DOCSLIB.ORG

Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information AUSTRALIAN PRODUCT INFORMATION – STONEFISH ANTIVENOM SOLUTION FOR INJECTION 1 NAME OF THE MEDICINE STONEFISH ANTIVENOM (equine) as the active ingredient. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION STONEFISH ANTIVENOM is prepared from the plasma of horses immunised with the venom of stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa and/or Synanceia horrida). Each vial contains 2,000 units of antivenom. The product also contains 2.2 mg phenol, 8 mg sodium chloride, and water for injections to 1.0 mL. Each vial contains ≤ 170 mg per mL of plasma protein of equine origin. The product volume is potency dependant thus it varies from batch to batch. Please refer to the product volume printed on the carton. 3 PHARMACEUTICAL FORM STONEFISH ANTIVENOM is a solution for injection. It is a colourless to light straw coloured, slightly viscous, transparent solution in a glass vial. 4 CLINICAL PARTICULARS 4.1 THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS For the treatment of patients who, following envenoming by a stonefish, have systemic manifestations or severe oedema and pain which do not respond to first aid measures. 4.2 DOSE AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION The majority of people who stand on stonefish and whose feet are pierced by their spines will need antivenom for relief of the pain and oedema. However appropriate first aid measures recommended by local guidelines must be instituted when necessary before giving antivenom. The initial dose of antivenom depends on the number of visible puncture sites: • 1 - 2 punctures 1 vial (2,000 units) • 3 - 4 punctures 2 vials (4,000 units) 5 or more punctures 3 vials (6,000 units) The dose is the same for both adults and children. The antivenom should be given by intramuscular injection but may be given by intravenous infusion in extreme cases after diluting the antivenom 1:10 in an intravenous solution such as Hartmann’s Solution or 0.9% w/v Sodium Chloride. Seek expert advice regarding dilution of antivenom to avoid fluid overload, as required. NOTE: The intravenous route is more likely to precipitate anaphylactoid reactions. Page 1 of 7 Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information In the past, some authorities have advocated premedication with 0.25 mL of 1:1,000 adrenaline subcutaneously and intravenous antihistamine to reduce the chance of anaphylactic shock, particularly in those patients who are known to be at risk, but such use is controversial (see Section 4.4 SPECIAL WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE). The patient should receive the antivenom in an intensive care unit if possible and always in a setting where resuscitation facilities are immediately available. If the initial dose of antivenom is insufficient to control the effects of the venom and the identity of the stonefish is assured, the initial dose of antivenom should be repeated. The patient must be monitored for at least 6 hours after the receiving the antivenom. Before giving the antivenom, adrenaline should be prepared ready to use, as anaphylactic reactions can occur rapidly (see Section 4.4 SPECIAL WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE). Should an anaphylactic reaction occur, suspend administration of antivenom and implement treatment measures immediately according to an appropriate protocol or guideline. As delayed serum sickness is relatively common following the use of large volumes of foreign protein, patients who have received antivenom should be advised of the symptoms of serum sickness and warned to seek urgent medical attention if such symptoms develop. It may occasionally be necessary to treat both envenoming and anaphylaxis simultaneously. STONEFISH ANTIVENOM contains no antimicrobial preservative. Use in one patient on one occasion only and discard any residue. 4.3 CONTRAINDICATIONS There are no absolute contraindications, but the product should not be used unless there is clear evidence of stonefish envenoming with severe effects. See Section 4.4 SPECIAL WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE for the use of STONEFISH ANTIVENOM in patients with a known allergy. 4.4 SPECIAL WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR USE When medicinal products prepared from animal plasma are administered, infectious diseases due to the transmission of infective agents cannot be totally excluded. This applies to pathogens of hitherto unknown origin. This possibility must always be considered and should be conveyed, whenever possible, to patients who may receive the product. Historically there have been no known recorded cases of transmission of viruses by this product. Appropriate first aid measures recommended by local guidelines must be instituted when necessary before giving antivenom. Page 2 of 7 Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information As this product is prepared from animal plasma, severe allergic reactions may follow, including anaphylactic shock. Adrenaline must be available during antivenom therapy and prepared ready for use prior to antivenom administration. Anaphylactic reactions are more likely to occur in those who are atopic or who have previously received equine serum. This would include patients who have previously received equine Tetanus Antitoxin (prior to 1974 in Australia). In the past, some authorities have advocated premedication with subcutaneous adrenaline and intravenous antihistamine, particularly in those patients who are known to be at risk, but such use is controversial. The results of initial skin testing to determine patients who may have an allergic reaction to antivenom are not satisfactory and should not be undertaken. Should anaphylaxis occur, suspend administration of antivenom and implement treatment measures immediately according to an appropriate protocol or guideline. Further administration of antivenom should be considered in the light of the relative problems of envenoming and anaphylaxis. Severe cases of envenoming should be managed in an intensive care unit, if possible. Delayed serum sickness can occur following the use of animal derived antivenoms. The most common manifestations include fever, cutaneous eruptions, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and albuminuria. Less commonly, arthritis, nephritis, neuropathy and vasculitis can occur. The condition can appear days or weeks after the use of antivenom but can occur as soon as 12 hours after a second injection of horse protein. Patients should be advised of the symptoms of serum sickness and warned to seek urgent medical attention if such symptoms develop. The incidence of serum sickness is greater with larger volumes of antivenom. Use in the elderly No data available. Paediatric use Please see SECTION 4.2 DOSE AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION. Effects on laboratory tests No data available. 4.5 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER MEDICINES AND OTHER FORMS OF INTERACTIONS No data available. 4.6 FERTILITY, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION No data available. Page 3 of 7 Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information Effects on fertility No data available. Use in pregnancy There is no information on the safety of the product in pregnant women. It is advisable to carefully weigh the risks of untreated envenoming against the expected benefits and potential risks of antivenom administration. Use in lactation. No information is available on the use of this product during lactation. It is advisable to carefully weigh the risks of untreated envenoming against the expected benefits and potential risks of antivenom administration. 4.7 EFFECTS ON ABILITY TO DRIVE AND USE MACHINES The effects of this medicine on a person’s ability to drive and use machines were not assessed as part of its registration. 4.8 ADVERSE EFFECTS (UNDESIRABLE EFFECTS) The following adverse reactions, presented below according to System Organ Class and frequency, have been identified during post-approval use of Seqirus antivenoms. Adverse event frequencies are defined as follows: Very common: ≥1/10; common: ≥1/100 and < 1/10; uncommon: ≥1/1000 and <1/100; rare: ≥1/10,000 and <1/1000; and very rare: <1/10,000. Immune system disorders Common: Allergic reactions including anaphylactic shock and delayed serum sickness Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Common: Urticaria, rash Reporting suspected adverse effects Reporting suspected adverse reactions after registration of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report suspected adverse reactions at www.tga.gov.au/reporting-problems. 4.9 OVERDOSE For information on the management of overdose, contact the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (Australia). Page 4 of 7 Stonefish Antivenom Solution for Injection (AUST R 74892) Product Information 5 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 5.1 PHARMACODYNAMIC PROPERTIES Mechanism of action Stonefish are found throughout Australian tropical waters. They prefer calm, shallow water around coral islands, estuaries and sheltered bays. They settle into depressions in the mud or sand of the sea bed and become almost indistinguishable from surrounding rock or coral. The stonefish has poisonous spines along its back which are used only in defence. Those who are stung are usually people who inadvertently stand on the fish; less commonly, the damage is caused when an attempt is made to pick up a stonefish believing it to be a piece of rock or coral. The stonefish has thirteen dorsal spines, each of which possesses a pair of venom glands. The venom of the stonefish is heat labile. It possesses a permeability-increasing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Check-List of Polychaete Species from the Black
    J. Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment Vol. 18, No. 1: 76-82 (2012) SHORT COMMUNICATION First sighting of the Red Sea originated stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa) from Turkey Murat Bilecenoğlu* Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Adnan Menderes University, 09010, Aydın, TURKEY *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract A single specimen of stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider, 1801) was recently captured off Yumurtalık (Iskenderun Bay), representing its first occurrence on the coast of Turkey and second record in the entire Mediterranean Sea. This species is famous with its highly toxic stings and possess a potential risk for human health, if it finds the opportunity to establish a successfully breeding population in the region. Key words: Synanceia verrucosa, Synanceiidae, alien species, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey Introduction The number of alien species in the Mediterranean has currently reached to the psychological threshold of 1000 species (Zenetos et al. 2010), advancing the rank of this semi-enclosed sea as one of the most invaded ecosystems on Earth. Despite of the widespread “native good, alien bad” philosophy (Goodenough 2010), ecological and sociological impacts of alien species have proven to share both sides of this approach (see Cinar et al. 2011). This paper deals with a newly introduced venomous fish species on the northeastern Levantine coast of Turkey, which doubtless takes part in the negative wing among alien biota. Species diagnosis On 18 November 2011, a single specimen of stonefish (Synanceia verrucosa Bloch and Schneider, 1801) was captured along the Yumurtalık coast (Adana, Iskenderun Bay) by an artisanal fisherman, presumably using a bottom long- line.
    [Show full text]
  • Pterapogon Kauderni in Appendix II, in Accordance with Article II, Paragraph 2(A) of the Convention and Satisfying Criteria a and B in Annex 2A of Resolution Conf
    Original language: English CoP17 Prop. XXX CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Johannesburg (South Africa), 24 September – 5 October 2016 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Inclusion of Pterapogon kauderni in Appendix II, in accordance with Article II, paragraph 2(a) of the Convention and satisfying Criteria A and B in Annex 2a of Resolution Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16). B. Proponent The European Union and its Member States* C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Actinopterygii 1.2 Order: Perciformes 1.3 Family: Apogonidae 1.4 Genus, species or subspecies, including author and year: Pterapogon kauderni Koumans, 1933 1.5 Scientific synonyms: 1.6 Common names: English: Banggai Cardinalfish French: Poisson-cardinal de Banggai Spanish: Pez cardenal de Banggai 1.7 Code numbers: 2. Overview Pterapogon kauderni is a small marine fish endemic to the Banggai Archipelago off Central Sulawesi, eastern Indonesia (Allen and Steene, 2005; Vagelli and Erdmann, 2002). The species has an extremely restricted range of c. 5,500 km2 and occurs as isolated small populations in the shallows of 34 islands (Vagelli, 2011). The species has been subject to heavy collection pressure for the aquarium trade, with annual harvests reportedly having reached 900.000 fish/year in 2007 (Vagelli, 2008; 2011). The species’ biological characteristics make it vulnerable to overexploitation (low fecundity, extended parental care, and a lack of planktonic phase that precludes dispersal). A reported widespread decline in the abundance of * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Reproduction in the Estuarine Stonefish <I>Synanceia Horrida</I>
    SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #5 – April 1999 31 steps necessary to ensure a transformation to a sus- World Bank, Asian Development Bank, U.S. tainable, cyanide-free live reef fish trade. Agency for International Development, The Nature Conservancy, the World Wide Fund for Indeed, without a great deal of work such as that Nature (WWF), and Conservation International. being carried out under the DFRI, there will be no Indo-Pacific reef fish on the market able to be certi- While we are convinced that the DFRIÕs approach fied as cyanide-free and otherwise sustainably is essentially sound, doubtless there are many caught and handled. improvements and refinements that could be made. We therefore urge readers to send us com- Documentation and evaluation ments and recommendations and, above all, we invite collaboration with any and all organisations Finally, IMA and WRI believe it is important that that share our commitment to conserving the reefs experiences from the field, both good and bad, need of the Indo-Pacific into the next millennium. to be widely shared and evaluated. To that end, the DFRI places strong emphasis on documenting its Contacts work and resulting data and lessons learned into high quality, readable publications and other media Vaughan R. Pratt, President for wide dissemination to policymakers, fisheries International Marinelife Alliance and marine conservation managers, donor agen- #17 San Jose Street, Kapitolyo cies, NGOs, and the general public. Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines E-mail: [email protected] Conclusions and a request for feedback and Tel: +632 631 4993 partnership Fax: +632 637 7174 http://www.imamarinelife.org/ WRI and IMA are well aware that this ambitious initiative is well beyond the scope of our two Charles V.
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Review-Fish-Habita
    United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Date: 12th October 2006 Original: English Eighth Meeting of the Regional Working Group for the Fisheries Component of the UNEP/GEF Project: “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand” Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia 1st - 4th November 2006 INFORMATION COLLATED BY THE FISHERIES AND HABITAT COMPONENTS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT ON SITES IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE- CYCLES OF SIGNIFICANT FISH SPECIES UNEP/GEF/SCS/RWG-F.8/5 Page 1 IDENTIFICATION OF FISHERIES REFUGIA IN THE GULF OF THAILAND It was discussed at the Sixth Meeting of the Regional Scientific and Technical Committee (RSTC) in December 2006 that the Regional Working Group on Fisheries should take the following two-track approach to the identification of fisheries refugia: 1. Review known spawning areas for pelagic and invertebrate species, with the aim of evaluating these sites as candidate spawning refugia. 2. Evaluate each of the project’s habitat demonstration sites as potential juvenile/pre-recruit refugia for significant demersal species. Rationale for the Two-Track Approach to the Identification of Fisheries Refugia The two main life history events for fished species are reproduction and recruitment. It was noted by the RSTC that both of these events involve movement between areas, and some species, often pelagic fishes, migrate to particular spawning areas. It was also noted that many species also utilise specific coastal habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves as nursery areas. In terms of the effects of fishing, most populations of fished species are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of high levels of fishing effort in areas and at times where there are high abundances of (a) stock in spawning condition, (b) juveniles and pre-recruits, or (c) pre-recruits migrating to fishing grounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Scorpaenopsis Venosa (Cuvier, 1829) Sebastapistes Cyanostigma
    click for previous page 2344 Bony Fishes Scorpaenopsis venosa (Cuvier, 1829) En - Raggy scorpionfish; Fr - Lappies. Maximum standard length at least 18 cm standard length. A little-known species. Occurs inshore on reefs. Occasionally taken by hook-and-line and in trawls, but of no commercial importance. Reported from widely scattered localities from southern Africa, the Red Sea, India, Indonesia, and northwestern Australia. Sebastapistes cyanostigma (Bleeker, 1856) En - Yellowspotted scorpionfish. Maximum standard length about 7 cm. Common in shallow water on coral reefs and hard bottoms to about 9 m. Of no commercial importance, but occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade, because of its small size and coloration. Ranges from South Africa and the Red Sea eastward to Okinawa, Guadalcanal, and New Caledonia. (from Matsubara, 1943) Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae 2345 Sebastapistes galactacma Jenkins, 1903 En - Galactacma scorpionfish. Maximum standard length 4.9 cm. Taken over coral and coral rubble in depths of 6 to 29 m. Appears to be confined to the Pacific Plate, and is known from Guam, Pohnpei, and Rapa within the area and at Hawaii outside the area. (from Jordan and Evermann, 1903) Sebastapistes mauritiana (Cuvier, 1829) En - Spineblotch scorpionfish; Fr - Rascasse de Suez; Sp - Rascacio de Suez. Maximum standard length about 8 cm. Typically collected in outer intertidal reef and lagoon habitats at depths of less than 10 m. Commonly taken, but of no commercial importance. Distributed from the eastern shores of Africa and the Red Sea eastward to Guam, Marshall Islands, Gilbert Islands, Phoenix Islands, Rapa, and the Marquesas; also reported to have passed through the Suez Canal and into the Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomics of the Globally Distributed Echinoid Genus Tripneustes
    GENOMICS OF THE GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED ECHINOID GENUS Tripneustes A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MANOA¯ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY (ECOLOGY,EVOLUTION,&CONSERVATION BIOLOGY) May 2018 BY Áki Jarl LÁRUSON DISSERTATION COMMITTEE: Floyd A. Reed, Chairperson Robert C. Thomson Robert J. Toonen Daniel Rubinoff David B. Carlon Keywords: Marine Invertebrate, Phylogenomics, Transcriptomics, Population Genomics © Copyright 2018 – Áki Jarl Láruson All rights reserved i DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my grandfather, Marteinn Jónsson (née Donald L. Martin). ii Acknowledgements Every step towards the completion of this dissertation has been made possible by more people than I could possibly recount. I am profoundly grateful to my teachers, in all their forms, and especially my undergraduate advisor, Dr. Sean Craig, of Humboldt State Uni- versity, for all the opportunities he afforded me in experiencing biological research. My dissertation committee deserves special mention, for perpetually affording me pressing encouragement, but also providing an attitude of support and positivity that has been formative beyond measure. My mentor and committee chair, Dr. Floyd Reed, has pro- vided me with perspectives, insights, and advise that I will carry with me for the rest of my life. My family, although far from the tropical shores of Hawai‘i, have been with me in so many ways throughout this endeavor, and I am so profoundly grateful for their love and support. iii Abstract Understanding genomic divergence can be a key to understanding population dynam- ics. As global climate change continues it becomes especially important to understand how and why populations form and dissipate, and how they may be better protected.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cyprinid Fish
    DFO - Library / MPO - Bibliotheque 01005886 c.i FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Circular No. 65 RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Biological Station, Nanaimo, B0C. Circular No. 65 9^ RUSSIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF NAMES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL AND RELATED TERMS ^5, Compiled by W. E. Ricker Fisheries Research Board of Canada Nanaimo, B.C. August, 1962 FOREWORD This short Russian-English glossary is meant to be of assistance in translating scientific articles in the fields of aquatic biology and the study of fishes and fisheries. j^ Definitions have been obtained from a variety of sources. For the names of fishes, the text volume of "Commercial Fishes of the USSR" provided English equivalents of many Russian names. Others were found in Berg's "Freshwater Fishes", and in works by Nikolsky (1954), Galkin (1958), Borisov and Ovsiannikov (1958), Martinsen (1959), and others. The kinds of fishes most emphasized are the larger species, especially those which are of importance as food fishes in the USSR, hence likely to be encountered in routine translating. However, names of a number of important commercial species in other parts of the world have been taken from Martinsen's list. For species for which no recognized English name was discovered, I have usually given either a transliteration or a translation of the Russian name; these are put in quotation marks to distinguish them from recognized English names.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Megafauna Assessment
    Gladstone Ports Corporation Report for Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Project Marine Megafauna Baseline and Impact Assessment October 2009 Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Overview 2 2. Policy and Legislative Context 4 3. Literature and Database Reviews 8 3.1 Overview 8 3.2 Coastal Environment of Western Basin, Gladstone 10 3.3 Cetaceans 11 3.4 Dugongs 14 3.5 Marine Turtles 19 3.6 Marine Turtles in the Gladstone Region 21 4. Marine Megafauna Survey 32 4.1 Overview 32 4.2 Methodology 33 4.3 Results 38 4.4 Aerial Surveys 45 4.5 Results Summary 52 5. Conservation Threats to Marine Fauna 53 5.1 Overview 53 5.2 Vulnerability of Dugongs to Low Levels of Mortality 53 5.3 Habitat Degradation and Loss 53 5.4 Climate Change 61 6. Potential Impacts 67 7. Risk Assessment 69 8. Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Strategies 80 8.1 Background 80 8.2 Cumulative Impacts 81 9. Conclusion 83 10. References 86 42/15386/40/393644 Western Basin Dredging and Disposal Marine Megafauna Baseline and Impact Assessment Table Index Table 1 Listed Marine Fauna Potentially Found within the Project Area 8 Table 2 Conservation Status of Marine Turtles Identified as Occurring or Potentially Occurring in the Project Area 19 Table 3 Marine Turtle Foraging Habitats identified as High Priority in the GBRWHA 21 Table 4 Age Class Categories for Green Turtle, Dugong and Inshore Dolphins 34 Table 5 Marine Fauna Observations on Boat-based Surveys 41 Table 6 Observed Depth Range of Threatened Species Observed on Boat- based Survey 43 Table 7 Timing of Surveys
    [Show full text]
  • From Singapore, with a Description of a New Cladiella Species
    THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2010 THE RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2010 58(1): 1–13 Date of Publication: 28 Feb.2010 © National University of Singapore ON SOME OCTOCORALLIA (CNIDARIA: ANTHOZOA: ALCYONACEA) FROM SINGAPORE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CLADIELLA SPECIES Y. Benayahu Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel Email: [email protected] (Corresponding author) L. M. Chou Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT. – Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Singapore were collected and identifi ed in a survey conducted in 1999. Colonies collected previously, between 1993 and 1997, were also studied. The entire collection of ~170 specimens yielded 25 species of the families Helioporidae, Alcyoniidae, Paraclcyoniidae, Xeniidae and Briareidae. Their distribution is limited to six m depth, due to high sediment levels and limited light penetration. The collection also yielded Cladiella hartogi, a new species (family Alcyonacea), which is described. All the other species are new zoogeographical records for Singapore. A comparison of species composition of octocorals collected in Singapore between 1993 and 1977 and those collected in 1999 revealed that out of the total number of species, 12 were found in both periods, whereas seven species, which had been collected during the earlier years, were no longer recorded in 1999. Notably, however, six species that are rare on Singapore reefs were recorded only in the 1999 survey and not in the earlier ones. It is not yet clear whether these differences in species composition indeed imply changes over time in the octocoral fauna, or may refl ect a sampling bias.
    [Show full text]
  • Stonefish Envenomation Presenting to a Singapore Hospital
    Original Article Singapore Med J 2009; 50(5) : 506 Stonefish envenomation presenting to a Singapore hospital Ngo S Y A, Ong S H J, Ponampalam R ABSTRACT antibiotics. One case complained of persistent pain Introduction: Stonefish, belonging to the genus and hyperalgesia five months post-envenomation. Synanceia and classified under the Synanceiidae One patient required surgical intervention. No family, are commonly found in the shallow waters deaths and systemic symptoms were reported. of the Indo-Pacific region and are considered the most dangerous and venomous of this family. The Conclusion: Cases of stonefish envenomation that aim of the study was to describe the presenting presented to our hospital showed that the majority features, clinical course and current management of patients were young male adults. Stonefish of this series of patients with stonefish envenomation, though it rarely kills, can cause envenomation presenting to a tertiary general extreme pain, swelling and erythema, which can hospital in Singapore. be managed with symptomatic treatment. Methods: Data involving stonefish stings was Keywords: bites, fish venom, poisoning, stings, retrospectively retrieved from the Singapore stonefish envenomation, stonustoxin, Synanceia General Hospital Accident & Emergency Emerge horrida, Synanceiidae Version 3.7.6 database from October 2004 to Singapore Medi 2009; 50(5): 506-509 September 2006. Information, such as the patients' demographics, date and location of the incident, INTRODUCTION identity of the fish, local or systemic effects, Stonefish, belonging to the genus Synanceia and classified pain score (upon arrival and after treatment), under the Synanceiidae family, is commonly found in investigations and treatment as well as the the shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterisation of Marine Toxins with Emphasis on the Neglected Status of Marine Toxinology
    Bangor University MASTERS BY RESEARCH The toxins that time forgot: Characterisation of marine toxins with emphasis on the neglected status of marine toxinology. Harris, Richard Award date: 2017 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 The toxins that time forgot: Characterisation of marine toxins with emphasis on the neglected status of marine toxinology. Richard J. Harris MScRes University of Bangor Abstract Toxins, both venom and poison, have great potential for pharmacological, ecological and evolutionary research. Yet despite this, many toxins, especially in marine organisms, have been relatively unstudied. This negligence within marine toxinology is surprising given the vast rise in proteomic and transcriptomic methods available to analyse toxins. This study attempts to characterise toxins of marine taxa of which little is currently known. In doing so, it provides a template for future studies to explore marine toxinology.
    [Show full text]
  • Stonefish Envenomation Presenting to a Singapore Hospital Ngo S Y A, Ong S H J, Ponampalam R
    Original Article Singapore Med J 2009; 50(5) : 506 Stonefish envenomation presenting to a Singapore hospital Ngo S Y A, Ong S H J, Ponampalam R ABSTRACT antibiotics. One case complained of persistent pain Introduction: Stonefish, belonging to the genus and hyperalgesia five months post-envenomation. Synanceia and classified under the Synanceiidae One patient required surgical intervention. No family, are commonly found in the shallow waters deaths and systemic symptoms were reported. of the Indo-Pacific region and are considered the most dangerous and venomous of this family. The Conclusion: Cases of stonefish envenomation that aim of the study was to describe the presenting presented to our hospital showed that the majority features, clinical course and current management of patients were young male adults. Stonefish of this series of patients with stonefish envenomation, though it rarely kills, can cause envenomation presenting to a tertiary general extreme pain, swelling and erythema, which can hospital in Singapore. be managed with symptomatic treatment. Methods: Data involving stonefish stings was Keywords: bites, fish venom, poisoning, stings, retrospectively retrieved from the Singapore stonefish envenomation, stonustoxin, Synanceia General Hospital Accident & Emergency Emerge horrida, Synanceiidae Version 3.7.6 database from October 2004 to Singapore Med J 2009; 50(5): 506-509 September 2006. Information, such as the patients’ demographics, date and location of the incident, IntrodUction identity of the fish, local or systemic effects, Stonefish, belonging to the genusSynanceia and classified pain score (upon arrival and after treatment), under the Synanceiidae family, is commonly found in investigations and treatment as well as the the shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region.
    [Show full text]