; Neutze, 1981). The greater rate of household formation in the Netherlands meant that the level of underlying demand for housing was closer in the two countries than suggested by population data alone. A combination of demographic, social and economic factors contributed to rates of household formation exceeding those of population growth in both countries, although in each case the impact of particular factors varied. In general (and in keeping with most advanced Western societies in this era), both countries experienced a falling birth rate and a trend, encouraged by economic prosperity, towards young people leaving the family home earlier than in previous generations. Later, a higher divorce rate and changing opportunities for women, which increased their financial independence, also became factors contributing to household formation rates. The gradual ageing of the population and longer life expectancy also sustained the total level of demand for housing. The impact of all of these factors is reflected in a decline in average household size. Australian households dropped from an average of 3.7 people per household in 1947 to 3.1 in 1981 (Kendig and Paris, 1987). Similarly, average household sizes of 4.7 in 1950 in the Netherlands fell to 3.0 in 1980 (Feddes, 1995; Needham et al., 1993). In keeping with a major shift in the employment base of both countries from the rural to the manufacturing sectors, an increasing rate of urbanisation accompanied the rapid growth. In 1980, 88 per cent of the population of the Netherlands lived in an urban centre (Needham et al., 1993). In Australia, the proportion reached 86 per cent in 1976 (Stilwell, 1980). In Australia, the metropolitan dominance of settlement, focused on Sydney and Melbourne in particular, became more marked over the postwar period to 1980. (Locations in Australia and the Netherlands referred to in this study are shown on figure 4.1a and b, respectively.) From 1947 to 1976, the population share of the five mainland state capitals rose from 54 per cent to 61 per cent (Neutze, 1974). The orientation of most newly-arrived migrants to either Sydney or Melbourne meant that those cities’ share of population alone rose from 36 per cent to 43 per cent (Frost and Dingle, 1995). This 73 growth increased the pressure on their housing markets relative to other regions and, by the 1970s, land supply issues, especially in Sydney, were becoming a more significant factor contributing to deteriorating affordability (Neutze, 1981). However, by that time other forces were also at work influencing patterns of housing demand - notably, the decline in manufacturing jobs, which had been widely distributed throughout the major cities, and the concomitant shift in employment to the services sector, which was more concentrated in the CBD and a few suburban nodes. The primary concentration of population in the Netherlands is in the West of the country in a poly-nucleated urban region, known as the Randstad.2 This region comprises a series of old central cities (the largest being Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and the Hague), surrounded by suburban development that occurred from the 1960s. The period under review in this chapter was characterised not only by expansion but also by a marked re- differentiation of the residential structure of the Randstad. As they became increasingly characterised by single person households, the old central city areas lost population to the surrounding region. Many inner city neighbourhoods had large numbers of economically inactive households (including the elderly, the unemployed, single parents and people with disabilities) and ethnic minorities. The suburbs, on the other hand, became the home of an expanding number of middle class families and higher income groups. As the account in this chapter will go on to show, local housing and planning policies combined with the demographic pressures and economic opportunities of the time to bring about these transformations (Jobse and Musterd, 1992). 4.2.2 Economic conditions Until the 1970s, economic conditions in both countries were generally favourable, providing for increasing prosperity and rising living standards. Annual gross domestic product (GDP) rose consistently throughout the period in nominal and real terms but the rate of growth slowed after the economic downturn (see below). The average nominal growth in GDP from 1950 to 1985 was identical (being 4 per cent per annum (Feddes, 1995; Foster and Stewart, 1991)) and per capita GDP in both countries has ranked consistently near the average for all OECD countries (OECD, 1998). In the 1950s and 1960s, employment grew faster than population in Australia (Berry, 1999). While the period was also marked by a small amount of inflation, average (male) wage levels generally exceeded inflation and increases in housing costs, until the first half of the 1970s. Female participation in the workforce hovered between 45 and 50 per cent from 1964 to 1980 and the unemployment rate was low (Foster and Stewart, 1991). In the Netherlands, wages growth was initially restricted but, by the end of the 1950s, wage controls were breaking down and strong wages growth ensued, while rents remained low (Harloe, 1995). However, female participation in the workforce had only reached 40 per cent in 1983 and the share of jobs that were part time was at a higher level than in Australia (Becker, 1999). Generally, in both countries, favourable conditions encouraged new households to form, promoted consumption expenditure and reinforced and extended demand trends arising from the demographic factors already discussed. The Netherlands achieved a 72 per cent increase in its housing stock from 1961 to 1980, the highest in Europe and North America (van Fulpen, 1986).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • N at U R O P
    N AT UROPA " BULLETIN OF THE EUROPEAN INFORMATION CENTRE FOR NATURE CONSERVATION COUNCIL OF EUROPE NATUROPA Number 22 eu ro p ean “Naturopa” is the new title of the bulletin formerly entitled "Naturope" (French version) and "Nature in Focus" (English version). information EDITORIAL G. G. Aym onin 1 cen tre THE MEDITERRANEAN FLORA for MUST BE SAVED J. M elato-Beliz 3 nature PLANT SPECIES CONSERVATION IN THE ALPS - conservation POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS h . Riedl 6 THREATENED AND PROTECTED PLANTS IN THE NETHERLANDS J. Mennem a 10 G. G. AYMONIN THE HEILIGENHAFEN CONFERENCE ON THE Deputy Director of the Laboratory INTERNATIONAL CONSERVATION of Phanerogamy National Museum of Natural History OF WETLANDS AND WILDFOWL G. V. T. M atthews 16 Paris ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION PROBLEMS IN MALTA L. J. Saliba 20 An international meeting of experts attempting to penetrate by analysing Norway across Siberia. Still in its specialising in problems associated what they term the “ecosystems”. natural state, often very dense and ECOLOGY IN A NEW BRITISH CITY J. G. Kelcey 23 with the impoverishment in plant spe­ Europe’s natural environments are practically impenetrable in places, it 26 cies of numerous natural environments characterized by a great diversity in is a magnificent forest of immense News from Strasbourg in Europe took place at Arc-et-Senans, their biological and aesthetic features. biological and economic value. Notes 28 France, in November 1973, under the From one end of the continent to the To the west of Norway and south of patronage of the Secretary General other the contrasts are striking. Most­ Sweden begin the forests of Central of the Council of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Warming and Mycoflora in the Baltic Region
    ACTA MYCOLOGICA Dedicated to Vol. 41 (1): 79-94 Prof Dr. ALINA SKIRGIEŁŁO, 2006 Warszawa, with motivation of her 95th birthday Global warming and mycoflora in the Baltic Region HANNS KREISEL Zur Schwedenschanze 4, D 17498 Potthagen, [email protected] Kreisel H.: Global warming and mycoflora in the Baltic Region. Acta Mycol. 41 (1): 79 94, 2006. The author discusses possible effects of global warming on distribution and ecology of larger fungi, and presents examples of suggested indicator species which apparently are spreading from south to north. Only Basidiomycetes are corncerned, while actually no case of non lichenized Ascomycetes is known. A continued monitoring of the mentioned species is recommended. Key words: mycoflora, Basidiomycetes, global warming, Baltic Region INTRODUCTION Global warming (climatic change) with its consequences for weather and local climate, rising sea level, retreat of glaciers and of polar ice calottes, and subsequent nature catastrophes, actually is much disputed in newspapers, journals, and book publications. Highly reputed specialists of climatology, oceanography, or physics, have investigated the phenomena (e. g. Rahmstorf, Schellnhuber 2006). Since the end of last Ice Age, some 15 000 years ago, climate in central and northern Europe is warming, and enormous ice calottes have retired from this re- gion, making possible a re-settelement of large areas by vegetation and fauna. This process was not continuous, but interrupted by phases of standstill alternating with phases of further warming. Nevertheless, the actual phase of relatively fast warming is regarded as man-made to a large extent, and therefore requires special attention by scientists. Also in mycology, we are contemporary witnesses of changes in distribution and ecology of fungi, and we should use the chance to observe and describe the corre- sponding evolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Marine Conservation Society
    Australian Marine Conservation Society Ms Imogen Zethoven, Director of Strategy Inquiry into the identification of leading practices in ensuring evidence-based regulation of farm practices that impact water quality outcomes in the Great Barrier Reef Responses to questions on notice, public hearing, 28 July 2020 Thank you again for the opportunity to speak to the Senate Committee this morning. As promised, I am getting back to you about a number of matters that came up during my session. 1. Regarding the question from Sen Canavan, AMCS’s turnover is published online in our Annual Reports. 2. Regarding the question from Sen McDonald: what is the value of the agricultural sector in the GBR catchment and what is the number of jobs in the industry? Regarding the number of jobs, I refer to the RIS by the Queensland Government into the Reef protection regulations, which found that there are approximately 13,000 producers (consisting of approximately 8,500 graziers and 4,500 growers i.e., sugarcane, horticulture, bananas and grains) operating in the GBR catchment. In regards to the value of agriculture, I refer to the GBR 2019 Outlook Report (p.159), which found that in 2016–17, the gross value of agricultural production in Queensland was $14 billion, with approximately half derived from agriculture within the GBR Catchment. 3. I also attach two published papers in regards to a question by Senator Waters that was asked of my colleague from WWF about international examples of regulation. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any questions. Thank you again for the opportunity to contribute to the Committee’s deliberations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Benefits of Owner Occupation
    THE BENEFITS OF OWNER OCCUPATION Patrick N. Troy Urban Research Program Working Paper No. 29 December 1991 URBAN RESEARCH PROGRAM RESEARCH SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Owner Occupation ERRATA Appendix & Bibliography p.54 The publishing houses for the Forrest and Murie 1990 and the Forrest, Murie and Williams 1990 references were inadvertently omitted. The publishers for these references are respectively: Avebury and Unwin Hymen. p.59 The bibliographical reference for Watson, S. 1988 is incomplete. The full title of Watson’s book is Accommodating Inequality: Gender and Housing p.60 The Lloyd & Anderton 1991 work cited in the Appendix does not appear in the bibliography. Details for that reference are as follows: Lloyd, C. J. & Anderton, N.D. 1991, An Analysis of the 1986 Census, A report prepared for the Department of Community Services and Health, Canberra. Text p.33, end of second paragraph - Gruen 1987 was mistakenly cited instead of a 1989 Housing Industry Association work entitled: ‘Housing Costs and Supply’, Papers and proceedings of the fourth Housing Finance Workshop, R. Campbell (ed.) HIA, Canberra. THE BENEFITS OF OWNER OCCUPATION Patrick N. Troy Urban Research Program Working Paper No. 29 December 1991 SERIES EDITOR: R.C. Coles Urban Research Program Research School of Social Sciences Australian National University ISBN 0 7315 1327 4 GPO Box 4 ISSN 1035-3828 Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601 © Urban Research Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University 1991 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Troy, Patrick N., (Patrick Nicol). (1936) The benefits of owner occupation Bibliography ISBN 0 7315 1327 4 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Demand Subsidies for Private Renters: a Comparative Review Authored by Kath Hulse
    Demand subsidies for private renters: a comparative review authored by Kath Hulse Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Swinburne-Monash Research Centre June 2002 AHURI Positioning Paper No. 32 ISSN: 1834-9250 ISBN: 1 877005 61 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This material was produced with funding from the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian States and Territories. AHURI Ltd gratefully acknowledges the financial and other support it has received from the Australian, State and Territory governments, without which this work would not have been possible. DISCLAIMER AHURI Ltd is an independent, non-political body which has supported this project as part of its programme of research into housing and urban development, which it hopes will be of value to policy-makers, researchers, industry and communities. The opinions in this publication reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of AHURI Ltd, its Board or its funding organisations. No responsibility is accepted by AHURI Ltd or its Board or its funders for the accuracy or omission of any statement, opinion, advice or information in this publication. AHURI POSITIONING PAPER SERIES AHURI Positioning Papers is a refereed series presenting the preliminary findings of original research to a diverse readership of policy makers, researchers and practitioners. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................ii Executive Summary...................................................................................................iv
    [Show full text]
  • Reports and Proceedings No 46
    Reports and Proceedings . SOCIALWELFARE RESEARCH CENTRE Ethnicity, Class and Social Policy in Australia by Andrew Jakubowicz, Michael Morrissey and Joanne Palser [I THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES (I (I P 0 BOX 1 • KENSINGTON • NEW SOUTH WALES • 2033 • AUSTRALIA ~ For further enquiries about the work ofthe Centre, or about purchasing our publications, please contact the Publications Officer, SPRC, University of New South Wales, PO Box 1, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia. Telephone (02) 697 3857. Fax: (02) 313 8367. ISSN 0159 9607 ISBN 85823 456 4 First printing May 1984 Reprinted May 1990 Reprinted September 1993 As with all issues in the Reports and Proceedings Series, the views expressed in this publication do not represent any official position on the part ofthe Centre. The Reports and Proceedings Series is produced to make available the research findings of individual authors, and to promote the development of ideas and discussions about major areas of concern in the field of social policy. -i- CONTENTS Preface 11 Chapter 1: Key Concepts .1 Migration and economic development 1 .2 Capitalism and social policy 3 .3 Roles of the state 5 .4 Social control and policy formulation 7 .5 "Culture" and ethnicity 10 .6 Ethnicity, class and social policy 17 Chapter 2: Class Relations and the Migration Program .1 The Homogeneous society: post-war reconstruction 20 .2 Migration and labour force discipline 23 .3 Assimilation as social policy 27 .4 Conflict and Order 31 Chapter 3: The Long Boom .1 Changing Class Relations 35 .2 Race and Class 39
    [Show full text]
  • Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation Into the United States of Unprocessed Pinus Logs and Chips from Australia
    United States Department of Pest Risk Assessment Agriculture Forest Service of the Importation into Forest Health Protection the United States of Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Unprocessed Pinus Logs July 2006 and Chips from Australia FHTET 2006-06 Abstract The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of species of Pinus (Pinus radiata, P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, P. taeda L., and P. caribaea var. hondurensis, principally) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representa- tive insects and pathogens of concern. Eleven individual pest risk assessments were prepared, nine dealing with insects and two with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of Pinus. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commodity, high risk potentials were assigned to two introduced European bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater), the exotic bark anobiid (Ernobius mol- lis), ambrosia beetles (Platypus subgranosus, Amasa truncatus; Xyleborus perforans), an introduced wood wasp (Sirex noctilio), dampwood termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes rufi notum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes tuberculatus; Bifi ditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, C. brevis, C. domesticus, C. dudleyi, C. cynocepha- lus), and subterranean termites (Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius, S. i. actuosus, S. i. breinli, S. i. seclusus, S. reticulatus; Heterotermes ferox, H. paradoxus; Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. frenchi, C. lacteus, C. raffrayi; Microcerotermes boreus, M. distinctus, M. implicadus, M. nervosus, M. turneri; Nasutitermes exitiosis).
    [Show full text]
  • Personalization of Political Newspaper Coverage: a Longitudinal Study in the Dutch Context Since 1950
    Personalization of political newspaper coverage: a longitudinal study in the Dutch context since 1950 Ellis Aizenberg, Wouter van Atteveldt, Chantal van Son, Franz-Xaver Geiger VU University, Amsterdam This study analyses whether personalization in Dutch political newspaper coverage has increased since 1950. In spite of the assumption that personalization increased over time in The Netherlands, earlier studies on this phenomenon in the Dutch context led to a scattered image. Through automatic and manual content analyses and regression analyses this study shows that personalization did increase in The Netherlands during the last century, the changes toward that increase however, occurred earlier on than expected at first. This study also shows that the focus of reporting on politics is increasingly put on the politician as an individual, the coverage in which these politicians are mentioned however became more substantive and politically relevant. Keywords: Personalization, content analysis, political news coverage, individualization, privatization Introduction When personalization occurs a focus is put on politicians and party leaders as individuals. The context of the news coverage in which they are mentioned becomes more private as their love lives, upbringing, hobbies and characteristics of personal nature seem increasingly thoroughly discussed. An article published in 1984 in the Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf forms a good example here, where a horse race betting event, which is attended by several ministers accompanied by their wives and girlfriends is carefully discussed1. Nowadays personalization is a much-discussed phenomenon in the field of political communication. It can simply be seen as: ‘a process in which the political weight of the individual actor in the political process increases 1 Ererondje (17 juli 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Pinus Logs and Chips from Australia
    United States Department of Pest Risk Assessment Agriculture Forest Service of the Importation into Forest Health Protection the United States of Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Unprocessed Pinus Logs July 2006 and Chips from Australia FHTET 2006-06 Abstract The unmitigated pest risk potential for the importation of unprocessed logs and chips of species of Pinus (Pinus radiata, P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, P. taeda L., and P. caribaea var. hondurensis, principally) from Australia into the United States was assessed by estimating the likelihood and consequences of introduction of representa- tive insects and pathogens of concern. Eleven individual pest risk assessments were prepared, nine dealing with insects and two with pathogens. The selected organisms were representative examples of insects and pathogens found on foliage, on the bark, in the bark, and in the wood of Pinus. Among the insects and pathogens assessed for logs as the commodity, high risk potentials were assigned to two introduced European bark beetles (Hylurgus ligniperda and Hylastes ater), the exotic bark anobiid (Ernobius mol- lis), ambrosia beetles (Platypus subgranosus, Amasa truncatus; Xyleborus perforans), an introduced wood wasp (Sirex noctilio), dampwood termite (Porotermes adamsoni), giant termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis), drywood termites (Neotermes insularis; Kalotermes rufi notum, K. banksiae; Ceratokalotermes spoliator; Glyptotermes tuberculatus; Bifi ditermes condonensis; Cryptotermes primus, C. brevis, C. domesticus, C. dudleyi, C. cynocepha- lus), and subterranean termites (Schedorhinotermes intermedius intermedius, S. i. actuosus, S. i. breinli, S. i. seclusus, S. reticulatus; Heterotermes ferox, H. paradoxus; Coptotermes acinaciformis, C. frenchi, C. lacteus, C. raffrayi; Microcerotermes boreus, M. distinctus, M. implicadus, M. nervosus, M. turneri; Nasutitermes exitiosis).
    [Show full text]
  • Diabetes Educator Role Boundaries in Australia: a Documentary Analysis Olivia King1* , Susan Nancarrow1, Sandra Grace1 and Alan Borthwick2
    King et al. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research (2017) 10:28 DOI 10.1186/s13047-017-0210-9 RESEARCH Open Access Diabetes educator role boundaries in Australia: a documentary analysis Olivia King1* , Susan Nancarrow1, Sandra Grace1 and Alan Borthwick2 Abstract Background: Diabetes educators provide self-management education for people living with diabetes to promote optimal health and wellbeing. Their national association is the Australian Diabetes Educators Association (ADEA), established in 1981. In Australia the diabetes educator workforce is a diverse, interdisciplinary entity, with nurses, podiatrists, dietitians and several other health professional groups recognised by ADEA as providers of diabetes education. Historically nurses have filled the diabetes educator role and anecdotally, nurses are perceived to have wider scope of practice when undertaking the diabetes educator role than the other professions eligible to practise diabetes education. The nature of the interprofessional role boundaries and differing scopes of practice of diabetes educators of various primary disciplines are poorly understood. Informed by a documentary analysis, this historical review explores the interprofessional evolution of the diabetes educator workforce in Australia and describes the major drivers shaping the role boundaries of diabetes educators from 1981 until 2017. Methods: This documentary analysis was undertaken in the form of a literature review. STARLITE framework guided the searches for grey and peer reviewed literature. A timeline featuring the key events and changes in the diabetes educator workforce was developed. The timeline was analysed and emerging themes were identified as the major drivers of change within this faction of the health workforce. Results: This historical review illustrates that there have been drivers at the macro, meso and micro levels which reflect and are reflected by the interprofessional role boundaries in the diabetes educator workforce.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Australia
    A Br i e f Hi s t o r y o f Au s t r A l i A A Br i e f Hi s t o r y o f Au s t r A l i A BA r ba r A A. We s t w i t h Fr a n c e s t. Mu r p h y A Brief History of Australia Copyright © 2010 by Barbara A. West All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data West, Barbara A., 1967– A brief history of Australia / Barbara A. West with Frances T. Murphy. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7885-1 (acid-free paper) 1. Australia—History. I. Murphy, Frances T. II. Title. DU108.W47 2010 994—dc22 2009031925 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Excerpts included herewith have been reprinted by permission of the copyright holders; the author has made every effort to contact copyright holders.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands, Water and the Law Using Law to Advance Wetland Conservation and Wise Use
    IUCN Environmental Law Centre Wetlands, Water and the Law Using law to advance wetland conservation and wise use Clare Shine and Cyrille de Klemm IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 38 IUCN The World Conservation Union Wetlands, Water and the Law Using law to advance wetland conservation and wise use IUCN - The World Conservation Union Founded in 1948, The World Conservation Union brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental organizations in a unique world partnership: over 930 members in all, spread across some 138 countries. As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. A central secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme and serves the Union membership, representing their views on the world stage and providing them with the strategies, services, scientific knowledge and technical support they need to achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 6,000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups, focusing in particular on species and biodiversity conservation and the management of habitats and natural resources. The Union has helped many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralized and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in devel- oping countries. The World Conservation Union builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels.
    [Show full text]