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Catholic Schools and Catholic Social Principles A CATHOLIC SCHOOLS AND CATHOLIC SOCIAL PRINCIPLES A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUSTRALIA, ENGLAND AND WALES, AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA by John A. Dwyer Thesis Presented in Fulfilment of the Regulations of the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) University of London Institute of Education November 1991 Abstract This thesis questions to what extent Catholic schools in Australia, England and Wales, and the United States are being able to form their pupils in Catholic social principles today. Catholic schools, because of what they are and of what they purport to be, must always be open to questions of authenticity. Over recent years there has been a steady and subtle, but very significant, increase in the role of governments in non-government education in Australia, England and Wales and the United States. There is concern that non-government schools, particularly Catholic schools, may be becoming unwitting and complacent vehicles of government policy, whether it be a Labour government in Australia, a Conservative government in England and Wales, or a Republican government in the United States. The thesis examines the nature of this government intervention in Catholic schools in these countries over recent years, and considers whether such intervention has been antithetical to the school's capacity to develop the pupils in a sound understanding of Catholic social justice principles. It looks at reasons why Catholic schools in these countries today have difficulty reconciling their aims for social justice with prevailing government's economic and social policies. It is a comparative study, to see how an analysis of such developments in England, Wales and the United States can illuminate these issues in Australia. ii The thesis attempts to locate, evaluate and synthesise evidence to give a much clearer picture of the difficulties Catholic schools have to face in their call to evangelise modern youth. The investigative method used is essentially a historical analysis of policy documents of the Catholic Church, of the popes, bishops and Catholic education bodies, of the governments and Courts of the countries concerned, of recent statistical data, and of a series of informal interviews. Visits were made to a number of Catholic tertiary institutions to estimate current input in terms of modern Catholic social teaching. In the conclusion the thesis offers strategies to current Catholic educational administrators which may help improve the effectiveness of their Catholic social justice teaching. iii Acknow 1 edement I would like to thank my supervisor, Doctor Martin McLean, for his positive help, academic acumen and constructive suggestions in his supervision of the research from its beginning to the end. My thanks go also to Professor Angela Little, the faculty, the secretaries and the research students in DICE who were very helpful in the research seminars, papers and discussions during which I was a grateful participant. I am grateful to my own confreres, my Provincial Brother Alexis Turton, Brothers Kelvin Canavan, Brian Sweeney, Paul Hough, Charles Gay and Roger Burke for their encouragement, suggestions and sound advice during this time of research. The Marist Brothers community of Duncan Terrace, Islington have been kind and understanding hosts to their Brother from Down Under. Many people in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia have helped with their time, advice and kindness. Their names are listed in the appendix. Above all, I want to thank the Marist Brothers of the Sydney Province, who have given me every support and encouragement to embark on, and complete, this research. Catholic education has been a very big part of my life. Without the Marist Brothers this work could not have been accomplished. iv CONTENTS PAGE List of Tables and Figures xii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Contemporary Catholicism, The Catholic School. 1. Faith and Religion 34 2. An Understanding of Contemporary 37 Catholicism. 3. Catholicism. A Profile, 1990. 38 4. The School as Part of the Church's Mission 46 5. Catholic Schools 47 6. Vision of the Catholic School 50 7. Aspects of a Ministerial School 53 8. Critical Nature of Teacher-Student Relationship 54 9. Importance of Pastoral Care 57 10. The School as the Centre of the Education Christian Community 59 11. Authority and the Church 62 12. Consulting the Faithful 64 13. Understanding of Authority at the School Level 67 V PAGE Chapter 2: Social Justice. A Constitutive Element of the Church's Mission. 1. An Option for the Poor 73 2. The Biblical Concept of Poverty 75 3. Social Mission and the Identity of the Church 77 4. Recent Social Teaching of the Church 83 5. Proclaiming the Message 96 6. Education for Justice 99 Chapter 3: Catholic Education in Australia 1. Schools Born to Withstand Secularism 104 2. The Catholic Response to Prevailing Liberalism 106 3. The Period of Reform 1902-1916 107 4. The War a Cause for Change 109 5. Post-War Problems for Catholic Schools 110 6. State Aid Reintroduced. 1963. 112 7. Catholic Schools After Vatican 2. 116 8. New Problems Determined New Initiatives. 118 9. Karmel Report - A Watershed 121 10. Rapid Social Change - Implications for Schools. 1 24 11. Turmoil in the Church - Breakdown of Conformism. 126 vi PAGE 12. Increasing Conservative Influence 128 13. Increasing Government Involvement 1 32 14. Resource Agreements 1 35 15. Call For a National Focus 136 16. Examinations Influence Direction 138 17. Schooling Closely Linked to Economic Needs 140 18. Inherent Problems of Bureaucracy 142 19. Systemisation and Co-ordination 143 20. Centralisation Induced by Government 145 21. Concerns About Centralisation 146 22. Industrial Relations 1 50 23. External Pressures 151 24. Concerns of Parents 153 25. What of the Future? 157 26. Similar Picture Abroad 158 27. Responding to These Challenges 1 60 Chapter 4: The Catholic School. Developments in the United States of America. 171 1. Beginnings 1 74 2. The Protestant Majority 176 3. Intervention from Rome 179 4. Internal Dissent 1 80 5. The Influence of Isaac Hecker. 1 82 vii PAGE 6. A Search for Symbiosis. 184 7. Twentieth Century - A More Settled Scene 186 8. Reputation of the Schools 188 9. The Future of Funding 1 90 10. State Provisions Differ 192 11. Movement Towards Public Support for Sectarian Schools 1 93 12. Catholic Education Since Vatican 2. 194 13. Reasons for Decline of Schools 197 14. The Schools After Vatican 2. 1 98 15. Growing Affluence of Catholic Graduates 200 16. The Role of the Laity. 202 Chapter 5: Catholic Education at the Crossroads in England and Wales 215 1. Inherent Constraints on Development and Efficiency 216 2. Better Balance of Schools 219 3. Previous Strategy of Decision Makers 220 4. The Catholic School. A History of Constant Struggle. 222 5. Further Government InterventIon 227 6. The Welfare State Posed Problems 228 7. The Quality and Effectiveness of the Schools 230 8. Recent Awareness of Weaknesses. 232 viii PAGE 9. Ambivalent View of Catholics on Separate Schools 234 10. New Heterodoxy of Belief 236 11. Breaking Down of the Subculture 238 12. Difficulties Posed for Teachers 240 13. From Maintenance to Mission. 241 14. The Necessity of Qualified Staff 242 15. The Education Reform Act, 1988. 243 16. Teachers, Ethos and Expectations 245 Chapter 6: The Response to the Challenge of the 'New' Politics 252 1. The Catholic School's Concern for Justice. 253 2. Schooling for Poor and Minority Children. 254 3. Catholic Schools and their Commitment to the Poor. 256 4. Recent Assessments 258 5. The Impact of Catholic High Schools on Low-Income Students 262 6. Education of the Hispanics. Response of the Church. 267 7. Finance - A Barrier to Access. 269 8. Difficulties of Discrimination 271 9. Hispanics. Educational Level 272 10. Poverty Level of Hispanic Families 273 11. Care for the poor and disadvantaged 274 ix PAGE 12. The Effectiveness of Catholic Inner-City Schools 274 13. The RAND Study 275 14. What are the Characteristics of Effective Schools for the Poor? 278 15. Attention to the Poor, Australia 280 16. Special Education Provision 283 17. Equity and Compensation. An Option for the Poor. 285 Chapter 7: The State Level as the Focal Point for Education Policy 296 1. The States as Prime Sources of Initiatives 298 2. Use of Public Funds to Aid Religious Schools. 301 3. Who Should Make Schooling Decisions? 304 4. Funding in Private Schools 306 5. Dangers of Public Control 308 6. Complexities of Government Regulation 310 7. Complications of Divided Support 315 8. The Wider Role of Governors 317 9. The Curriculum : Market-Value Orientation. 318 10. Can All Pupils be Catered for? 320 11. Acceptability and Effectiveness The Church's Dilemma 321 12. Stronger Concern for Social Issues 323 13. The Religious Dream, Pluralism and a Stable Society. 324 x PAGE 14. A Place of Religious Liberty 325 15. The New Religious Pluralism 326 16. Impact of Incomes Disparity 328 17. Attitudes to and Aspects of Failure 330 18. The Place of Catholic Education in Such Societies 333 19. New Ethnic Considerations 334 20. Working in Society for Change 336 Conclusion 349 Interviews 366 Visits to Training Colleges 369 Basic Sources 370 Bibliography 377 xi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PAGE CHAPTER THREE Commonwealth Expenditure on Australian Schools, 1974-1988 133 Religious Affiliation, Australia, 1976, 1986 167 Population of Australia, States and Territories, 1987. 1 68 Students at Non-Government Schools, By Type of School, States and Territories, 1988. 169 CHAPTER FOUR American Immigration, 1861-1920 178 Number and Percentage of Religious and Lay Teachers in Catholic Schools, 1968-1982 203 Summary Statistics on Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1919-1987 208 Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools 1960 - 1986 Who Teaches in Catholic Schools? 1969-1988 210 Summary Statistics on Private Elementary and Secondary Schools : Fall 1983 211 Characteristics of Private Schools, by level and affiliation of schools 1985 - 1986 212 xii PAGE Religious Bodies - Selected Data 213 Religious Bodies - Selected Data - Continued 214 CHAPTER FIVE Educational Statistics of Dioceses in England and Wales.
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