DOCSLIB.ORG

Differences in Life Style and Nutritional Status Between Settlers and Siona

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Differences in Life Style and Nutritional Status Between Settlers and Siona DIFFERENCES IN LIFE STYLE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS BETWEEN SEITLERS AND SIONA-SECOYA INDL4NS LrVING IN THE SAME AMAZONIAN MILIEU ERIC BENEFICE and HENRI BARRAL Departnient of Nirrrition and Departnierit of Geography, Irzsririrt Français de Recherches pour le Developpmenr en Cooperation, and Insrirriro Xacional de Colonizacion de la Regiori Anza:oriica Eciraroriana, Quito, Ecuador (Received April 14rk. 1990: in final form March '3rd. 1990) The influx of migrant populations who came to colonize the Amazon province of Napo (Ecuador) profoundly changed the human landscape and physical environment of the region. To study the nutritional consequences of this newly created situation. individual anthropometric. agricultural and food consumption surveys were carried out among the colonizers and Siona-Secoya Indians. None of the children displayed signs of serious malnutrition. hut physical underdrwlopment, . infections and parasites were common, the settlers heing more affected than the Indians. With a lifestyle favouring better hygiene. agriculture majoring in food crops. and a more diversified menu. the suhsistence sisrem of the Sionas-Secoyas is better ahle to meet their needs and maintain their physical integrity than &at of the settlers, who are ill-adapted to their new surroundings and whose production is mainly oriented towards cash 'crops. The eficiency of Siona-Secoya subsistence acririries must be recognized. especially in the current cgntext of conipetiticin for access to land which is jeopardizin? the future of the group. KEY WORDS: Ecuador. Amazonia. Siona-Secoya. nutritional status. parasirism. subsisrence. anrhropomerry INTRODUCTION An ecological perspective integrating physical. social, cultural and biological factors (Jerome, Pelto and Kandel, 1980) is particularly useful in understanding the nutri- tional situation of peoples living in a state of subsistence. Nevertheless. the aso-oid balance between man and nature, which guaranteed satisfactory biological condi- tions, is currently being disrupted (Oomen, 1571), and resulting transitional situ- ations are difficult to analyse. In northern Ecuador (the Amazon region), for instance, no group of Indians can avoid interethnic exchanges (Kroeger and Freedman, 1984). The cultural values of the indigenous groups of that region have often been noted by anthropologists (Larrick, Yost and Kaplan, 1979; Vickers, 1976), but their well-being is being jeopardized by the integration of the Amazon provinces into the rest of the country (Whitten, 1981). It has been observed. in Amazonia. that this type of change has been accompanied by a deterioration of the state of health of the indigenous population (Bourée et al., 1985; Dricot-d'Ans and Dicot, 1978). The uniqueness of the present Ecuadorian situation consists in the coexistence. in the same milieu at the same time, of $twovery different subsistence systems: the "modern" system of the immigrants, representing in a certain sense the future evolution of the region, and the "traditional" system of indigenous groups representing the past and present situation of a population well adapted to its envi- ronment. 2 E. BENEFICE AND H. BARRAL As a result, the following questions may be asked: Does the Indians' traditional system assure their survival as efficiently as that of the settlers? Would evolution toward a modern system have a positive effect on their health? Comparing the nutritional ecology of these two groups should help to answer these questions. Hence the aim of the present work is to describe and compare health and nutri- tional status of the Indians and the settlers, seeking explanation in their way of life, production system and diet. MILIEU AND POPULATIONS This study was carried out in an area below the 600 m contour, between the basins of the Aguarico and Nap0 rivers (see Figure 1). The area has a humid, tropical climate with an average temperature of 25" C and a high annual rainfall of 3,000 mm, evenly distributed in time, space and quantity. The vegetation consists of luxuriant, tropical forest. The discovery and exploitation of oil reserves in northeast Ecuador in 1967 led to the building of roads, and permitted the influx of migrants from areas on the coast and the Andes experiencing population growth (Uquillas, 1988). Natural disasters and economic crisis have further encouraged migration. Between 1974 and 1982, the population of the province of Nap0 increased from 62,000 to 115,000, of which 70% are currently settlers, installed mainly along the trunk roads. _._ The settlers live in wooden houses perched on piles and roofed with corrugated iron. Inside, partitions divide them into small, poorly-ventilated rooms. They are surrounded by dense vegetation, and household rubbish, scattered freely, provides food for a host of rats, pigs and insects. Living far from the rivers, the settlers draw their water from shallow weIls without sides, easily dirtied by horses or children. They use no latrines. Domestic animals, dogs, pigs, horses, mules and other animals are many. The Siona-Secoya Indians living along the Aguarico River are descendants of two originally distinct ethnic groups, which are now closely related (Vickers, 1976). The Siona-Secoyas are members of the Western Tucanoan group, a branch of the Tucanoan linguistic family to which many Amazonian ethnic groups belong. It is an ethnic group in transition, in which traditional subsistence farming, fishing and hunting persist, but where market crops are making their appearance. The Siona- Secoyas have a markedly different lifestyle from that of the settlers. Their raised houses have bamboo floors and are roofed with matted palm fronds. They consist of one big room with low walls, and a small platform outside for the kitchen. The houses are kept clean inside and out, and surrounding vegetation is cleared. Influ- enced by Christian missionaries, San Pablo residents use latrines at the edge of the forest and filter rainwater through gauze for drinking. Every day, they spend a lot of time bathing and washing in the Aguarico River. Sometimes they keep tortoises or small animals such as agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.) in pens for food. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Our study consisted of an inquiry into the nutritional status of the community in the Amazon province of Nap0 (Ecuador) complemented by data on agricultural production and household food consumption. The first difficulty was to define the population groups. Immigration into Amazonia over the past decade has been so U i. C O L O\M B I A Y u COLONIZATION AREAS u blUNAb btLUYAb ItHHIIUHl * SITES INVESTIGATED 4 E. BENEFICE AND H. BARRAL heavy that the numbers, localizations and activities to these settlers are still not fully known; to this may be added the fact that certain groups established in natural reserves or indigenous territories have no legal property rights, and thus fail to figure on official registration. In these circumstances, a functional basis was used to define a sample, that is, according to the use made of the soil. This method has, furthermore, been advocated and employed for other nutritional studies (Collis, Dema and Omolulu, 1962). To do this, one of us (H.B.) drew up a typology of the uses made of the soil by the population groups in the area (Barral, 19S7) on the basis of an earlier socioeconomic survey (Barral, 1978), linked to the study of past and present aerial photographs and spot checks on the ground. The two most common production patterns for the province were selected: that of recent settlers in zones connected to the national highway network (that is, the petroleum- producing zone) and that of the Indians living along the rivers. Eight recently installed (mean = 5.5 I 1.5 years) settler‘s communities, or “cooperatives,“ in Shushufindi, Tarapoa and Coca areas (Figure l), were contacted and 83 families with small children were selected for study. In the course of seven visits between January 1984 and June 1985, practically all members of these families, 855 individ- uals, were examined. This figure represents 1o/o of the province’s approximately 80,000 recent immigrants, the population group by far the most numerous. The Siona-Secoya Indians in the San Pablo of Kantesi-Aya district were chosen by virtue of abundant earlier contact. The Rio Aguarico Sionas-Secoyas count 105 heads of households, representing some 400 individuals. Most of the inhabitants of the San Pablo population centre and its surrounding hamlets (230 individuals belonging to 20 households) were examined. Table I shows the sample sizes for both groups. Numbers of adolescents and adult males are relatively low since their work in distant fields or in the forest made them miss the survey. Health and nutritional investigations consisted of a general clinical examination and measurements of weight (in kg) and height (in cm). The children were weighed, TABLE I Demographic characteristics (numhers) of settlers and Siona-Secoya Indians studied in the Napo Province of Ecuador. ~ ~______ ~~ Serrlers Siona-Secoyas Tooral Yurririo17als~rn~ey No. families 83 20 103 0-4 year-olds 23 1 3s 269 5-7 year-olds 142 38 180 8-12 year-olds 209 74 283 13-16 year-olds 82 29 111 Adult males 40 12 52 Adult females 151 39 190 Total individuals 855 230 I085 Food consuinprion survey No. families 26 8 34 0-4 year-olds 36 14 so 5-7 year-olds 26 4 30 8-1 2 year-olds 30 7 31 13-16 year-olds 9 -7 11 Adult males 33 8 42 Adult females 29 13 42 Tora1 individuals 164 48 212 NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMAZONA lightly clothed, on a medical precision scale accurate to within 10 g. Children less than 2 years old were weighed nude in the arms of their mother. Then she was weighed immediately afterwards and the weight of the child determined by calcu- lating the difference between the two measures. Children up to 2 years of age were measured lying down on an infantometer; those age 3 years and over were measured standing up, with a stadiometer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecuadorian Territory
    1 Territories of Life • 2021 REPORT ICCA Consortium 2 There are Indigenous Peoples living throughout Ecuadorian territory. However, there are regions where they have a prominent presence, for example in the Amazon and the Sierra. In the Amazon, there are the following nations: Achuar, Ai’Kofán, Waorani, Siekopai (also known as Secoya), Quijos, Andwa, Shuar, Siona, Shiwiar, Sapara, and Amazonian Kichwa (comprised of multiple autonomous peoples, including the Kichwa People of Sarayaku). The Amazon region is also home to the Tagaeri and Taromenane Indigenous peoples in isolation,3 or “peoples in voluntary isolation,” as Saraguro, Paltas, and higland Kichwa. Ecuador A national analysis on the status of territories of life several studies estimate that at least 40% of Ecuadorian territory (104.06 km) corresponds to the territories Author(s):1 Paola Maldonado, Jaime Robles, Verónica Potes of Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The 1 Paola Maldonado Council Co-chair of the theme on “Documenting Territories of Amazon is the region with the largest area of Indigenous Life” territories, representing 73% of the country’s territories Jaime Robles Verónica Potes is a lawyer and activist for human rights and collective It is estimated that at least 40% of Ecuadorian the equator in South America, it is one of the smallest territory (approximately 104,059.1 km) are territories of and most densely populated countries in the region. 2 nations. In a plurinational and intercultural state, the which is home to the country’s largest areas of tropical recognition and guarantee of territorial and collective forest in good state of conservation. The highland region rights and the rights of nature is an essential path to (Sierra Kofán, Siona, Siekopai (Secoya), Shuar (in Ecuador, 3 The Tagaeri Taromenane are isolated family groups, linguistically Wampís nation in Peru) and the Achuar in Ecuador Pueblos indígenas aislados y de reciente contacto and Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region
    OAS/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 176 29 September 2019 Original: Spanish INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Situation of Human Rights of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples of the Pan-Amazon Region 2019 iachr.org OAS Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Situation of human rights of the indigenous and tribal peoples of the Pan-Amazon region : Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019. p. ; cm. (OAS. Official records ; OEA/Ser.L/V/II) ISBN 978-0-8270-6931-2 1. Indigenous peoples--Civil rights--Amazon River Region. 2. Indigenous peoples-- Legal status, laws, etc.--Amazon River Region. 3. Human rights--Amazon River Region. I. Title. II. Series. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc.176/19 INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Members Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Joel Hernández García Antonia Urrejola Margarette May Macaulay Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Assistant Executive Secretary for Monitoring, Promotion and Technical Cooperation María Claudia Pulido Assistant Executive Secretary for the Case, Petition and Precautionary Measure System Marisol Blanchard a.i. Chief of Staff of the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR Fernanda Dos Anjos In collaboration with: Soledad García Muñoz, Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights (ESCER) Approved by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on September 29, 2019 INDEX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER 1 | INTER-AMERICAN STANDARDS ON INDIGENOUS AND TRIBAL PEOPLES APPLICABLE TO THE PAN-AMAZON REGION 27 A. Inter-American Standards Applicable to Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in the Pan-Amazon Region 29 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples in Latin America (Abya Yala)
    PROJECT DOCUMENTS The impact of COVID-19 on indigenous peoples in Latin America (Abya Yala) Between invisibility and collective resistance Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Project Documents The impact of COVID-19 on indigenous peoples in Latin America (Abya Yala) Between invisibility and collective resistance This document was prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), jointly with the regional offices of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women); the International Labour Organization (ILO); the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Fund for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean (FILAC), within the framework of the activities of the Regional Interagency Group on Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean (GIRPI). This document was prepared thanks to contributions from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) of Germany. The boundaries and names shown
    [Show full text]
  • In the Nexus Between People and Rainforest
    In the Nexus Between People and Rainforest An anthropological study of conservation projects and indigenous people in Ecuadorian Amazon Monica Husum Nilsen Master Thesis Department of Social Anthropology THE UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Spring 2012 ii In the Nexus Between People and Rainforest - an Anthropological Study of Conservation Projects and Indigenous People in Ecuadorian Amazon Monica Husum Nilsen iii © Monica Husum Nilsen 2012 In the Nexus Between People and Rainforest: an anthropological study of conservation projects and indigenous people in Ecuadorian Amazon Monica Husum Nilsen http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Oslo Kopisten AS iv Abstract This thesis is based on a multisited fieldwork in Ecuador, January-June 2011. Ecuador is preparing for REDD, a UN- project to reduce emissions from deforestation, but already conducts forest conservation in many places through PSB. These programs may have a major impact on the target groups, who are often indigenous peoples. The focus is on the dilemmas taking place in the nexus between the people of the rainforest and the people from the outside promoting conservation of the rainforest. Experiences from two different indigenous villages, one Secoya and one Shuar in the Amazon, tell a story of suppression, social change, unstable relationships and discrimination, but also glimpses of hope, strategic actions and choices coming from agency and empowerment. In the process of participation in such projects they are faced with problems of limited information, hastily made decisions and conflicting interests and opinions among the villagers. The money they will receive by joining is a great temptation, but the restrictions in self- determination of land-use implied have consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Work with Indigenous Nationalities
    FUNDACIÓN FONDO ECUATORIANO DE DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE (F.E.D.) CORPORATE EXPERIENCE WITH INDIGENOUS NATIONALITIES IN ECUADOR GENERAL BACKGROUND: "Foundation FED" FONDO ECUATORIANO DE DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE ", has been developing to date processes for quality certification in the exploitation of non-renewable resources with social, environmental and business responsibility, is a non-profit entity, under private civil law, protected by Ecuadorian laws, created by free and voluntary association, by persons without any legal impediment to associate and act in reference to its Statutes, which were approved by the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador, with Ministerial agreement 045 dated April 24, 2002. For doing so, FED Foundation, for its operations inside and outside the country, is associated with several related entities, among others: Carbon Innovations Ltd which in turn has an alliance with Tricorona, with Genesis Global LLC, PACT INC and the Hale & Dorr Law Firm, Terra Carbon LLC, 33 Asset Management, ICONTEC, Terra Global Capital, Austrian- Israeli Chamber of Commerce, Nova Scotia, Zafiro Business Group, Forrest Bird Society, Global Environmental Alliance, Equitable Origin, as partners with those who develop and represent it. GENERAL BACKGROUND: Most of its work has been developed with indigenous nationalities or in the territory of such nationalities. Native Ecuadorians, are the groups of people who were present in what became Ecuador when Europeans arrived, 7% of Ecuador's population is of indigenous heritage. FED’s has worked virtually with all the indigenous nationalities and groups, and also in almost in all Ecuadorian continental territory. It has worked with human settlements in the provinces of Zamora, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbíos, and Orellana.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples and the Oil Frontier in Amazonia: the Case of Ecuador, Chevrontexaco, and Aguinda V
    \\server05\productn\N\NYI\38-3\NYI301.txt unknown Seq: 1 3-NOV-06 13:23 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE OIL FRONTIER IN AMAZONIA: THE CASE OF ECUADOR, CHEVRONTEXACO, AND AGUINDA V. TEXACO* JUDITH KIMERLING** I. Introduction.................................... 414 R II. Governments and Policy in Ecuador ............ 417 R A. Government Instability and Petroleum Politics ... 417 R B. Amazon Policy and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ...................................... 426 R C. Environmental Protection Policy ................ 433 R III. Texaco’s Operations and Impact ............... 449 R IV. Environmental Audit ........................... 468 R V. Aguinda v. Texaco: “The Rainforest Indians’ Lawsuit” in Texaco’s Homeland ................ 474 R * In addition to the sources cited infra, this Article draws on the author’s observations during regular visits since 1989 to oil field facilities and affected communities in Ecuador’s Amazon region; participation in local, national, and international fora; and interviews and ongoing dialogue with local residents, oil company workers and executives, and governmental officials, including environment officials in successive Ecuadorian governments and some U.S. and European officials. ** Associate Professor of Law and Policy, The City University of New York, Queens College and School of Law; J.D., Yale Law School, 1982; B.A., University of Michigan, 1978. The author has worked on issues discussed in this Article in various capacities since 1989 and participated in some of the events reported herein. At the time this Article was written, she served as the international representative of thirty-one indigenous Kichwa and Huaorani communities who came together in the wake of the dismissal of Aguinda v. Texaco to take legal action to remedy environmental and social injuries caused by Texaco’s operations in Ecuador and was accompanying them in a lawsuit against ChevronTexaco Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • English Contents
    ENGLISH CONTENTS (for Color Plates, see pages 27–50) Participants ............................................................................ 174 Apéndices/Appendices (1) Geological Formations ....................................................... 296 Institutional Profiles ............................................................... 178 (2) Water Samples ................................................................... 300 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 182 (3) Vascular Plants .................................................................. 304 Mission and Approach ............................................................ 186 (4) Fish Sampling Stations ....................................................... 330 (5) Fishes ................................................................................ 332 Report at a Glance .................................................................. 187 (6) Amphibians and Reptiles ................................................... 346 Why Ere-Campuya-Algodón?.................................................... 198 (7) Birds ................................................................................. 362 Conservation Targets .............................................................. 199 (8) Large and Medium-sized Mammals ................................... 374 Assets and Opportunities ........................................................ 202 (9) Commonly Used Plants .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmology and Transformation in the Perception of the Kichwa-Lorocachi of the Ancestral People Kawsay Sacha
    https://doi.org/10.17163/uni.n32.2020.10 Cosmology and transformation in the perception of the kichwa-lorocachi of the ancestral people Kawsay Sacha. Curaray river. Ecuadorian amazon Cosmología y transformación en la percepción de los kichwa- lorocachi del pueblo ancestral Kawsay Sacha. Río Curaray. Amazonía ecuatoriana Diego Yela Dávalos Universidad de Cuenca [email protected] Orcid code: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7004-8101 Abstract This article is the result of a larger study that investigates elements of the Kichwa cosmological system. The theme has been explored since the 80s from the so called perspectivist ontological turn that combi- nes theoretical models resulting from different ethnographic works with a common interest to propose alternatives to the traditional dualism between nature / culture. Based on an ethnographic methodology based mainly on the perceptions of local people, the article aims to show descriptively how certain cul- tural markers: shamanism and body building, local mythic and territorial perception are retracted. From the data collected, it is concluded that said retraction is due to the attractiveness of modernity and its te- chnologies, mainly towards the new generations. On the other hand we have the pause in the generational transfer of traditional knowledge. This is inserted in a particular socio-economic dynamic in a territory located outside the urban centers of modern development. Keywords Cosmology, cultural transformation, ontology, territory, ethnopolitics, shamanism. Suggested citation: Yela Dávalos, D. F. (2020). Cosmology and transformation in the perception of the kichwa-lorocachi of the ancestral people Kawsay Sacha. Curaray river. Ecuadorian amazon. Universitas, 32, pp. 185-200. Print ISSN: 1390-3837 / electronic ISSN: 1390-8634, UPS-Ecuador, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Smoking Prevalence Among Indigenous Peoples of the World
    Smoking Prevalence Among Indigenous Peoples of the World 2021 Smoking Prevalence Among Indigenous Peoples of the World Citation: Correspondence to: Glover, M. & Selket, K. (2021). Professor Marewa Glover Smoking Prevalence Among Centre of Research Excellence: Indigenous Peoples of the World. Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking Auckland: Centre of Research Excellence: Indigenous Sovereignty & P.O. Box 89186 Smoking. Torbay, Auckland 0742 New Zealand ISBN: 978-0-473-57125-2 Email: [email protected] www.coreiss.com 2 Contents Introduction 7 Africa 17 North America 91 Central America and the Caribbean 101 South America 129 Europe 153 Middle East 165 Asia 171 Oceania 201 4 5 Sources 245 Introduction 6 7 To progress the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals and leave smoke the most, and which tobacco products they will favour. no-one behind in the process, it is necessary ‘to collect disaggregated data on population groups’ (UN, 2019, p.43.). The UN Declaration on the Rights of For this reason, we chose a COUNTRY FACT SHEET format. However, country Indigenous People (UNDRIP) recognises Indigenous peoples as distinct population borders are social constructs subject to change. The land or water realms groups with rights to self-determination. Necessary to that, Indigenous peoples Indigenous peoples historically belonged to or inhabited are not always replicated ‘require information about their citizens, territories, and resources just like any by the country borders of today. Imperialist expansion processes, such as war, other nation state’ (UN, 2008). Suppressing the collection or reporting of data colonisation, or alliances, have resulted in borders where previously none existed. on Indigenous peoples perpetuates invisibility that allows the neglect or abuse of Peoples and their lands or fishing areas have been divided and moved like stolen their rights to continue without international objection.
    [Show full text]
  • Amazonía Ecuatoriana Bajo Presión
    www.flacsoandes.edu.ec AMAZONÍA ECUATORIANA BAJO PRESIÓN Víctor López A., Fernando Espíndola, Juan Calles L. y Janette Ulloa AMAZONÍA ECUATORIANA BAJO PRESIÓN Índice de mapas CRÉDITOS: MIN1. Límites político-administrativo, hidrográfico y biogeográfico ..... 6 Coordinación General: Víctor López Acevedo MIN2 División político administrativa de la RAE .................................... 7 Autores: Víctor López A., Fernando Espíndola, Juan Calles L. y Janette MIN3. Población por provincia 2001 y 2010 en la RAE ........................... 8 Ulloa. MIN4. Cobertura vegetal y Uso del suelo en la RAE.................................. 9 Recopilación, edición y cartografía base y temática: Catalina Va- MIN5. Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) en la RAE ............................. 11 lle, Fabián Santos, Sara Dávila, Karla Beltrán, Belén Rivera, Gianina Zamora, Alexandra Velástegui, Daniel Albán y Fernando Espíndola. MIN6 Territorios Indígenas (TI) de la RAE ............................................. 15 Elaboración de mapas para publicación: Fernando Espíndola, Sara MIN7. Unidades Hidrográficas (UH nivel 5 de Pfafstetter) de la RAE .17 Dávila y Juan Calles. MIN8. Distribución de la precipitación en la RAE .................................. 18 Fotografías: Frente de Defensa de la Amazonía - Unión de Afecta- MIN9. Áreas Naturales Protegidas y Unidades Hidrográficas de la RAE ... 19 dos por la Texaco (FDA-UDAPT), Mercedes León, (PDOT, Gobierno Provincial de Sucumbíos), Silvia Vallejo, Juan Calles y Víctor López A. MIN10. Demarcaciones Hidrográficas y Humedales de la RAE ............19 (EcoCiencia), Esteban Zarria y Santiago Echeverría. Fotos portada: MPA1. Mapa de rangos altitudinales de la RAE ....................................... 20 Cordillera Real Oriental (Silvia Vallejo) y Piscina de Texaco en Lumba- quí (Víctor López A.). MPE1. Bloques petroleros en la RAE ........................................................ 22 Diagramación e impresión: Giro Creativo. MPE2. Bloques petroleros en Áreas Naturales Protegidas en la RAE ........
    [Show full text]
  • WWF Environmental and Social Safeguards Categorization Memorandum
    WWF Environmental and Social Safeguards Categorization Memorandum Project Title: Peru’s Natural Legacy – Amazon Climate (PdP-AC) Date: 10/05/2020 Project Location and salient physical characteristics relevant to the safeguard Project analysis: Categorization (A,B,C): B The ‘PdP-Amazonía y Clima’ Project concerns 25 ANP and 12 of their buffer zones in four landscapces (Northern, Northwest, Central, and Southeastern). This includes: • 12 National Parks (NP) and 4 of their buffer zones; • 4 National Sanctuaries (NS); • 1 Historic Sanctuary (HS) and its buffer zone; • 5 National Reservs (NR) and their 5 buffer zones; • 3 Protection Forests (PF) and 2 of their buffer zones. • Northern Zone In the northern landscape of the Project, potential beneficiaries of the Project will be: • the National Parks Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Cóndor, Güeppí-Sekime, Sierra del Divisor y Yaguas, without their buffer zones (ZA); • the National Sanctuaries Tabaconas Namballe and Cordillera de Colán, without their ZA; • the National Reserves Pacaya Samiria, Allpahuayo Mishana, Matsés and Pucacuro, and their ZA. Most of their ecosystems belong to the lowland rainforest ecoregion (Selva Baja). Highland Rainforest (Selva Alta) occurs at higher elevations in the Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Cóndor and Sierra del Divisor National Parks, and puna, páramo and cloud forest in the two National Sanctuaries. 1. PN12. Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Cóndor National Park Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Cóndor National Park includes alsmost 88 000 ha of Lowland Rainforest and Montane Forest at the border with Ecuador, at elevations between 50 and 3,000 m.a.s.l. It was established in 2007 for the protection of a representative sample of the ecoregion ‘Montane Forest of the Cordillera Real Oriental’, which includes the famous ‘Cordillera del Cóndor’, and to protect the upper catchments of the Santiago and Cenepa rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK REVIEW Vol
    20 BOOK REVIEW Vol. 5, No.1 Book Review Plants and Ancient Man, Studies in Palaeoethnobotany. Edited by W. Van Zeist and W.A. Casparie. 344 pp., illus, A.A.Balkema Publishers, Boston, 1984. The International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany first convened in Prague, Czechoslovakia in 1968 and it has held meetings every three years hence. Plants and Ancient Man contains the proceedings of the sixth symposium sponsored by the State University of Groningen in The Netherlands in 1983. The thirty papers presented in this volume cover methodological problems, the use of documentary evidence, ethnographic models, and various European regional studies. A special section is devoted to the identi­ fication of archaeological wheats. The papers by Hillman and J ones discuss the potenials and problems of applying ethnographic models for cereal processing derived from Turkey and Greece, for inter­ preting prehistoric plant remains. Hillman's contribution also contains a test of his model on a palaeoethnobotanical assemblage from Cefn Graeanog in Wales. Willerding (Central Europe), Behre (Germany), and Green (England) explore the botanical content of medi­ eval maps, tax lists, paintings, court documents, herbals, brewery recipes, cook books, monastic texts, and market records. Green and Behre also compare the documentary evidence with the archaeological record. Forni analyzes the linguistic roots of Indo­ european agricultural terms to derive a unitary hypothesis for plant and animals domes­ tication that emphasizes the use of fire by prehistoric peoples for environmental mani­ pulation. Kislev (ancient Near East), Jacomet and Schlichtherle (Swiss Lake Dwellings), Janushevich (USSR), and Kosina (modem and prehistoric cultivars) tackle the difficult taxonomic problems of classifying cultivated wheats.
    [Show full text]