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Revisiting the GI and Vietnam Veterans Gudaitis, Alexandra 2019 History Thesis Title: “An Act of Honor”: Revisiting the GI and Vietnam Veterans Against the War Movements: Advisor: Jessica Chapman Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: N/A Contains Copyrighted Material: No “An Act of Honor”: Revisiting the GI and Vietnam Veterans Against the War Movements by Alexandra A. Gudaitis Jessica Chapman, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in History WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts April 15, 2019 Dedicated to the brave participants in the GI and Vietnam Veterans Against the War Movements, especially those who shared their stories with me. Table of Contents Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................i Introduction: “We Have to Tell People the Truth”.........................................................................................1 Chapter One: “Acts of Conscience”: The GI Movement of the Vietnam War..............................................17 Chapter Two: “The Highest Form of Patriotism”: Vietnam Veterans Against the War................................55 Conclusion: “I Have No Regrets”................................................................................................................99 Images.....................................................................................................................................107 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................113 Acknowledgments I have so many people to thank without whom this project could never have come to fruition. First and foremost, I have to thank my advisor, Professor Jessica Chapman, for making an extremely daunting project not only doable, but extremely enjoyable. Her endless guidance and support over the last year, from my first knock on her door to introduce myself and ask her to advise a vague thesis project on the Vietnam War, to her time spent helping me work through my ideas, to the infinite line edits and citation checks in the final stages of the process, was incredible. I could not have done this without her. I would also like to thank the people without whom I never would have decided to devote a year of my life to studying the Vietnam War. My thanks go to Irving Kagan, my high school History teacher who first introduced me to the era and who supported by first research project on it. I also thank Don MacKinnon for giving me the unique opportunity to join him in his work in support of Florentine Films’ documentary The Vietnam War and who trusted that my love for Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried could translate into a fascination with the Vietnam War as a whole. My work with Don led to my spending the summer of 2017 working at Florentine Films during the months leading up to the release of The Vietnam War. That experience, more than any other, pointed me to the work of this thesis. My heartfelt thanks go to everyone at Florentine, especially Lynn Novick, Sarah Botstein, Ken Burns, Geoffrey C. Ward, David Schmidt, Salimah El-Amin, Mike Welt, Megan Ruffe, Stephen Sowers, and Jonah Velasco, first for creating such a deep, moving, and important film and, second, for welcoming me so warmly into the New York Florentine family. Had I not spent that summer working with them I would never have even considered writing this thesis. i I also have to give thanks to the professors who were instrumental to my growth as a writer and historian throughout my college career. Many thanks to Professors Karen Merrill, Roger Kittleson, Charles Dew, James Wood, and Eiko Siniawer for their support and guidance over the last four years. My biggest thanks go to Magnús Bernhardsson, the single most important figure in my academic and personal growth during my college experience, for making me fall in love with History and for engaging my mind in ways I could not have imagined. This thesis owes a huge debt to the confidence in myself and in my ideas he instilled and to the academic skills I gained in his courses. I would also like to thank everyone who assisted me in my research process. Thank you to Lori DuBois who found government documents that I thought were unattainable and to Patrick Gray who was a lifesaver when it came to recording my interviews with veterans. Thank you also to everyone at Hive who was so supportive of my taking time off to do research for this project, especially Katie Harrison, Jenifer Willig, and Maggie Robinson. Huge thanks also go to the incredible Vietnam veterans who took the time to speak with me for the benefit of my project: Jan Barry, Bill Ehrhart, Ed Damato, Jerry Lembcke, John Ketwig, Frank Toner, Steve Geiger, and the veteran who wanted to remain anonymous. I will never be able to fully express to them the depth of my admiration for the actions they took in pursuit of what they believed and knew to be right, how exciting it was to hear their stories firsthand, and how grateful I am that they shared them with me. Speaking with them made my thesis process more personally impactful than I ever imagined it could be. Finally, I want to thank my friends and family for their endless support throughout this process. Thank you to Alana and Amelia for being there for me through everything during the last nine years. I cannot imagine what my life would be like without the two of you in it, but I ii know that it would be immeasurably worse. Thank you to Mary Kate for being my lifeline at Williams during this whole process. I am so happy that I got to go through this experience with you by my side. Thank you also to Lesya, Ruben, and David for making my college experience so much brighter. And of course, my biggest thanks go to my parents. Mama and Papa, I would not be who I am today without your endless love and guidance. Thank you for supporting me at every stage of my life and of this process and for always believing in me, even when I did not believe in myself. I would never have thought I could do this if you had not been there to support me through it all. Thank you. iii Introduction: “We Have to Tell the People the Truth”1 I sort of latched onto the idea we were there to help people – I wanted to believe we were doing the right thing. When I got to Vietnam it really didn’t take me but about one day in-country to realize it wasn’t true.2 -David Cline, GI Movement participant For myself and I think for most, our motivation stemmed from a sense of betrayal… We saw the lies and had to speak out.3 -Steve Geiger, Vietnam Veterans Against the War member These quotes by David Cline and Steve Geiger speak to some of the most important motivations behind Vietnam War era protest among both the active and former military population, the most notable of which were the GI and Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) movements. These movements composed of military personnel, both active-duty and veteran, overlapped in their core objective of bringing an end to the war, yet their activities and organizational structures differed considerably. While active duty participants in the GI movement found restrictions to their right to free speech or freedom of expression, the members of VVAW were able to protest the war openly as citizens. The result was that the actions of the GI movement were often on a smaller scale, less centralized, and more improvisational than those of VVAW.4 These two movements, by virtue of their membership makeup, are unique and deserving of study independent from comparisons with civilian antiwar groups whose members had 1 Joe Urgo, quoted in Richard Stacewicz, Winter Soldiers: An Oral History of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997), 207. 2 David Cline, interview by William Short, Willa Seidenberg, and Addison Gallery of American Art, A Matter of Conscience: GI Resistance During the Vietnam War, (Andover, MA: Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, 1992), 40. 3 Steve Geiger, "Interview with Steve Geiger," By Alexandra Gudaitis (January 7 and February 28, 2019). 4 Skip Delano, interview by Short and Seidenberg, A Matter of Conscience, 42; Penny Lewis, Hardhats, Hippies, and Hawks: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement as Myth and Memory (Ithaca: ILR Press, 2013), 122; Short and Seidenberg, A Matter of Conscience, 75. “GI” stands for “Government Issue” and it is a general term used to refer to members of the armed forces. 1 fundamentally different relationships to the war. Examining the GI and VVAW movements in tandem reveals a falsehood in treating them as entirely separate entities, as is commonplace in popular and scholarly discussions. Not only did the two groups have overlapping membership, their participants were driven to antiwar activism by similar experiences of disillusionment with the American war in Vietnam.5 My interest in these movements developed out of an experience I had working as an intern for Ken Burns’ film company Florentine Films in the months leading up to the release of its 18-hour documentary film The Vietnam War. Before that I, like many of my peers, had a limited understanding of the Vietnam War as a result of it being largely untouched in both my high school and college survey courses. However, in watching and working on The Vietnam War film at Florentine, I became fascinated by the war as a whole and particularly by the experience of veterans. Through this work I had the opportunity to meet some of the veterans interviewed in the film, including a member of VVAW who participated in its most visible action, the medal turn-in ceremony at Dewey Canyon III in April 1971. After finishing my internship, I found my mind continuously returning to the veterans whose stories were told in the documentary and particularly to those who had engaged in antiwar protest.
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