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Afganistanin Tilannekatsaus Marraskuussa 2018

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Afganistanin Tilannekatsaus Marraskuussa 2018 1 (70) Raportti MIG-1825338 06.03.00 13.12.2018 MIGDno-2018-40 AFGANISTANIN TILANNEKATSAUS MARRASKUUSSA 2018 Tässä katsauksessa käsitellään Afganistanin turvallisuusolosuhteita ja näihin vaikuttavia merkittävimpiä tapahtumia ja turvallisuusvälikohtauksia, joita Afganistanissa on sattunut marraskuun loppuun mennessä. Katsaus päivittää maatietopalvelun aiempaa vastaavaa selvitystä (Afganistanin tilannekatsaus toukokuussa 2018, 8.6.2018). Katsauksessa on käytetty eri lähteiden, kuten YK-tahojen ja toimittajien, raportointia, joka on ollut Maahanmuuttoviraston saatavissa katsauksen kirjoittamisajankohtana. Katsaus keskittyy Afganistanin turvallisuustilanteeseen; muita ajankohtaisia teemoja käsitellään muissa maatietopalvelun tuotteissa. Afganistanissa järjestettiin lokakuussa parlamenttivaalit ja presidentinvaalit on määrä pitää huhtikuussa 2019. Taliban-liike on laajentanut hyökkäystään Ghaznissa nyt myös hazaravähemmistön asuttamille alueille. Afganistanissa toimivan ISIS-haara ISKP:n terrori-iskut ovat lisääntyneet etenkin Kabulin ja Jalalabadin kaupungeissa. Afganistanin humanitaariset olosuhteet ovat heikentyneet etenkin maan länsiosia koetelleen vakavan kuivuuden vuoksi, joka on konfliktin ohella ajanut ihmisiä pois kotialueiltaan. MIG-1825338 2 (70) RAPORTTI Sisällys 1. Yleinen tilanne marraskuussa 2018 .........................................................................................4 2. Turvallisuustilanne ....................................................................................................................5 2.1. Väkivallan ilmenemismuodot ja voimakkuus .....................................................................5 2.2. Konfliktin luonne ja osapuolet............................................................................................6 2.2.1. Valtiolliset turvallisuusjoukot ...........................................................................................7 2.2.2. Valtiota vastustavat ja muut aseelliset ryhmät................................................................8 2.3. Siviilikuolemat ja loukkaantuneet.......................................................................................9 2.4. Maan sisäisesti siirtymään joutuneet...............................................................................10 3. Turvallisuustilanne alueittain..................................................................................................11 3.1. Keski-Afganistan (Kabul, Kapisa, Logar, Panjshir, Parwan, Wardak) .............................12 3.1.1. Kabul.............................................................................................................................12 3.1.2. Kapisa...........................................................................................................................16 3.1.3. Logar.............................................................................................................................17 3.1.4. Panjshir.........................................................................................................................19 3.1.5. Parwan..........................................................................................................................20 3.1.6. Wardak..........................................................................................................................21 3.2. Keski-Afganistanin ylänkö (Bamiyan, Daikondi) ..............................................................23 3.2.1. Bamiyan........................................................................................................................23 3.2.2. Daikondi........................................................................................................................23 3.3. Etelä-Afganistan (Helmand, Kandahar, Nimruz, Uruzgan, Zabul)...................................24 3.3.1. Helmand........................................................................................................................24 3.3.2. Kandahar ......................................................................................................................26 3.3.3. Nimruz...........................................................................................................................28 3.3.4. Uruzgan ........................................................................................................................29 3.3.5. Zabul.............................................................................................................................31 3.4. Kaakkois-Afganistan (Ghazni, Khost, Paktia, Paktika) ....................................................32 3.4.1. Ghazni...........................................................................................................................32 3.4.2. Khost.............................................................................................................................34 3.4.3. Paktia............................................................................................................................36 3.4.4. Paktika ..........................................................................................................................37 3.5. Itä-Afganistan (Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Nuristan) ..................................................38 3.5.1. Kunar ............................................................................................................................38 3.5.2. Laghman.......................................................................................................................40 3.5.3. Nangarhar.....................................................................................................................41 MIG-1825338 3 (70) RAPORTTI 3.5.4. Nuristan.........................................................................................................................44 3.6. Koillis-Afganistan (Badakhshan, Baghlan, Kunduz, Takhar) ...........................................45 3.6.1. Badakhshan..................................................................................................................45 3.6.2. Baghlan.........................................................................................................................46 3.6.3. Kunduz..........................................................................................................................48 3.6.4. Takhar...........................................................................................................................49 3.7. Pohjois-Afganistan (Balkh, Faryab, Jawzjan, Samangan, Sar-i-Pol)...............................51 3.7.1. Balkh.............................................................................................................................51 3.7.2. Faryab...........................................................................................................................52 3.7.3. Jawzjan.........................................................................................................................54 3.7.4. Samangan.....................................................................................................................55 3.7.5. Sar-i-Pol........................................................................................................................57 3.8. Länsi-Afganistan (Badghis, Farah, Ghor, Herat) .............................................................59 3.8.1. Badghis.........................................................................................................................59 3.8.2. Farah.............................................................................................................................60 3.8.3. Ghor..............................................................................................................................61 3.8.4. Herat .............................................................................................................................62 4. Humanitaarinen tilanne ...........................................................................................................64 5. Lähteet ......................................................................................................................................66 MIG-1825338 4 (70) RAPORTTI 1. Yleinen tilanne marraskuussa 2018 Afganistanin parlamenttivaalit pidettiin 20. ja 21.10.2018. Alun perin samana päivänä pidettäväksi suunniteltuja paikallistason vaaleja jouduttiin lykkäämään ehdokaspulan takia.1 YK kuvaili vaaleja äänestäjien määrässä mitattuna onnistuneiksi huolimatta äänestyspaikkoihin kohdistuneista uhkauksista, kiistoista biometristen keinojen käyttämisestä äänestäjien tunnistamisessa sekä äänestäjälistojen virheistä, jotka aiheuttivat pitkiä odotusaikoja äänestyksessä. Pitkien äänestysjonojen takia äänestysaikaa päätettiin jatkaa alun perin suunnitellun 20.10. lisäksi myös seuraavan päivän puolelle.2 2500 ehdokasta kilpaili 249 paikasta parlamentissa. Ehdokkaista ainakin kymmenen tapettiin ennen vaaleja.3 Vaaleissa äänesti noin 8,8 miljoonasta rekisteröityneestä äänestäjästä 4,2 miljoonaa.4 Äänestysprosentti oli korkeimmillaan maakuntien pääkaupungeissa, ja kaikkein innokkaimmin äänestettiin Kabulin, Heratin, Nangarharin, Paktian ja Daikundin maakunnissa.5 Vaalit järjestettiin Kandaharissa vasta 27.10.2018 maakunnan poliisikomentaja Abdul Raziqin kuoltua 18.10.2018 Taliban-liikkeen tekemässä korkean profiilin iskussa. Ghaznissa vaaleja ei pystytty järjestämään lainkaan. Taliban käynnisti laajan
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