DOCSLIB.ORG

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Control of Diapause Termination in the Colorado Potato Beetle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Control of Diapause Termination in the Colorado Potato Beetle Extrinsic and intrinsic control of diapause termination inth e Colorado potato beetle CENTRALE LANDBO UW CATALO G US i» 0000 0249 0007 ^ Promotor :dr . L.M.Schoonhoven, hoogleraar in de entomologie, in het bijzonder de fysiologie der Insekten Co-promotor: dr. C.A.D. de Kort, universitair hoofddocent bijd e vakgroep entomologie tl f/o^vo^l K.S.Lefevere Extrinsic and intrinsic control of diapause termination inth e Colorado potato beetle Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor Ind e landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr.C.C.Osterlee, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 12januari 1988 des namiddags te vier uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen SK) T_bfci3 Y Lay-out:Go nva nLaa re nKath yLefever e Omslagontwerp:Frederi kvo nPlant a Druk:Pudoc ,Wageninge n ^JoV^, ^t STELLINGEN 1.D everbrekin gva nd ediapauz e bijd eColoradokeve r wordt doord e temperatuur,d evochtighei d vand egron de nd eaanwezighei d van voedsel bepaald. Ditproefschrift . 2. Het.concep tda td eadult e diapauze voornamelijk door juveniel hormoon gereguleerd wordt,doe tonvoldoend e recht aand egecompliceerdhei dva n hetdiapauz e syndroom. • Ditproefschrift . 3.D ebewering ,da tdenerverin g vancorpor a allata tot hoge syntheseva n juveniel hormoon leidti ndiapauz e individuen van Loçustamisratoria , iso pbasi sva nd edoo r Baehre tal .gebruikt emethod e onbetrouwbaar. Baehr,J.C.; Caruelle,J.P .an dPoras,M .(1986 )Int .J .Invertebrat e Reprod..Dev . 22»ll+3-150. 4.D eui t hetvetlichaa m afkomstige factor,di ed everbrekin g vand epupal e diapauzei nHeliothi s zea veroorzaakt,zo udezelfd e kunnen zijnal s het ecdyson-synthese stimulerende eiwit,geïsoleer d uitManduç a sexta larven. Gray,E.;Meola,R..an dHolman,G.M .(1987 )J.Insec tPhysiol .33 , 325-331. Watson,R.D.;Williams,T.K .an dBollenbacher,W.E .(1987 )J.exp . Biol.128,159-173 . 5.D econclusi eva nKoc han dBückmann ,da tseizoen s dimorfismeva nd evlinde r A£a§çhnia l§vana alleen door het tijdstip van ecdysteroïden afgifte wordt gecontroleerd, volgt geenzins uitd eresultate nva nhu nexperimenten . Koch,P.B.an dBückmann,D .(1987 )J.Insec tPhysiol .33,823-829 . Endo,K. ;Yamashita,I .an dChiba,Y .(1985 )Appl .Ent .Zool .20 , VTO-U78. 6.D erelevanti e van veranderingen inhe t gewicht vand emannelijk e geslachtsklierenva n Danaus glexigguso muitsprake n over duure nintensitei t vand ediapauz et edoe ni sdiscutabel . Herman,W.S.(1981 )Biol .Buil .l60,89-106 . 7.D etoepassin gva nneuropeptiden-biotechnologi e tenbehoev eva nd e insektenbestrijdingi see ngevaa r voord eVertebraten . 8.D ehoger e doeltreffendheid vanhe tingrijpe no pneurohormonaa l niveau ten opzichteva nda to pjuvenie l hormoone necdysteroïde n niveausi s discutabel met betrekking totdestabiliserin gva nhe tneuroendocrie n systeem. Keeley.L.L.an dHayes,T.K .(1987 )Insec tBiochem . VJ,639-651. 9.D eaanbevelin go mnieuwe ,d.w.z .nie tdoo r evolutie ontstane predator/prooi associaties,bi jvoorkeu rt egebruike ni nbiologisch e bestrijding systemen van plagenka nbedreigen d worden voorhe tbehou d vaninsekte n soorten. Hokkanen,H.an dPimentel,D . (198*0Can .Ent .J16,1109-1121 . 10.He tbelan gva ninternational e uitwisselingente rbevorderin gva n wetenschappelijk onderzoekka nnie t genoeg worden benadrukt,wannee rme n beseftho edie pd emanie rva ndenke n doord eeige n cultuur wordt bepaald. 11.D ewijz ewaaro p insekten gepresenteerd wordeni nsommig e kinderboekjes kanonbewus t insektenvreesó flate r overmatig gebruikva ninsektendodende = middelen doen ontstaan,afhankelij k vand epersoonlijkhei dva nhe tkind . VanettijG. (1977)U npeti ttro udan sun epomme. .Edition sFernan d Nathan,Paris ,1980 . 12. HetNigeriaans e spreekwoord: "vrijwillig werkeni serge rda n slavernij" ishee l toepasselijk bijd ehuidig e economische situatie,waa r vrijwillig in feite zonder loonbetekent . Proefschriftva nK.S.Lefevere . Extrinsican dintrinsi c control ofdiapaus e termination inth eColorad o potato beetle. Wageningen,1 2januar i 1988. A la mémoire de mon père A ma mère Extrinsic and intrinsic control of diapause termination in the Colorado potato beetle. ABSTRACT The adult Leptinotarsa decemlineata enters awinte r diapause,whic h is mainly induced by short photoperiod. The effects of environmental factors (such as temperature,humidity , daylength and food)o n the behaviour and themetabolis m of some haemolymph components,a s for example the juvenile hormone,wer e analysed in diapausing and post-diapausing females. During diapause three consecutive phases could be distinguished, based on changing response to temperature: 'diapause development' or true diapause, followed by a quiescence which is facultative,an d a transient phase of post-diapause development leading to emergence from the soil (or diapause termination). After diapause,hig hmetaboli c rates are resumed and post- diapause development culminates in reproduction. The endocrine control of the termination of diapause was investigated bymean s of hormonal injections. Only the combined injections of 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile caused a temporary break of diapause only, lasting as long as the JH titre inhaemolymp h was high.20-Hydroxyecdyson e (20-HE)injecte d before JH suppresses the effects of exogenous JH on the endogenous metabolism of JH. It is suggested that 20-HE could be responsible for triggering the programme for diapause termination by the brain.Allatectom y experiments after diapause confirm the role of JH in reproduction and reveal the endocrine control of the induction of a second diapause.Th e presented results corroborate the theory that the brain is the primary organ controlling diapause. CONTENTS Voorwoord GeneralIntroductio n 1 Chapter1 Multdiapaus ei nth eColorad opotat obeetle ,Leptinotars a decemlineata:effect so fexterna lfactor so nmaintenance , terminationan dpost-diapaus edevelopment . 5 Chapter2 Changesi nth econcentration so fmetabolite si nhaemolymp h duringan dafte rdiapaus ei nfemal eColorad opotat obeetle , Leptinotarsadecemlineat a (Say)• 25 Chapter3 Juvenilehormon emetabolis mdurin gan dafte rdiapaus ei nth e femaleColorad opotat obeetle ,Leptinotars adecemlineata . 41 Chapter4 Endocrinecontro lo fdiapaus eterminatio ni nth eadul tfemal e Coloradopotat obeetle ,Leptinotars adecemlineat a (Say). 57 Chapter5 Effectso fphotoperio dan dallatectom yo npost-diapausin g femaleso fth eColorad opotat obeetle . 71 GeneralDiscussio n 87 References 97 Samenvatting 113 117 Curriculumvita e 120 Allchapter swil lb esubmitte dfo rpublication . Voorwoord Ikwi lhie ralle ndanken ,di edoo rhu nmedewerkin ghebbe nbijgedrage n aanhe ttotstandkome nva ndez edissertatie . Mijnspecial edankbaarhei dgaa tui tnaa rwijle nProfesso rDr .J .d eWild e voord egeestdriftig eontvangst ,di ei kva nhe mkreeg ,he tvertrouwe nda t hiji nmi jsteld ee nd estimulerend ediscussie stijden sd eeerst etwe ejaa r vandi tonderzoek . Mijnpromoto rProfesso rDr .L.M .Schoonhove nbe ni kzee rerkentelij kvoo r hetnauwgeze tleze nva nmij nmanuscrip te nd enauwkeurigheid ,waarme ehi j zedoornam . Dedagelijks ebegeleidin gwa si nhande nva nDr .C.A.D .d eKort .I kbe nhe m veeldan kverschuldig dvoo rzij nadvieze ne nd eenergie ,waarme ehi jhe t manuscriptkritisc hbekeek . Dr.J .Naiss e(Brussel )be ni kzee rdankbaa rvoo rall eaandach ttijden s dezeperiode ,d estimulerend ediscussies ,haa rwaardevoll eaanwijzinge ne n aanmoedigingen. Dr.S.A .War d (Melbourne)wi li kbedanke nvoo rzij nhul pbi jd estatisti ­ scheverwerking ,d evel eboeiend ediscussie se nzij nuiters tkritisch ekij k ophe tmanuscript . Dr.H .Schoonevel de nDr .M.A .Kha nwi li koo kgraa gbedanke nvoo rd e behulpzameaanwijzinge nbi jhe tdoorleze nva nmij nmanuscript . Vanhart ewi li kBerth aKoopmanscha pdanken .Haa rmedewerkin gbi jbiochemi ­ schebepalinge nwa suitstekend ;onde rall eomstandighede nwa szi jberei do m mijt ehelpen . GerardPesc hdan ki koo kvoo rzij ntoewijdin gbi jhe tweekeind-werk ;Helg a Romberg-Privéevoo rd evel eallatectomieë ne nJeannett eFarl avoo rd e biochemischebepalinge ntijden shaa rstage . Dr.L.W .va nBroekhove ne nDhr .W .Verhage n (CABO)be ni kdankbaa rvoo rd e aminozuur-analysen. LeoKoopma ne nFran sva nAggele nwi li khee lhartelij kdanke nvoo rhe t kwekenva nduizende ndiapauze-kever se nhu ngoed esamenwerkin gi nhe tveld . Hetpersonee lva nd etechnisch edienst ,d einstrumentmakeri je nd ebiblio ­ theekdan ki kvoo rhu nprettig emedewerking . Tenslottewi li kiede rdanken ,di emi jgeholpe nheef tbi jhe tgereedkome n vandi tproefschrift .Truu sWildema nheef thee lmoedi gd eeerst eversi e getypt.Maria nKoopma ne nTruu sd eVrie shebbe nlate rhe ttypewer koverge ­ nomen.Wille mWestlan dheef td efinal eversi evoortreffelij kafgewerkt . F.J.J,vo nPlant ae nP.J .Kostens edan ki kvoo rd evel etekeninge ne nJ . Bakkervoo rd evel efoto's . Ials owis ht othan km yEnglis heditor sDr .France sKimmin s(London )an d JulianKeenlyside . Drs.G .d eWilde-va nBuul ,Go nva nLaa re nM*T .Lefevere-Ga mhebbe nee n handjegeholpe nbi jhe tlaatst eoppoetse nva nhe tmanuscript . Mijnfamili ee nvriende ndan ki kva nhart evoo rall esteun ,di ez em e gegevenhebbe ntijden sdez eperiode . GENERALINTRODUCTIO N Theconcep to fdiapause ;definition san dhistorica lperspectiv e Dormancyi sa narres ti ndevelopmen ttha tenable slivin gorganism st o synchronizethei rlif ecycl ewit hfavourabl eseasona lconditions ,an dt o avoido rsurviv eunfavourabl eperiods . Twokind so fdormancie sar edistinguishe d ininsects : i) quiescence,whic hi sa direc trespons et oexposur et oenvironmenta l extremes(e.g .temperature )an dwhic hend simmediatel
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Disruption of Insect Diapause Using Agonists and an Antagonist of Diapause Hormone
    Disruption of insect diapause using agonists and an antagonist of diapause hormone Qirui Zhanga,b, Ronald J. Nachmanc,1, Krzysztof Kaczmarekc,d, Janusz Zabrockic,d, and David L. Denlingera,b,1 Departments of aEntomology and bEvolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; cAreawide Pest Management Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture–Agriculture Research Service, College Station, TX 77845; and dInstitute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland Contributed by David L. Denlinger, August 24, 2011 (sent for review July 20, 2011) The dormant state known as diapause is widely exploited by several hyperpotent agonists of DH capable of terminating dia- insects to circumvent winter and other adverse seasons. For an pause as well as preventing entry into diapause. In addition, we insect to survive, feed, and reproduce at the appropriate time of report an antagonist of DH, an agent with a unique structure that year requires fine coordination of the timing of entry into and exit blocks the action of DH in terminating diapause. The rationally from diapause. One of the hormones that regulates diapause in developed peptide agonists and antagonist that we report here moths is the 24-aa neuropeptide, diapause hormone (DH). Among offer previously undescribed tools that could be directed against members of the Helicoverpa/Heliothis complex of agricultural this group of agriculturally important pests. pests, DH prompts the termination of pupal diapause. Based on the structure of DH, we designed several agonists that are much Results and Discussion more active than DH in breaking diapause.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Monarch Butterflies, Danaus Plexippus
    Potential impacts of climate change on monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Rebecca Victoria Batalden IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Karen S. Oberhauser, Advisor August 2011 © Rebecca Batalden, 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am incredibly grateful for the guidance, support and encouragement that my advisor, Karen Oberhauser, has given me. Her constant backing—both financial and intellectual—has far surpassed anything I could have expected. Thank you. I am also grateful to my initial committee, Don Alstad, George Heimpel and Joe McFadden for their help shaping the direction of my research, and to my new committee member, Ken Kozak, for helping me finish my graduate degree. Thank you to A. Townsend Peterson for the crash course in ecological niche modeling. Thank you to all the MLMP volunteers throughout Texas who hosted my field study. They were generous with their time, knowledge, milkweed and caterpillars. In particular, Mary Kennedy lent me the use of her front porch to rear larvae and her yard for large mating cages and insisted I stay in her spare room. Jolene Lushine and Sarah Kempke provided assistance with the Texas field studies and many laughs along the road. I am so thankful to everyone who makes up the Monarch Lab. You made my graduate career so much fun that I didn’t want it to end! Thank you especially to Grant Bowers. I never imagined I would laugh so hard while doing lab work. Thank you to all the undergraduate and high school students that have passed through the lab.
    [Show full text]
  • Susceptibility of Adult Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata) to the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana Ellen Klinger
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 8-2003 Susceptibility of Adult Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata) to the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana Ellen Klinger Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, Entomology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Klinger, Ellen, "Susceptibility of Adult Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa Decemlineata) to the Fungal Entomopathogen Beauveria Bassiana" (2003). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 386. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/386 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ADULT COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA) TO THE FUNGAL ENTOMOPATHOGEN BEAUVERIA BASSIANA BY Ellen Klinger B.S. Lycoming College, 2000 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Ecology and Environmental Sciences) The Graduate School The University of Maine August, 2003 Advisory Committee: Eleanor Groden, Associate Professor of Entomology, Advisor Francis Drumrnond, Professor of Entomology Seanna Annis, Assistant Professor of Mycology SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ADULT COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA) TO THE FUNGAL ENTOMOPATHOGEN BEAUVERIA BASSIANA By Ellen Klinger Thesis Advisor: Dr. Eleanor Groden An Abstract of the Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (in Ecology and Environmental Sciences) August, 2003 Factors influencing the susceptibility of adult Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to the fungal entomopathogen, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.), were studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Diapause Research in Insects: Historical Review and Recent Work Perspectives
    DOI: 10.1111/eea.12753 MINI REVIEW Diapause research in insects: historical review and recent work perspectives Kevin Tougeron* Department of Biology, The University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, 1725 State street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA Accepted: 15 November 2018 Key words: seasonal ecology, phenology, dormancy, physiology, ecology, overwintering Abstract All organisms on Earth have evolved biological rhythms to face alternation of periods of favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions, at various temporal scales. Diapause is a state of seasonal dormancy adapted to recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions and triggered by biotic and abiotic factors that precede the arrival of these conditions. Several monographs already review the mechanisms of diapause expression in arthropods, from initiation to termination phases. Rather than adding another review to the literature on this topic, this paper primarily aims to link past con- cepts on seasonal strategies with new perspective on diapause research in arthropods. By focusing on insects, I examine the legacy of diapause history research in terrestrial arthropods since antiquity but mostly over the past 3 centuries, its contribution to the understanding of insect seasonal ecology, and I explore some of the reasons why it is still relevant to study diapause. I highlight some of the topical issues on which current work focuses to better understand and integrate arthropod diapause with their ecology, especially in the climate change context and for the provision of ecosystem services. variable than temperate areas, although dry and wet sea- Introduction sons follow one another. In temperate areas, the need to Most aspects of organismal physiology, metabolism, and survive winter has a particularly significant impact on an behavior are clock-controlled and result in daily or sea- organisms’ life cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nutritional Profile of the Social Wasp Polistes Metricus
    Journal of Insect Physiology 56 (2010) 42–56 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Insect Physiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jinsphys A nutritional profile of the social wasp Polistes metricus: Differences in nutrient levels between castes and changes within castes during the annual life cycle Timothy M. Judd a,*, Roxane M. Magnus a, Matthew P. Fasnacht b a Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau MO, 63701, USA b Department of Chemistry, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau MO, 63701, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In wasps, nutrition plays a vital role for colony cohesion and caste determination. However, there is no Received 5 July 2009 baseline data set for the nutritional levels of wasps during the different stages of the colony cycle. Here Received in revised form 30 August 2009 we examined the levels of carbohydrates, lipids, protein, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn in the wasp Accepted 9 September 2009 Polistes metricus at different stages of the wasp’s lifecycle. Individuals were collected at the following stages (1) spring gynes, (2) foundress colonies, (3) early worker colonies, (4) late worker colonies, (5) Keywords: emerging reproductives (gynes and males), (6) early fall reproductives, and (7) late fall reproductives. All Polistes eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were analyzed for their nutritional content to determine if there were any Nutrition differences between the nutrient levels in the different castes and how these nutrients changed within a Caste Cations caste during its lifetime. The results show there are differences in macro and micronutrient levels Macronutrients between the reproductive females and workers during development.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Monarch Biology and Ecology
    Appendix A: Monarch Biology and Ecology Materials for this appendix were adapted from MonarchNet.org, MonarchJointVenture.org, MonarchLab.org, and MonarchParasites.org. Monarch Life Cycle Biology: Overview: All insects change in form as they grow; this process is called metamorphosis. Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, in which there are four distinct stages: egg, larva (caterpillar) pupae (chrysalis) and adult. It takes monarchs about a month to go through the stages from egg to adult, and it is hormones circulating within the body that trigger the changes that occur during metamorphosis. Once adults, monarchs will live another 3-6 weeks in the summer. Monarchs that migrate live all winter, or about 6-9 months. Monarch larvae are specialist herbivores, consuming only host plants in the milkweed family (Asclepiadacea). They utilize most of the over 100 North American species (Woodson 1954) in this family, breeding over a broad geographical and temporal range that covers much of the United States and southern Canada. Adults feed on nectar from blooming plants. Monarchs have specific habitat needs: Milkweed provides monarchs with an effective chemical defense against many predators. Monarchs sequester cardenolides (also called cardiac glycosides) present in milkweed (Brower and Moffit 1974), rendering them poisonous to most vertebrates. However, many invertebrate predators, as well as some bacteria and viruses, may be unharmed by the toxins or able to overcome them. The extent to which milkweed protects monarchs from non-vertebrate predators is not completely understood, but a recent finding that wasps are less likely to prey on monarchs consuming milkweed with high levels of cardenolides suggests that this defense is at least somewhat effective against invertebrate predators (Rayor 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • A Mechanical Signal Biases Caste
    Please cite this article in press as: Suryanarayanan et al., A Mechanical Signal Biases Caste Development in a Social Wasp, Current Biology (2011), doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.003 Current Biology 21, 1–5, February 8, 2011 ª2011 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.003 Report A Mechanical Signal Biases Caste Development in a Social Wasp Sainath Suryanarayanan,1,4,* John C. Hermanson,3 Experimental Procedures). The subset of the wasps that were and Robert L. Jeanne2 third instar or younger when the piezo treatment started were 1Department of Entomology analyzed separately in order to distinguish the effect of treat- 2546 Russell Labs ment on younger larvae from that on older larvae and pupae. 1630 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Newly emerged wasps from three untreated, late-season, Madison WI 53706, USA field-collected colonies were also analyzed for their fat stores. 3USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Laboratory colonies were videotaped to obtain frequencies of One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA AD behavior and of feeding prey-liquid to larvae. All newly emerged wasps were analyzed for treatment effects on body- size parameters (Figure S3, available online). In a different Summary experiment with a separate set of colonies, we analyzed effects on newly emerged females that were pupae when first Understanding the proximate mechanisms of caste develop- subjected to the treatment (Supplemental Information). ment in eusocial taxa can reveal how social species evolved Mixed model analysis of variance adjusted for random nest- from solitary ancestors [1]. In Polistes wasps, the current para- to-nest variation showed that treatment significantly affected digm holds that differential amounts of nutrition during the percentage of fat stores (n = 33 wasps, 6 colonies, F1,4 = larval stage cause the divergence of worker and gyne (poten- 14.2, p = 0.019, Figure 2; power = 0.85, see Supplementary tial queen) castes [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Examination of Reproductive Arrest in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus Plexippus
    A Re-examination of Reproductive Arrest in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus. BY Victoria M. Pocius Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts ______________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Orley Taylor _____________________________________ Dr. Jennifer Gleason _____________________________________ Dr. Justin Blumenstiel Date Defended: August 20, 2014 The Thesis committee for Victoria M. Pocius certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: A Re-examination of Reproductive Arrest in the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus. __________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Orley Taylor Date Accepted: 8/20/2014 ii Abstract Migratory and overwintering monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, are observed in a non-reproductive state classified as either reproductive diapause or oligopause. The stimuli that lead to this reproductive condition have been characterized as changes in photoperiod, declining host plant quality, and temperature (Goehring and Oberhauser 2002), and in another study simply as temperature (James 1982). This study was conducted to examine cool temperature as the stimulus for the induction of reproductive arrest and to correctly classify reproductive arrest as either reproductive diapause or oligopause. Reproductive arrest was studied using monarchs reared in the laboratory. Butterflies were allowed to fly, bask, and nectar freely within screened cages. Cages were kept in temperature controlled growth chambers. Oocyte presence and ovarian development score were used to determine reproductive status. The mean number of mature oocytes was dependent on temperature. Females exposed to a mean temperature of 15°C failed to develop mature oocytes during the course of the experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Animal Diapause: Recent Developments from Nematodes, Crustaceans, Insects, and fish
    Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R1193–R1211, 2016. First published April 6, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2015. Review Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent developments from nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish Steven C. Hand,1* David L. Denlinger,2* Jason E. Podrabsky,3* and Richard Roy4* 1Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; 2Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; 3Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon; and 4Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Submitted 5 June 2015; accepted in final form 11 March 2016 Hand SC, Denlinger DL, Podrabsky JE, Roy R. Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent developments from nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R1193–R1211, 2016. First published Downloaded from April 6, 2016; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00250.2015.—Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advance- ments in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the http://ajpregu.physiology.org/ state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarify- ing proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • Heliothis Virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Initiation of Summer Diapause
    Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Initiation of Summer Diapause G. D. BUTLER, JR., L. T. WILSON,' AND T. J. HENNEBERRY Western Cotton Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona 85040 J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 320-324 (1985) ABSTRACT Summer diapause of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis vlrescens (F.),is a period of extended duration of the pupal stage, particularly of males, initiated by high temperature. In summer insectary studies, up to 95% of the male pupae exhibited delayed development. The number entering summer diapause was associated with high temperatures before pupation. Almost all pupae that had entered summer diapause over a period of several months emerged during the last part of September and the first part of October. In laboratory studies, high fluctuating temperatures caused the highest percentage of individ- uals to enter summer diapause. An analysis of variance showed that the effect of temperature was much greater than photoperiod, but with a significant interaction between these two factors. A daily 8-h exposure at 43°C caused an average of 95.6%of males to diapause and 58.7% of females. Summer diapause only occurred when the maximum temperature ex- ceeded 32°C. When exposed to a fluctuating temperature of 23.9 to 40.6"C for all of the larval stage, all male pupae diapaused, while only 50% of the females entered summer diapause. When exposed for just the week before pupation, from 63 to 85% of the males diapaused compared to 15 to 50% of the females. Exposure of pupae 2 days after pupation still caused 24% of males to diapause (1% females) and 3 to 4 days after pupation, 8 to 9% to diapause (1-5%of females).
    [Show full text]
  • Calliphora Vicina
    THE PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF DIAPAUSE UNDER PRESENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN THE BLOW FLY, CALLIPHORA VICINA By Paul C Coleman A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Biosciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham June 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract __________________________________________________ Virtually all temperate insects overwinter in diapause, a pre-emptive response to adverse environmental conditions and for many species a pre-requisite of winter survival. Increased global temperatures have the potential to disrupt the induction and maintenance of diapause. In the first part of this thesis, a four year phenological study of the blow fly, Calliphora vicina, identifies that diapause is already being delayed due to high temperatures experienced by larvae within the soil layer. Laboratory studies identified that non-diapause life stages are capable of heightening cold tolerance through a rapid cold hardening ability, and winter acclimated adults maintain locomotion at lower temperatures than summer acclimated adults. A previously unrecognised threat, however, is that higher adult temperatures have the transgenerational effect of reducing the cold tolerance of diapausing progeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Diapause/ Dormancy
    Chapter 6 Diapause/ Dormancy Ivo Hodek Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, CZ 370 05, Cˇ esk é Bud eˇ jovice, Czech Republic Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae), First Edition. Edited by I. Hodek, H.F. van Emden, A. Honeˇk. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 275 6.1 INTRODUCTION: MECHANISMS induces 50% response, i.e. in half of the sample AND DEFINITIONS diapause is induced, in the other half it is not. It should be stressed that potentially multivoltine species Some generalities need to be explained to make the may show a univoltine life cycle in regions where the reading of this chapter easier. The adaptive functions period of suitable conditions is unfavourably short. By of diapause are: (i) to synchronize the development contrast, ‘ obligatory ’ diapause is entered by virtually of active stages with favourable conditions and (ii) to every individual in each generation of the so - called enhance the survival potential during unfavourable obligatory univoltines, regardless of the environ- periods. The modern defi nitions were coined by Lees ment (Lees 1955 ). (1955) . He defi ned quiescence as direct inhibition of The original defi nition of obligatory diapause has development, caused by the direct effect of ambient become outdated by experiments with changing conditions (low temperature, lack of humidity), which photoperiods. Changing conditions (e.g. exposure to can be terminated immediately by favourable condi- short days followed by long days) for insects entering tions. Diapause is caused by conditions which do not ‘ obligatory ’ diapause under, for example, a constant directly prevent development, but which are merely photoperiod in the laboratory, may be a prerequisite for signals of seasonal changes (cues, seasonal tokens; a their development.
    [Show full text]