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The Araxa Honorary Decree for Orthagoras: Dating and Historical Context

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The Araxa Honorary Decree for Orthagoras: Dating and Historical Context The Araxa Honorary Decree for Orthagoras: Dating and Historical Context Junior Paper by Ilia Calogero Curto Pelle 1. Introduction In 1946, George Ewart Bean discovered a large stone at the site of the ancient city of Araxa in the village of Ören, Fethiye district, Turkey.1 It contained a Hellenistic honorary decree for one of Araxa’s premier citizens, Orthagoras. Since Bean published this inscription, it has become a primary tool for understanding, dating, and describing the events and processes that characterized the region of Lycia in the 2nd century B.C. However, the date of this inscription has become a matter of bitter scholarly debate for almost 75 years. The Orthagoras decree has been used for characterizing and dating, among other things, the creation of the Cibyran Tetrapolis,2 other agreements between Hellenistic polities,3 and the different phases of the Rhodian-Lycian Wars in the 180s and 170s B.C.4 However, the lack of a generally agreed upon date potentially jeopardizes the validity of these arguments. The present lack of a scholarly consensus and of a recent study of the inscription outside of longer researches on Lycian history and society necessitate the creation of a paper that confronts the diverse approaches and arguments on the topic. In this paper, I will outline the different mechanisms that are used to date this inscription, discuss their relevance, and argue for placing the date of this inscription in the late 160s and early 150s B.C. The full text of 1 George Ewart Bean, “Notes and Inscriptions from Lycia,” Journal of Hellenistic Studies 68 (1948): 40–58. 2 Malcolm Errington, “Θεὰ Ῥώμη und römischer Einfluß südlich des Mäanders im 2. Jh. v. Chr,” Chiron 17 (1987): 97–118. 3 Christian Le Roy, “Une convention entre cités en Lycie du Nord,” Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 140–3 (1996): 961–980. 4 Martin Zimmermann. “Bemerkungen zur rhodischen Vorherrschaft in Lykien (189/88–167 v. Chr.).“ Klio 75 (Jan. 1, 1993): 110–130. Page | 1 the inscription can be found elsewhere and so it will not be cited in full here.5 Its contents will now be outlined briefly by using the line numbers from Bean’s original publication. The inscription begins with a dating formula in the year of the eponymous priests Orthagoras and Menocritos (l.1–4). It proceeds to show the deeds of Orthagoras, son of Demetrios, ἐκ τῆς πρ[ώ]της ἡλικίας (l.4–8). During the war with Moagetes from the neighboring city of Boubon, Orthagoras was sent on an embassy to the Κιβυράτα[ς] to complain of his behavior (l.8– 14). When Moagetes continued raiding the lands of Araxa and kidnapped many citizens, Orthagoras was sent to the Κοινόν and was then elected ambassador of the Lycian League to the Κιβυράτας and Moagetes himself (l.15–29). He was a cavalry officer (ἔφιππως) during the subsequent war against the Κιβυράτας and again led an embassy to the League to request assistance (l.30–36). When Lysanias and Eudemos seized and established tyrannies at Xanthos and Tlos, he participated in the war against the tyrants (l.36–46). He also was a cavalry officer in the war between the Lycian League and the city of Termessus, camped in Termessian territory, and then represented his city before the Κοινόν in a dispute with an unnamed neighbor over the region of Soasa (l.46–54). He again was an ambassador of Araxa to all of the individual cities of the League and to the Κοινόν itself concerning Orloanda, which was freed from tyranny and then admitted into the Lycian Συμπολιτεῖα (l.55–62). Orthagoras was then sent on an embassy to two groups of Romans – those around Ἄππιος and those around Πόπλιος (l.62–69). He was also chosen by his city as θεωρός to the first and then to the second quinquennial festivals of the League in honor of 5 For the original Greek, see Bean, “Notes and Inscriptions from Lycia,” 46–48, Jeanne and Louis Robert, “Bulletin Épigraphique,” Revue des Études Grecques LXIII, n. 294/298 (1950): 185–197, n. 183, Luigi Moretti, „Una Nuova Iscrizione da Araxa,” Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 78 (1 Jan. 1950): 326–327, and A.G. Woodhead, ed., “Orthagoras Demetrii f. ab Araxensibus honoratur, c. a. 180a,“ Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 18 (1962): 189–191, n. 570. For full translation in French and partial translation in English, see Jean Pouilloux, Choix d'inscriptions grecques; textes, traductions et notes (Paris: Société d'édition "Les belles lettres", 1960), 32–36, no. 4 and Kweku Garbrah, „On the Enumerative Use of ΤΕ.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 96 (1993): 191– 210. Page | 2 the goddess Ῥώμη Θεᾶ Ἐπιφανεῖ (l.69–79). The inscription mentions a gift by Orthagoras to the goddess before breaking off. The following criteria have been used to date this inscription and will be individually studied and evaluated: the identity of Moagetes of Boubon and his relationship to Cibyra, the establishment of the tyrannies at Tlos and Xanthos, the war against Termessus and the admission of Orloanda into the League, the use of the praenomina of the Roman legates Appius and Publius, and the creation of the cult of Ῥώμη Θεᾶ Ἐπιφανεῖ. Scholars have argued for one of 3 dates for the inscription, based on one or more of the above criteria: 180s–170s,6 160s–150s,7 and 130s–120s B.C.8 I will attempt to argue for the middle dating by reviewing and comparing explanations by previous scholars, and including my additions to the discussion, where appropriate. 6 A.H.M. Jones, as relayed by Bean “Notes and Inscriptions from Lycia,” 53, J. and L. Robert, “Bulletin Épigraphique,” 185–197, Moretti, „Una Nuova Iscrizione,” 326–350, Jakob Larsen, Representative Government in Greek and Roman History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955), 217, note 26, Jakob Larsen, “The Araxa Inscription and the Lycian Confederation,” Classical Philology 51, no. 3 (July 1956): 151–169, Luigi Moretti, Ricerche sulle leghe Greche (Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider 1962), 188, Jakob Larsen, Greek Federal States. Their Institutions and History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), 243, note 2, Hyla Troxell, The coinage of the Lycian League (New York: American Numismatic Society, 1982), 12, and Shelagh Jameson, “The Lykian League: Some problems in its administration,” in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt v. VII, part 2, ed. Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haasse (Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2016), 835 and 843. 7 Jean-Louis Ferrary, Philhellénisme et impérialisme : aspects idéologiques de la conquête romaine du monde hellénistique, de la seconde guerre de Macédoine à la guerre contre Mithridate, (Rome: École française de Rome, 1988), 662, addenda on p. 131, note 297, Zimmermann, “Bemerkungen zur rhodischen Vorherrschaft,“ 110–130, Christof Schuler, “Ein Vertrag zwischen Rom und den Lykiern aus Tyberissos,“ in Griechische Epigrafik in Lykien. Eine Zwischenbilanz. Akten des Int. Kolloquiums München, 24.–26. Februar 2005, ed. C. Schuler, (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007), 55, Nicholas P. Milner, “A Hellenistic Treaty from Boubon,” In Griechische Epigrafik in Lykien. Eine Zwischenbilanz. Akten des Int. Kolloquiums München, 24.–26. Februar 2005, ed. C. Schuler (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2007), 163, with uncertainty Ralf Behrwald, Der lykische Bund : Untersuchungen zu Geschichte und Verfassung (Bonn: Habelt, 2000), 98, but later reaffirmed in Ralf Behrwald, “The Lykian League,” in Federalism in Greek Antiquity, ed. Hans Beck and Peter Funke, (Cambridge: University Press, 2015), 406, and indirectly Christina Kokkinia, Boubon. The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains. A survey 2004 – 2006 (Athens: Diffusion de Boccard, 2008), 15–23. 8 Bean “Notes and Inscriptions from Lycia,” 56, Malcolm Errington, “Θεὰ Ῥώμη und römischer Einfluß südlich des Mäanders im 2. Jh. v. Chr,” Chiron 17 (1987): 114–118, Adrian Nicholas Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East (London: Duckworth, 1984), 52, Denis Rousset, De Lycie en Cabalide : la convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda (Geneva: Librairie Deroz, 2010), 127–133, indirectly Le Roy, “Une convention,“ 980 and particularly 980, note 80, Alain Bresson, “Rhodes and Lycia in Hellenistic Times,” in Hellenistic Rhodes: politics, culture, and society, ed. Vincent Gabrielsen, (Aarhus; Oakville, CT: Aarhus University Press, 1999), 114, and Hans- Ulrich Wiemer, Krieg, Handel und Piraterie. Untersuchungen zur Geschichtedes hellenistischen Rhodos, (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2003), 261–262, note 6. Page | 3 2. Moagetes of Boubon and the Cibyran Tetrapolis. The inscription starts with an eponymous date by the two local priests of Araxa.9 Given the general scarcity of information about the city of Araxa outside of the few inscriptions found at the site, it is impossible to use their names for dating this inscription. While the letter-forms, length, and style of the inscription point towards the late 2nd or early 1st century, as several scholars have suggested,10 the dating of inscriptions by letter-forms is “notoriously difficult and unreliable”.11 This makes us completely reliant on the content of the inscription itself for determining its date. One of the most discussed criteria for the date of this inscription is the identity of Moagetes. We know of 4 historical figures called Moagetes, as detailed by Bean. 12 Scholars have principally focused on the tyrant of Cibyra who dealt with Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in 189 B.C. and the Μόλκηστης/Μοκέλτης of Boubon mentioned in Diodorus, who was killed by his brother c. 145– 140 B.C. The latter Moagetes has the benefit of actually being from Boubon, but the reconstruction of his name is based on an uncertain emendation of the original manuscript, where he is called Μόλκηστες/Μοκέλτης.13 The earlier Moagetes, on the other hand, is mentioned as ruler over Cibyra and two smaller towns, not over Boubon.14 It is conceivable that this Moagetes started off as a ruler of Boubon and later rose to prominence in Cibyra.15 However, this is not confirmed by 9 Bean “Notes and Inscriptions from Lycia,” 49, J.
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