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Explainer: the Gods Behind the Days of the Week by Margaret Clunies Ross, the Conversation, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 02.12.18 Word Count 791 Level 1060L

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Explainer: the Gods Behind the Days of the Week by Margaret Clunies Ross, the Conversation, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 02.12.18 Word Count 791 Level 1060L Explainer: The gods behind the days of the week By Margaret Clunies Ross, The Conversation, adapted by Newsela staff on 02.12.18 Word Count 791 Level 1060L Image 1. Detail from "Venus and Mars" by Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, painted around 1483. The Roman weekday "dies Veneris" was named after the planet Venus, which in turn took its name from Venus, goddess of love. Image from the public domain. We are in debt to the Romans for having given us the names of the week. Each day of the week was named after the planets, which in turn were named after the Roman gods in the Latin language: • "Dies Solis," the day of the sun. • "Dies Lunae," the day of the moon. • "Dies Martis," the day of Mars. • "Dies Mercurii," the day of Mercury. • "Dies Iovis," the day of Jupiter. • "Dies Veneris," the day of Venus. • "Dies Saturni," the day of Saturn. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. However, Europe had many different cultures, and many peoples who lived in the West spoke an early form of German. They probably adopted the seven- day week in the early centuries A.D. when the Christian religion was spreading. These groups named the days after their own gods, choosing those who were closest in character to the Roman ones. One of those peoples, the Anglo-Saxons, brought their gods and language to the British islands during the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. The Anglo-Saxon language would later become English. The Days Have Their Namesakes In English, Saturday, Sunday and Monday are named after Saturn, the sun and the moon, following the Latin versions. The remaining four days — Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday — are named after Anglo-Saxon gods. These were probably worshipped before the Anglo-Saxons migrated to England and, after that, during the short time before they converted to Christianity. Tuesday is named after the god Tiw, about whom relatively little is known. Tiw was probably associated with warfare, just like the Roman god Mars. Wednesday is named after the god Woden (Odin in Norse mythology), who is like the Roman god Mercury. That is probably because both gods had the ability to travel through the sky and guarded the dead. Thursday is Thunor's day, or, to give the word its Old English form, Thunresdæg — the day of thunder. This corresponds to the Latin "dies Iovis," the day of Jove or Jupiter. Both of these gods were associated with thunder in their cultures. You might recognize a similarity here with the name of the famous god Thor from Scandinavia, which is the region made up of modern-day countries Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway. This similarity might be more than coincidence. Vikings arrived in England in the ninth century, bringing their own very similar gods with them. Anglo-Saxons were already Christian by this time but may have recognized the similarity between the name of their ancestors' god Thunor and the Norse god. We do not know this for sure, but the word Thor does appear in writings from the period. Friday is the only weekday named after a female god, Frig, who is hardly mentioned anywhere else in early English. The name does appear, however, as a common noun meaning love or affection in poetry. That is why Frig was chosen to pair with the Roman god Venus, who was also associated with love and was honored in the Latin name for Friday. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Of Gods And Weekdays The idea of "the week" — a cycle of seven numbered or named days with one of them fixed as the first — was probably associated with the Jewish calendar at first. But early medieval Europe inherited its idea of the week from the Roman empire through the Christian Church. In early Christianity, the tracking of time was crucial to the proper celebration of the Church's feast days and holidays. This is especially true for the holiday 0f Easter, whose date changes every year. The English names for the days of the week are similar to related European languages, like Dutch, German and all the Norse, or Scandinavian, languages. Gods with similar names, like Tyr, Odin, Thor and Frigg, were certainly known to the Scandinavians. They gave their names to weekdays in Scandinavian languages. For example, they appear in the Danish words tisdag, onsdag, torsdag and fredag, which mean Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday. The Latin names for the days of the week also live on. They are present in all the European Romance languages, like French, Spanish and Italian. In French, the days are called lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi and vendredi, for example. In Spanish, they're lunes, martes, miercoles, jueves and viernes. You will find the Latin words Luna, Mars, Mercurius, Iovis and Venus hidden behind them. Margaret Clunies Ross is a professor of English and early English literature at the University of Sydney in Australia. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Quiz 1 Which idea is highlighted in the section "The Days Have Their Namesake"? (A) Some English names for the days of the week come from the names of Anglo-Saxon gods. (B) The Anglo-Saxons used the same names for all of the days of the week that the Romans did. (C) The Anglo-Saxons brought their names for the days of the week to the British islands. (D) Many different cultures in Europe adopted the seven-day week from the Romans. 2 Read the paragraph below from the section "Of Gods And Weekdays." The idea of "the week" — a cycle of seven numbered or named days with one of them fixed as the first — was probably associated with the Jewish calendar at first. But early medieval Europe inherited its idea of the week from the Roman empire through the Christian Church. In early Christianity, the tracking of time was crucial to the proper celebration of the Church's feast days and holidays. This is especially true for the holiday of Easter, whose date changes every year. Which sentence from the paragraph explains why the idea of a seven-day week was very important to religion in early medieval Europe? (A) The idea of "the week" — a cycle of seven numbered or named days with one of them fixed as the first — was probably associated with the Jewish calendar at first. (B) But early medieval Europe inherited its idea of the week from the Roman empire through the Christian Church (C) In early Christianity, the tracking of time was crucial to the proper celebration of the Church's feast days and holidays. (D) This is especially true for the holiday of Easter, whose date changes every year. 3 How does the bulleted list in the introduction help develop the main idea of the article? (A) It shows some examples of the Latin language. (B) It shows the meaning of some words in the Latin language. (C) It shows how the Roman names for each day of the week were linked to gods. (D) It shows that the Romans had given names to each of the planets in the sky. 4 What is the MAIN reason the author includes the information about the female god, Frig? (A) to compare Frig with the Roman god Venus (B) to explain why the god Frig is less well known than the god Venus (C) to explain the origin of the English word Friday (D) to suggest that female gods were important to the English This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com..
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