Hydro-Geological Booklet Logar Province

HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL BOOKLET LOGAR PROVINCE

2019 2019

HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL BOOKLET OF

LOGAR PROVINCE

FOREWORD

We are delighted to present the Hydro-geological Booklet published by DACAAR with support from UNICEF.

So far little has been known about hydro-geological settings and groundwater resources in Afghanistan due to the lack of sustainable management, exploration, developmental coordination and the maintenance of collected data. DACAAR has collated this information from its existing Ground Water Monitoring and Data Management System and made it available in one system, this is so that the sector can make use of the data and analysis. The DACAAR has managed to collect and compile the data from approximately 85% of the hydrological basins of Afghanistan and have been conducting groundwater monitoring in 29 provinces of Afghanistan through 363 Ground Water Monitoring Wells (GWMW). Our GWMW network has proved to be a great source of information regarding the qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater in the country, this supported by our monitoring teams, through visiting these Groundwater Monitoring Wells on a regular basis to measure water levels and test water samples.

This collected data is then analyzed, interpreted and mapped with the help of a specialized Integrated Water Resources Data Management System which is available online through the special geo-spatial website we have developed under the UNICEF project.

As the nation-wide data source on this subject in Afghanistan, the system provides crucial long-term scientific information regarding groundwater quality and quantity and the sustainability and functionality of water points, this will support the planning and decision making in water supply projects by the Govt and other WASH actors.

The DACAAR director wishes to thank his DACAAR colleagues and all those supporting this collaboration, with special thanks to UNICEF for supporting us in developing this online system and the booklet.

The system can be accessed at https://misgis.misgis-dacaar.org/

John Morse, Director, DACAAR.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The development of this booklet is to provide a tool that will contribute towards the integration of groundwater monitoring data collected and compiled by DACAAR since 2003. This compilation, analysis and interpretation will further help sector professionals to make for the best decisions.

The DACAAR would like to acknowledge UNICEF's contribution for guidance and supporting this project and specifically thank UNICEF's team in Afghanistan:

Mr. Rolf Luyendijk, Chief of WASH, for UNICEF in Afghanistan Ms. Gemma Querol Prades, WASH Manager - Water Supply

The booklet was developed by DACAAR - Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees, under its Technical & Coordination Unit, Department of Hydrogeology and Ground Water Monitoring funded by UNICEF.

The contributions, inputs and support of a large number of the DACAAR team members and other stakeholders needs to be acknowledged, including that of:

Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) Team. Particularly, Er. Sayed Jamaluddin Himat, Hydrogeology & Geophysic Manager Er. Abdul Jalil Anwari, Hydro-geologist.

Technical Unit, DACAAR

iii

NOTE

For clarity purposes this document has been printed on A3 paper size for MAPS and A4 paper size for Text pages.

Online booklet may be downloaded from https://misgis.misgis-dacaar.org/ OR http://misgis.misgis-dacaar.org/

EDITOR (MAPS) Er. Mohammad Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro-geologist, DACAAR EDITOR - TEXT AND CONCEPTULIZATION KHARKA Ravi, Head of Technical & Coordination Unit, DACAAR DEVELOPERS & DATA MANAGEMENT Abdul Hamid, Hydro-geologist Gholam Reza Usofi, Hydro-geologist Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro-geologist GIS-MIS DEVELOPER Said Rahman "Sajid", GIS/MIS DEVELOPER, DACAAR DATA COORDINATORS Asadullah Fazli, Database Officer Ahmadullah Ebadi, Database Assistant Muhammad Zahid Yaad, Database Assistant Qismatullah Sultani, Database Assistant Roqia Mozafari, Database Assistant

YEAR OF PUBLICATION 2019

DISCLAIMER

This booklet represents the analysis and map representation of data being collected from Ground Water Monitoring Wells established by DACAAR over a period of 15 years from approximately 85% of river basins of Afghanistan, and 29 provinces. Desk-based studies and previous data were used to re-develop maps. All care has been taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the DACAAR or the supporting organizations for any use of data presented herein beyond its intended use as a reference to hydrogeology of indicated provinces and areas.

The opinions expressed in the documents included in this booklet are those of the authors and editors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF, nor of any particular Division or Office. All rights to the resources included in this booklet remain with their respective copyright owner. It is an independent compilation documents. For more information please contact us at: [email protected] iv

Contents FOREWORD ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii NOTE ...... iv Contents ...... v List of Abbreviation and Technical Terms ...... viii Logar Province Study Area ...... 1 Surface Geology of Logar Province...... 2 Surface Geology of Logar Province ...... 3 Water Level Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 4 Electrical Conductivity Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 5 Definition of Salinity ...... 6 WHO Guideline for Electrical Conductivity ...... 6 Salinity/EC Hazard ...... 6 Chloride Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 7 Chloride ...... 8 1. Environmental Occurrence ...... 8 2. Effect of Chloride on Health ...... 8 3. WHO Guideline for Chloride ...... 8 Boron Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 9 Boron Contamination in the Groundwater ...... 10 1. Environmental Occurrence ...... 10 2. Effect of Boron on Health and Plant Growth ...... 10 3. WHO Guideline for Boron ...... 10 4. Sources of Boron in the Groundwater ...... 10 5. Boron Ion Toxicity and Boron Tolerance Plants ...... 10 Fluoride Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 11 Fluoride ...... 12 1. Environmental Occurrence ...... 12 2. Effect of fluoride on health ...... 12 3. WHO guideline for Fluoride ...... 12 4. Source of Fluoride ...... 12 Sodium Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 13 Sodium ...... 14 1. Environmental Occurrence ...... 14

2. Effect of Sodium on Health ...... 14 3. WHO Guideline for Sodium ...... 14 4. Sodium or Sodium Ion Toxicity Hazard Assessment ...... 14 Sulphate Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province ...... 15 Sulphate Contamination in the Groundwater ...... 16 What is Sulphate? ...... 16 What are sources of sulphate in groundwater? ...... 16 How can sulphate be removed from drinking water? ...... 16 Sulphate Potential Health Effect ...... 16 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network in Logar Province ...... 17 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network in Afghanistan ...... 18 Background of Groundwater Monitoring Wells Networks ...... 19 Main Objectives ...... 20 Methodology ...... 21 Figure. 1 Water Table Indicator and Diver/Data/Logger ...... 21 Figure. 2 Modified Tube Well for sustainable measurement ...... 22 Figure. 3 Constructed and Modified well for long time recording using Diver/Data/Logger ...... 22 Figure. 4 Physical parameters measurement Devices ...... 23 Figure. 5 Bacteriological analysis Devices ...... 23 Figure. 6 Chemical analysis measurement devices ...... 24 Drinking Water Points Established by DACAAR (Total DWPs : 47426) ...... 25 Watershed of Afghanistan ...... 26 River Basin of Afghanistan ...... 27 Surface water Resources of Afghanistan ...... 28 1. General information ...... 28 2. Major river basins of Afghanistan ...... 28 3. Surface water potential...... 28 Figure. 1 Surface water resources potential in river basins (Faver and Kamal, 2004) ...... 29 Figure. 2 Catchment areas of the river basins and non-drainage areas of Afghanistan ...... 29 4. Watersheds of river basins ...... 29 Figure. 3 The Main watersheds of the Amu Darya Basin ...... 30 Figure. 4 The main watersheds of the Kabul basin ...... 30 Figure. 5 Main watersheds of northern river basin ...... 31 Figure. 6 The main watershed of Hari Rod-Murghab basin ...... 31 Figure. 7 The main watersheds of Helmand basin ...... 32 Hydrogeological Map of Afghanistan ...... 33

Hydrogeology/Natural Groundwater System of Afghanistan ...... 34 Figure. 1 Natural groundwater systems model in Afghanistan ...... 34 Figure. 2 Natural groundwater systems (Bends 1964, Baratash 1970, Wolfart 1980) ...... 36 Figure. 3 Groundwater in northern Afghanistan (Bends 1964, Baratash 1970, Wolfart 1980) ...... 36 Hydrogeochamical Map of Afghanistan ...... 37 Hydrogeological Basins of Afghanistan ...... 38 Hydro-geological Basins of Afghanistan: ...... 39 1. Southern Afghanistan Artesian Basins...... 39 2. Northern Afghanistan Artesian Basins...... 39 North Afghan Platform Cover ...... 40 Tajik and Murghab Basins ...... 40 3. Central and North-Eastern Afghanistan Folded Area (Karst or Fractured Area)...... 41 4. Intermountain closed by Inter-mountainous Basin ...... 42 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Measurement Graphs ...... 43-45

vii

List of Abbreviation and Technical Terms

EC Electrical Conductivity WHO World Health Organization ANDWQS Afghanistan National Drinking Water Quality Standards PPM Parts per Million Mg/L Milligram per Litter Groundwater Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations MCLs Maximum Contaminant Levels DWPs Drinking Water Points BCM Billion Cubic Meters MMI Milinda Moragoda Institute MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabitation and Development GAA German Agro Action MWE Ministry of Water & Energy OXFAM Oxfam Australia SCA Swedish Committee for Afghanistan SDC Social Development Centre USGS United States Geological Survey USAID United State Agency for International Development Agromet Agro-Metrology ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development ACF Action Contre La Faim AGS Afghanistan Geological Survey WFP World Food Program DACAAR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees GMWs Groundwater Monitoring Wells DANIDA Danish International Development Agency RNE Royal Norwegian Embassy SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation WTWG Water Technical Working Group WSG Water and Sanitation Sector Group GPS Global Positioning System GIS Geographical Information System ORP Oxidation-Reduction Potential WL Water Level Tem Temperature TDS Total Dissolved Solid Aquifer A rock formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is water bearing. Commonly used synonyms are ground-water reservoir, water-bearing bed, and water-bearing deposit

viii

Capillary water Just above the water table, in the aeration zone, is capillary water that moves upward from the water table by capillary action. This water can move slowly and in any direction. While most plants rely upon moisture from precipitation that is present in the unsaturated zone, their roots may also tap into capillary water or into the underlying saturated zone Confined Aquifer (also known as artesian or pressure aquifers) exist where the groundwater is bounded between layers of impermeable substances like clay or dense rock. When tapped by a well, water in confined aquifers is forced up, sometimes above the soil surface. This is how a flowing artesian well is formed. Contaminant Any substance that when added to water (or another substance) makes it impure and unfit for consumption or use DE Deepened Well Depletion The loss of water from surface water reservoirs or groundwater aquifers at a rate greater than that of recharge DW Dug Well Evaporation The conversion of a liquid (water) into a vapor (a gaseous state) usually through the application of heat energy during the hydrologic cycle; the opposite of condensation Evapo-transpiration The loss water from the soil through both evaporation and transpiration from plants Groundwater Groundwater discharges include, evaporation, transpiration and groundwater Discharge flow to the surface as drainage, springs, karezes and pumping for irrigation and water supply. Groundwater Level Indicates the position where the atmospheric pressure and hydraulic head are at equilibrium (balance) in the aquifer Groundwater Level Any event that produces a change in pressure on ground water level cause the Fluctuation groundwater level to vary. Differences between supply and withdrawal of groundwater cause level to fluctuate. Groundwater Groundwater management is define as the ongoing performance of coordinated Management action related to groundwater withdrawal and replenishment to achieve long- term sustainability of the resource without detrimental effects on other resources Ground-water The movement of ground water in an aquifer. The movement of ground water movement through an aquifer is extremely slow, generally on the order of centimetres per day or meters per year. Groundwater Groundwater recharge is defined as the downward flow of water recharging the Recharge water level forming an addition to the groundwater reservoir. Infiltration The process whereby water enters the soil and moves downward toward the water table Intermittent stream A stream that flows only following precipitation or when receiving water from springs, ground-water seepage, or melting snow Long Term In basins where the groundwater extraction exceeds recharge, a drawdown Groundwater Level trend in groundwater level may continue for many years. The water level Dropping continuously declines (dropping dynamic water level) due to over extraction and low recharge, then the groundwater level dropping will be permanent. pH pH, which is defined as the negative decimal logarithm hydrogen ion activity (H+).The pH value is indicated where the water is acid or alkaline. Neutral water

pH=7. If the pH of water less than 7 is acid and more than 7 is alkaline. Pollution An alteration in the character or quality of the environment, or any of its components, that renders it less suited for certain uses. The alteration of the physical, chemical, or biological properties of water by the introduction of any substance that renders the water harmful to use Precipitation The part of the hydrologic cycle when water falls, in a liquid or solid state, from the atmosphere to Earth (rain, snow, sleet). Runoff Precipitation that flows over land to surface streams, rivers, and lakes. Safe yield Safe yield is defined the net annual supply (net recharge) of groundwater that may be developed without persistent lowering of groundwater levels (Lee 1914). Salt water Water that contains a relatively high percentage (over 0.5 parts per thousand) of salt minerals. Seasonal Fluctuation The seasonal fluctuation usually results from influence of precipitation, irrigation canal and ditch leakages, the pumping for drinking water or for irrigation purposes, all of which influence seasonal cycle or seasonal fluctuation of groundwater. Short-term Fluctuation Short-term or monthly fluctuation of groundwater level is measured in alluvial aquifer for any special purpose (municipality water supply and pumping for irrigation). Specific yield or Safe The ratio of the volume of water a saturated rock will yield by gravity drainage to Yield: its own volume. Stalinization The condition in which the salt content of soil accumulates over time to above (mineralization): normal levels; occurs in some parts of Afghanistan where water containing high salt concentration evaporates from fields irrigated with standing water. Sustainability Sustainability encompasses the beneficial use of groundwater to support present and future generation, while simultaneously ensuring that unacceptable consequences do no result from such use. Transpiration The process by which water absorbed by plants (usually through the roots) is evaporated into the atmosphere from the plant surface (principally from the leaves). TW Tube Well Unconfined aquifers An aquifer in which the upper boundary is the water table Undesired Result An undesired result is commonly interpreted to mean a progressive lowering of groundwater leading eventually to depletion of supply (recharge). Water quality The chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular use Water quality Recommended or enforceable maximum contaminant levels of chemicals or standard materials (such as nitrate, iron and arsenic) in water. WSP Water and Sanitation Program

Logar Province

Zakhel

Cagay Dashtak(Loy Kalay)Kalagi Nazar Kala Kunj Bagh Panamay Tor Wersek Nawabad Esare TangiAkorkhel Chinaray Dag Kala SafedsangGomaran Pore Kalay Zaydabad Aynak Sar Kalay Miro Nyazi Gulhamid Naray Kot Baha'ijan Kor AkhundzadakhelSange Surakh Sare Pul KhodikhelNazarkhel . 3 Syah SangAlozay Nyazgul Abdurrahman

9 Pache Mohammad Agha Beko

2 Khawri Muhmandaan Ghal Darrah Gargaw Spando Kac 2 Kotgay Bawokhel 2 Mohammad Agha Hosaynkhel . Baghak 4 Dih Kuhna Abparan

3 Malik Qahir Sur Kariz Qaleh-ye Malega Ahmadzi Mir Kariz Tang SurkhabadGomarani Zera Qaleh-ye Dawlat Dewalak Shahidan Spina Kala Shekarqal'a Azra Maroat Qaleh-ye Shekhak Qaleh-ye Nazer Chino Sar Babar Usmankhel Nughlak Moghulkhel Ghwachi Kharoti (3) Deh-e Naw Musakhan KalaySalim KhelKacwal (1) Rasulkhel Waghjan Lapuk Arabkhel Adam Khail MazginChambo Dara Durwo Aladin Zekryakhel Sorkh Ab Kopak Namdar Kala Mirwal Azra Shahin Zara KalaShkor Pyarokhel Deh-e Manaka Dardar Pachalara DerkikhelDadikhel Dehmena Shulak Shaghasi Kala Kacwal (2) Jarmatoy Woluswali Kolangar Enam Harunkhel Alikhel Hayatkhan Kalay Dag Kala Shekhan Babus (1)Nyazi (2)Porak Dadokhel SmachBurg Burk Manay Babus (2) Shadikhug Qal'eh-ye Jum'a Nasar Dokanha-i- Gomaran Shamokam Kotgay Darkh Paktya Alozi Doghabad Sultankhel Daryakhan 4 Mirsaleh Albikhel 8 Logar Qal'eh-ye Belandab Kariz-e AziziKandaw (2)Sheragha

1 Zamankhel Shashqal'aRaykhoshi 2 Shaykmalay Kharoti (2) 0 . Hotak

4 Nati KotMamoo Qal'eh-ye Nazer Arat Payram 3 HesarakEsarak Baghgay Bulori Molayam Godar Bala DihKhoshi Kazhe Zawar Puli Alam Chenari Tora Tizha Zer Kac Mir Ghyas Karez Ghawchak Khoshi Shinkay (2) Torikhel Baraki Taqi Sarsang Udkhel Ghozarkhel Mohmand Darwesh Qasemkhel (2) KakakhelBaburi Syoray Qasemkhel (1) Jogi Lyaskhan Karez Tangay Chaluza'iBawu Belal Kotubkhel Zare Kote Topakkhel Malek Akhundkhel Zinak (2) Cheheltan Kolal Sre TarkheZinak (1) Lachikhel Katapay Sherjan Tandan Karezgay Sahebzdah Uzbakkhel Baraki Barak Jadran Patokhel Puli Alam Pandi Bala Gagarkhel Sejawand Qarya-i-Gul'almEbad Akhundkhel Bedak Abchakan Legend Nawe Kala Zarsang Edo Khel Khato Kalay(Dabaza'i) 1 Aladadkhel Chawney Gardezkhel Dabare Aluy Pain Katasang Nay Karay Villages Dabare Khwaja Abjoshe Bala Dabare Ramyali Sepest(Sepec)

5 Argan Province Borders 7 Qal'a-i-Sarmo'allem Syahkhoh 0 Nawer Qal'a-i-Soleman HashtnaghorAkbar Khel

2 Kharoti

8 Charkh Bandoka

. Murombeg Safa District Borders 3 Qarya-i-Dasht Saydan Altamur 3 Omay SarpushtaNawshad Kuz Nurkhel Panj Ram Shawaz Ghurfan Pangaram Study Area Adawar (Bibi Shelger) Bar NurkhelSarwankhel Khawrakay(Khawre Kalay) Qal'a-i-Qomandan jawzar Saheb China Takhtak Kaz Darah Jawderakht Nyazi (1) Sar Toran Mabatkhel Dokane Ajabkhan Uzbekistan China tan Jandad Kala ikis Tajikistan Taj Bazikhel Mohammad-jan Kala Total Urban and Rural Godale Kalay Province/District Turkmenistan Badakhshan Kutkay Muchkel Jawzjan China Omarkha Khwajaangur Female Male Both Sexes Kunduz Kareze Za'faran Arzokhel Balkh Takhar Kharwar Sagaye BalaApakhan Balukhel Logar Center (Puli Jawzay 5 3,235 5 4,804 108,039 Faryab Samangan Musakhel Jawzi Kala Alam) Baghlan Yargul Kala Shah Qadam Sari Pul Panjsher Nuristan Yergana Wersek Baraki Barak 4 3,958 4 5,518 89,476 Badghis Tawuskhel Bamyan ParwanKapisa Kunar 6 Kotgay Laghman

6 Charkh Kor Jalal Meryanay Charkh 2 2,321 2 3,041 45,362

9 Kabul Ne'matayManikhel Maydan Wardak 1 Nangerhar I Dinar Khel n 6 Hirat . Logar Ghor d

3 khushi 1 2,121 1 2,481 24,602 AfghanistanDaykundi i 3 Paktya a Mohammad Agha 3 7,682 3 9,362 77,044 Ghazni Khost Khar war 1 3,201 1 3,561 26,762 Uruzgan Farah Paktika Zabul Azra 1 0,080 1 0,680 20,760 Pakistan Logar province 192,598 199,447 392,045 Iran Hilmand Kandahar Source: Afghanistan Central Statistics Organization (CSO) Nimroz a i (2015-2016) d n Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. I Developed By: Mohammad Reza Meamar zadah, Hydro geologist

6 Editor in Chief: Eng. M.Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Kilometers 5

8 0 5 10 20 30 40 1 Creation Date: November 2018 4 . 3 3 68.94201 69.23046 69.51892 69.80737 70.09582 Surface Geology of Logar Province

2 . 1 8 0 3 . 4 3

Mohammad Agha 1 6 8

2 Azra 1 . 4 3

Khoshi

1 Puli Alam 1 9 4 9 . 3

3 2 Baraki Barak

Legend

District Borders

Stratified Rocks: Recent: Gravel, sand, clay, clay sand, loess and travertine

Charkh Late Quaternary and Recent: Gravel, sand, clay, clay sand, loess and travertine

6 Late Quaternary: Gravel, sand, clay, clay sand, loess and travertine 9 6

7 Middle Quaternary: Gravel, sand, clay, clay sand, loam, loess, travertine, trachybasalt, leucite basanite, andesitic basalt and olivine basalt . 3 3 Pliocene: Gray conglomerate, gravelstone, sandstone, siltstone, clay, limestone, marl, gypsum, salt and acid and mafic volcanic rocks Eocene: Clay, shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, marl, gypsum, conglomerate, gravelstone and acid and mafic volcanic rocks Paleocene: Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, shale and mafic volcanic rocks Late Triassic: Shale, phyllite, mafic volcanic rocks and limestone Kharwar Middle and Late Triassic: Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, carbonaceous shale, limestone, marl, dolomite, conglomerate and acid and mafic volcanic rocks Middle and Early Triassic: Limestone, dolomite and marl Late Permian: Limestone, dolomite, marl, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, bauxite and bauxite-bearing rocks Late Carboniferous-Early Permian: Sandstone, siltstone, shale and mafic volcanic rocks Cambrian: Limestone, dolomite, marble, quartzite, meta sandstone and mica schist 1 0

9 Early Proterozoic: Mica, biotite, biotite-amphibole, and garnet-biotite gneiss, plagiogneiss, migmatite, quartzite, marble and amphibolite 5 .

3 Early Proterozoic. Middle part: Marble, biotite and garnet-staurolite-biotite gneiss , schist, quartzite and amphibolite 3 Early Proterozoic. Early part: Mica, biotite, biotite-amphibole, garnet-biotite, garnet-sillimanite-biotite, pyroxene-amphibole gneiss, plagiogneiss, and schist, migmatite, quartzite, marble and amphibolite Intrusive Rocks: Source: Used Geol_Map_USGSShapefiles& DACAAR Data Information System Oligocene: Granodiorite Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Kilometers Early Cretaceous: Gabbro, Monzonite, Diorite and Granodiorite Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Proterozoic: Gabbro, Metadiabase, Amphibolite, Diorite and Plagiogranite 0 5 10 20 30 Creation Date: (October.2018)

68.75259 69.01002 69.26744 69.52487 69.7823 70.03973 Surface Geology of Logar Province

We used USGS Afghan Geologic unit (rocks types and ages) shape file to make Logar province surface Geology. This map can play significant role to identify water bearing formations (aquifers) and adjust appropriate technology for development of Groundwater for using of verity purposes. The major Geological (rocks types and ages) of Logar province are following:

 Recent : Gravel, Sand, Clay, Clay Sand, Loess and Travertine  Late Quaternary and Recent: Gravel, Sand, Clay, Clay Sand, Loess and Travertine  Late Quaternary: Gravel, Sand, Clay, Clay Sand, Loam, Loess and Travertine  Middle Quaternary: Gravel, Sand, Clay, Clay Sand, Loam, Loess, Travertine, Trachybasalt, Leucite Basanite, Andesitic Basalt and Olivine Basalt  Pliocene. Undifferentiated: Gray Conglomerate, Gravelstone, Sandstone, Siltstone, Clay, Limestone, Marl, Gypsum, Salt andAcid and Mafic Volcanic Rocks  Oligocene: Phase I. Granodiorite (Intrusive Rocks)  Eocene: Clay, Shale, Siltstone, Sandstone, Limestone, Marl, Gypsum, Conglomerate, Gravelstone andAcid and Mafic Volcanic Rocks  Paleocene: Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone, Limestone, Shale and Mafic Volcanic Rocks  Early Cretaceous: Gabbro, Monzonite, Diorite and Granodiorite (Intrusive Rocks)  Late Triassic. Undifferentiated: Shale, Phyllite, Mafic Volcanic Rocks and Limestone  Middle Triassic-Late Triassic: Sandstone, Siltstone, Mudstone, Carbonaceous Shale, Limestone, Marl, Dolomite, Conglomerate and Acid and Mafic Volcanic Rocks  Middle and Early Triassic: Limestone, Dolomite and Marl  Late Permian: Limestone, Dolomite, Marl, Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Bauxite and Bauxite- Bearing Rocks  Late Carboniferous-Early Permian: Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale and Mafic Volcanic Rocks  Cambrian: Limestone, Dolomite, Marble, Quartzite, Meta Sandstone and Mica Schist  Proterozoic: Gabbro, Metadiabase, Amphibolite, Diorite and Plagiogranite (Intrusive Rocks)  Early Proterozoic: Mica, Biotite, Biotite-Amphibole, and Garnet-Biotite Gneiss, Plagiogneiss, Migmatite, Quartzite, Marble and Amphibolite  Early Proterozoic. Middle Part: Marble, Biotite and Garnet-Staurolite-Biotite Gneiss , Schist, Quartzite and Amphibolite  Early Proterozoic. Early Part: Mica, Biotite, Biotite-Amphibole, Garnet-Biotite, Garnet-Sillimanite-Biotite, Pyroxene-Amphibole Gneiss, Plagiogneiss, and Schist, Migmatite, Quartzite, Marble and Amphibolite

Water Level Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 9 7 4 1 3 . 4 3 .

Mohammad Agha 1 0 5 3

1 Azra . 4 3

Khoshi Legend 3

2 Puli Alam 5 5 9

. District Borders 3 3 Baraki Barak Water Level Contour Lines: 4 0.5 - 8 m 8.1 - 12 m 12.1 - 20 m 20.1 - 40 m Charkh 4 4 5

7 40.1 - 71.5 m 7 . 3 3 Mountains Without Data

Kharwar 6 6 5 9 5 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Creation Date: (October.2018) 0 5 10 20 30 Kilometers

68.78101 69.03927 69.29754 69.5558 69.81407 Electrical Conductivity Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 3 8 4 3 3 . 4 3 .

Mohammad Agha 1 2 4 5 1 . 4

3 Azra

Khoshi Legend 6 3 7

9 District Borders . Puli Alam 3 3 Electrical Conductivity Contour Baraki Barak Lines: 7 - 660 µS/cm 5 661 - 850 µS/cm 851 - 990 µS/cm

8 991 - 1,500 µS/cm 9

2 Charkh 9 7 .

3 1,501 - 11,129 µS/cm 3 Mountains Without Data

Kharwar 6 3 2 1 6 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist 0 5 10 20 30 Kilometers Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 4 7

1 Creation Date: (October.2018) 3 4 . 3

3 68.82837 69.08803 69.34769 69.60735 69.867 Definition of Salinity

Salinity is the dissolved minerals or salt content of a body of water. Minerals dissolved in water have a positive or negative charge and electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of this charge (and therefore is a measure of the dissolved mineral content). Major components of EC are calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride and sulfate. EC measured in micro Siemens (mS/cm) or micro mhos (µS/cm), however 1,000 µS/cm is equal to 700 mg/L.

WHO Guideline for Electrical Conductivity

The UAEPA standard for electrical conductivity is 750µS/cm (TDS = 500 mg/l) , but due to the acute water shortage in Afghanistan the electrical conductivity values up to 3000 µS/cm are tolerated for human consumption (Afghanistan National Drinking Water Quality Standards) (August 2012).

Salinity/EC Hazard

A salinity problem related to water quality occurs if the total quantity of salt in the irrigation water is high enough that salts accumulate in the crop root zone to the extent that yields are affected. If excessive quantities of soluble salts accumulate in the root zone, the crop has extra difficulty in extracting enough water from the salty soil solution. This reduced water uptake by the plant can result in slow or reduced growth and may also be shown by symptoms similar in appearance to those of drought such as early wilting. Some plants exhibit a bluish-green colour and heavier deposits of wax on the leaves. These effects of salinity may vary with the growth stage and in some cases may go entirely unnoticed due to a uniform reduction in yield or growth across an entire field. This mechanism of water uptake has been studied extensively an it now appears the plant takes most of its water from and responds more critically to salinity in the upper part of the root zone than to the salinity level in its lower depths when using normal irrigation practices (Bernstein and Francois 1973). Thus, managing this critical upper root zone may be as important as providing adequate leaching to prevent salt accumulation in the total root zone.

Chloride Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 5 9 5 7 3 . 4 3 .

Mohammad Agha

4 Azra 5 8 1 1 . 4 3

Khoshi

Puli Alam Legend 7 District Borders Baraki Barak Chloride Contour Lines: 2.2 - 10 mg/l 4 1 1 6

8 10.1 - 50 mg/l . 3 3 50.1 - 100 mg/l 100.1 - 250 mg/l Charkh 250.1 - 290 mg/l Mountains Without Data

Kharwar 3 7 3 0 6 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Kilometers Creation Date: (October.2018) 0 5 10 20 30 40

68.89505 69.26567 69.6363 Chloride

1. Environmental Occurrence

Sodium and chloride ions are important components of most groundwater, because the mineral of sodium chloride (halite) is very soluble and both of the ions very mobile. Sodium and chloride ions are enriched in the residual solution during evaporation. At the same time the distribution of sodium is limited by ion exchange, chloride is a practically uncreative conservative tracer.

2. Effect of Chloride on Health Water with chloride concentration is greater than 250 mg/l has saline taste and high concentrations can cause considerable damage to the body’s fluid balance.

3. WHO Guideline for Chloride The WHO guideline for chloride is 250 mg/l. The Standard values for Afghanistan is 250 mg/L

Boron Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 6 5 6 0 3 . . 4 3

Mohammad Agha 2 1

7 Azra 2 1 . 4 3

Khoshi

Puli Alam 8 6 7

4 Legend 9 . 3 3 Baraki Barak District Borders 9 Boron Contour Lines: 0.08 - 0.50 mg/l 0.51 - 0.80 mg/l

Charkh 0.81 - 1.00 mg/l 4 2 8

6 1.01 - 14.5 mg/l 7 . 3 3 Mountains Without Data

Kharwar 8 8 8 5 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Kilometers Creation Date: (October.2018) 0 5 10 20 30 40

68.75738 69.01495 69.27252 69.53009 69.78766 Boron Contamination in the Groundwater 1. Environmental Occurrence Boron is an element that is present in our environment. It is often found in rock and soil, and slowly released into water. Plants use boron that is obtained from soil. Some boron also gets into the environment from manufacturing of chemical products or pesticides. Much of the boron found in groundwater and drinking water is naturally occurring, but some of it comes from the production of consumer and agricultural products. 2. Effect of Boron on Health and Plant Growth High boron content in drinking water affects the testes and sperm of males, and causes birth defects in the offspring of pregnant females. High boron concentrations in water are also expected to have a negative impact on plant growth.

3. WHO Guideline for Boron The WHO maximum contaminants level for boron is 0.5 mg/l B or 2 mg/l BO2. The Standard values for Afghanistan is 2.4 mg/L.

4. Sources of Boron in the Groundwater  Boron can be derived from various sources  Residual solutions of evaporating surface water  Anthropogenic pollution and detergent from sewage  Weathering of boron-bearing minerals (biotite and amphibolites)  Agricultural fertilizer

5. Boron Ion Toxicity and Boron Tolerance Plants Boron is another importance element in irrigation water. It is an essential micronutrient to plants, but it can become toxic at very low concentrations. Sensitive plants, such as nuts, deciduous fruits, and grapes experience toxic effects when the boron concentration in the soil reaches 1mg/l. Even the most tolerant plants, such as asparagus and alfalfa are affected once the soil boron concentration is 4 ppm. Boron toxicity symptoms are similar to those of sodium, with the burning effect beginning at the edges of older leaves.

Fluoride Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 6 5 6 0 3 . 4 3 .

Mohammad Agha 2 1

7 Azra 2 1 . 4 3

Khoshi

Puli Alam 8

6 Legend 7 4 9 . 3

3 District Borders Baraki Barak Fluoride Contour Lines: 11 0.05 - 0.40 mg/l 0.41 - 0.60 mg/l 0.61 - 0.90 mg/l Charkh 4

2 0.91 - 1.33 mg/l 8 6 7 .

3 Mountains Without Data 3

Kharwar 8 8 8 5 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 0 5 10 20 30 Kilometers Creation Date: (October.2018)

68.75738 69.01495 69.27252 69.53009 69.78766 Fluoride 1. Environmental Occurrence Fluorides are organic and inorganic compounds containing the fluorine element. Only inorganic fluorides are most present in the environment. The fluoride concentrations in drinking water has beneficial and the detrimental effects on human health. Low concentrations of fluoride in drinking water are hygienically desirable and high concentration of fluoride in the water effects on human health and growth of plant. 2. Effect of fluoride on health

The low concentrations of fluoride in drinking water are hygienically desirable and the high concentrations of fluoride in drinking water causes dental, skeletal, crippling skeletal fluorosis and affect Brain and Arthritis.

3. WHO guideline for Fluoride

The WHO permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l however bureau of Indian standards (BIS, 1990) has suggested the permissible limit of fluoride in drinking water to be 1mg/l. The Standard values for Afghanistan is 1.5 mg/L.

4. Source of Fluoride

 Granite (igneous rock) with pegmatite layer, gneiss and schist (metamorphic rocks) rocks are the major geological formation for fluoride concentration in groundwater. The minerals composition of granite is composed of quartz, feldspar and fluorite, whereas gneiss and schist are composed of quartz, k-feldspar hornblende, biotite and fluorite. The fluoride-bearings minerals with interaction of water provide a significant fluoride in groundwater.  Granite and gneiss rocks are highly weathered which facilitate to release of fluoride from minerals into groundwater.  Fluoride is commonly associated with volcanic activity and fumarolic gases.  Thermal waters with high pH, are also rich in fluoride (Edmunds and Smedley1996).  Agriculture and granite rock polishing industries are the main source of fluoride concentration in groundwater.  Due to dust, industrial production of phosphate fertilizers, coal ash from the burning of coal and volcanic activities, fluorides are widely distributed in the atmosphere.

Sodium Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 9 7 2 4 3 . 4 3 .

Mohammad Agha

Azra 3 3 7 8 0 . 4 3

Khoshi

Puli Alam Legend

Baraki Barak District Borders 13 Sodium Contour Lines: 8 - 55 mg/l 7 8

1 56 - 90 mg/l 3 8 . 3

3 91 - 150 mg/l Charkh 151 - 200 mg/l 201 - 413 mg/l Mountains Without Data

Kharwar 1 4 6 7 5 . 3 3

68.80186 69.1686 69.53534 69.90209 Sodium

1. Environmental Occurrence Sodium and chloride ions are important components of most groundwater, because the mineral of sodium chloride (halite) is very soluble and both of the ions very mobile. Sodium and chloride ions are enriched in the residual solution during evaporation. at the same time the distribution of sodium is limited by ion exchange, chloride is a practically uncreative conservative tracer.

2. Effect of Sodium on Health A high content of sodium in drinking water is injurious to health (increases blood pressure).

3. WHO Guideline for Sodium The WHO guideline for sodium is 200 mg/l. The Standard values for Afghanistan is 200 mg/L.

4. Sodium or Sodium Ion Toxicity Hazard Assessment Sodium ion toxicity affects according to the degree of problem on sensitive crops during irrigation is classified: • If the SAR <3, there is no potential problem for irrigation • If the SAR ranges between 3 - 9, there is slight moderate problem for irrigation • If the SAR >9, there is severe problem for irrigation

Sulphate Concentration Distribution Contour Lines in the Groundwater of Logar Province 6 5 6 0 3

. . 4 3

Mohammad Agha 2 1

7 Azra 2 1 . 4 3

Khoshi Legend

Puli Alam District Borders 8 6 7 4 9 . Sulphate Contour Lines: 3 15 3 Baraki Barak 2 - 45 mg/l 46 - 70 mg/l 71 - 100 mg/l 101 - 250 mg/l

Charkh 251 - 950 mg/l 4 2

8 Mountains Without Data 6 7 . 3 3

Kharwar 8 8 8 5 . 3 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Mohammad Reza MeamarZadah, Hydro Geologist Kilometers Editor in Chief: Eng. M.HassanSaffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Creation Date: (October.2018) 0 5 10 20 30 40

68.7701 69.02804 69.28598 69.54393 69.80187 Sulphate Contamination in the Groundwater

What is Sulphate?

Sulphate is a chemical commonly found in air, soil and water. Since it is soluble (easily dissolved) in water, sulphate is found at high concentrations in many aquifers and in surface water. Combustion of fossil fuels releases large quantities of sulphur to the atmosphere. Sulphur in the atmosphere is oxidized to sulphate and eventually deposited with precipitation or through dry deposition. Because sulphate occurs as a dissolved ion, it is mobile in ground water.

What are sources of sulphate in groundwater?

Sulphur occurs in a variety of oxidation states that affect its behavior in the environment. Sulphate is an oxidized form of sulfur. There are many potential sources of Sulphate including barite (BaSO4) epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O), and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) minerals. Gypsum is an important source in many aquifers having high concentrations of Sulphate. Reduced forms of sulfur are oxidized to Sulphate in the presence of oxygen. This process often occurs when sulfide minerals are mined. In the past century, atmospheric fallout has become an important source of Sulphate to soils and, eventually, to ground water. Other sources of sulfur include decomposition of organic matter (which is about 0.1 percent sulfur), fertilizers and natural sources, such as volcanoes. Since Sulphate is mobile in soil, inputs to soil will impact shallow groundwater.

Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and WHO maximum contaminant levels for Sulphate is 250 mg/L. The Afghanistan National Drinking Water Quality Standard (ANDWQS) is also 250 mg/L.

How can sulphate be removed from drinking water? Three types of treatment system remove sulphate from drinking water: • Reverse osmosis • Distillation and • Ion exchange Deionization (demineralization) carbon filters, water softeners and sediment filters cannot remove sulphate. Water softeners exclusively change magnesium or calcium into sodium sulphate, which is more laxative.

Sulphate Potential Health Effect

Sulphate occurs negatively in groundwater combined with calcium, magnesium and sodium as sulphate salt. Sulphate content excess of 250 mg/l may give water a bitter taste and have laxative effect on human health. Sulphate concentration above 250 mg/l can cause diarrhea and can lead to dehydration and is special concern for infants. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria pose no known human health.

Animals are also sensitive to high levels of sulphate. Using of high levels sulphate content water by animals may cause severe chronic diarrhea and some cases death. High sulphate levels may also be corrosive characteristic for materials. The hydrogen sulfide gas may occur naturally in water near oil and gas or bacterial contamination. Bacteria, which attack and reduce sulphates, form hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S).

5 1 4 0 4 . 4 3 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network in Logar Province . 8 9 7

2 142 2 .

4 %2 3 Mohammad Agha %2128

Azra 2 8 1 5 0 . 4 3

276 %2 161 %2 Khoshi

Puli Alam 17

Baraki Barak Legend 227

5 %2 6 5

7 %2

8 Well By Manual Measurment . 3 3 Logar Rivers District Borders Charkh Mountains Without Data %243

GMW ID Type of Measurement Well Status Province District Village LAT LON 9 4

9 161 Manual Active Logar Khoshi Masjed-E- Talkh Nay 34.00385 69.20248 9 6 . Kharwar 3 43 Manual Active Logar Pol-E Alam Jawzar 33.77194 69.0197 3 128 Manual Active Logar Muhammad Agha Surkh Abad 34.19126 69.08307 142 Manual Active Logar Muhammad Agha Kotakay 34.21964 69.11441 227 Manual Active Logar Pol-E Alam Masjed Khwaja Painda Khan Wali 33.89422 69.20198 276 Manual Active Logar Pol-E Alam Bazar 34.00895 69.01541

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Asadullah Fazli, Database Officer Kilometers Editor in Chief: Eng. M.Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 0 3.75 7.5 15 22.5 Creation Date: November 2018

68.90291 69.15728 69.41165 69.66602 Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network in Afghanistan . 8 3 1 304 8 3

. 365 259301 #0 303 177 7 258 364 3 %9129 %9 162 235 %9#0%9 #0 %9 %9 164 368 Badakhshan 155163 #0 Jawzjan 375376 158 159 %9234 366 #0 369 370 2%95 242 240 320 336 %9 297 281300 438 #0 %9%9 243%9 325 296 241 Kunduz 340 302 249 %9 367 277 280 %9 250 %9%9%915%9#07%9%993 324 91 %9 %9 %9#0437 248 156%9#0%9#0%9%9 374 22#08%9279 %9#0 %9 %9%9%9#0450%9#0%9244245 %9 373 %9%9%9299 #0 %9 246 130 Takhar 225449 %9 102 %9133 278 265 23%96%9326 %9%9 #0%9285 92 %9 372 334257 379 Balkh %9237 2%986 120 149 #0 378 #0 371 %9 #0180 377 %9 %9 284381 298#0144 %9%9 %9283 253 1%978 179 #0 %9 %9%9176 332#0 %9 #0256254 %9173 116 200 201#0148 #0 323 #0#0 111 Samangan %9 380 33#0#08#0 %9119 F#0aryab #0#0#0188 322 333 321 #0 %92%982 425 #0#0 Sari Pul 233 %9%9%9122 %9 Baghlan 424 423 59 Badghis %9%9 6 Panjsher Nuristan

8 78 %9 80 113 6 82 81 251 212 211 224 2 %9387 97 186 Kapisa 20899 96%9 170 0 95 252%9 154 %9160 114 401 . %9 %9%9 426427 145 400 %968 %9%9%9%9%9%9%998 386 Parwan 143 %921341%99%9%9 Laghman Kunar 5 %9 %9456 Bamyan %9%9 22 275 %9%9 2%902 385 428 %915 267 %9 3 415 219 402%9 51 %9150 %9%9 414 %91%9416 %9 %9270 199 %9 %9%9454 %9%9 16 185 35 399 %9 175 %9141 %9 172 %9 408 2%917 44523 %9 50 %9406 2 %939726 %92%969 %9%9 57 453 452 417 %912 317 443 %9 318 444 394 264 223 %9%9331 %9 21%96 283 32 %9%9 262 418 %9412 %9153 %9218 %9%9%9%9 446 21052 383 294 384 205 20625549 429 10%9%9%917 4 %9%9330 36 %9 %958 60 %9%9 %9 %98 229 %9#0 %93%90%97308 %931 183 231 %9%9 84 %9407 %9#0%9%9%9411439 %9%9#0 20 %9 %9 73 20777 169%9 30%96 %9%9%9 222 %9%9%9%9209%9197 46 32769 %9%9127 Maydan Wardak %9 142 %9 22%9030 24 %9%9 %9%9%9 %9%9 %9 %9 413 12%98 %9%9441 21 167 %9%9%9%9%9232263%976 126 %9 Kabul %9 %9 442 221 392194%9%9%9 %9 %99 %9440%9 %9%9%9%91%996 230 %9 %9%9 %9%9 %9%9 Hirat 181 %9409 276 161 %9 %9393 %9 Ghor 107 110 %9 L%9og%9ar227 86 %9 %9 136 43%9 41 430 6 404 405 182 Daykundi 421 436 447 %9 %9 %9 40%93 18 %9 %9433 422 %9%9 %983 4%934 435 %9 %9420 Pa%9ktya Legend %990 %9%918%99 151 431 %9%9 Kho%9st 432 Ghazni %9 #0 Wells By Diver Measurement 4

3 %9 Wells By Manual Measurement 2 Uruzgan 7 363 6

. 362

2 388 391 %9

3 Farah 389 390 %9 Paktika Province Borders %9%9%9 361 Zabul%9%9360 District Borders 358 359 %9 357 347 355 %9 343 351 38 353 %9 356 39 International Boundary 35%90%9341 %9%9 %9 %9%93%945%9%9%9%9342 %9%935%92%934%94 349 %9%9354 348

Hilmand Kandahar Nimroz 1 8 7 1 3 . 0 3

Kilometers Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data information system. 0 62.5 125 250 375 500 Developed By: Eng. Gh. Reza Usofi, Hydro - Geologist Editor in Chief: Eng. M. Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Creation Date: November 2018

60.36168 63.6162 66.87072 70.12524 73.37976 Background of Groundwater Monitoring Wells Networks

Since 1999, drought and over exploitation of groundwater for a variety of purposes (water supply, irrigation, industries, environmental security and others) have significantly lowered the groundwater table and depleted aquifers. As a result, many of the shallow wells, springs and karezis (traditional irrigation water supply system) have dried up. It created concern regarding the future reliability and sustainability of groundwater resources. Therefore, key water sector stakeholders and collaborators including MMI, MMRD, Kabul University, Polytechnic University, GAA, MWE, OXFAM, SCA, SDC, SOLIDARITY, US Embassy, USGS, USAID, Agromet, ACTED, ACF, AGS and WFP have committed to contribute towards the establishment of a national groundwater monitoring and management system for effective and efficient use of groundwater resources. Therefore, DACAAR has started to construct and conduct long term groundwater monitoring in 29 provinces of Afghanistan.

The national GMWs network financially supported by USGS, DANIDA and Royal Norwegian Embassy (RNE), Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

The results from the National GMW network data management, evaluation and mapping show that the groundwater storage in Afghanistan has progressively been depleted and the water quality has been deteriorating year by year. The depletion of groundwater and deterioration its water quality is "early warning" of potential threats to groundwater. There is an urgent need to improve groundwater resources by periodic monitoring and implementation of mitigation options by applying efficient and effective water related policies, strategies and regulation.

Reports were provided according to the GMWs network water qualitative and quantitative data analysis, management, assessments and mapping. Presentations were made to the Water Technical Working Group (WTWG), Water and Sanitation Sector Group (WSG), World Water Day and other national and international workshops and conferences for raising awareness and sharing information with water sector stakeholders in Afghanistan. The lack of awareness of groundwater discharge and recharge relationship and effectiveness of water conservation has led to wasteful use of precious groundwater resource and it’s over exploitation.

Now, the National GMWs network, integrated water resources data management and its information systems (databases) are the only nation-wide data source in Afghanistan. This GMWs network has supported water sector stakeholders for efficient and effective implementation of water supply projects and has also supported university students for bachelor and master degree research.

Main Objectives

The following are the objectives of this program:

1. Select, construct, modify and develop GMWs network within the main river basins of Afghanistan to obtain geo-physical information for the sustainability of water supply project and future planning.

2. Provide a long-term period of record to assess the impact of sustained groundwater with drawals.

3. Develop technologies and tools for GMWs network data acquisition.

4. Enhance water related technical and data management capacity, information sharing and dissemination and awareness rising.

5. Establish and develop water quality and quantity data management and information system (database) for groundwater data management, evaluation, visualization mapping and reporting.

6. Collect historical and recent groundwater data for improvement of GMW data evaluation.

7. Provide groundwater related information and support to interested stakeholders

8. Identify critical and vulnerable aquifers that require protection.

9. Identify problematic areas from a water quantity and quality perspective that require further research to identify feasible alternative water resources.

10. Highlight water related problems to support decision makers and policy makers for improvement of policies, strategic plan and regulation regarding groundwater resources development, protection and sustainability.

Methodology

The well locations were geo-referenced by GPS (Global Positioning System) for establishing a groundwater monitoring wells database that can be accessed through GIS maps.

The water tables of GMWs network have measured either manually using water level indicator or automatic long time recording using diver/data logger.

The water tables of GMWs network have measured either manually using water level indicator or automatic long time recording using diver/data logger or SEBA.

Figure. 1 Water Table Indicator and Diver/Data/Logger

The selected groundwater monitoring wells modified for sustainable measurement (modified hand pumps installation on tube wells pipe from top to bottom below water level placed).

Figure. 2 Modified Tube Well for sustainable measurement

The selected groundwater monitoring wells also have drilled, constructed and modified for long time recording using diver/ data logger. These GMWs constructed in the public compound (most of them in the schools) and installed Divers for sustainable monitoring of groundwater

Figure. 3 Constructed and Modified well for long time recording using Diver/Data/Logger

The physical parameters like electrical conductivity, temperature, PH and ORP were measured on site on a monthly basis using PH/conductivity meter kit and turbidity meter (Fig.6).

Figure. 4 Physical parameters measurement Devices

The bacteriological properties of the groundwater monitoring wells were determined on site using a micro bacteriological field test kit (Fig. 5).

Figure. 5 Bacteriological analysis Devices

The chemical properties (parameters) of the groundwater monitoring wells were determined every six months using a Photometer 8000 (Fig.6).

Figure. 6 Chemical analysis measurement devices

Drinking Water Points Established by DACAAR (Total DWPs : 47426) 8 3 1 8 3 . 7

3 . Badakhshan Jawzjan Kunduz Balkh Takhar

Faryab Samangan Baghlan Sari-e-Pol Panjsher

6 Nuristan 8

6 Badghis 2 0 . Parwan Kapisa Kunar

5 Bamyan 3 Laghman LEGEND Kabul Maydan Wardak Gravity Water Tank Nangarhar Hirat Motorized Water Tank Ghor Logar Solar System Water Supply Daykundi *# Handpump Paktya 25 Ghazni Khost District Borders Province Borders 4 3

2 Uruzgan 7 6 .

2 Farah 3 Paktika Zabul

Hilmand Kandahar Nimroz 1 8 7 1 3 . 0 3

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. 9 2

3 Developed By: Eng. Gh. Reza Usofi, Hydro - Geologist Kilometers 6 0 70 140 280 420 560 9 . Editor in Chief: Eng. M. Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 7 2 Creation Date: Decemder 2018

60.36168 63.6162 66.87072 70.12524 73.37976 76.63429 Watershed of Afghanistan 1 1 2 3 0

. j 8 an 3 r P we Lo ®

Shorte pa Lower Panj

7 Upper Panj 9 9 2 8 . L 6 o 3 w Kokcha e r

K u Taloqan n Kholm d Sari Pul u Shirin Tagab Balkhab z 3 8 7 2 6 .

5 r

3 e h js n n a Upper Kunduz a P m Kunar r h Murghab d e an w g orb o a Gh L L 9 6

5 Lower Harirod 2 4 . Upper Harirod 4

3 Surobi Kabul-Maidan

ur Legend Upper Helmand Dasht-i Naw 26 5 5

3 Abe Istada 2 Lower Panjsher

2 m . a

3 r

3 Abe Istada o h Balkhab Middle Hilmand K a w Farahrod l a Dasht-i Nawur Murghab m a h S Farahrod Pishin Lora 1 4 1

2 Middle Hilmand

0 Lower Arghandab . Ghorband Sari Pul 2 3 Kabul-Maidan Shamal wa Khoram Kholm Shirin Tagab 7

2 Kokcha Shortepa 9 1 8 . 0

3 Kunar Surobi

a r o Laghman Taloqan L Lower Helmand n i h s i Lower Arghandab Upper Harirod P 3 1 7

1 Lower Harirod Upper Helmand 6 . 9 2 Lower Helmand Upper Kunduz Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Lower Kunduz Upper Panj Developed By: Eng. M.Reza Meamar Zadah, Hydro - Geologist Kilometers Lower Panj 9 0 60 120 240 360 480

9 Editor in Chief: Eng. M.Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 4 1

4 Creation Date: November 2018 . 8 2 60.89578 62.45232 64.00886 65.5654 67.12194 68.67848 70.23502 71.79156 73.3481 74.90464 River Basin of Afghanistan ® 8 7 7 0 6 . 6 3

Legend 6

1 Rivers Lines 3 5 2 . 4 3 River Basins Harirod

Hilmand 27 Kabul Panj-Amu

4 North 5 8 9 8 .

1 Non Drainage Area 3 2 9 3 4 5 . 9 2

Source: DACAAR/Technical Unit/Hydro-Geology & Data Information System. Developed By: Eng. M.Reza Meamar Zadah, Hydro - Geologist Kilometers Editor in Chief: Eng. M.Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist 0 60 120 240 360 480 Creation Date: November 2018

62.95097 66.07551 69.20005 72.32459 75.44913 Surface water Resources of Afghanistan

1. General information

Although Afghanistan is located in half deserted atmosphere, it is still rich in water resources mainly due to the series of high mountains such as Wakhan, Hindukush and Baba covered by snow. The high mountains ranges are considered as the water tower of Afghanistan and neighboring countries. In most high mountain areas annual precipitation is substantially higher than in the surrounding low lands. The snow that falls in the cold season and covers snow fields and glaciers from which, it is slowly melting during warmer period to provide large volumes of fresh water to rivers/streams, springs and aquifer intensively fractured and karstified limestone.

2. Major river basins of Afghanistan Afghanistan, based on the hydrological and geomorphologic systems, the country can be divided into five main river basins:  Amu Darya River basin (North-eastern basin)  Helmand River basin  Harirud-Murghab River basin (Western River basin)  Kabul/Indus (Eastern River basin)  Northern River basin

The largest of these basins is the Helmand river basin, covering 43% of the national territory. The other four basins area is smaller size and cover 10-14 % of the country.

3. Surface water potential Afghanistan has 57 billion cubic meters (BCM) potential surface water resources which are illustrated in figure 1. More than 47 % of surface water of Afghanistan (27 BCM) flow out of country. The 57% of the total river flow in Afghanistan originated from the Amu Darya river basin. The Kabul and Hilmand river basins contribute, respectively to 28% and 11% of the total water flow. The Harirod-Murghaband Northern river basins have small contributions of, respectively 2% and 4%. Most of river basins, however, are shared with Afghanistan’s neighboring countries with exception of the Northern river basin. Therefore, the use of water from river basins taking their source in Afghanistan has a regional dimension and political issues.

Figure. 1 Surface water resources potential in river basins (Faver and Kamal, 2004)

The catchment areas of the river basins and non- drainage area is illustrated in figure 2.

Figure. 2 Catchment areas of the river basins and non-drainage areas of Afghanistan

4. Watersheds of river basins

The river basins of country are divided into 41 watersheds. These watersheds are the basic scientific units, which are used for proper planning and management. The largest of these river basins is the Helmand basin, covering 43% of the nation territory. The other 4 basins cover 57 % of the country. The main watersheds (water resources potential) of river basins are illustrated in Figures3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Figure. 3 The Main watersheds of the Amu Darya Basin

Figure. 4 The main watersheds of the Kabul basin

Figure. 5 Main watersheds of northern river basin

Figure. 6 The main watershed of Hari Rod-Murghab basin

Figure. 7 The main watersheds of Helmand basin

2 H y d r o g e o l o g i c a l M a p o f A f g h a n i s t a n 2 9 H y d r o g e o l o g i c a l M a p o f A f g h a n i s t a n

4 P 4 9 . 7 3 ± 4 0 9 0 . 2 N 7 50 Q

3 P2 300 Q R 350 _P AR 8 400 8 N 5

3 0 2 5

. 4 6

3 1 L /s e c 6 Q 3 Source: 1 0. 8 5L/ ec 3 s . ec L/s Hydrogeological Map Of Afghanistan 5 4 3 K2-P1 Editors-in-Chief: Sh.Abdullah, V.M.Chmyriov P2 Exceutive editor: V.L. Dronov c ec Q P2 /se L/s 2L Camplied By: E.P.Malyarov 4 P 2L 3 /s 8 ec e Cartographer:V.S.Saikosky 6 /s c 2 1L 1977 5

. N 4 3 Q P2 N Q Legend N Q: Boulderstone, pebblestone, gravel, sand, loess, loam, and sand- 2 3

2 P K loam 7 K 6 .

3 P2 Q1: Dacite, andasite tuff, tuff congolomerate 1

3 N N Q P N: BoulderStone, pebblestone, conglomerate, coars gravel, sandstone K c sand, agrilite, sitlstone 33 e

s 8 N / 7 P c P: conglomerate, pebblestone, sandston, clay, basalt, andasite, dacite L 1 6 se 8 / 5

. 5 0 . L K2-P1: Limestone, marl, siltston 2 P 1 0 3 7 00 K: Limestone, marl, sandstone, siteston, conglomerate, andesitic J2-K1 c T-J e J2-K1: Shale, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, marl, conglomerate 0 s 8 6 0 0 /

2 0 0 1 L T-J: Limestone, shale, sandstone, argilite, siltston, marl, conglomerate, 3 0 J 6 95 - 5

9 T . volcanics

. 8 0 1 5

3 K 0 6 P-T: Phylite, sandstone, quarzite, siltstone, limestone K 5 0 N Pz: Limestone, dolomite, sandstone, siltston, slate, phyllite, quartzite

6 N 1000 K 7 Q AR-PR: Geniss, crystalline shist, magmatite, marble, amphibolite, 8

0 quarzite 1 . 1 3 8 9 9 N Glaciers 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 Lake, and marshland 5 5 7 0 5 4 0 0 Intrusive rock of different age and composition 2 4

5 N Hydrogeological watersheds 2 . 0

3 0.5 L/sec 0 5 7 1 L/sec 00 10 2 L/sec 2

7 K 9

9 3 L/sec 3 .

9 4 L/sec 2 Baundaries of aquifers in Permaforstzones

Faults 2 5

4 Kilometers 5 Probably Faults .

8 Digitized By :Samir Ahamd Hamidi Hydro - Geologist 0 60 120 240 360 480 2 Countor lines of Neogene Quaternary Aqufiers Editor in Chief: Eng. M. Hassan Saffi , Senior Hydro - Geolgist Digitization Date: Octobar 2017 International

60.88152 62.43602 63.99052 65.54502 67.09953 68.65403 70.20853 71.76303 73.31754 74.87204 Hydrogeology/Natural Groundwater System of Afghanistan

Groundwater in Afghanistan is present in different sort of rocks of different ages, from precambrian metamorphic basement to Quaternary sediments. In Afghanistan, the natural groundwater system is characterized by five hydro- geologic units: 1) Crystalline Rocks; 2) Triassic – Lower Cretaceous pressure thermal water; 3) Upper Cretaceous- Paleogene (Cr-Pg) fracture- Karstic Aquifers; 4) Neogene (Pliocene and Miocene) aquifer-aquitard system; and 5) Quaternary aquifers. Figure 1 illustrates the natural groundwater systems model in Afghanistan.

Figure. 1 Natural groundwater systems model in Afghanistan

The crystalline rocks are precambrian metamorphic fracture aquitard basement. Secondary fracture permeability in these rocks resulting from faulting and weathering could make these rocks potentially important water bearing systems. In the absence of primary fracture, the crystalline rocks act as a barrier to the groundwater flow. The crystalline rocks are dominantly composed of hard rocks of precambrian age, dominated by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with the exposure of igneous rocks (granites and granodiorites). The rocks are faulted, fractured folded and deformed. In the crystalline formations the groundwater movement occurs along faults, joints and fractures between layers of different hydraulic behaviors. In some cases the groundwater moves from high land (central and eastern and southeastern mountains ranges) to the low land (north plain and southern and western low land) through along the fracture, fault and weathering and contact zones. The natural groundwater system links to the hydro-geological condition and hydraulic properties. Most of the drainage systems are structurally controlled which enters by infiltration into faults, joints, and fractures of crystalline formation. The groundwater is discharging as springs to the surface along the streams and narrow valleys with various hydraulic properties.

Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Cr-Pg) fracture- karstic aquifers are largely spread in south, south-western, central, north, and north eastern of Afghanistan. This aquifer is the main aquifer in Afghanistan. The fracture karstic aquifers are developed within carbonate (limestone, dolomite, dolomites limestone, marl and marble) rocks which are having different ages.

The natural groundwater aquifers consist of fault, contact zones and karstic development fractures, channel and cavities with various thickness and hydraulic properties. Groundwater flow is controlled by the characteristics of aquifer and discharging as springs on the surface at the foothills of mountains (at the slopes of low elevations).

The karst springs from fracture karstic aquifers play great role for irrigation of agricultural activities and supplying drinking water. The discharges of springs vary in the range from 2L/s in (Ghormach District of Badghis province) to 3,332 L/s up (Stream of Balkh river in Sholgara district). The quality of water quite fit for drinking and irrigation.

The karstic spring with different discharges are emerging from various karst development aquifer seem to be best sources for water supply and irrigation. These sources therefore, are to be given the highest priority in the water supply programming and planning in the north part of country where the shallow and deep groundwater highly mineralized. The fractured karst aquifers are the main aquifers in Afghanistan for social-economic development and environment security; therefore, these aquifers need detail research.

Neogene (Pliocene and Miocene) aquifers and aquifer-aquitard systems underlain by an auricled (Bed rock), which mainly consists of clay, silt, sand and gravel sandstones, siltstone and conglomerate. These alternate aquifer systems are mainly wide speared in east, south, south-western, central, west, and west- northern, north and north-eastern of Afghanistan with various thickness and hydraulic properties.

Pliocene and Miocene sediments alternate aquifer systems have relatively good possibilities regarding water quality and quantity in the east, south, snout-western Afghanistan, however in the south-western, west, west- northern and north and north-eastern lowland of Afghanistan. These aquifer-aquitard systems are characterized as successively bedded of sandstones, siltstone, conglomerate and clay with occurrence of gypsum and salt, which contain salty and brackish groundwater. The Quaternary aquifers are widespread in the east, south, west, north and the central of Afghanistan along the river valleys and foot hills of mountains, which are composed of alluvial deposits (silt clay, sand, gravel, pebbles, cobles, conglomerate and breccias).

The figures 2 and 3 show the natural groundwater systems in the Jurassic-recent sections of tectonic units in the north Afghanistan platform.

Figure. 2 Natural groundwater systems (Bends 1964, Baratash 1970, Wolfart 1980)

Figure. 3 Groundwater in northern Afghanistan (Bends 1964, Baratash 1970, Wolfart 1980)

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2 Commercial water with rare metal Chloride sulphate-sodium,of mixed cation composition; sulphate bicarbonate-sodium, of mixed catoin composition; sulphate chloride-sodium, of mixed cation composition.

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5 Digitized By: Eng. Gh. Reza Usofi, Hydro - Geologist content is from 10 to 35gr/l; in ravines and small valleys is from 1 to 3gr/l 7 5 .

7 Editor in Chief: Eng. M. Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro - Geologist Chloride sodic, Dissolved-solids content is over 35gr/l 2 Digitization Date: October 2017 61.44496 63.00118 64.5574 66.11362 67.66984 69.22606 70.78228 72.3385 73.89472 75.45094 77.00716 5 1 4 2 6 . 8 3 Hydrog eolog ic al Basins of Afg h anistan

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7 3-5 1 Artesian Basins 0 K2-P 3.1 Hydro-g eolog ic al m assif inc lu ded: Bou ndaries of h ydrog eolog ic al reg ions 2 2 Basins with Frac tu re- Karst Water 1 • Hindu ku sh - Badakh sh an and P am irian Nooristan (2-1) 3 . 3 Hydro-g eolog ic al m assive 9 • Harirod (2-2) Bou ndary of h ydrog eolog ic al type 2 • Upper Helm and- Srob i (2-3) stru c tu res 2.1 Artesian Basins are inc lu ded: • Arg h andab (2-11) . @ • Am u Darya (2-1) Tec tonic disloc ation assu m ed. 3.2. Basin with Frac tu re-Karst Water inc lu ded: • Ku ndu z (2-2) . . Tec tonic disloc ation, c ertain • Middle Helm and(2-6) • Ku lab - Ku kc h a (2-3)

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61.12715 62.98168 64.8362 66.69073 68.54525 70.39978 72.2543 74.10882 75.96335 77.81787 Hydro-geological Basins of Afghanistan1:

1. Southern Afghanistan Artesian Basins 2. North Afghanistan Artesian Basins 3. Central and North- Eastern Afghanistan folded Area (Karst or Fractured area) 4. Intermountain closed by Inter-mountainous Basins

1. Southern Afghanistan Artesian Basins

The southern Afghanistan Artesian Basins extend from the southeast to the west for more than 1000 km. In the north, these basins border with the central Afghanistan folded area; in the northwest, it is limited by the Aab-e-Istada and the Muqur Tarnak fault; in the west, it extends towards Iran and in the south and east it extends up to Baluchistan.

 Southern Afghanistan Artesian Basins Include: 1. Artesian Basins 2. Basins with fracture - karst water

1.1 Artesian Basins include: • Kata waz (3-1) • Lower Helmand (3-2) • Registan (3-3) 1.2 Basins with fracture- Karsts water include: • Tarnak (3-4) • Chaghay (3-5)

2. Northern Afghanistan Artesian Basins

The North Afghan platform has a pre-Jurassic Basement of pre-Carboniferous to Triassic rocks unconformable overlain by Jurassic to Recent sedimentary rock. The pre-Jurassic basement is exposed mostly along the southern and eastern margins of the platform in the Parapamisus and Hindu Kush ranges. Northwards and westwards, it outcrops only in a few tectonic inliers, like the Band-e Turkistan uplift. Along the southern edge and eastern edge of the platform, the basement is cut by an Early Mesozoic magma tic arc, which extends north-westwards (mostly obscured by the younger sediments) along the southern edge of the Amu Darya basin, and through the central Caspian Sea as far as the Crimea (Khain, 1979). It can also be traced through the North Pamir and into the Hindu Kush (Sengor et al., 1993).The North Afghan Platform, unlike areas to the west and east, is presently in is static equilibrium (Kaban et al., 1998). Along its northern and western edges the Platform drops beneath the Quaternary

1 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329885802_Hydro-geological_Basins_of_Afghanistan; https://www.dacaar.org/Publications/6%20Research%20and%20Studies/WASH/Groundwater%20at%20risk%20in %20afghanistan-June%202007.pdf 39 cover of the Tajik and Murghab basin. These basins separate the North Afghan Platform from the Turan platform to the Pre-Jurassic basement.

The pre-Jurassic basement of the platform is exposed in the Parapamisus, Band-e Turkistan, and Hindu Kush Pamir mountains, where it consists of pre-Carboniferous to Triassic rocks deformed and intruded at the end of the Triassic, and again during younger Mesozoic-Cenozoic times. These reasonably well- studied mountains form the edge of the Jurassic and younger North Afghanistan Platform (Walfart and Wittekindt, 1980). The Parapamisus, north of the Harirud fault is basically the exposed southern edge of the north Afghan platform, though cut by a number of strike-slip faults. The Band-e Turkistan is a part of platform exposed along the oblique- slip Band-e Turkistan fault. The Hindu Kush and north Pamir are thrust over the platform along the Ishkamish-Khohon and Darvaz fault zones and are tectonically complex due to Neogene deformation during the formation of the Pamir (Burtman and Molnar, 1993). The deformation associated with the collision of India with Asia has obscured much original structural and stratigraphic relationship close to the Harirud and related fault zones (Sborshchikov et al., 1974)

North Afghan Platform Cover The North Afghan platform cover consists of Mid-Mesozoic to Neogene sediments covering Palaeozoic- Triassic rocks and structures. The platform has four main areas separated by major faults, the Herat Trough, the Qualai Now, Maimana and Sheberghan blocks. However the dominantly right-Lateral Neogene faults do not significantly offset any structures in the pre-Jurassic basement and have little effect on Mesozoic-Recent facies belts. To the north the platform is faulted against the Tajik basin, while to the northwest it passes gradually into the Murghab basin.

Tajik and Murghab Basins The North Afghan platform drops north and northwest into two basins filled with thick Jurassic to Recent deposits and separated by a broad sill. The Tadjik basin is separated by a major subsurface fault from the Sheberghan platform area, while the Murghab basin lies northwest of, and is transitional to the North Afghan platform. The Tajik basin is a typical south-eastward-facing passive margin basin involved in younger continental collision (Leith, 1985). Oceanic lithosphere is still descending beneath the Hindu Kush as shown by deep-focus earthquakes down to 200 km. (Mellors et al., 1995).

The Murghab basin is less well known, but has a section similar to the North Afghan platform. Both basins have rift-type Triassic bimodal basic-acid.

Extrusive interbedded with continental deposits at their bases, on deformed Paleozoic rocks, where exposed at the basin margins (Knuazev et al., 1971).

 Northern Afghanistan Artesian Basins Include: 1. Artesian Basins 2. Basins with Fracture- Karst Water 3. Hydro-geological massive

2.1 Artesian Basins include: • Amu Darya (2-1) • Kunduz (2-2) • Kulab- Kukcha (2-3) • Sheberghan (2-4) • Kushka (2-6) 2.2 Basins with fracture- Karst Water include: • Murghab (2-7) • Maymana (2-8) • Shashan (2-9) 2.3 Hydro-geological massive • Band-e-Turkistan (2-5) • Surkha (2-9)

3. Central and North-Eastern Afghanistan Folded Area (Karst or Fractured Area)

From southeast, it is separated by Tarnak-Moqoor fault and from north by North Artesian Basins along the major Harirod Fault. Also, from east and northeast, it is separated by Hindu Kush Badakhshan Massive from North Afghanistan Basin. In southwest, it is separated by the boundaries of hydrogeological basins. It forms from South Artesian Basin in the area of Dasht-e-Markoh and Sistan and from the west border with Iran and from north border with Tajikistan, and from the east it forms the border with Pakistan.

 Central Afghanistan Hydro- geological folded area included:

1. Hydro geological Massive 2. Basin with Fracture Karst Water 3. Sub Artesian Basins 4. Basin in super imposed formation

3.1 Hydro-geological massive included: • Hindukush- Badakhshan and Pamirian Nooristan (2-1) • Harirod (2-2) • Upper Helmand- Srobi (2-3) • Arghandab (2-11) 3.2. Basin with Fracture-Karst Water included:

• • Middle Helmand (2-6) • • Tyrin (2-7) 3.3. Sub Artesian Basins included: • Upper Hriprod (2-5) • Orozgan (2-10) 3.4. Basins in Super Imposed Formation included: • Adraskan (2-4) • Dasht-e-Nawor (2-8) • Farahrod (2-9)

4. Intermountain closed by Inter-mountainous Basin

The intermountain closed through includes Kabul, Jalalabad, Aynak, Wakhan, Herat, Baghlan, Balkh, Obe-Istada and Katawaz. The geology of areas is composed of bedrock at the bottom (with various geological formation and age) under lie a Neogene and Quaternary sediments sequence.

The groundwater flow is controlled from the groundwater recharge areas (foothills of mountains) ranges towards discharge areas in the mid to lower reaches of rivers valleys. The Quaternary aquifers are likely to be recharged in foothills by rivers and streams coming from the high mountains and infiltrating into course- grained and fine-grained alluvial sediments. The recharge is likely to be highest during snowmelt season. Thus groundwater recharge is highly dependent on quantities of winter snow fall and rain fall. Further away from the mountains the recharge to the Neogene and Quaternary aquifer is likely to take place by infiltration of water through to the bed of perennial and seasonal Rivers and streams. In the irrigated areas substantial recharge is likely to occur via leakage from irrigation channels ditches and canals.

Groundwater Monitoring Wells Measurement Graphs

GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON

43 Active Logar Pol-e Alam Jawzar 33.77194 69.0197

GMW_ID 43 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time) GMW_ID 43 (PH and Temperature Variation within Time)

EC T 550 WL 4.50 PH 20.50 7.10

500 5.20 20.00 7.30

450 5.90 19.50 7.50 19.00 7.70

400 6.60 PH 18.50 7.90 EC (µS/cm)EC 350 7.30 Water Level (m) Level Water 18.00 8.10

(Ċ) Temperature 300 8.00 17.50 8.30

08/06/17 08/12/17 08/06/18 08/12/18 08/06/06 08/12/06 08/06/07 08/12/07 08/06/08 08/12/08 08/06/09 08/12/09 08/06/10 08/12/10 08/06/11 08/12/11 08/06/12 08/12/12 08/06/13 08/12/13 08/06/14 08/12/14 08/06/15 08/12/15 08/06/16 08/12/16 08/12/05

08/06/09 08/12/09 08/06/10 08/12/10 08/06/11 08/12/11 08/06/12 08/12/12 08/06/13 08/12/13 08/06/14 08/12/14 08/06/15 08/12/15 08/06/16 08/12/16 08/06/17 08/12/17 08/06/18 08/12/18 08/06/06 08/12/06 08/06/07 08/12/07 08/06/08 08/12/08 08/12/05 Date Date 43

New GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON

161 Active Logar Khoshi Masjed-e- Talkh nay 34.00385 69.20248

GMW_ID 161 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time) GMW_ID 161 (PH and Temperature Variation within Time)

T 1120 EC 17.00 17.60 PH 6.50 WL 17.50 6.70 1090 19.00 17.40 6.90 7.10 17.30 1060 21.00 7.30

17.20 PH 7.50

EC (µS/cm)EC 1030 23.00 17.10 7.70

17.00 Water Level (m) Level Water

Temperature (Ċ) Temperature 7.90 1000 25.00 16.90 8.10

Date Date

New GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON

128 Active Logar Muhammad Agha Surkh Abad 34.19126 69.08307

GMW_ ID 128 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time) GMW _ID 128 (PH and Temperature Variation within Time)

EC T 19.00 6.50 1500 WL 5.00 PH 18.50 6.80 1450 5.50 6.00 18.00 7.10 1400 7.40 6.50 17.50 1350

7.00 7.70 PH 1300 17.00

7.50 8.00 Temperature (Ċ) Temperature 1250 (m) Level Water 16.50 (µS/cm)EC 8.00 8.30 1200 8.50 16.00

09/06/17 09/12/17 09/06/18 09/12/18 09/06/07 09/12/07 09/06/08 09/12/08 09/06/09 09/12/09 09/06/10 09/12/10 09/06/11 09/12/11 09/06/12 09/12/12 09/06/13 09/12/13 09/06/14 09/12/14 09/06/15 09/12/15 09/06/16 09/12/16 09/12/06

09/12/09 09/06/10 09/12/10 09/06/11 09/12/11 09/06/12 09/12/12 09/06/13 09/12/13 09/06/14 09/12/14 09/06/15 09/12/15 09/06/16 09/12/16 09/06/17 09/12/17 09/06/18 09/12/18 09/06/07 09/12/07 09/06/08 09/12/08 09/06/09 09/12/06 Date Date 44

New GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON 142 Active Logar Muhammad Agha Kotakay 34.21964 69.11441

GWM_ID 142 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time)

900 EC 10 800 WL 10.5 700 11 11.5 600 12 500

12.5 (m) Level EC 400 13

300 13.5 Water

200 14

07/07/18 17/07/17 18/10/17 20/01/18 12/04/18 26/10/16 22/01/17 13/04/17 14/10/15 18/01/16 13/04/16 27/07/16 18/01/15 19/04/15 15/07/15 14/12/13 29/05/14 14/08/14 29/11/14 01/05/13 31/07/13 20/10/13 31/07/12 31/10/12 31/01/13 27/05/11 29/10/11 30/01/12 28/04/12 31/07/10 04/11/10 03/02/11 09/07/07 18/07/07 30/01/10 29/04/10

Date

New GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON

227 Active Logar Pol-e Alam Masjed Khwaja Painda Khan Wali 33.89422 69.20198

GMW_ID 227 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time) GMW_ID 227 (PH and Temperature Variation within Time)

EC T 1250 WL 8.00 19.50 PH 6.50 1200 9.00 19.00 6.80

7.10 1150 10.00 18.50 7.40 1100 11.00 18.00 7.70 17.50 PH 1050 12.00 8.00

17.00

EC (µS/cm)EC Water Level (m) Level Water 1000 13.00 (Ċ) Temperature 8.30 16.50 950 14.00

08/09/13 08/12/13 08/03/14 08/06/14 08/09/14 08/12/14 08/03/15 08/06/15 08/09/15 08/12/15 08/03/16 08/06/16 08/09/16 08/12/16 08/03/17 08/06/17 08/09/17 08/12/17 08/03/18 08/06/18 08/09/18 08/12/18 08/03/12 08/06/12 08/09/12 08/12/12 08/03/13 08/06/13

08/12/11 08/03/18 08/06/18 08/09/18 08/12/18 08/03/12 08/06/12 08/09/12 08/12/12 08/03/13 08/06/13 08/09/13 08/12/13 08/03/14 08/06/14 08/09/14 08/12/14 08/03/15 08/06/15 08/09/15 08/12/15 08/03/16 08/06/16 08/09/16 08/12/16 08/03/17 08/06/17 08/09/17 08/12/17 08/12/11 Date Date 45

New GWM ID Well Status Province District Village LAT LON

276 Active Logar Pol-e Alam Bazar 34.00895 69.01541

GMW_ ID 276 (Water Level and EC Variation within Time) GMW _ID 276 (PH and Temperature Variation with in Time)

EC 22.00 T 18.50 6.50 580 WL PH 23.00 18.00 550 7.00 24.00 17.50 520 17.00 7.50 25.00 490 16.50

8.00 PH 26.00

460 16.00 Temperature (Ċ) Temperature

EC (µS/cm)EC 8.50 430 27.00 (m) Level Water 15.50

400 28.00 15.00 9.00

08/12/18 08/10/17 08/12/17 08/02/18 08/04/18 08/06/18 08/08/18 08/10/18 08/10/16 08/12/16 08/02/17 08/04/17 08/06/17 08/08/17 08/10/15 08/12/15 08/02/16 08/04/16 08/06/16 08/08/16 08/10/14 08/12/14 08/02/15 08/04/15 08/06/15 08/08/15 08/12/13 08/02/14 08/04/14 08/06/14 08/08/14