GI and Veterans' Movement Against the War, 1965-1975: a Selected Bibliography Skip Delano

Vietnam Generation Volume 2 Number 1 GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Article 9 Against the War

1-1990 GI and Veterans' Movement Against the War, 1965-1975: A Selected Bibliography Skip Delano

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Recommended Citation Delano, Skip (1990) "GI and Veterans' Movement Against the War, 1965-1975: A Selected Bibliography," Vietnam Generation: Vol. 2 : No. 1 , Article 9. Available at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration/vol2/iss1/9

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vietnam Generation by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SeIectecI BiblioqRAphy Gl ANd Veterans' Movement AqaInst t U e War, 1 9 6 5 1 9 7 5

CoMpiUd by Skip DeIano, DECEMbER 1 9 8 9

How To Use This BiblioqRAphy

This bibliography includes articles from newspapers, magazines, journals, and books. Many were published during the Vietnam war and are sources a historian might consult if he or she were writing about he antiwar movement of the 1960s. If you want to read more on a particular subject, begin your search under the topic heading you think most appropriate. Also skim through other topic headings for works which might relate to your subject. Some entires overlap these topic headings but are listed here only once. Take a few minutes to skim over the complete list. This bibliography emphasizes materials you will most likely have available in your local library. Almost every library has back issues of the New York Times available on microfilm. You can locate any article in minutes. Therefore, I have included more citations from this source than any other single source. Many of the other newspapers, magazines, and journals should be available on microfilm at most college and university libraries. An often overlooked resource is the Vietnam veteran himself or herself. There are tens of thousands of Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans who were active in and know about the antiwar movement. Any corrections or additions to this bibliography should be sent to the GI Movement Oral History Research Office, Butler Libraiy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027.

BUck ANd ThiRd WoRld GIs O f all the soldiers, the most rebellious were black and latino GIs. They were often in the forefront of combat refusals and antiwar protests in Vietnam while throughout the Armed Forces they launched protests against racism and national oppression.

Allen, Mark, “The Case of Billy Dean Smith,” Black Scholar (Oct 1972): 15-17. Goff, Stanley and Robert Sanders, Brothers: Black Soldiers in the Nam (Novato, CA: Presidio) 1982. Graham, Fred P., “Two Marines Test Right of Dissent: Negroes Appeal Sentences for Antiwar Statement,” New York Times (7 Mar 1969): 11. Grant, Zalin B., “Whites Against Blacks in Vietnam,” The New Republic (18 Jan 1969): 15-16. B ibliography ill

Holies, Everett, “Navy Disciplines Dissident Sailors,” New York Times (11 Nov7 1972): 1. Holies, Everett, “Crews Racial Grievances to Get Hearing by Navy,” New York Times {12 Nov 1972): 1. King, William M., ed., A White Man’s War: Race Issues and Vietnam, special issue of Vietnam Generation 1:2 (Spring 1989). Nakamura, Norman, “The Nature of GI Racism,” in Amy Tachiki et al., eds., Roots: An Asian American Reader (Los Angeles: UCLA, Asian American Studies Center) 1971. “Negro and White Marines Clash in Hawaii; 16 Hurt,” New York Times (12 Aug 1969): 23. Nordheimer, Jon, “From Dakto to Detroit: Death of a Troubled Hero,” New York Times (26 May 1971): 1. Parks, David, GI Diary (New York: Harper & Row) 1968. Polner, Murray, “18-Minute Verdict: Military Justice and Constitutional Rights,” Commonweal (18 Mar 1969): 40-43. “Riot at L o n g Binh Stockade Attributed to Racial Acts,” New York Times (4 Sep 1968): 38. Taylor, Clyde, ed., Vietnam and Black America: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance (Garden City, NY: Anchor) 1973. Terry, Wallace, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (New York: Random House) 1984.

GI MuTiNy iN V ietnam Throughout the war there were soldiers in Vietnam who resisted, but after 1968 GI resistance became more common and took on a mass character. Opposition to the war took many forms—ranging from individual acts of insubordination like smoking dope or desertion to whole units of GIs refusing to fight.

“A New GI: For Pot and Peace,” Newsweek (2 Feb 1970): 24, 28. Apple, R.W. Jr., “GI Who Refused to Bear Arms in Vietnam Gets Year,” New York Times (12 June 1966): 1. Ayers, B. Drummond Jr., “War Disillusions Many GI’s in Vietnam,” New York Times (4 Aug 1969): 3. Blumenthal, Ralph, “Military TV Newsman in Saigon Shifted After Remark on Agnew,” New York Times (30 Dec 1969): 2. Boyle, Richard, Flower of the Dragon: The Breakdown of the U.S. Army inVietnam (San Francisco: Ramparts) 1972. “Carrot and Stick,” Newsweek (25 May 1970): 45. Collier, Barnard L., “Profile of 4 Navy Deserters: Men Without Compelling Goals, with Dissatisfaction Focused by War,” New York Times (1 Dec 1967): 4. Duncan, Donald, The New Legions (New York: Random House) 1967. Duncan, Donald, “I Quit,” Ramparts 7 (25 Jan 1969) 41-46. Gardner, Fred, “War and G.I. Morale,” New York Times (21 Nov 1970): 31. “G.I. Dead, 58 Hurt in Stockade Riot,” New York Times (30 Aug 1968): 6. “G.I. Who Deserted from Vietnam Gets 4 Years,” New York Times (7 Mar 1969): 10. Gibson, James William, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston: Atlantic Monthly) 1986. Grant, Zalin, Survivors: American POWs in Vietnam (New York: Norton) 1975. 112 Vietnam Generation

Jury, Mark, The Vietnam Photo Book (New York: Grossman) 1971. “Just Downright Refusal,” Newsweek (20 Apr 1970): 51. Kamm, Henry, “Army is Checking Antiwar Petition," New York Times (21 Nov 1969): 10. Lang, Daniel, Casualties of War (New York: McGraw-Hill) 1969. Proffitt, Nicholas C., “Soldiers Who Refuse to Die,” Newsweek (25 Oct 1971): 67- 68. “Rioters at Marine Brig Set Fire to Cell Block,” New York Times (8 Aug 1968): 4. Smith, George E., P.O.W.: Two Years with the Viet Cong (Berkeley: Ramparts) 1971. “Some G.I.s in Vietnam Join Protest," New York Times (16 Oct 1969): 22. Sterba, James P., “A War Critic in Vietnam,” New York Times (14 Nov 1969): 21. Trumball, Robert, “Japanese Pacifists Report 4 Deserted a U.S. Carrier in War Protest," New York Times (14 Nov 1967): 1. “Two Freed G.I.s Say U.S. Should Quit Vietnam,” New York Times (1 Dec 1965): 1. "U.S. Officer Guilty: Refused Jungle Post,” New York Times (26 Jun 1965): 1. "2d Riot Quelled at Vietnam Brig,” New York Times (19 Aug 1968): 5.

G I M o v e m e n t OuTsidE of VIet n a m What started as individual acts of antiwar resistance in the military grew into a mass movement and spread to every major U.S. military base in the world. The mass movement was at its peak during 1969 to 1972. The GI movement involved literally tens of thousands of GIs. They created GI organizations such as Baltimore GIs United (Fort Holabird, MD), GIs United Against the War (Fort Bragg, NC), GI Co-ordinating Committee (Fort Sam Houston, TX), Movement for a Democratic Military (San Diego, CA), Gl-Civilian Alliance for Peace (Fort Lewis, WA), American Servicemen’s Union (New York), and Unsatisfied Black Soldiers (Mannheim, Germany).

“After the March,” New Republic (29 Nov 1969): 7-9. Antiwar advertisement signed by 1,365 active-duty servicemen. New York Times (9 Nov 1969): 9 “Anned Forces: The Peace GIs,” Newsweek (21 Apr 1969): 36-37. “Army Sentenced to Death,” The Movement (Feb-Mar 1970): 4. Arnold, Martin, “3 Soldiers Hold News Conference to Announce They Won’t Go to Vietnam," New York Times (1 Jul 1966): 13. Barnes, Peter, “Hacking it in the Action Army: The Presidio Mutiny,” The New Republic (5 Jul 1969): 21-25. Barnes, Peter, “Liberty and Justice for Some: TheArmyand the First Amendment,” The New Republic (24 May 1969): 13-14. Currey, Cecil B., Self-Destruction: The Disintegration and Decay of the United States Armed Forces During the Vietnam Era (New York: Norton) 1981. Davis, Dennis, “GI Joe’s a Red,” Progressive Labor 7:2 (Aug 1969): 48-56 Franklin, Ben A., “War Resistance by G.I.s is Urged," New York Times (14 Nov 1969): 13. Franklin, Ben A., “G.I.s Sue Army on Rights,” New York Times (2 Apr 1969): 1. Franklin, Ben A., “The Private and the General: War’s Foes Petition Poses Challenge,” New YorkTimes (12 May 1969): 4. Gardner, Fred, The Unlawful Concert: An Account of the Presidio Mutiny Case (New York: Viking) 1970. B ibliography 11?

“G.I. Loses in a Suit to End Vietnam War,” New York Times (16 Feb 1966): 3. “G.I.’s Join Group to Protest War,” New York Times (29 Dec 1968): 7. Gioglio, Gerald R , Days o f Decision: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in the Military During the Vietnam War (Trenton, NJ: Broken R ile Press) 1989. Goodman, Mitchell, The Movement Towards a New America (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press; and, New York: Knopf) 1970. Halsted, Fred, CIs Speak Out Against the War: The Case of the Fort Jackson 8 (New York: Pathfinder Press) 1970.

G l D R u q C u I t u r e Throughout the war, marijuana usage was high and widespread in Vietnam. Heroin became widely available after 1968. Opium, amphetamines, barbiturates, and psychedelic drugs were also available. The use of drugs reflected in part cultural rebellion among youth in and out of the military, but it also became a symptom of the all-around demoralizat ion and lack of lighting will of GIs in Vietnam.

Anderson, Jack, “GI Drug Abuse Hushed Up,” Washington Post (4 Aug 1970): B7. Belair, Felix Jr., “House Unit Cites Rise in G.I. Drug Use," New York Times (25 May 1971): 14. Ingraham, L.H., “The Nam and the World: A Description of Heroin Use by U.S. Army Enlisted Men Serving in Vietnam,” Psychiatry 37 (May 1974): 114-128. “Mary Jane in Action,” Newsweek (6 Nov 1967): 40. McCoy, Alfred W., The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper Colophon) 1972. Peterson, Iver, “Deaths from Drug Abuse Rise Among Vietnam G.I.s,” New York Times (21 Oct 1970): 3. Stanton, M. Duncan, “Drug Use in Vietnam: A Survey Among Army Personnel in the Two Northern Corps,” Archives of General Psychiatry 26 (Mar 1972): 279-286. Stanton, M. Duncan, “The Hooked Serviceman: Drug Use in and Alter Vietnam," in Charles R. Figley and Seymour Levantman, eds., Strangers at Home: Vietnam Veterans Since the War (New York: Praeger) 1980. Sterba, James P., “G.I.s Find Marijuana is Plentiful,” New York Times (2 Sep 1970): 3. “U.S. Denies 75% of G.I.’s in Vietnam Use Marijuana,” New York Times (28 Dec 1967): 10. Wyant, William K. Jr., “Addiction in Vietnam: Coming Home With a Habit,” Nation (5 Jul 1971): 7-10. Zinberg, Norman E., “G.I.’s and O.J.’s in Vietnam,” New YorkTimes Magazine (5 Dec 1971): 37.

G l UNdERQROUNd PRESS Most often, GI organization was locally based and centered around the publication of an underground GI antiwar newspaper. There were nearly 300 GI antiwar newspapers published during the Vietnam war. They had names like Bragg Briefs (Fort Bragg, NC), LeftFace (Fort McClellan, AL), Fatigue Press (Fort 114 Vietnam Generation

Hood, TX), FTA (Fort Knox, KY), Vietnam GI (Chicago), All Ready on the Left (Camp Pendleton, CA), Fed-Up (Fort Lewis, WA), Semper Fi (Iwakuni, Japan), and The Next Step (Heidelberg, Germany).

“Armed Forces: The Peace G.I.s,” Newsweek (21 Apr 1969): 36-37. Franklin, Ben A., “Antiwar G.I. Editor Ousted From Army,” New York Times (15 Apr 1969): 1. Haines, Hariy William, “The GI Underground Press: Two Case Studies of Alternative Military Newspapers,” Masters Thesis, University of Utah, 1976. Lewis, Roger, Outlaws oj America: The Underground Press and Its Context: Notes on a Cultural Revolution (Baltimore: Penguin) 1972. Pilati, Joe, “The Underground GI Press: Pens Against the Pentagon,” Commonweal (19 Sep 1969): 559-561. Polner, Murray, “The Underground GI Press,” Columbia Journalism Review (Fall 1970): 54-56. "Seaman Priest,” The New Republic (14 Feb 1970): 12-13. Sullivan, Ronald, “Fort Dix Soldiers Publish Newspaper Opposing War,” New York Times (6 Apr 1969): 3. Sullivan, Ronald, “2 Antiwar G.I.’s Tried at Fort Dix,” New York Times (24 Apr 1969): 16. Ungar, Sanford J., “Underground Papers Flourish Among GIs,” Washington Post (3 Aug 1970): 1. Widmer, Kingsley, “Censorship by Harrassment,” Nation (30 Mar 1970): 366- 369.

R epression A q aInst A ntiw ar GIs anc! V ets The archaic and repressive military justice system was used by commanders to silence GIs who spoke out against the Vietnam war or otherwise challenge military authority. Commanders court-martialed 100,000 GIs annually. Ninety-five percent of the GIs were convicted. A major focus of the GI movement was the struggle to win constitutional rights inside the military.

“Air Force Captain Loses Court Test,” New YorkTimes (19 Dec 1967): 10. “Army Reduces Sentence of Officer in War Protest,” New York Times (29 Jan 1966): 3. Avema, Vincent S., Lt.-Com., “Comments: Citizen-Servicemen and Their Constitutional Rights,” Temple Law Quarterly 43:3 (Spr 1970): 213- 227. Bigart, Homer, “Capt. Levy is Given 3 Years in Prison; Ousted from Army,” New York times (4Junl967): 1. Bishop, Joseph W., “The Quality of Military Justice,” New York Times Magazine (22 Feb 1970): 32. “Critic of Vietnam Cleared by Army,” New YorkTimes (1 Aug 1967): 4. Crowell, Joan, Fort Dix Stockade: Our Prison Camp Next Door (New York: Links Books) 1974. Davies, Lawrence E., “ 12 Presidio Protesters Found Guilty of Mutiny,” New York Times (7 Jun 1969): 16. “Dissenting Servicemen and the First Amendment,” Georgetown Law Journal 48:3 (Sep 1969): 485-492. B ibliography m

“G.I., Asia War Foe, Guilty of Balking," New York Times (14 Nov 1967): 4. Homan, Richard, “Crackdown on GI Dissent,” Washington Post (10 Nov 1969): A6. “Legal Group Will Aid G. I.’s Charged in Vietnam," New York Times (17 Aug 1970): 3. Mataxis, Theodore C., “This Far No Farther: How Army Handles Dissenters in Uniform,” Military Review 50:3 (Mar 1970): 74-82. “Military Prisons: About Face,” Time (17 May 1971): 63-64. Phelps, Robert H., “Deserter Policy Held Too Lenient,” New York Times (6 Mar 1969): 9. Polner, Murray, ed., When Can I Come Home? A Debate on Amnesty for Exiles, Anti-war Prisoners and Others (New York: Anchor): 1972. Rivkin, Robert S., GI Rights and Military Justice: The Draftee’s Guide to Military Life and Law (New York: Grove Press) 1970. Schumach, Murray, “Tear Gas Halts Riot by 100 Prisoners in Ft. Dix Stockade,” New York Times (15Jull967): 1. Sherman, Edward F., “Dissenters and Deserters: Antiwar Agitation in the Military,” The New Republic (6 Jan 1968): 23-26. Sherman, Edward F., “Buttons, Bumper Stickers and the Soldier,” The New Republic (17 Aug 1968): 15-17. Sherrill, Robert, Military Justice Is To Justice As Military Music Is To Music (New York: Harper and Row) 1969. Sherrill, Robert, “Must the Citizen Give Up His Civil Liberties When He Joins the Army?” New York Times Magazine (18 May 1970): 25. Smith, RobertM., “Army Sets Rules on Troop Dissent,” New York Times (12Sep 1969): 1. “Soldier Receives 2-Year Sentence For Antiwar Acts,” New York Times (24 Feb 1967): 2. “Soldiers on the War,” The New Republic (6 Dec 1969): 5. West, Luther C., They Call It Justice: Command Influence and the Court-Martial System (New York: Viking) 1977. Wooten, James T., “Dr. Levy Charges Army with Racism in Appeal Against Court Martial,” New York Times (20 Apr 1969): 32.

OvERviEW ANd ANAlysis of G I M o v e m e n t Some articles examined the GI antiwar movement with a broader perspective in mind.

Alband, Linda, Steve Rees, and Denni Woodmansee, “The GI Movement Today: The Volunteer Armed Forces and Movement in the Ranks,” Radical America 10:3 (May-Jun 1976): 26-45. Ayres, B. Drummond Jr., “Army is Shaken by Crisis in Morale and Discipline,” New York Times (5 Sep 1971): 1. Connally, Orabelle, “Anti-war Work by Discouragement of Warriors: A Critique of Anti-war Tactics Used Among Naval Personnel in the Vietnam War,” Joum alof Sociology and Social Welfare 4:3-4 (Jan-Mar 1977): 626-638. Cortright, David, Soldiers in Revolt: The American Military Today (Garden City, NY: Anchor) 1975. “Experiences of Communist Organizing in the Army,” Progressive Labor 9:6 (Apr- May 1975): 47-72. Franklin, Ben A., “Army is Worried Over Increase in Aggressive Antiwar Militancy by Soldiers,” New York Times (6 Apr 1969): 2. 116 Vietnam Generation

Franklin, Ben A., “Army Dissent: It Raises Knotty Problems for the Military,” New York Times (20 Apr 169): 8E. “The GI Antiwar Movement: Little Action and Money...and Few GIs,” Armed Forces Journal 108 (7 Sep 1970): 32+. Hayes, James Robert, “The Dialectics of Resistance: An Analysis of the GI Movement,” Journal of Social Issues 31:4(1975): 125-139. Hayes, James Robert, “The War Within a War: Dissent in the Military with an Emphasis on the Vietnam-Era,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, 1975. Heinl, Robert D. Jr., “The Collapse of the Armed Forces,” Armed Forces Journal 108 (7 Jun 1971): 30-38. Heinl, Robert D. Jr., “Draftees vs. Lifers: Loser is Army Morale,” Armed Forces Journal 108 (3 May 1971): 19. Jackson, Nick, “When John Wayne Went Out of Focus: GI Rebellion and Military Disintegration in Vietnam,” Revolution :56 (Spr 1988): 56-80. Johnson, Haynes and George C. Wilson, “Army in Anguish,” Washington Post (12 Sep - 20 Sep 1971). Kneeland, Douglas E., “War Stirs More Dissent Among G.I.’s,” New York Times (21 Jun 1970): 1. Olson, Howard C., and R. William Rae, “Determination of the Potential for Dissidence in the U.S. Army,” 2 volumes (McLean, VA: Research Analysis Corp.) 1971; Technical Paper RAC-TP-410. Radine, Lawrence B., The Taming of the Troops: Social Control in the United Stales Army (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press): Contributions in Sociology, Number 22. Rae, R. William, Stephen B. Forman, and Howard G. Olson, “Future Impact of Dissident Elements Within the Army on the Enforcement of Discipline, Law, and Order,” (McLean, VA: Research Analysis Corp.) 1972; Technical Paper RAC-TP-441. Rinaldi, Matthew, “The Olive-Drab Rebels: Military Organizing During the Vietnam Era,” Radical America 8 (May-Jun 1974): 17-32. U.S. House Committee on Internal Security, Investigation of Attempts to Subvert the United States Armed Force, 3 volumes, 92d Congress, 2d session, 1972. Wiley, Brad and Dick Newlin, “Introducing... The Ultimate Weapon,” Leviathan 1:2 (Apr 1969): 34-41.

ViETNAM V etera n s A q a in st t Ne W a r Vietnam veterans were one of the most active groups opposing the war by 1970. They played a leading role in building the GI antiwar movement inside t he Armed Forces. In 1971, 2,000 members ofVietnam Veterans Against the War came to Washington to protest the war and captured the attention of the nation. Vietnam veterans were a prominent part of the antiwar movement during the final stages of the war.

Emerson, Gloria, Winners andLosers: Battles, Retreats, Cains, Losses andRuins from a Long War (New York: Random House) 1972. Goldberg, Art, “VietnamVets: TheAnti-WarArmy,"Ramparts 10(Jul 1971): 10- 17. Haines, Harry, “Disputing the Wreckage: Ideological Struggle at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial,” Vietnam Generation 1:1 (Win 1989): 141-156. B ibliography 117

Harnill, John, “Veterans of Vietnam: Back in the World, But No Brass Band," Village Voice (6 May 1971): 1. Kerry, John Forbes, “Where Are the Leaders of Our Country?” New Republic (8 May 1971): 15-18. Kerry, John, and the Vietnam Veterans Against the War; David Thorne and George Butler, eds., The New Soldier (New York: Collier) 1971. Morrison, Joan and Robert K. Morrison, From Camelot to Kent State: The Sixties Experience in the Words of Those Who Lived It (New York: Times) 1987. Ognibene, Peter J., “Rift in the Ranks: Politics and POWs,” New Republic (3 Jun 1972): 17-19. “Once More a Time for Protest,” Newsweek (3 May 1971): 24-25. “Outbursts by Hecklers Silence Senator Fullbright at a Peace Luncheon Here,” New York Times (6 Mar 1969): 16. Polner, Murray, No Victory Parades: The Return of the Vietnam Veteran (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston) 1971. “Protests: A Week Against the War,” Time (3 May 1971): 10-13. Reisig, Robin, “The Vets and Mayday: A Changing Peace Movement,” The Villaqe Voice (29 Apr 1971): 9. Retzer, Joseph David, “War and Political Ideology: The Roots of Radicalism Among Vietnam Veterans,” Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1976. Rosenthal, James, “The Myth of the Lost POWs,” New Republic (1 Jul 1985): 15- 19. Swain, Daniel M., “Brothers in Arms: The Death of an Antiwar Veteran,” in Reese Williams, ed., Unwinding the Vietnam War: From War to Peace (Seattle: Real Comet Press) 1987: 107-110. Truscott, Lucian K. IV, “Vietnam Veterans Against the War,” Saturday Review of the Arts 55:41 (7 Oct 1972): 7. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon Press) 1972. Wikler, Norma Juliet, “Vietnam and the Veterans’ Consciousness: Pre-Political Thinking Among American Soldiers,” Ph.D. dissertation, UC Berkeley, 1973. “Wisconsin V.F.W. Ousts Peace Post,” New York Times (20 Jun 1971): 5.

W a r CRiiviES Many GIs returned from the war to charge the U.S. with genocide. Through their testimony, Vietnam veterans denounced and exposed official U.S. Armed Forces policy which encouraged and condoned war crimes against the people of Indochina.

Citizens Commission of Inquiry, ed., The Dellums Committee Hearings on War Crimes in Vietnam (New York: Vintage Books) 1972. Duffett, John, ed., Against the Crime of Silence: Proceedings of the International War Crimes Tribunal (New York: Clarion/Simon & Schuster) 1968. Flint, Jerry M., “Veterans Assess Atrocity Blame,” New York Times (7 Feb 1971): 17. Jackson, D., “Confessions of the Winter Soldiers,” Life 71 (9 Jul 1971): 22-27. Knoll, Erwin, and Judith Nies McFadden, eds., War Crimes and the American Conscience (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston) 1970. Lane, Mark, Conversations withAmericans (NewYork: Simon & Schuster) 1970. 118 V ie t n a m G e n e r a t io n

Lelyveld, J., “Story of a Soldier Who Refused to Fire at Songmy,” New York Times Magazine (14 Dec 1969): 32. Michelson, P., “Bringing the War Home: Veterans Testily Against the Atrocity in Indochina,” New Republic *27 Feb 1971): 21-25. Robinson, Douglas, “Ex-Pilot Alleges Civilian Slayings,” New York Times (7 Apr 1970) : 5. “Veterans Discard Medals in War Protest at Capitol,” New York Times (24 Apr 1971) : 1. “Veterans’ Testimony on Vietnam, Need for Investigation,” [complete text of Winter Soldier Investigation Testimony], Congressional Record (6 Apr 1971): E2825-E2936. Vietnam Veterans Against the War, The Winter Soldier Investigation: An Inquiry into American War Crimes (Boston: Beacon) 1972. “War Veterans at Inquiry Feel Atrocities Are Result of Policy,” New York Times (4 Dec 1970): 4.

O ra I HisTORy C o ILec t Ions

Columbia University Oral History Collection, NY: 41 veterans interviewed by Clark Smith in early 1970s, transcribed, 3,720 pages. Fisk University, TN: Interviews with many black veterans.

G l U ncIerqrouncI Ne w s p a p e r C o ILec t Ions

Boxed Periodical Collection (Boxes 81-85), Archives of the Tamiment Library, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, New York University, 70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012; (212) 598-3709. Contemporary Issues Collection, University of Nevada Library, Reno, NV 89507. “GI Antiwar Newspapers,” Contemporary Culture Collection, Samuel Paley Library, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122. Kent State University Library, Kent, OH 44242. Labadie Collection, University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, MI 48104. GI Newspapers, Social Action Collection, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 State St., Madison, WI 53706. Social Protest Project, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720. Special Collections Division, Library of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada.