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Home , Antpitta, Myrmothera

236 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

JOHNSGARD,P. A. 1983. The hummingbirds ofNorth MACARTHUR,R. H. 1958. Populationecology ofsome America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Wash- warblers of northeasternconiferous forests. Ecol- ington, DC. ogy 39:599-619. LYON, D. L. 1976. A montane hummingbird terri- YEATON,R. I., AND L. LAUGHRIN. 1976. Fall resource torial systemin Oaxaca, Mexico. Wilson Bull. 88: division in SantaCruz Island hummingbirds. Wil- 280-299. son Bull. 88~272-279.

The Condor 90~236-239 0 The CooperOrnithological Society I988

NESTING OF THE WING-BANDED AND THE -LIKE IN FRENCH GUIANA ’

OLIVIERTOSTAIN Laboratoire dEcologie’ Tropicale, CNRS, Mus&um National dHistoire’ Naturelle, 4 avenuedu Petit-ChBteau, 91800 Brunoy, France JEAN-LUCDUJARDIN Servicede la M&!orologie, A&apart de Rochambeau,Matoury, 97300 Cayenne,French Guiana

Key words: Myrmornis torquata; July 1985, but lack oftime did not permit us to conduct campanisona;; Thamnophilidae; French further observations. Later observations of nine dif- Guiana; nest;eggs. ferent families confirmed that the male is involved in rearing the young. The families were encountered on Typical ground-dwellingantbirds are among the least- 20 March 1986 (one family), from 2 to 17 October known formicariidsof the neotropicalrain forests.They 1986 (six families), and from 30 April to the end of are usuallyneither shy nor very rare, but their secretive May 1987 (two families), in the middle Arataye River behavior forces the field ornithologist to rely mainly drainage,around the newly establishedBiological Sta- on vocalizationsto detect them. In French Guiana the tion ofthe Montagne des Nouragues(4”05 ’N, 52”43’W) Thrush-like Antpitta (Myrmothera campanisuna)and (seede Granville [ 19821and Atlas de la Guyane [ 19791 the Wing-banded Antbird (Myrmornis torquata) are for topographic and climatic descriptions of the sites widespread in damp, dark understories (often in old mentioned in this paper). treefall gaps)and in the hilly, humid understoryof the Wing-banded foragedon slopeswith abun- inland mature forest respectively(Thiollay 1986, pers. dant vines and low bushes,by hoppingalong the ground observ.). Their nests have not been described to date. and vigorouslysearching with the bill in the litter. Thick, dead leaf accumulations seem to be preferred since WING-BANDED ANTBIRD spend more time foraging in such placesthan in On 27 July 1985, Dujardin found a nest of the Wing- areaswith a thin litter. Foot%cratchinghas never been banded Antbird in the upper drainage of the Litany observed,and Wing-banded Antbirds alwavs use their River along the Surinam border, 2 km from the mouth straight,long bill ina very fast motion in order to turn of the KoulC-Koule (2”26’N, 54”28’W), at an elevation or throw dead leaves. Leaves are never seized by the of 155 m. The nest site was at the bottom of a small bill. The foragingWing-banded Antbird may even to- hill in tall rain forest (canopy at 40 to 60 m) about 100 tally disappearfor a few secondsunder the largestleaves. m from the river. The nest was hanging 2 m above All families we observed consistedof a pair with a ground from a lateral fork 10 cm from the trunk of a singleyoung. Until the time we got the chanceto catch sapling 3.5 m high. The shallow cup, 5 cm high, 3 cm a flightlessfledgling, the youngantbirds seemedto wear deep, with an internal diameter of 6 to 7 cm, was made a plumage very close to that of the adult, neither male of twigs and rootlets (Fig. 1). The clutch consistedof (with a black throat) or female (with a rufous throat). a single egg (26.2 x 18.6 mm). It was creamy white In fact. a transitional plumage has been assessedin a with abundant violet-brown streaksand spots (Fig. 2). fledgling examined closely and regularly throughout 1 The markings were more distinct and darker at the month. On 22 May 1987, we located a M. torquata larger end. The female was incubating the egg on 28 family in a well-known and daily-searchedsector where no was seen previously. Both parents were easily alarmed, a behavior much lesssustained with old fleda- lings. On 23 May we got the opportunity to catch and ’ Received 19 November 1986. Final acceptance2 ring the flightlessfledgling. All the head, nape, throat, October 1987. and the underparts(contour feathers)were covered by SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 237

FIGURE 1. A lateral view of the nest of the Wing- banded Antbird (Myrmornis forquata), 28 July 1985, Southern French Guiana (0. Tostain). a chocolate-brown down, grayer on belly and flanks. The mantle feathers showed a large pale beige middle track giving a strong mottled appearanceat a distance in the field. The tail feathers had only grown to 3-mm quills and the wing feathers(primaries and secondaries) were only two-thirds developed. The wing coverts showed the two wing bars of the adult, the bill was blackish with prominent pale mouth comers, the eyes were dark brown, and the legswere gray-blue with five blackish half-rings on the anterior side. FIGURE 2. Overview of nest and the single egg of Until 26 May the fledgling remained flightlessand the Wing-banded Antbird (0. Tostain). kept close to its parents. Its pale-gray ear coverts were diagnosticat this time. On 29 May the young antbird was able to fly away over a 1 m distanceand it seemed this activity at this time. Such a reproductive phenol- to feed by itself. As before, it came closerto the female ogy seems to be in accord with most other Thamno- than the male, which was much more involved in the philidae (family designation according to Sibley and alarm and distraction display in the presence of the Ahlquist 1985) which also nest from July to October observer. On 3 I May the fledglingwas flying over 2 to in French Guiana, but it is noteworthy that the early 3 m distances and was now able to perch on almost seasonnesting (March to May) of A4. torquata links it vertical twigs. It still wore the cinnamon-brown body with the typical ground antbirds, i.e., Formicariidae down it had when leaving the nest. (nesting data from Tostain, unpubl.). On 2 June we mist-netted the two adults. Both were On the other hand, the color of the eggand the type molting. On 23 June, i.e., 1 month after it had left the of nest bring important contributions to the nest, the youngantbird alwaysaccompanied its parents of M. forquka. On a behavioral basis (i.e., voice and in foraging. A close examination revealed it had ac- tail-flicking behavior), Willis (I 984) has proposedthat quired a new body plumage identical to the adult fe- it is related to -following antbirds, especially Hy- male, the nape being brown, the ear coverts gray, and lophylax. Like thamnophilids, the nest of the Wing- the throat and breastreddish-brown. Unfortunately no banded Antbird is pendent in a fork and its eggis white more field observationswere conducted and the total and deeply spotted unlike antthrusheswhich lay white duration of the young-parentsassociation remains un- eggs in trunk cavities, or , which often lay known. The other fledglingswe have seen in March, bluish eggsin nests saddled on low vegetation. So our late April, and early October were flightless,still with- observations support those of Willis and indicate a out tails, and were fed by both parents. This confirms relationshipto Thamnophilidae. Finally, one must em- the precocial nest desertion in this .But fledg- phasizethat the clutchofM. torquatain FrenchGuiana lings seen later in October appeared to feed by them- is one of the most reducedamong antbirds, which usu- selves, always in close vicinity to the adults. ally lay two eggs.Even if one eggcan sometimes occur These 10 recordsclearly indicate that the nesting of in a nest where the speciesnormally lays two, due to the Wing-banded Antbird takes place during the main accidental loss of an egg, our observations strongly dry seasonof July to October. But the three of them support that the Wing-banded Antbird lays only one reported in March to May give some evidence of the egg under the climatic equator. But this may be the nestingduring the short and more random dry season result of a latitudinal clutch size trend, as has been which may be interrupted by the long rainy seasonat emphasized in the Black-spottedBare-Eye (fhlegopsis’ the beginning of the year. We believe that only a part nigromaculata). Willis (1979) always saw one young of the Wing-banded Antbird population is involved in with a pair at Belem (I’S) while Munn (in Hilty and 238 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

FIGURE 4. Overview of a nest and the entire clutch of the Thrush-like Antpitta (photo 0. Tostain).

rotten twigs, most ofthem fairly strongwith a diameter of 3 to 7 mm, 17 cm wide, lying 40 cm above ground within a clump of the herbaceousRupateu pakdosa (Fig. 3). The internal cup (3 to 4 cm deep and with a diameter of 8.5 to 9 cm) was furnished with a number of thin rootlets. Again the completed clutch consisted of two pale blue-green, uniformly sepia-spotted eggs (Fig. 4). They were 27.3 x 20.9 and 27.0 x 20.9 mm ~_~~ __ in size. The nest and a brooder were briefly watched from a hide on 9 December (Fig. 3). We didn’t seeboth FIGURE 3. Nest and a brooder of the Thrush-like adultsat the nest simultaneouslybut one bird was call- Antpitta (photo 0. Tostain). ing within 10 m of the nest while the other was incu- bating. The unhatchedclutch was later abandoned for an unknown reason. Brown 1986) has found nests with two eggsin south- Finally, a freshly abandoned nest of a neighboring eastern Peru (ca. 15%). So it could be possiblethat a pair 400 m away was found on 20 January 1987, in a clutch of two eggsoccurs in M. torqualu farther from similar swamp forest. The thick platform of dead twigs the equator. In such an hypothesis, additional infor- was lying on a small clustered and unarmed palm mation about the nesting biology of this speciesin the (Geonomu oldemanii), 60 cm above ground. In this northern part of its amazonian rangewould be of great nest the cup was furnishedwith some rootlets and with interest. the black hyphae of Marusmius sp. THRUSH-LIKE ANTPITTA Our observations on the nest and eggsof M. cum- punisonu link this specieswith other antpittas (Erard On 5 December 1984, J.-J. de Granville showeda nest 1982, Wiedenfeld, 1982, Tostain 1986). As some of the Thrush-like Antpitta to J.-L. Dujardin in the “ground-antbirds,” its nest is a shallow cup, settled Mont Belvedere area (2”25’N. 53”06’W) in the exten- among the rosettesof low undergrowth plants (ferns, sive undisturbedrain forestof southernFrench Guiana palms, and large herbaceousclumps), lying on a thick in the upper drainage of the Camopi River, at an el- mattress of decaying twigs and vegetable matter, and evation of 160 m. The nest was cup-shaped(external the two eggsof its clutch are spotted over a light blue- diameter about 9 cm and 4 cm deep), made of tiny greenbackground color. Finally, the nestingof M. cam- twigs and rootlets, and lying on a bed of dead leaves punisona during the wet seasonis a family character between the rachisesof a terrestrial fern (Didymoch- shared by muculuriusand Gralluria vuriu, luena trunculutu) 25 cm above the ground. The nest two other members of the Formicariidae in French site was in a marshy area with numerous palms (Eu- Guiana (Erard 1982; Tostain 1986, unpubl.). terpe oleraceu).The nest contained two blue-green to turquoise-blue eggs with dark brown markings con- We would like to thank J.-J. de Granville for showing centrated mainly around the larger end. They were usone ofthe nestsofM. campanisona,and J.-M. Thiol- 27 x 21.5 and 28 x 21.5 mm in size. They were not lay who found a family ofM. torquatain October 1986. collected. Fieldwork was possible thanks to J.-M. Thiollay, A secondnest of the Thrush-like Antpitta was found througha grant from the Minis&e de 1’Environnement by 0. Tostain on 6 December 1986 in a humid Bat (SRETIE), the logistic support of the Commandement rich in hydromorphic palms in the study site of the Militaire de Cayenne, and P. Charles-Dominique Piste de St.-Elie, 5”15’N, 53”04’W (seede Forestaet al. (ECOTROP and the Museum National d’Histoire Na- 1984 for a more detailed description of this area). The turelle). H. Ouellet and W. J. Foley helped us with the cup-shaped nest was a lo-cm-thick accumulation of Englishtranslation. A first draft of this paper benefited SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 239 from the useful comments of E. 0. Willis, T. S. Schu- and classificationof New World suboscinepas- lenberg, and L. Kiff. Financial support was provided serine birds (Passeriformes:Oligomyodi: Tyran- by SEPANGUY. nides), p. 396428. In P. A. Buckley et al. [eds.], Neotropical ornithology. Omithol. Monogr. No. LITERATURE CITED 36. The American Ornithologists’ Union, Wash- ATLAS DE LA GWANE. 1979. Paris, Bordeaux: coed. ington, DC. CNRS-ORSTOM. THIOLLAY, J.-M. 1986. Structurecornpan% du peuple- ERARD,CH. 1982. Le nid et la ponte de Lipaugus ment avien dans trois sites de for& primaire en vociferans,Cotingidt, et de varia, For- Guyane. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 41:59-105. micariide. Alauda 50:3 1l-3 13. TOSTAIN,0. 1986. Description du nid et de la ponte de deux formicariidts guyanais:Hyiopezus mac- FORESTA,H. DE, P. CHARLES-DOMINIQUE,CH. ERARD, ANDM. F. PREVOST.1984. Zoochorie et premiers ulariuset Thamnophilusnigrocinereus. Alauda 54: stadesde la regenerationnaturelle apres coupe en 170-176. forCt guyanaise. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 39:369- WIEDENFELD,D. A. 1982. A nest of the Pale-billed 400. Antpitta (Grallaria carrikeri)with comparative re- marks on antpitta nests.Wilson Bull. 94:580-582. GRANVILLE,J.-J. DE 1982. Rain forest and xeric flora refuges in French Guiana, p. 159-18 1. In G. T. WILLIS, E. 0. 1979. Comportamento e ecologia da Prance [ed.], Biologicaldiversification in the trop- mk-de-tabca, Phlegopsisnigromaculata (d’Or- its. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. bigny & Lafresnaye) (Aves, Formicariidae) Rev. HILTY, S. L., ANDW. L. BROWN. 1986. A field guide Brasil. Biol. 39:117-159. to the birds of Colombia. Princeton Univ. Press, WILLIS,E. 0. 1984. Hylophylax,Hypocnemoides, and iXrr Myrmoderusas army ant followers. Revista Bras. L...#. SIBLEY,C. G., ANDJ. E. AHLQUIST. 1985. Phylogeny Zool., S. Paulo 2:159-164.

The Condor 90~239-241 Q The CooperOrnithological Society 1988

THE NESTING AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE NEAR MANAUS, BRAZIL ’

BERTC. KLEW Department of Zoology, Universityof Florida, Gainesville,FL 32611

LEE H. HARPER Department of BiologicalSciences, State Universityof New York, Albany, NY 12211

RICHARD 0. BIERREGAARD World Wildlife Fund-U.S., 1255 23rd St. N. W., Washington,DC 20037

GEORGE V. N. POWELL National AudubonSociety Research Department, I I5 Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, FL 33070

Key words: Ornate Hawk-Eagle; Spizaetus orna- STUDY AREA AND METHODS tus;Amazonia; feeding behavior;nesting. A large stick nest was found in virgin forest 70 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2”25”S, 59”5O”W, see Bier- The Ornate Hawk-Eagle(Spizeatus ornatus), found over regaard 1984 for general habitat description). We ini- most of tropical Central and South America, is typi- tiated observations in June 1983 when adult Ornate cally a bird of denseforest (Brown and Amadon 1968). Hawk-Eagles were found on and around the nest. In- Nests are difficult to observe in high tropical forests. tensive observationswere made from 2 1 Septemberto Little has been reported on its biology other than casual 28 November 1983. Durina this time we recorded 173 observationsby Slud (Brown and Amadon 1968) and hr of observationson the adultsand 77 on the nestling. Lyon and Kuhnigk (1985). Our study provides infor- From 28 November 1983 until 27 July 1984 briefdaily mation on nest activity from copulationand nestbuild- to bi-weekly observations were recorded. An obser- ing to 3 18 days after hatching. vation platform constructed 19 m high in a tree and 72 m from the nest acrossa clearingallowed an unob- structedview of the nest. ’ Received 9 February 1987. Final acceptance8 July The sex of the adults was distinguishedby size dif- 1987. ferencesand individual molting patterns.We assumed