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Pdf/20151030/Pdf/432L0z4mgnkf64.Pdf Volume 19 Issue 2 Article 4 2020 Mineralogical variations with the mining depth in the Congo Copperbelt: technical and environmental challenges in the hydrometallurgical processing of copper and cobalt ores Follow this and additional works at: https://jsm.gig.eu/journal-of-sustainable-mining Part of the Explosives Engineering Commons, Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Recommended Citation Lutandula, Michel Shengo; Kitobo, W. S.; Kime, M. B.; Mambwe, M. P.; and Nyembo, T. K. (2020) "Mineralogical variations with the mining depth in the Congo Copperbelt: technical and environmental challenges in the hydrometallurgical processing of copper and cobalt ores," Journal of Sustainable Mining: Vol. 19 : Iss. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.46873/2300-3960.1009 This Review is brought to you for free and open access by Journal of Sustainable Mining. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Sustainable Mining by an authorized editor of Journal of Sustainable Mining. REVIEW ARTICLE Mineralogical variations with the mining depth in the Congo Copperbelt: technical and environmental challenges in the hydrometallurgical processing of copper and cobalt ores L.M. Shengo a,*, W.S. Kitobo b, M.-B. Kime c, M.P. Mambwe d,e, T.K. Nyembo f a Inorganic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of the Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Likasi Avenue, PO BOX 1825, City of Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo b Minerals Engineering and Environmental Research Unit, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Kasapa Road, PO Box 1825, City of Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo c Department of Metallurgy, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17911, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa d Economic Geology Unit, Department of Geology, Faculty of the Sciences, University of Lubumbashi, Kasapa Road, PO Box 1825, City of Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo e Department of Exploration Geology, Tenke Fungurume Mining S.A., Airport Road, TFM Building, Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo f Department of Chemistry and Metallurgy, Research Centre of Minerals Processing, Higher School of Applied Techniques in Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of Congo Abstract For a long time in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the mining of ores for the production of copper cathodes and salts of cobalt was mostly conducted in the near-surface oxidized mineralization of the Congo Copperbelt. An important part of this mineralization is found in geological settings where copper and cobalt mainly exist as mixtures of oxides and sulfides. With the depletion of surface-rich minerals, mining is taking place at depths where sulfide minerals are prevalent. Using current technologies, the hydrometallurgical processing of ores with high levels of sulfide minerals results in poor metal recovery due to their retention in process wastes. These mineral wastes have the propensity to lead to Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) when exposed to rainfall and atmospheric air. Therefore, major changes in the tech- nologies implemented will be needed in order to guarantee higher process efficiencies while endeavoring to uphold environment safeguarding reinforcement. This work aimed to demonstrate the urgency of updating the hydrometal- lurgical technologies implemented for the processing of copper-cobalt ores with an emphasis put on minimizing the environmental footprint of process wastes. Four copper-cobalt deposits and downstream hydrometallurgical processes were surveyed to get a better understanding of how changes in mineralization occurring in the deposits will influence the processing technologies and practices during the management of process wastes. Keywords: copper-cobalt ores, mineralization changes, hydrometallurgical processing, technologies update, environ- ment safeguarding 1. Introduction concentrators or hydrometallurgical plants [1,2]. The concentrators produced commercial-grade- or a long time, in the Copperbelt of the oxide and sulfide concentrates that were either F Congo, the extraction of copper-cobalt ores processed at local copper hydrometallurgical was carried out in oxidized deposits close to the plants and smelters, or exported to countries like surface. The ore products were mainly supplied to Zambia and China for further treatments [3e11]. Received 13 November 2019; revised 24 February 2020; accepted 25 February 2020. Available online 5 October 2020. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (L.M. Shengo), [email protected] (W.S. Kitobo), meschackime@ gmail.com (M.-B. Kime), [email protected], [email protected] (M.P. Mambwe), [email protected] (T.K. Nyembo). https://doi.org/10.46873/2300-3960.1009 2300-3960/© Central Mining Institute, Katowice, Poland. This is an open-access article under the CC-BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE MINING 2020;19:96e114 97 Similarly, hydrometallurgical plants processed copper hydrometallurgical plants. This can be ach- the oxidized copper-cobalt ores and produced ieved through improved practices in the manage- both copper cathodes and cobalt salts in the form ment of process wastes given the increased content e of sulfide minerals, which can cause AMD in the of hydroxides or carbonates [3,5,12 15]. Since REVIEW ARTICLE case of mismanagement [18]. 2012, the DRC has positioned itself as one of the This work seeks to demonstrate the urgency of major copper producers in Africa [16], with an updating the technologies currently used in the annual output of more than one million tons copper-cobalt hydrometallurgical plants in the achieved in 2017 [17]. The mineral export statistics former region of Katanga in response to observed for 2016 indicate, for example, that the Metal mineralogical changes in feed characteristics, with Mining Group (MMG) and Ruashi Mining, two of an emphasis placed on minimizing the environ- the main copper hydrometallurgical plants oper- mental footprint of process waste. To this end, the ating in the region of Haut of Katanga and sup- geological settings of four selected copper-cobalt ore deposits (Kinsevere, Ruashi, Mukondo, and plied by the Kinsevere and Ruashi mines, Bangwe mines) were described, with a compre- produced an estimated 79,337.283 and 32,139.428 hensive analysis of their mining exploration data. tCu cathodes, and 14,138.412 tCo hydroxides. Boss This was followed up with the description and Mining, another important copper hydrometal- discussion of the downstream hydrometallurgical lurgical plant operating in the Lualaba region, processing at four selected mines (Mining Metal located as Haut-Katanga in the former region of Group, Ruashi Mining, and Boss Mining, and Katanga, produced about 27,601.354 tCu cathodes Gecamines), as well the extent of the process ’ and 1,686.727 tCo hydroxides by processing ore wastes environmental footprints and the resulting negative effects, such as the formation and spread blends from the Menda, Mukondo, Bangwe, of AMD. South Kabolela, and Safi open pit mines. It is important to note here that with as the mining 2. The origin and location of the Cu-Coore depth increased, the majority of the mined ore deposit in the Congo Copperbelt products contain increasing amounts of sulfide The former region of Katanga, recently divided in copper-cobalt bearing minerals, which are poorly four new regions (Haut-Katanga, Lualaba, Haut- dissolved in the presence of sulfuric acid used as Lomani, and Tanganyika), is located in the south- the conventional leaching solvent at copper hy- eastern region of the DRC, and is home to one of the drometallurgical plants [6]. This results in a steep world's richest stratiform copper deposits [20e22]. drop in the recovery of valuable metal and an These deposits belong to the Central African Cop- increasing presence of sulfur in process wastes perbelt that stretches over 700 km from Zambia into [18]. the DRC and comprises stratiform copper-cobalt Among the strategies designed to meet these mineralization embedded in the Neoproterozoic challenges, some mining companies are either rocks of the Katangan Supergroup, consisting of a considering using blends of ores from different succession of carbonate and detrital rocks extending e mineral deposits to supply copper hydrometallur- over about 10 km [23 25]. The Katangan super- fi gical plants or producing commercial-grade con- group was deformed during and after the Lu lian centrates. Such practices cannot be regarded as orogeny [26]. It is subdivided into three groups from sustainable solutions for guaranteeing the country's bottom to top - Roan, Nguba, and Kundelungu growth through the extraction of copper-cobalt groups, including the sedimentary breccias mineral resources. Therefore, any approach for [23,24,27,28]. Most of the well-known copper-cobalt processing solutions for sustainable mining would deposits are found in the Roan Group and Mine require making drastic changes to the processing series (e.g. Bangwe, Etoile, Kinsevere, Mukondo and technologies currently implemented if one needs to Ruashi) and Dipeta subgroups (e.g. Shituru) e e e e improve metal recoveries at copper hydrometallur- [27,29 31]. Cu Ag or Cu Zn Pb deposits also gical plants [19]. This can be done through the occur in both the Nguba (e.g. Kamoa, Kipushi) and overhaul of the
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