Landowner Toolkit Show Your Hoosier Roots - Stay Native, Not Invasive

Landowner Toolkit Show your Hoosier roots - stay native, not invasive.

Toolkit Contents

• SICIM promotional flier • MIPN brochure – Landscape alternatives for Invasive Plants • IPSAWG brochure – Landscaping with non-invasive plant species: Making the right choice • 7 Invasive Plant Species Fact Sheets – glossy from IPSAWG (Periwinkle, Privet, Autumn Olive, Oriental Bittersweet, Japanese Honeysuckle, Crown Vetch, Asian Bush Honeysuckle) • 2 “Keep a Lookout” fliers with color pictures of 16 new invasive species – one flier for aquatic plants and one for terrestrial • Invasive plant species resource sheet – helpful websites, books and articles • Where do I start?! – INPAWS newsletter article by Ellen Jacquart on prioritizing invasive plant control actions on a given piece of land • Funding programs for invasive species control in Indiana – list and descriptions compiled by Ron Rathfon

Thank you for your interest in invasive species control!

This package of resource material, compiled by the Southern Indiana Cooperative Invasives Management, is intended to help landowners and land managers: • identify invasive species threats, • determine what options are effective to control them, and • find assistance for control efforts Southern Indiana Cooperative Weed Management Area What is the Southern Indiana Cooperative nate produce. Some invasive plants can even Weed Management Area (CWMA)? cause direct harm to humans or domestic It is a partnership between several federal and state animals. agencies, organizations, and universities aimed at coordinating efforts and programs to address the Why is the CWMA important? threat of invasive plants. Aren’t invasive plants already being managed? Yes, the agencies and organizations involved Where is the CWMA? are actively managing invasive plants, but The 37 counties in the southern 1/3 of the state of through the CWMA efforts can be coordi- Indiana are within the CWMA area. This region nated. It allows us to improve the effective- includes the Interior Low Plateau Ecoregion and ness and efficiency of management activities, is unique for its karst, extensive forests, hills, and, manage across jurisdictional boundaries, rivers, and lakes. Southern Indiana is known for pool available resources, and prioritize is- its natural resources, recreational resources, and sues. beauty. Invasive plants are a serious threat to all of these. How can I get involved? The simplest thing anybody can do to get involved is to be aware of the issue and not plant or spread invasive species. Learn to identify the major invasive plants in your area. Check to see if a plant is invasive before purchasing or planting it. Do not empty aquariums or dump house plants into the wild. Be sure to clean your shoes, brush off your clothes, and remove any dirt from equipment after being in an area with invasive plants. Start a control program on your land. Talk to local groups, communities, or government officials about invasive plants. Why are invasive plants a problem? An invasive plant is one that is not native to the For More Information: area, but has been introduced, is starting to spread, • Tom Tremain, CWMA President @ and is causing damage to the natural environment. 812-342-9193 or [email protected] Since these plants are in a new environment, free • Teena Ligman, Secretary @ 812-277-3579 of natural predators, parasites, or competitors, they or [email protected] often spread quickly. These large populations can • or go to - http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/ out-compete and displace native species, or can docs/plants/sicwma.htm reduce wildlife food and habitat. Some species can also disrupt vital ecosystem functions like nutrient Southern Indiana CWMA Mission: cycling or soil decomposition. Other invasive plants Protect, restore, and enhance southern Indi- cause economic damage to agriculture. They can ana’s landscapes by coordinating efforts to harm or kill crops, clog equipment, and contami- identify, prevent, and control invasive species.

Southern Indiana CWMA Partners: Bloominton Park Department, EcoLogic, INC, Four Rivers R&D, Historic Hoosier Hills RC&D, Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry, Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Parks, Indiana Department of Transporation, Indiana University, Lincoln Hills RC&D, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Purdue University, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, Society of American Foresters, The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Hoosier National Forest, White River RC&D October 2008

‘Prairie Flame’ ‘Prairie Rhus

per year (www.invasivespecies.gov). year per

plants cost the United States approximately $35 billion billion $35 approximately States United the cost plants

by changing hydrology or soil chemistry. Invasive Invasive chemistry. soil or hydrology changing by

currently show no signs of becoming invasive. becoming of signs no show currently

destruction. Invasive plants can also alter communities communities alter also can plants Invasive destruction.

native species and non-native species that that species non-native and species native

their toll on the environment is second only to habitat habitat to only second is environment the on toll their

invasive species listed in this brochure, both both brochure, this in listed species invasive

threat to our native plants, animals and ecosystems; ecosystems; and animals plants, native our to threat

We provide several alternatives for each of the the of each for alternatives several provide We

economy. Invasive plant species pose an enormous enormous an pose species plant Invasive economy.

Invasive plants threaten our environment and and environment our threaten plants Invasive invasion

Species that need maintenance to prevent prevent to maintenance need that Species

jumps the garden fence and invades natural areas. natural invades and fence garden the jumps W Watch and Maintain and Watch

gardeners can also increase the likelihood that a plant plant a that likelihood the increase also can gardeners

Unfortunately, many of these plant traits desirable to to desirable traits plant these of many Unfortunately, region per the definition above definition the per region

seeds so it doesn’t need to be replanted every year. year. every replanted be to need doesn’t it so seeds

Species that are known to be invasive in our our in invasive be to known are that Species

I Invasive showy fruits that attract birds or is an annual that self self that annual an is or birds attract that fruits showy

fast-growing. It’s even better if that plant produces produces plant that if better even It’s fast-growing.

We divided our list into two categories: two into list our divided We

Gardeners love plants that are adaptable, tough, and and tough, adaptable, are that plants love Gardeners

a beautiful garden. beautiful a

Everybody loves Everybody

posing a threat to the integrity of the community. the of integrity the to threat a posing

itself within existing native plant communities and is is and communities plant native existing within itself

A species, usually non-native, that is able to establish establish to able is that non-native, usually species, A

Invasive

humans, either deliberately or accidentally. or deliberately either humans,

Knockout rose Knockout A species that was brought to North America by by America North to brought was that species A

Non-native (exotic, alien, introduced) alien, (exotic,

natural means of dispersal. of means natural potential to be invasive. be to potential

to European settlement or has arrived since through through since arrived has or settlement European to produce fewer seeds than their parent species have the the have species parent their than seeds fewer produce

A species that was present in North America prior prior America North in present was that species A if they are sterile. Even cultivars of invasive plants that that plants invasive of cultivars Even sterile. are they if

Native

(indigenous) these species are only guaranteed to be non-invasive non-invasive be to guaranteed only are species these

of the Midwest. Cultivars or hybrids produced from from produced hybrids or Cultivars Midwest. the of

ornamentally and have become invasive in at least part part least at in invasive become have and ornamentally have become invasive. We use the following definitions: following the use We invasive. become have

brochure, we focus on plant species that are used used are that species plant on focus we brochure, species are not invasive. In some rare cases, native species species native cases, rare some In invasive. not are species

species, either accidentally or deliberately. In this this In deliberately. or accidentally either species, to a region, it is important to note that most non-native non-native most that note to important is it region, a to

People have introduced the vast majority of invasive invasive of majority vast the introduced have People Although invasive plants are almost always not native native not always almost are plants invasive Although

Vernonia fasciculata Vernonia Henry’ ‘Little Itea Roses’ and ‘Wine Weigela

Alternatives

MIPN.org Further reading Midwest Invasive Plant Network To find additional photos, full descriptions and cultural information for the suggested alternatives, please refer to the following references: Lobelia cardinalis Aronia melanocarpa Elata Armitage’s Native Plants for North American Gardens Armitage, A.M. 2006. Timber Press, Portland, OR. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants Colston Burrell, C. 2006. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada Cullina, W. 2000. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Sesleria autumnalis Liatris spicata Native Plants in the Home Landscape for the Upper Midwest Nowakowski, K.G. 2004. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. Landscaping with Native Trees Sternberg, G. and J. Wilson. 1995. Chapters Publishing, Ltd., Shelburne, VT. Illinois’ Best Plants http://www.bestplants.org PlantFinder http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Alpha.asp

Physocarpus Diabolo Amelanchier Regent For information on invasive plants: Invasive Plants of the Upper Midwest Czarapata, E.J. 2005. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden Landscape Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli. 1996. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY. Alternatives For information on the definition of invasive species: http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf for Thuja Brabant Cotinus cogg. Royal Purple Invasive MIPN.org Plants Midwest Invasive Plant Network

This brochure was created by the Midwest Invasive Plant Network’s Green Industry of the Midwest Committee under agreements with the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation (funded by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) and the U.S. Forest Service. Layout was done by The Holden Arboretum, and photos were provided by Midwest Groundcovers. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government or the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation. Mention of trade names or Phlox Volcano Amelanchier canadensis commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government or the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation. Invasive species and alternatives Invasive species and alternatives I Acer platanoides (Norway maple); Shade tree; tolerant of urban environments I Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle); Larger size than above Lonicera spp. Acer miyabei (Miyabei maple) E Small to medium tree; yellow fall color Amelanchier spp. (Serviceberry) NS/E White flowers; edible fruit; fall color Clusters of fragrant white flowers, Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) E Shade tree; tolerant of urban environments E Heptacodium miconioides (Seven son flower) purplish-red fruits persist through winter NS/E Acer freemanii (Hybrid maple) Fast-growing; yellow to red fall color Pale, pink flowers; yellow to red fall color; hybrid E Kolkwitzia amabilis (Beautybush) grows quickly Tilia cordata (Littleleaf linden) E Good street tree; tolerant of urban environments I Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife, including all cultivars); Bright pink-purple flowers I Ailanthus altissima (Tree of heaven); Suitable for many soils Liatris spicata ‘Kobold’, Liatris pychnostachya Large compound leaves; waxy brown pods; NC Showy spikes of purple flowers NS (Blazing stars) Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffeetree) tolerant of wide range of conditions Vernonia fasciculata (Prairie ironweed) NC Dense purple flowers; stiff stems White, fragrant, pendulous flowers; yellow fall color; Cladrastis lutea (Yellowwood) NS brown pods; tolerant of urban environments Lobelia cardinalis, incl. hybrid cultivars NC Tubular red flowers; attracts hummingbirds I Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry); Red fall color; tolerant of urban conditions (Cardinal flower) Flat clusters of pink-red flowers; NS Tilia cordata (Littleleaf linden) E Good street tree; tolerant of urban environments Asclepias incarnata (Swamp milkweed) grows well in wet areas Dense, evergreen foliage; small round leaves; E Buxus spp. (Boxwood ‘Glencoe’ or ‘Green Velvet’) fragrant I Phalaris arundinacea (Ribbon grass); Tufted growth form; easy to grow Spartina pectinata ‘Aureomarginata’ Ribes alpinum ‘Green Mound’ (Alpine currant) E Dense foliage; lobed leaves; yellow fall color NC Golden edged foliage; purple flowers (Variegated prairie cord grass) Fothergilla major (Large fothergilla) NS White flower clusters; red to orange fall color Carex morrowii ‘Ice Dance’ (Ice dance sedge) NC Stiff, dark green leaves; drought tolerant Cotoneaster divaricatus (Spreading cotoneaster) E Small, pale pink flowers; red to purple fall color Sesleria autumnalis (Autumn moor grass) E Forms tufted mound; drought tolerant Bright red berries in dense clusters; Ilex verticillata (Winterberry holly) NS persist through winter; attracts birds I Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed); Rapid growth; plumes of white flowers Dark, reddish-purple leaves; Showy plumes of white flowers; Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diablo’ (Ninebark) NC NS/E pinkish-white flowers Aruncus dioicus (Goat’s beard) grows 3 to 5 feet tall Rosa rubrifolia (Redleaf rose) E Purplish-red foliage; pink flowers Bright red stems; small white flowers; NS Cornus sericea (Red stemmed dogwood) good for hedges or mass plantings Rosa knockout (Knockout roses) E Brilliant flower color; disease resistant Showy plumes of white flowers; Persicaria polymorpha (Giant fleeceflower) E I Berberis thunbergii, purple forms (Japanese barberry); Purple foliage; tolerant of urban conditions grows 3 to 5 feet tall Cotinus coggygria (Smoke bush) E Airy pink flowers; purple fall foliage I Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula (Common and glossy buckthorns); Hedge or border plantings Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Diablo’, ‘Summer Wine’, Dark, reddish-purple leaves; NC Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam) NS Small tree; orange to red fall color ‘Coppertina’, and ‘Center glow’ (Ninebark) pinkish-white flowers Corylus americana (American hazelnut) NS Shade-tolerant; edible nut Weigela florida ‘Wine and Roses’ Dark burgundy-purple foliage E (Weigela ‘Wine and Roses’) and rosy pink flowers Rhamnus alnifolia (Dwarf alder) NS Shiny, ovate leaves; red to black berries Dense, evergreen foliage; NS I Butomus umbellatus (Flowering rush); Water gardens Thuja occidentalis (American arborvitae) good as a screen or hedge plant Stiff, pale green stems; grows in clumps; Dense, evergreen foliage; Juncus effusus (Common rush, soft rush) NS NS good for water gardens Thuja plicata (Western arborvitae) good as a screen or hedge plant Schoenoplectus pungens Stiff, triangular stems; NS I Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm); Fast-growing, tolerant of wide range of conditions (Common threesquare) good for water gardens Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) E Shade tree; tolerant of urban environments Schoenoplectus acutus (Hardstem bulrush) NS Stiff, round stems; good for water gardens Spreading, arching branches; good street or I Celastrus orbiculatus* (Oriental bittersweet); Attractive red and orange fruit Ulmus americana (American elm) NC shade tree (disease resistant cultivars, including ‘Princeton’ ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘New Harmony’) Leaves, fruit, and growth habit similar NS Celastrus scandens (American bittersweet) to Celastrus orbiculatus Arching branches; good street or shade tree Ulmus hybrids (Hybrid elm) E (disease resistant cultivars, including ‘Princeton’ Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive); Small tree, silver foliage ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘New Harmony’) I Elaeagnus umbellatus (Autumn olive); Large shrub, silver foliage Silver-green leaves; silver stems; NS Shepherdia argentea (Buffaloberry) red to yellow fruit good for wildlife Salix sericea (Silky willow) NS Silver, lance-shaped leaves Watch & Maintain species and alternatives Stems and undersides of leaves silver-gray; E W Euonymus fortunei, trailing types* (Wintercreeper); Groundcover Salix elaeagnos (Rosemary willow) leaves look like long rosemary leaves Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) NS Evergreen groundcover; large red berries Bright red stems; small white flowers; Cornus sericea (Redosier dogwood) NS good for hedges or mass plantings Asarum canadensis (Wild ginger) NS Herbaceous groundcover; heart-shaped leaves NS Silver foliage; very tolerant of dry conditions Herbaceous groundcover; glossy, Elaeagnus commutata (Silverberry) E Asarum europaeum (Wild ginger) heart-shaped leaves I Euonymus alatus (Burning bush); Red fall color; red fruit Helleborus spp. (Hellebore) E Evergreen; shiny, dark green foliage Aronia arbutifolia (Red chokeberry) NS Brilliant red fall color; red berries W Vinca minor* (Periwinkle); Groundcover Aronia melanocarpa (Black chokeberry) NS Brilliant red fall color; black berries Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry) NS Evergreen groundcover; large red berries Fothergilla major (Large fothergilla) NS White flower clusters; red to orange fall color Evergreen groundcover; NS Fothergilla ‘Mt. Airy’ and ‘Blue Shadow’ Waldsteinia fragarioides (Barren strawberry) butter-yellow flowers in spring NC Abundant white flowers; red to purple fall color (Fothergilla cultivars) Bright red fall color; green or red winter twigs; NS Itea virginica (Virginia sweetpire) arched branches; fragrant white flower clusters Small white flowers in dense clusters; NS Viburnum prunifolium (Blackhaw) dark blue berries persist into winter Brilliant red autumn color; NS Rhus copallinum (Shining sumac) drooping red berry clusters; glossy leaves Red capsules open to reveal orange-red berries; NS Euonymus americanus (Strawberry bush) green stems in winter Dark purple fall foliage; NS Euonymus atropurpureus (Eastern wahoo) red fruits are attractive to wildlife Aronia Brilliantissima Asarum canadense Itea ‘Henry’s Garnet’ Acer palmatum ‘Osakazuki’ (Japanese maple) E Brilliant red fall color; small tree I Hesperis matronalis (Dame’s rocket); Bright pink and white flowers Phlox paniculata ‘Katherine’, ‘Shortwood’, ‘David’ Narrow, pointed leaves; forms dense clumps; NC (Summer phlox) variety of flower colors Phlox carolina ‘Reine du Jour’ (Summer phlox) NC Bright prink flowers; mildew-resistant I Ligustrum vulgare, L. obtusifolium (Privet); Hedge or border plantings Small white flowers in dense clusters; NS Viburnum prunifolium (Black haw) dark blue berries persist into winter Asclepias incarnata Carex ‘Ice Dance’ Helleborus ‘Royal Heritage’ Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle); Fragrant flowers, climbing vine red or black berries; I attractive to birds (more serious problem in southern part of region) Lonicera sempervirens *Notes NS Coral, red, or yellow trumpet-shaped flowers (Scarlet honeysuckle or trumpet honey suckle) 1. Alternatives are identified as: native species (NS), native cultivar (NC) or exotic (not native to U.S.) species (E).

Lonicera x heckrottii NS/E Pink flowers buds open to show yellow center; 2. Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet): Can be difficult to tell apart from the native American bittersweet (Everblooming honeysuckle) hybrid fragrant flowers (Celastrus scandens). The native bears its orange fruits at the end of branches in large terminal clusters and the invasive species bears fruit in smaller clusters at nodes along the stem. Lonicera dioica (Red honeysuckle or NS Yellow flowers; red fruit Northern bush honeysuckle) 3. For several of the invasive species listed in this brochure, there are cultivars available that produce fewer fruit and may be marketed as less invasive. Research by Knight et al. (2011) demonstrates that these cultivars may I Lonicera morrowii, L.tatarica, L. x bella (Bush honeysuckles); Fast growth; red fruit for birds and wildlife still be invasive and that the only safe cultivars are sterile cultivars that cannot produce viable seed or reproduce asexually. Research by Brand et al. (2012) also demonstrated that nine Euonymus alatus cultivars had a high Amelanchier spp. (Serviceberry) NS/E White flowers; edible fruit; fall color rate of seed germination and seedling survival, regardless of the number of seeds they produced, and therefore none could be considered non-invasive. (See Brand, M. et al. 2012. Fecundity of winged euonymus cultivars and Calycanthus floridus (Carolina allspice) NS Fragrant, red flowers; aromatic leaves their ability to invade various natural environments. HortScience 47(8): 1029-1033; and Knight et al. 2011. Will Pale, pink flowers; yellow to red fall color; the use of less fecund cultivars reduce the invasiveness of perennial plants? BioScience 61:816-822.) E Kolkwitzia amabilis (Beautybush) grows quickly 4. Euonymus fortunei (Wintercreeper) This species can spread both vegetatively and by seed when allowed to climb. White flowers; purple-black fruit; NS It must climb approximately four feet before it produces flowers and fruits. If it is contained (by concrete or mowed Sambucus canadensis (American elderberry) attracts birds and butterflies lawns) and kept trimmed, it is not a threat. It should not be planted adjacent to natural, or minimally managed, Sambucus pubens (American red elderberry) NS Yellowish white flowers; red fruit areas. Yellow flowers; red fruit; bluish foliage; Lonicera dioica (Red honeysuckle) NS 5 Vinca minor (Periwinkle) This species can spread vegetatively into natural areas but does not spread by seed. If it attracts birds, bees, and butterflies is contained (by concrete or mowed lawns) and kept trimmed, it is not a threat. It should not be planted adjacent Pale yellow flowers; deep green foliage; to natural, or minimally managed, areas. NS Lonicera involucrata (Twinberry) small shrub; erosion control Stephanandra incisa (Cultleaf stephanandra) E Arching stems; purple-red to orange fall color What is IPSAWG? For More Information To identify which gardening plants are in- www.invasivespecies.in.gov vasive in Indiana, a partnership called the IPSAWG assessment for each species and Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working fact sheets containing identification and Group (IPSAWG) was formed in 2001. The control information many agencies and organizations listed below Landscaping with worked together to assess dozens of species http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/ used in landscaping to determine which were Information on identification and control of invasive or potentially invasive, and to develop invasive species Non-Invasive recommendations for the use of each of the http://inpaws.org/ species. This brochure contains the results More non-invasive alternatives and suppliers Plant Species: and recommendations from this effort. http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/CAPS/ Making the RIGHT Choice Information on the range and status of inva- IPSAWG Partners: Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative sive plants throughout Indiana Hoosier National Forest Indiana Academy of Science Indiana Beekeeper’s Association N Indiana Chapter-American Society of Landscape Architects Indiana Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program Indiana Department of Environmental Management Indiana Department of Natural Resources Indiana Department of Transportation Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Indiana Forage Council Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society Indiana Nursery and Landscape Association Indiana Seed Trade Association Tiger eyes sumac (Rhus typhina cv. ‘Tiger Eyes’, cv.) is a dwarf, slow Indiana State Beekeepers Association spreading sumac with lacy, luminous leaves. (A. Bracalente photo) Indiana Wildlife Federation Natural Resource Conservation Service Funding for this brochure provided by: Purdue Cooperative Extension Service IDNR Urban Forest Conservation Fund Seed Administrator, Office of the Indiana State Chemist Indiana Academy of Science The Nature Conservancy Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society The Wildlife Society, Indiana Chapter The Nature Conservancy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

September 2007

Landscaping with Non-Invasive Plant Species: Making the RIGHT Choice Gardening is a fun and relaxing hobby enjoyed by many. Unfortunately, some of the plant species available to gardeners are invasive; that is, these plant species can move from the garden into our forests, prairies, and wetlands, causing a great deal of damage to our native plants and wildlife. Private landowners, agencies, and land trusts in Indiana spend hundreds of thousands of dollars each year trying to control the spread of invasive species. You Can Help! Make the right landscaping choice - don’t plant invasives! There are thousands of non-invasive alternatives. Several alternatives are featured in this brochure; those species native to Indiana are identified by N

N N N

Purple coneflower Echinacea( purpurea) has long-lasting purple flowers in June and July. (E. Jacquart photo)

INVASIVE GARDEN SPECIES IN INDIANA AND IPSAWG RECOMMENDATIONS: Skullcap (Scutellaria incana) has blue flowers in July and is shade tolerant. DO NOT BUY, SELL OR PLANT IN INDIANA (F. Solkowski photo) COMMON NAME LATIN NAME INVASIVENESS Crownvetch Coronilla varia MEDIUM N Dame’s rocket Hesperis matronalis HIGH Japanese knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum MEDIUM Multiflora rose1 Rosa multiflora HIGH FLOWERS Purple loosestrife1 Lythrum salicaria HIGH 1 Illegal in Indiana.

N N

Swamp rose (Rosa palustris) up to 6’ Firepink (Silene virginica) is a spring wild- tall with mid-summer flower with dazzling red flowers that grows Yellow coneflower Ratibida( pinnata) and wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) need pink, fragrant blooms. well in dry conditions. (A. Bracalente photo) full sun but do well in a wide variety of soil conditions. (R. Ciasto photo) (R. Ciasto photo) N N

Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) is a fast growing shade tree that can reach up to 100’ tall (E. Jacquart photo) Red buckeye (Aesculus pavia) is a small tree covered with red showy INVASIVE GARDEN SPECIES IN INDIANA AND IPSAWG RECOMMENDATIONS: flowers in spring; grows best in moist soils. (A. Bracalente photo) Red maple (Acer rubrum) reaches DO NOT BUY, SELL OR PLANT IN INDIANA 40’ - 60’ tall, with brilliant red or yellow fall color. (A. Bracalente COMMON NAME LATIN NAME INVASIVENESS N photo) Norway maple Acer platanoides MEDIUM PLANT WITH CAUTION: Do not plant these species near open natural areas like Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus) has maroon, spicy-scented prairies, savannas, or glades. The portions of Indiana where these vulnerable TREES flowers in early summer and is deer communities are found are shown in red on the Indiana map. resistant. (A. Bracalente photo) Sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima MEDIUM POTENTIAL Siberian elm Ulmus pumila MEDIUM POTENTIAL

DO NOT BUY, SELL OR PLANT IN INDIANA COMMON NAME LATIN NAME INVASIVENESS Asian bush Lonicera maackii, L. tatarica, HIGH honeysuckle L. morrowii, L. x bella Autumn olive Eleagnus umbellata MEDIUM Blunt-leaved privet Ligustrum obtusifolium HIGH Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica HIGH POTENTIAL White cedar (Thuja occidentalis) is a Glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus HIGH small-sized evergreen that grows in Japanese barberry all but very wet or very dry soils. Berberis thunbergii MEDIUM (A. Bracalente photo) Privet Ligustrum vulgare, L. HIGH POTENTIAL SHRUBS amurense, L. sinense, N N L. ovalifolium Russian olive Eleagnus angustifolia HIGH POTENTIAL

PLANT WITH CAUTION: Do not plant parent species (Euonymus alatus) or cultivars which produce large amounts of fruits. Cultivar ‘Rudy Haag’ may be a less invasive cultivar. Burning bush Euonymus alatus HIGH POTENTIAL

DO NOT BUY, SELL OR PLANT IN INDIANA COMMON NAME LATIN NAME INVASIVENESS Phragmites Phragmites australis MEDIUM Ribbon grass, Reed Phalaris arundinacea HIGH canarygrass var. picta PLANT WITH CAUTION: Do not plant this species near open natural areas like New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americana) GRASSES is a small shrub (under 3’) with white prairies, savannas, or glades. The portions of Indiana where these vulnerable balls of flowers in summer; does well Virginia sweetspire (Itea virginica) is communities are found are shown in red on the Indiana map. on dry sites. (H. Cox photo) a medium-sized, highly adaptable Chinese maiden grass Miscanthus sinensis MEDIUM POTENTIAL shrub with long narrow flower spikes. (H. Cox photo) DO NOT BUY, SELL OR PLANT IN INDIANA N COMMON NAME LATIN NAME INVASIVENESS 1 N Kudzu Pueraria montana HIGH ChineseJapanese maiden honeysuckle grass MiscanthusLonicera japonica sinensis MEDIUMHIGH POTENTIAL Japanese hops Humulus japonicus MEDIUM Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus HIGH 1 Illegal in Indiana. VINES PLANT WITH CAUTION: Plant these species only next to concrete or lawns, and do not allow to climb (this will prevent production and spread of seeds). English ivy Hedera helix HIGH POTENTIAL Periwinkle Vinca minor MEDIUM Winter creeper Euonymus fortunei HIGH

Results based upon the IPSAWG assessments of Ecological Impact, Potential for Expansion, and Difficulty of Control for each species. Visitwww.invasivespecies.in.gov for more specifics on each species. HIGH, MEDIUM, and LOW rankings are used for those invasive species already in Indiana and Leatherflower Clematis( viorna) is Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) currently having a documented impact on native plant communities in the state. a climbing vine with dangling pink, is a 4’ - 5’ grass with bronze seed HIGH POTENTIAL, MEDIUM POTENTIAL, and LOW POTENTIAL rankings are used for species that are leathery flowers. (H. Cox photo) heads in the fall. (H. Cox photo) not currently documented as causing significant impacts to native plant communities, but have the potential to become invasive based on the Potential for Expansion measure and similarity in climate to other areas of the country where the species is already invasive. N N

Little bluestem (Schizachyrium sco- parium) is a short, tuft-forming grass which turns bronze in the fall and does Wild ginger (Asarum canadense) is a ground- Dutchman’s pipe (Aristolochia tomentosa) is a climbing vine with golden fall well on dry sites. (A. Bracalente photo) cover with heart-shaped leaves. (H. Cox photo) foliage and unusual pipe-shaped flowers. (A. Bracalente photo) INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Periwinkle Vinca minor

Description: Problem: Origin:

Vinca minor is a Once established, Vinca Vinca minor is a perennial, evergreen minor forms a dense native from southern herb that matures at carpet to the exclusion of Switzerland southward about 6” tall and stems other plants. This cre- around much of the that continue to elongate ates a problem where it Mediterranean basin, each year to many yards is competing with native from Portugal to Turkey, in length. It exhibits a flora. In ideal growth con- and across much of trailing mat, prostrate ditions, Vinca minor can north Africa. It has mat or mounding mat spread with great rapidity been introduced in growth habit and has a by means of its arching the United States as a medium growth rate. Its stolons, which root at the medicinal herb and as an leaves are evergreen, tips. Dry or cold weather ornamental ground cover. elliptic and dark green may temporarily set above with a subtle white growth back, but it quickly mid-vein. The flowers resprouts and regains are predominantly blue- lost ground coverage. It purple, originate from the grows most vigorously in leaf axils, composed of moist soil with only partial five fused pinwheel-like sun, but it can grow in the petals and a short tubular deepest shade and even throat. They bloom in in poor soil. late March and April and sporadically throughout the growing season. Picture By: Ellen Jacquart

Pictures By (From top to bottom): Distribution: IPSAWG Ranking: K. Yatskievych, D. Tenaglia @ www.invasive.org and D. Tenaglia @ www.invasive.org. Periwinkle is frequently HIGH LOW MEDIUM Invasive Plants found in well-drained, open, disturbed ground are a Threat to: of shaded woods, edges and roadsides. It is Ecological Potential for Difficulty of Impact Expansion Control • Forests and escaped throughout the wetlands eastern US, and can become a dominant and IPSAWG Recommendation: • Native plants sometimes monotypic •Plant periwinkle only next to concrete or lawns; do not understory in the plant next to natural areas. northeastern US. In • Perennial gardens •Help by eradicating any periwinkle adjacent to or in Indiana, it has been found natural areas on your property. • Wildlife as an escaped species in all counties. It grows This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted more aggressively in the • Lakes and rivers by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group south part of the state, (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies covering hundreds of concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess • Human health acres in southern Indiana which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. forests. • Farmland For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Prepared: 05/07 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to Periwinkle: Periwinkle can be pulled, In winter, herbicide controls are known. raked, or dug up, though treatments should be resprouting will occur. It limited to days when the Always read and can also be cut or mowed high temperature exceeds follow pesticide label in spring during its rapid 50° F. No biological directions. growth stage followed by a foliar application of glyphosate on the resprouts. Herbicide alone can be used as a control method. Dwarf Crested Iris Thoroughly wet all leaves (Iris cristata) triclopyr (Garlon 3A) or glyphosate (Roundup) mixed according to label directions at the highest allowed rate plus a non- ionic surfactant. This should be done between July to October for successive years. Picture By: J. Swearingen @ www.invasive.org.

Palm Sedge (Carex muskingumensis) Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

You can help stop the spread of invasive plants by following these 8 easy guidelines: 1. Ask for only non- for invasive species, and and natural areas to assist invasive species when you remove invasives before ongoing efforts to diminish acquire plants. Request that they become a problem. If the threat of invasive nurseries and garden plants can’t be removed, plants. centers sell only non- at least prevent them from 7. Help educate your invasive plants. going to seed. community through 2. Seek information on 4. Clean your boots before personal contacts and in invasive plants. Sources and after visiting a natural such settings as garden Wild Ginger include botanical gardens, area to prevent the spread clubs and civic groups. (Asarum canadense) horticulturists, of invasive plant seeds. 8. Support public policies conservationists, and 5. Don’t release aquarium and programs to control government agencies. plants into the wild. invasive plants. 3. Scout your property 6. Volunteer at local parks For More Information: On this assessment and IPSAWG: IPSAWG Creeping Phlox (Phlox subulata) www.invasivespecies.IN.gov On identification and control techniques: Pictures By (Top to Bottom): Kay The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Yatskievych, R. H. Mohlenbrock www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu @ USDA-NRCS Plants Database, Dennis W. Woodland and Thomas On native plant alternatives and sources: Barnes @ USDA-NRCS Plants Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society Database. www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Blunt-leaved Privet Ligustrum obtusifolium

Description: Problem: Origin:

Ligustrum obtusifolium Ligustrum obtusifolium There are approximately is a semi-evergreen to grows readily from seed 50 Ligustrum species deciduous, large foliage or from root and stump that are native to Europe, sprouts. It can escape shrub in the olive family. North Africa, and Asia. Its leaves are opposite, from cultivation when Ligustrum spp. have simple, oblong, 1 to 2 the fruits are consumed been cultivated and inches long, dark green by wildlife, particularly above and lighter below birds, which often developed into several with a rounded or blunt excrete the seeds at horticultural varieties, and tip and base. Blunt- distant locations where were introduced to North leaved privet has short they may germinate. It America as a common panicles of white flowers invades natural areas hedge in landscaping. that are often dense, such as floodplain forests Ligustrum obtusifolium is very fragrant and appear and woodlands. It also native to Japan. in late spring. The fruit displaces shrubs in is shiny and blue-black regenerating communities with a white waxy bloom, and remains persistent smaller than ¼ inch in in these areas. It forms diameter that ripens in dense thickets that out the fall and persists into compete many kinds of native vegetation. the following Spring. Picture By: Katherine Howe The bark is smooth and grayish brown with short, IPSAWG Ranking: light colored horizontal Pictures By (From top to bottom): Dendrology at Virginia Tech. lenticels.

Distribution: MEDIUM HIGH HIGH

In United States, Invasive Plants Ligustrum obtusifolium are a Threat to: Ecological Potential for Difficulty of can be found throughout Impact Expansion Control the eastern and south- • Forests and central states. It IPSAWG Recommendation: wetlands can be seen along •Do not buy, sell or plant blunt-leaved privet in Indiana. roadsides, in old fields •Help by eradicating blunt-leaved privet on your prop- • and in other disturbed Native plants erty. habitats and in a variety •Also, avoid other species of privet (Ligustrum spp.); of undisturbed natural • Perennial gardens these species are considered invasive in many parts of areas, including bogs, the Midwest. wetlands, floodplains, old • Wildlife fields, calcareous glades This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted and barrens, and mesic • by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group Lakes and rivers hardwood forests. In (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies Indiana, privet is locally concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess • Human Health abundant throughout the which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. state in riparian forests. • Farmland For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Prepared: 10/06 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: be very effective. One and 75% horticultural ALTERNATIVES method is to cut stems oil to the basal parts of to Blunt-leaved Privet: Manual, mechanical and at or near ground level the shrub to a height of chemical methods are all and apply a 25% solution 12-15 inches from the useful in varying degrees of glyphosate and water ground. Both methods in controlling Ligustrum or triclopyr and water are effective throughout obtusifolium. Mowing and to the cut stump. The the year. cutting are appropriate second method is to Always read and follow for small populations apply a 25% triclopyr pesticide labels. or environmentally sensitive areas where herbicides cannot be used. It can also be Gray Dogwood effectively controlled by (Cornus racemosa) the manual removal of young seedlings. Plants should be pulled as soon as they are large enough to grasp but before they produce seeds. There are no known biological controls. However, herbicide treatments can A stand of privet. Picture By: The Nature Conservancy.

Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

For More Information: On this assessment and IPSAWG: IPSAWG www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Ninebark On identification and control techniques: (Physocarpus opulifolius) The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Pictures By (Top to Bottom): Den- www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu drology at Virginia Tech and D.E. On native plant alternatives and sources: Herman, Larry Allain and William S. Justice @ USDA - NRCS Plants Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society Database. www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Autumn Olive Elaeagnus umbellata

Description: Problem: Origin:

Autumn olive is a medium Autumn olive exhibits Autumn olive is native to to large deciduous shrub. prolific fruiting, rapid China, Korea and Japan. Its leaves are alternate, growth, is widely It was first introduced to oval to lanceolate, dispersed by birds and United States from Japan untoothed and grow to can thrive in poor soil. It in 1830. In Indiana, as 1-3 inches in length. has the ability to produce in the rest of the country, The upper surface of the up to 80 pounds of fruit autumn olive was often leaves is dark green to in a single season. Due used for the revegetation grayish-green in color, to its nitrogen fixing of disturbed habitats. while the lower surface capabilities, it has the It has also been sold is covered with silvery capacity to adversely commercially for white scales. The small, affect the nitrogen cycle roadsides, landscaping light yellow flowers of the native communities and gardens. are borne along twigs that may depend on after the leaves have infertile soils. It is appeared early in the vigorous and competitive growing season. The against native species in fruits are small, round, open communities like juicy, reddish to pink, prairies and savannas and dotted with scales and resprouts after cutting or are produced in great burning. It also creates quantity. heavy shade which

suppresses plants that Picture By: J. Allison @ require direct sunlight. www.invasive.org.

Pictures By: G. Fewless Distribution: IPSAWG Ranking:

Invasive Plants Autumn olive is found in are a Threat to: disturbed areas, along MEDIUM HIGH HIGH roadsides, in pastures, • Forests and fields and sparse woodlands. It is often Ecological Potential for Difficulty of wetlands Impact Expansion Control found in poor soils due to its nitrogen-fixing root • Native plants nodules that allow it to IPSAWG Recommendation: tolerate poor conditions. •Do not buy, sell or plant autumn olive in Indiana. • Perennial gardens It can also survive the •Help by eradicating autumn olive on your property. effects of salt, drought •Also avoid Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.); • Wildlife and pHs as low as 4.0. this species is considered invasive in many parts of the However, it does not grow Midwest though not yet in Indiana. • well in wet habitats or in Lakes and rivers This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted dense forests. Autumn by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group • Human Health olive is now found over (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies the eastern half of the concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess United States and in all which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and • Farmland develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. counties of Indiana. For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Updated: 10/06 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to Autumn olive: Hand pulling autumn olive following cutting during bark on the lower portion seedlings can be effective. the growing season. of the woody plant is However, mowing or Glyphosate (20%) can also an effective control. cutting autumn olive also be effective when Multiple treatments plants can cause vigorous applied directly to cut may be required. resprouting. Even stumps. Applying 2% Always read and repeated cutting is usually triclopyr mixed with a follow pesticide label ineffective without treating basal oil directly to the directions. Dogwoods stumps and/or resprouts (Cornus sericea, with herbicide. Several C. amomum, and herbicides have been used C. racemosa) alone or in combination to control autumn olive, including glyphosate and triclopyr. Foliar applications of triclopyr (1- 2%) or glyphosate (1-2%) are effective on resprouts

Chokeberry An autumn olive plant. (Picture By: J. (Aronia melanocarpa) Miller @ www.invasive.org)

Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

Pictures By (Top to Bottom): D. E. On this assessment and IPSAWG: Herman, U Conn, Indy Parks and D. IPSAWG E. Herman. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov On identification and control techniques: Other Alternatives: The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Blackhaw www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu (Viburnum prunifolium) On native plant alternatives and sources: Serviceberry Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society (Amelanchier arborea) www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Oriental Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus

Description: Problem: Origin:

Oriental bittersweet Oriental bittersweet can Oriental bittersweet’s is a rapidly spreading overrun natural vegetation, habitat on its native deciduous, twining vine forming nearly pure continent of Asia is said with alternate round, stands in forests. It to be lowland slopes or glossy leaves. The outer can strangle shrubs and thickets at altitudes from surface of its roots are small trees, and weaken 100 to 1,400 meters. The characteristically bright mature trees by girdling vine is widely distributed orange. The branches the trunk and weighting in northern and central are round, glabrous, light the crown making the Japan and Korea. In to dark brown, usually tree more susceptible to China it is found primarily with noticeable lenticels. damage. There is also a in provinces north of the Small greenish flowers concern that this spe- Yangtze River. occur in clusters in the cies is hybridizing with leaf axils. At maturity, American bittersweet and globular, green to yellow threatening to genetically fruits split open to reveal eliminate the native spe- three red-orange, fleshy cies. arils that contain the seeds. This species may be distinguished from the native Celastrus scandens by the location of its fruit. C. orbiculatus has small clusters in Picture By: The Nature Conservancy. Pictures By (From top to bottom): the leaf axils while C. L. J. Mehrhoff, J. Randall and J. H. Miller @ www.invasive.org. scandens has clusters IPSAWG Ranking: only at its branch tips.

HIGH HIGH HIGH Invasive Plants Distribution: are a Threat to:

Oriental bittersweet was Ecological Potential for Difficulty of • Forests and brought to the United Impact Expansion Control wetlands States for cultivation during the middle of the IPSAWG Recommendation: • Native plants nineteenth century. It is now naturalized in 21 •Do not buy, sell or plant Oriental bittersweet in Indiana. • Perennial gardens of the 33 states where it was introduced, a region •Help by eradicating Oriental bittersweet on your property. • extending from Maine Wildlife south to Georgia and west to Iowa. In Indiana, This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted • Lakes and rivers by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group it is locally abundant (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies in the southern third of concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess • Human Health the state and in several which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and counties in northwest develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. • Farmland Indiana. For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Updated: 10/06 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to Oriental Bittersweet: Vines can be pulled out When using glyphosate necessary to control new by the root and removed or triclopyr, cut the stem 5 seedlings. Always read from the site. If fruits are cm. above ground level. and follow pesticide present, they should be Immediately apply a 25% label directions. bagged and disposed solution of glyphosate of. Certain systemic or triclopyr to the cross- herbicides, such as section of the stem. This glyphosate or triclopyr, that procedure is effective are taken into the roots and at temperatures as low Virgin’s bower kill the entire plant, have as 40°F. A subsequent (Clematis virginiana) been used successfully. foliar application may be

Trumpet Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens) Oriental bittersweet smothering native plants. (Picture by: The Nature Conservancy. Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

You can help stop the spread of invasive plants by following these 8 easy guidelines: 1. Ask for only non- for invasive species, and and natural areas to assist invasive species when you remove invasives before ongoing efforts to diminish Woolly Dutchman’s Pipe acquire plants. Request that they become a problem. If the threat of invasive (Aristolochia tomentosa) nurseries and garden plants can’t be removed, plants. centers sell only non- at least prevent them from 7. Help educate your Pictures By (Top to Bottom): D. Lieb- going to seed. man, J. Lepore and S. Baskauf. invasive plants. community through 2. Seek information on 4. Clean your boots before personal contacts and in Other Alternatives: invasive plants. Sources and after visiting a natural such settings as garden area to prevent the spread Virgina Creeper include botanical gardens, clubs and civic groups. of invasive plant seeds. (Parthenocissus horticulturists, 8. Support public policies conservationists, and 5. Don’t release aquarium and programs to control quinquefolia) plants into the wild. Crossvine government agencies. invasive plants. 3. Scout your property 6. Volunteer at local parks (Bignonia capreolata) For More Information: Not Recommended: On this assessment and IPSAWG: American bittersweet IPSAWG (Celastrus scandens) www.invasivespecies.IN.gov While American bittersweet On identification and control techniques: is native and non- The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds invasive, unfortunately, www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu nurseries often mislabel On native plant alternatives and sources: Oriental bittersweet as Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society American bittersweet. It www.inpaws.org is very difficult to find true This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds American bittersweet for sale. administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera japonica

Description: Problem: Origin:

Japanese honeysuckle is Japanese honeysuckle Japanese honeysuckle a perennial woody vine damages forest is native to East Asia, of the honeysuckle family communities by out including Japan and that spreads by seeds, competing native Korea. It was introduced underground rhizomes, vegetation for light, below- to the United States as ground resources, and by an ornamental plant, for and above ground Very High runners. It has opposite changing forest structure. erosion control, and for oval leaves, 4-8 cm. long, The vines overtop adjacent wildlife forage and cover. that are semi-evergreen to vegetation by twining However, there are many evergreen. Older stems about, and completely better plant choices for are hollow with brownish covering, small trees and those uses (see back for Low Medium bark that peels in long shrubs. As it becomes good alternatives). strips. The flowers are established it forms fragrant, two-lipped, a dense blanket that and are borne in pairs. endangers most shrubs, The berries are black. It herbs, and trees. creates dense tangled thickets by a combination High of stem branching, nodal rooting, and vegetative Pictures By (From Top to Bottom): spread from rhizomes. C. Bargeron, T. Bodner and J. H. Picture By: The Nature Conservancy. Miller @ www.invasive.org. Distribution: IPSAWG Ranking: The species was Invasive Plants introduced into the are a Threat to: United States in 1806 HIGH HIGH MEDIUM on Long Island, NY. It • Forests and now occurs throughout Ecological Potential for Difficulty of wetlands the eastern half of the Impact Expansion Control United States, an area • Native plants encompassing 26 states. IPSAWG Recommendation: Japanese honeysuckle’s • Perennial gardens range is limited to the •Do not buy, sell or plant Japanese honeysuckle in Indiana. north by severe winter •Help by eradicating Japanese honeysuckle on your • Wildlife temperatures and to property. the west by insufficient • Lakes and rivers precipitation and This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted prolonged droughts. It is by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group • Human Health in all 92 Indiana counties, (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies but is much more concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and • Farmland aggressive in Southern develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. Indiana. For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used Date Updated: 10/06 to rank invasive species, visit their website: www.invasivespecies.IN.gov ALTERNATIVES Control Methods: to Japanese Small populations of honeysuckle may be Be careful to follow label Honeysuckle: Japanese honeysuckle can treated with a glyphosate guidelines when using be controlled by careful herbicide. This is best herbicide. Reapplication hand-pulling and removal applied at 5-8% with a may be necessary to of vines. Mowing twice spray applicator in late treat plants missed during a year along fields and autumn when other the initial treatment. roadsides can slow the vegetation is dormant but Always read and vegetative spread but stem Japanese honeysuckle is follow pesticide label density may increase. still physiologically active. directions. Virgin’s bower Prescribed burning can (Clematis virginiana) greatly decrease the abundance within a habitat and limit its spread for one to two growing seasons. Where other options are difficult, Japanese

Japanese honeysuckle completely Trumpet Honeysuckle covering adjacent vegetation. (Picture (Lonicera sempervirens) By: J. M. Swearingen @ www.invasive.org)

Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

Not Recommended: For More Information: American bittersweet On this assessment and IPSAWG: (Celastrus scandens) IPSAWG While American bittersweet www.invasivespecies.IN.gov is native and non- On identification and control techniques: invasive, unfortunately, The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds nurseries often mislabel www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu Oriental bittersweet as On native plant alternatives and sources: American bittersweet. It Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society is very difficult to find true www.inpaws.org American bittersweet for This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds sale. administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Crown Vetch Coronilla varia

Description: Problem: Origin:

Crown vetch is a Crown vetch becomes a Crown vetch is from the perennial herb in the problem when it invades Mediterranean region of pea/legume family. It natural areas, such as na- Europe, northern Africa has spreading to diffuse, tive grassland prairies and and southwest Asia. It creeping stems that can dunes, where it works to was introduced to the reach two to six feet in exclude native vegetation United States in the length. The leaves are by fully covering and shad- 1950’s and was primarily dark green, compound ing those native plants. It used for erosion control. and bear fifteen to can climb over small trees Its use for erosion control twenty-five leaflets. The and shrubs, and eventually has greatly decreased seed pods are narrow, form large monocultures. in Indiana, given both segmented, pointed, It seeds prolifically, but its invasiveness and the borne in crown-like can also rapidly spread by availability of species clusters and may be two rhizome growth. Due to its that are much better at to three inches long. The nitrogen fixing capabilities, controlling erosion. pea-like, pinkish-white it has the capacity to ad- to deep pink flowers versely affect the nitrogen occur in clusters at the cycle of the native commu- end of extended stalks nities that may depend on and appear from late infertile soils. It can also spring through summer. alter available fuel loads in Crown vetch has a multi- fire-adapted ecosystems, changing fire intensity. branched root system Picture By: D. Powell @ and can spread by its www.invasive.org. strong rhizomes. Pictures By (From top to bottom): IPSAWG Ranking: D. Tenaglia, D. Tenaglia and D. Powell @ www.invasive.org. Distribution:

MEDIUM HIGH MEDIUM Invasive Plants Crown vetch prefers are a Threat to: sunny, open areas. However, it is tolerant Ecological Potential for Difficulty of • Forests and of temperatures down Impact Expansion Control wetlands to -33º C, periods of drought and periods IPSAWG Recommendation: • Native plants of heavy precipitation. Since crown vetch was •Do not buy, sell or plant crown vetch in Indiana. • originally planted for •Help by eradicating crown vetch on your property. Perennial gardens erosion control, it is now located mostly along • Wildlife roadsides, rights-of- way, open fields, waste This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted • Lakes and rivers grounds and on gravel by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group bars along streams. (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess • Human Health It is documented as which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and naturalized in all but develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. • Farmland four U.S. states and is found in every county in For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Updated: 10/06 Indiana. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to crown vetch: Herbicides are currently with 0.5% surfactant Mowing can eventually the most effective means can reportedly kill 100% control crown vetch if it to control large infestations of crown vetch cover. is repeated several times of crown vetch. Higher Manual or mechanical a year for several years. rates of effectiveness methods can be used Prescribed burning may can be obtained if the to control crown vetch. also be effective in late herbicide treatment However, these methods spring but should also follows the removal of the are often time consuming be repeated for several accumulated plant litter and labor-intensive, as years. Always read and by burning, mowing or all pieces of the stems, follow pesticide label grazing. In early spring, roots, and rhizomes must directions. Roundheaded bushclover 2, 4-D amine can be be carefully removed. (Lespedeza capitata) foliar-applied for good control. Glyphosate can also be foliarly applied in early spring at 1 or 2% solution. Triclopyr applied at a 2% solution reportedly kills 99% of crown vetch in large infestations. Clopyralid is an even more target-specific herbicide. A Dense growth of crown vetch. Purple vetch 0.25% solution of clopyralid Picture By: C. Evans @ www.invasive. (Vicia americana) Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

Pictures By (Top to Bottom): K. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Yatskievych, G. Monroe @ USDA- On identification and control techniques: NRCS Plants Database, D. Reed @ The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds www.2bnthewild.com and T. Barnes @ USDA-NRCS Plants Database. www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu On native plant alternatives and sources: Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Asian Bush Honeysuckle Lonicera maackii, L. tatarica, L. morrowii, L. X bella Amur, Tartarian, Morrow’s, Belle’s honeysuckle

Description: Problem: Origin:

These upright shrubs with Asian bush honeysuckles The Asian bush arching branches are 6- grow so densely they honeysuckles originate 15 feet tall. Each of these shade out everything in Eurasia (Japan, China, species has opposite on the forest floor, often Korea, Manchuria, Turkey leaves with paired berries leaving nothing but bare and southern Russia). and hollow branchlets. soil. This means a great They were introduced as They stand out in the reduction in the food ornamentals, for wildlife Very High understory of forests as and cover available for cover and for soil erosion the first shrubs to leaf birds and other animals. control. However, their out in the spring and the Serious infestations can aggressive domination last to lose their leaves inhibit tree regeneration, of native communities in the fall. The paired, essentially stopping make them a bad choice Medium tubular flowers are white forest succession. Higher for these purposes. on Amur and Morrow rates of nest predation See back for alternative Low honeysuckle, pink on have been found in Amur species. Tartarian honeysuckle, honeysuckle than in and vary from white to native shrubs due to nests deep rose on Belle’s being more exposed to honeysuckle. The red predators. Some bush High to orange berries are honeysuckle species also dispersed by birds. release chemicals into Commonly sold cultivars the soil to inhibit other include Arnold’s Red, plant growth, effectively Zabelli and Rem Red. poisoning the soil. Picture By: J. H. Miller @ Pictures By (From Top to Bottom): www.invasive.org. J. M. Randall, T. Ransburg and Indy Parks. Distribution: IPSAWG Ranking: These invasive bush Invasive Plants honeysuckles generally HIGH HIGH HIGH are a Threat to: range from the central Great Plains to southern

• Forests and New England and south Ecological Potential for Difficulty of wetlands to Tennessee and North Impact Expansion Control Carolina. In Indiana they • Native plants are particularly invasive IPSAWG Recommendation: in central and northern •Do not buy, sell or plant Asian bush honeysuckle in parts of the state, but are • Perennial gardens Indiana starting to move into the •Help by eradicating Asian bush honeysuckle on your southern portion. Asian • property. Wildlife bush honeysuckles are relatively shade-intolerant • Lakes and rivers and most often occur in This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted forest edge, abandoned by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies • Human Health fields, roadsides and concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess open wetlands. However, which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and • Farmland they will move into develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. forest understories and For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used Date Updated: 10/06 dominate wherever there to rank invasive species, visit their website: has been disturbance. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov ALTERNATIVES Control Methods: to Asian bush Mechanical and chemical Asian bush honeysuckles honeysuckles are honeysuckles: methods are the primary can also be controlled by probably best managed means of control of Asian application of a systemic by cutting the stems bush honeysuckles. No herbicide, like glyphosate to ground level and biological control agents (e.g. Roundup), at a 1% painting or spraying the are currently available solution, sprayed onto stumps with a 20-30% for these plants. Hand the foliage or applied by solution of glyphosate or removal of seedlings or sponge. This should be 8% solution of triclopyr small plants may be useful done in fall when native (e.g. Ortho Brush B-Gon Dogwoods for light infestations, but species are dormant and concentrate). Always read (Cornus sericea, care should be taken not bush honeysuckle is still and follow pesticide label C. amomum, and to disturb the soil any more green. Well-established directions. C. racemosa) than necessary. stands of Asian bush

Dark green dense thicket of Asian Chokeberry bush honeysuckle under the forest (Aronia melanocarpa) canopy. (Picture By: Indy Parks)

Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

You can help stop the spread of invasive plants by following these 8 easy guidelines: 1. Ask for only non- for invasive species, and and natural areas to invasive species when you remove invasives before assist ongoing efforts Winterberry acquire plants. Request that they become a problem. If to diminish the threat of (Ilex verticillata) nurseries and garden plants can’t be removed, invasive plants. centers sell only non- at least prevent them from 7. Help educate your invasive plants. going to seed. community through 2. Seek information on 4. Clean your boots before personal contacts and in invasive plants. Sources and after visiting a natural such settings as garden include botanical gardens, area to prevent the spread clubs and civic groups. horticulturists, of invasive plant seeds. 8. Support public conservationists, and 5. Don’t release aquarium policies and programs to government agencies. plants into the wild. control invasive plants. Northern arrowwood 3. Scout your property 6. Volunteer at local parks (Viburnum dentatum) For More Information: Pictures By (Top to Bottom): D. E. On this assessment and IPSAWG: Herman, U Conn, Indy Parks and D. E. Herman. IPSAWG www.invasivespecies.IN.gov On identification and control techniques: Other Alternatives: The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Blackhaw www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu (Viburnum prunifolium) On native plant alternatives and sources: Serviceberry Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society (Amelanchier arborea) www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANTS OF OHIO

Fact Sheet 4 Purple Loosestrife Lythrum salicaria

DESCRIPTION:

Purple loosestrife is a dense, herbaceous, non-native perennial that grows up to 7 feet tall. With attractive purple to magenta flowers, purple loosestrife cultivars are a popular ornamental. The flowers bloom in long spikes with 1- 50 square stems per plant. One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds. The linear green leaves are opposite along the stem. This plant has a woody taproot and fibrous rhizomes that form a thick mat. Purple loosestrife is similar to the native loosestrife Lythrum alatum, however, L. alatum has alternate leaves on the upper stem, wider spaced flowers and is smaller in size. Looking closely at both flowers L. salicaria has 12 stamens and L. alatum has 4-6 stamens. Currently in Ohio, Lythrum salicaria is illegal to sell. However, commercially available cultivars like L. virgatum can cross pollinate with wild populations of purple loosestrife and produce viable seed.

HABITAT:

Purple loosestrife occurs mostly in wetland environments, but when well established, it can survive drier conditions. Wetlands impacted by this plant include marshes, fens, wet meadows, stream and river banks, and lake shores.

Division Photo DISTRIBUTION:

Purple loosestrife was introduced to North America from Europe and Asia in the early 1800s as a contaminant in ship ballast, as well as a medicinal herb and garden plant. It escaped and became a pioneer species of newly constructed waterways and canals. Purple loosestrife occurs throughout the United States with its heaviest concentrations in the northeast. Although Lythrum salicaria is currently no longer available to purchase, cultivars continue to be distributed. In Ohio, this plant can be found throughout the state, although it is more established in the northern half.

PROBLEM:

Purple loosestrife adapts readily to natural and disturbed wetlands. As it establishes and expands, it out-competes and replaces native grasses, sedges, and other flowering plants that provide a higher quality source of nutrition for wildlife. Purple loosestrife forms dense, homogeneous stands that restrict native wetland plant species and reduces habitat for waterfowl. Seed production is as prolific as the vegetative growth. Seeds are widely distributed by animals, machinery and people and in waterways.

Division Photo CONTROL:

Mechanical: Small infestations of purple loosestrife can be removed by hand. The entire root system must be removed from the ground. All plant material should be bagged and removed from the area to eliminate re-sprouting. Larger populations are harder to control using mechanical means. Mowing should not be used because it can increase the spread of the population by dispersing seeds and exposing the seed bank.

Chemical: Herbicides can be used effectively to control small populations of purple loosestrife. Only herbicides permitted for wetland use, such as Accord® or Glypro®, may be used. By eliminating all the plants in an area, the soil is exposed for the immense purple loosestrife seed bank to germinate. Spot application of herbicide can help limit this problem. The most species specific way to apply herbicide is by cutting and treating the stems. Foliar spray can be used by applying herbicide after the period of peak bloom, in late August. Any control method should be followed up on a yearly basis to catch any missed plants or new sprouts. Certain broadleaf specific herbicides, such as Garlon 3A®, which do not harm monocot species (grasses and sedges) that typically occur in wetlands, can also be used.

Biological: Several species of insects are being studied for their effectiveness in the control of purple loosestrife. A species of weevil (Hylobius transversovittatus) lays eggs in the stem and upper root system of the plant and as the larvae develop, they feed on root tissue. Two species of leaf-eating beetles (Galerucella calmeriensis and G. pusilla) and a weevil (Nanophyes marmoratus) that feeds on flowers and stresses the plant are being released into areas of high purple loosestrife density and are being monitored. Since 1994, the Ohio Division of Wildlife has introduced these insects into 13 areas. Although this method will not eradicate the species, it may create a more tolerable population level that will stabilize over time.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SOURCES:

Bartlow, J., K. Johnson, M. Kertis, T. Remaley, S. Ross, E. Simet, T. Smith, D. Soehn and G.Taylor. 1996. Tennessee Exotic Plant Management Manual. Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council.

Bender, J. and J. Rendall. 1988. Element Stewardship Abstract for Lythrum salicaria, Purple loosestrife. The Nature Conservancy.

Hoffman, R. and K. Kearns, eds. 1997. Wisconsin Manual of Control Recommendations for Ecologically Invasive Plants. Bureau of Endangered Resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

March 2001

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

Ohio Division of Natural Areas and Preserves 1889 Fountain Square Dr., Bldg. F-1 Columbus, Ohio 43224 (614) 265-6453 www.dnr.state.oh.us/odnr/dnap/dnap.html

The Nature Conservancy, The Ohio Chapter 6375 Riverside Drive, Suite 50 Dublin, Ohio 43017 (614) 717-2770 www.tnc.org

Columbus and Franklin County Metro Parks 1069 W. Main Street Westerville, Ohio 43081 (614) 891-0700 www.metroparks.net

Funding Provided by an Ohio EPA Environmental Education Grant FS4CM INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Common Reed Phragmites australis

Description: Problem: Origin:

Common reed is a tall, Common reed is typically Common reed is widely warm-season, perennial the dominant species in distributed, ranging grass. The stems are the areas that it occupies. all over Europe, Asia, erect, rigid, smooth, It is capable of vigorous Africa, America and hollow and can grow up reproduction and often Australia. Recent work to six meters in height. forms dense, monospecific by Saltonstall el. al 2004 The leaves are stiff, stands. The rhizomes lanceolate and 20-40 cm recognizes a native long and 1-4 cm wide. and roots form dense subspecies of common Flowers occur between mats that discourage reed distinct from the July and October and competitors from introduced, invasive are arranged in tawny becoming established. lineage. The native spikelets with tufts of These monotypic stands subspecies has been silky hair. The silky alter the wetlands that identified at several sites hairs are purplish at first they colonize, eliminating in northern Indiana. Due and become tawny to habitat for native plant and to habitat destruction and dark brown at maturity. animal species including being out competed by The seeds are thin, waterfowl. the European common brown and delicate with a long, narrow bristle. reed, these native While there is a native populations are under subspecies of common threat. reed, Phragmites australis ssp. americanus, IPSAWG Ranking: it is not invasive and can be distinguished from the Pictures By (From top to bottom): introduced common reed J. Allison, J. McCauley and J. by several leaf, stem and HIGH HIGH HIGH Swearingen @www.invasive.org. flower characteristics. Invasive Plants For more information, see are a Threat to: references on back. Ecological Potential for Difficulty of Distribution: Impact Expansion Control • Forests and wetlands Common reed is IPSAWG Recommendation: especially common in • Native plants alkaline and brackish •Do not buy, sell or plant phragmites in Indiana. environments, and can also thrive in highly acidic •Help by eradicating phragmites on your property. • Perennial gardens wetlands. It is common along railroad tracks, • Wildlife roadside ditches, piles of This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted dredge soil and wherever by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group • Lakes and rivers even slight depressions (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies hold water. In Indiana, it concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and • Human Health is common in wetlands develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. in the north and in the • Farmland brackish water of oil/gas For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used production areas in the to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Prepared: 08/07 southwest. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov Control Methods: ALTERNATIVES to common reed: Before any control work, germinate. It can also used for common reed be sure that the common be a dangerous option control. It is not selective reed is the invasive non- because of the potential and will kill grasses and native species rather than for spot fires. Cutting broadleaf plants alike. the native subspecies. can also be a successful Application of glyphosate Prescribed burning can control when done at the must take place after the be used but it does not correct time. Colonies tasseling stage when reduce the growing may be eliminated by the plant is supplying ability unless root burn annually cutting before nutrients to the rhizome. occurs. However, it does the end of July. If cut at Always read and remove accumulated leaf the wrong time, stand follow pesticide label Prairie cord grass litter, giving the seeds of density may increase. directions. (Spartina pectinata) other species space to Glyphosate is commonly

Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

For More Information: Tussock sedge On distinguishing native and non-native genotypes of Phragmites: (Carex stricta) •RECOGNITION OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SUBSP. AMERICANUS (POACEAE: ARUNDINOIDEAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: EVIDENCE FROM MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC ANALYSES; Kristin Saltonstall, Paul M. Peterson and Robert J. Soreng; SIDA 21 (2): 683-692. 2004.

•MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATIVE AND INTRODUCED GENOTYPES OF PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS, www.invasiveplants.net/ Phragmites/morphology.htm. On this assessment and IPSAWG: IPSAWG Switch grass www.invasivespecies.IN.gov (Panicum virgatum) On identification and control techniques:

Pictures By (Top to Bottom): J. The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Anderson, www.nps.gov, G. Fewless www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu and T. Bodner @ USDA - NRCS Plants Database. On native plant alternatives and sources: Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES FACT SHEET Glossy Buckthorn Rhamnus frangula

Description: Problem: Origin:

Glossy buckthorn is Glossy buckthorn has a Glossy buckthorn is a shrub or small tree wide habitat tolerance, a native to North Africa, growing to seven meters. rapid growth rate and an Asia and Europe. It Brown-green branches extensive root system. was introduced to North have elongate lenticels, It produces abundant America as ornamental and may be slightly flowers and fruits shrubs for fence rows pubescent. Cutting the throughout the growing and wildlife habitat and is Very High stem reveals a distinctive season. Seeds are widely still used in landscaping. yellow sapwood and pink dispersed by birds. They to orange heartwood. aggressively invade The leaves are 1-3 natural areas and form inches long, shiny on dense thickets eliminating Medium the upper surface, oval native species. They in shape and slightly leaf out very early in the Low wavy. Flowers are growing season and keep greenish-white and 5 their leaves late into the petaled. Fruits undergo fall helping to shade out a color transition native trees, shrubs and from green to red to wildflowers. High black in later summer, maturing in September.

Commonly sold cultivars Seedling picture by: J. M. Randall include Asplenifolia and Pictures By (From Top to Bot- Columnaris (also listed as IPSAWG Ranking: tom): J. M. Randall, P. Mill @ Tallhedge). www.invasive.org and J. M. Randall. Distribution: HIGH HIGH HIGH Invasive Plants are a Threat to: Glossy buckthorn occurs Ecological Potential for Difficulty of from Nova Scotia to Impact Expansion Control • Forests and Manitoba, south to wetlands Minnesota, Illinois, New Jersey and Tennessee. It IPSAWG Recommendation: was probably introduced •Do not buy, sell or plant glossy buckthorn in • Native plants to North America before Indiana. 1800, but did not •Help by eradicating glossy buckthorn on your • Perennial gardens become widespread property. and naturalized until •Also avoid common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica); • Wildlife the early 1900’s. Fens, this species is considered invasive in many parts of the sedge meadows, wet Midwest. • Lakes and rivers and mesic prairie, shrub This ranking illustrates the results of an assessment conducted swamps, and upland by the Invasive Plant Species Assessment Working Group forests frequently have (IPSAWG), which is made up of many organizations and agencies • Human Health concerned about invasive plant species. IPSAWG’s goal is to assess glossy buckthorn in the which plant species may threaten natural areas in Indiana and understory. In Indiana, it develop recommendations to reduce their use in the state. • Farmland is found primarily in the For more information about IPSAWG and the assessment tool used northern third of the state. to rank invasive species, visit their website: Date Updated: 10/06 www.invasivespecies.IN.gov ALTERNATIVES Control Methods: to Glossy buckthorn: Fire will top kill stems, by new seedlings. 30% glyphosate in however re-sprouting Repeated mowing has August/September or will occur and seed been reported effective in spray application of 5% germination may increase. maintaining open areas glyphosate in May/July. Seedlings or small plants and preventing seedling may be hand pulled or establishment. Chemical Always read and follow removed with a grubbing treatments include: pesticide label directions. hoe or larger plants may stump application of be pulled out with heavy Redosier Dogwood equipment. However, (Cornus sericea) this often disturbs roots of adjacent plants, or creates open soil readily colonized

A dense thicket of glossy buckthorn has eliminated other species along this roadside. (Picture Silky Dogwood By: G. Fewless) (Cornus amomum) Eight Easy Ways to Combat Invasive Plants

You can help stop the spread of invasive plants by following these 8 easy guidelines: 1. Ask for only non- for invasive species, and and natural areas to invasive species when you remove invasives before assist ongoing efforts acquire plants. Request that they become a problem. If to diminish the threat of nurseries and garden plants can’t be removed, invasive plants. Carolina buckthorn at least prevent them from (Rhamnus caroliniana) centers sell only non- 7. Help educate your invasive plants. going to seed. community through 2. Seek information on 4. Clean your boots before personal contacts and in invasive plants. Sources and after visiting a natural such settings as garden include botanical gardens, area to prevent the spread clubs and civic groups. horticulturists, of invasive plant seeds. 8. Support public conservationists, and 5. Don’t release aquarium policies and programs to government agencies. plants into the wild. control invasive plants. 3. Scout your property 6. Volunteer at local parks Serviceberry For More Information: (Amelanchier arborea) Pictures By (Top to Bottom): D. E. On this assessment and IPSAWG: Herman, U. Conn, T A&M U, W. S. IPSAWG Justice. www.invasivespecies.IN.gov On identification and control techniques: Other Alternatives: The Nature Conservancy’s Wildland Weeds Lance-leaved buckthorn www.tncweeds.ucdavis.edu (Rhamnus lanceolata) On native plant alternatives and sources: Grey Dogwood Indiana Native Plant and Wildflower Society (Cornus racemosa) www.inpaws.org This grant project made possible with United States Forest Service funds administered by the IDNR, Division of Forestry. Southern Indiana Invasive Plant Fact Sheet Cooperative Weed Management Area Poison Hemlock www.SICWMA.org Conium maculatum

*Warning: All parts of this plant are poisonous to both animals and humans. Use caution when managing this plant.

Description: A native of Europe, poison hemlock was introduced to North America as a garden/ ornamental plant. Poison hemlock is a member of the Apiaceae (parsley) family and may be con- fused with Queen Anne’s Lace, or Giant Hog- weed. It has a biennial growth pattern being a low lying rosette the first year and bolting to 3-10 feet the second year. The stems are very stout with distinctive purple spotting. Flowers are small, white, and found in umbrella-shaped clusters in early summer (June/July). The fern-like leaves are pinnately compound and arranged al- ternately on the stem. Reproduces prolifically via seeds that are flattened and ribbed. Seeds mature in August/September and are easily spread via mowing/agriculture equipment. Purple Spotting on stems.

Umbrella shaped flower clusters. Pinnately compound leaves. Southern Indiana Invasive Plant Fact Sheet Cooperative Weed Management Area Poison Hemlock www.SICWMA.org Conium maculatum

Impact/ Distribution: Poison Hemlock contains highly poisonous alkaloid compounds that can be fatal to humans and livestock. Poison hemlock easily invades disturbed/early succes- sional sites and is typically found along roads, streams, trails, ditches, forest edges, and waste areas.

Control Methods: Poison Hemlock spreads via seed so effective control must prevent or exhaust the seed supply. The most effective control may be mowing to prevent seed production followed up with herbicide applications to rosettes and re-sprouts.

Manual: Can be effective for single plants or very small infestations. Pull or dig up all plants, place in trash bag, and dispose of with your regular trash. Always wear protective clothing including gloves and eye protection to prevent the plant from contacting your skin.

Mechanical: Mowing or cutting may be effective control but it must be repeated often because the taproot can send up new shoots after a single mowing. Tilling or grubbing can kill hemlock and prevent seed production but is generally not recommended because of soil disturbance.

Chemical: Herbicide application should be performed while the plant is actively growing and before flowering. Follow-up treatments will be required as seeds already present in the soil sprout. Effective for large infestations. Glyphosate: Use herbicides containing a 41% concentration of glyphosate and follow label directions to mix a 2% spray solution. Thoroughly wet all surfaces of the plant but not to the point of run-off. Use caution, glyphosate is non-selective and will damage or kill any plant it contacts. 2,4-D or Triclopyr: Broadleaf specific herbicides that will not harm grasses. Most effective on first year rosettes or very small 2nd year plants. Follow label directions and consider using a surfactant to increase effectiveness.

Poison Hemlock invading a disturbed woodland edge. KEEP A LOOK OUT for NEW AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS in the Midwest! These species could be spreading in your area. Early detection and eradication can prevent an invasion! To report a sighting, please contact: http://www.mipn.org/EDRRContacts.html $ $

FLOWERING POND WATER- SWAMP STONE BRAZILIAN RUSH STARWORT CROP WATERWEED

$ $ $

WATER REED MANNA HYDRILLA EUROPEAN HYACINTH GRASS FROGBIT

INDIAN EUROPEAN PARROT EURASIAN SWAMPWEED WATER CLOVER FEATHER WATERMILFOIL

$ $

BRITTLE YELLOW WATER LETTUCE WATER WATERNYMPH FLOATING HEART CHESTNUT The maps show current reported distribution in the Midwest, including Ontario. Not known Isolated ( = single county reports) Locally abundant Widespread Last updated July 2008 $ = Also sold in the aquatic plant trade See reverse side for species descriptions Help Stop the Spread of AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS

FLOWERING RUSH (Butomus umbellatus) Emergent, perennial INDIAN SWAMPWEED (Hygrophila polysperma) Submersed herb (can be submersed in deep water). Emergent leaves 3 feet tall, (partly emersed), perennial herb. Stems creeping to 6 feet in length, stiff, narrow, and triangular in cross-section. Flowers with 3 petals and brittle. Leaves opposite, round, hairy, with pointed tips, light green to 3 sepals, white or pink, in a distinctive flat-topped spray atop a tall stalk. brown or red, up to 3 inches long. Flowers small, white with 2 lobes on Spreads by rhizomes and root pieces. upper lip and 3 lobes on lower lip, solitary in leaf axils. Roots numerous on stem. Spreads by plant fragments. POND WATER-STARWORT (Callitriche stagnalis) Perennial herb with stems from 4 - 12 inches long. Leaves opposite, fl oating or EUROPEAN WATERCLOVER (Marsilea quadrifolia) Herbaceous, submersed. Floating leaves oval or spoon-shaped with 5 - 7 veins, perennial fern with fl oating or emersed leaves when rooted underwater. 0.1 - 0.3 inches wide and up to 0.8 inches long. Submerged leaves Leaves composed of 2 double leafl ets that give it a four-leaf clover linear, with 1 vein, 0.2 - 0.4 inches long (can resemble fl oating leaves). appearance; leaves not hairy. New leaves emerge as fi ddleheads. Flowers tiny, located in the leaf axils. Fruits nearly round, 0.06 - 0.08 Spreads by rhizomes and spores, producing sporocarps that are thick, inches thick with a thin winged margin. Spreads by plant fragments oval, and hairy. and seed. PARROT FEATHER (Myriophyllum aquaticum) Emergent, perennial SWAMP STONE CROP (Crassula helmsii) Perennial aquatic or herb with leaves trailing on water surface. Stems up to 5 feet long, semi-terrestrial, succulent herb with round stems 4 - 12 inches long, become erect at the tips and can emerge up to a foot above the water fl oating or creeping with roots forming at the nodes. Leaves opposite surface. Leaves oblong, feathery, 0.5 - 2 inches long, in whorls of and succulent, 0.2 - 0.8 inches long, 0.03 - 0.06 inches wide, linear- 4 - 6 around the stem. Flowers inconspicuous, white. Spreads by lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute. Flowers white or pinkish, with 4 plant fragments. petals born singly, 0.12 - 0.14 inches wide. Fruits follicles, with 2 - 5 EURASIAN WATERMILFOIL ( Myriophyllum spicatum) Submersed, round, tiny, smooth seeds. Spreads by fragments and buds (turions). perennial herb. Like native milfoils, stems slender, whorled by BRAZILIAN WATERWEED (Egeria densa) Submersed, perennial submersed, feathery leaves and tiny fl owers produced above the herb. Very bushy, rooted in water up to 20 feet or drifting. Lacks water surface. Stem thickens below the infl orescence and doubles its specialized storage organs, such as tubers. Stem single or branching. width further down. Leaves threadlike, 9 - 21 pairs of leafl ets per leaf, Leaves bright green, 0.8 - 1.2 inches long, up to 0.2 inches wide, usually typically uniform in diameter. Flowers four-petaled or without petals. in whorls of 4 - 6 in short intervals along stem (bushy appearance). Fruits nut-like bodies, four-jointed. Spreads by plant fragments. Leaf edges minutely serrated. Flowers white, 0.7 – 1 inch across, with BRITTLE WATERNYMPH (Najas minor) Submersed, annual 3 petals. Spreads by plant fragments. herb up to 4 feet long. Stems slender with many branches. Leaves WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia crassipes) Free-fl oating, perennial opposite, linear, toothed, stiff, curled, 1 - 2 inches long. Flowers small, herb. Leaves entire, round, waxy, up to 6 inches wide, with fl oating, inconspicuous, and born singly in the leaf axils. Spreads by seed and air-fi lled petioles, and growing in rosettes. Infl orescence a showy plant fragments. spike of 8 - 15 light purple, six-petaled fl owers. Roots dark purple to YELLOW FLOATING HEART (Nymphoides peltata) Rooted, black, feathery, and hanging beneath submersed leaves. Fruit three- perennial herb up to 3 feet long with fl oating leaves. Leaves arise from celled capsule, rarely observed. Spreads vegetatively by new rosettes long stalks attached to creeping rhizomes on bottom. Leaves heart- formed on fl oating stolons. shaped to round with wavy margins, purplish underneath. Flowers REED MANNA GRASS (Glyceria maxima) Emergent, perennial bright yellow, with 5 fringed petals, arranged on stalks of 2 - 5 fl owers. grass 1.5 - 8 feet tall. Stem unbranched. Leaves fl at, 9 - 12 inches Fruit a small capsule. Spreads by seeds, rhizomes, stolons and plant long and 0.3 - 0.8 inches wide with prominent mid-ribs. Leaf sheath fragments. closed for most of length. Leaf edges with short, stiff hairs, rough to WATER LETTUCE (Pistia stratiotes) Floating, perennial herb. the touch. Infl orescence open with many branches (panicle), strongly Resembles a head of lettuce. Leaves thick, dull, light green, up to 6 drooping at maturity with 50+ fl attened, egg-shaped spikelets, each inches long, covered in soft hairs with ridged parallel veins. Flowers with 4 - 10 minute fl owers. Spreads by rhizomes and seed. inconspicuous, clustered on small, fl eshy stalk in leaf axils. Roots HYDRILLA (Hydrilla verticillata) Submersed, perennial herb rooted feathery. Spreads by producing many secondary rosettes. in saturated soil, in water up to 20 feet deep. Stem slender, branching, WATER CHESTNUT (Trapa natans) Rooted, annual herb with a up to 25 feet long. Leaves green, 0.6 inches long with pointed tips, leafy rosette that fl oats on the surface. Stems up to 16 feet long, with in whorls of 3 - 10, 0.13 - 2 inches apart on stem. Leaf edges saw- 2 types of leaves. Submersed leaves feathery, whorled along the toothed, rough to touch. Male and female fl owers on separate plants. stem and up to 6 inches long. Emergent leaves triangular, 1 - 2 inches Spreads by plant fragments, buds (turions) and tubers. long, waxy with toothed edges. Leaf stems with bladder-like swelling. EUROPEAN FROGBIT (Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) Free-fl oating Flowers small, white with 4 petals. Fruit 1 inch wide, hard nut with 4 herb, similar to a miniature water lily. Leaves leathery, heart-shaped, stout barbs. Spreads by seeds and plant fragments. 1 - 2 inches wide, smooth-edged with spongy, purplish-red undersides. HELP STOP THE SPREAD OF AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS! Flowers 0.5 inches across appear singly with 3 white petals and AQUATIC INVASIVE PLANTS SPREAD AS WATER GARDEN PLANTS, AS yellow centers. Roots 3 - 8 inches long, unbranched, dangle from the CONTAMINANTS ON NON-INVASIVE WATER GARDEN PLANTS, AS HITCHHIKERS ON underside of each rosette. Spreads by fragments and buds (turions). BOATS AND OTHER WATER VEHICLES, AND THROUGH DUMPING OF UNWANTED PLANTS OR PLANT PARTS FROM AQUARIUMS.

To stop the spread of aquatic invasive plants, follow these rules: 1) Do not release aquatic invasive plants into any waters; 2) Rinse your aquatic garden plants before planting; 3) Keep aquatic plants contained in your water gardens; and 4) Clean all recreational vehicles and trailers before leaving any lake or river.

PHOTO CREDITS: Emmet Judziewicz-UW Stevens Point; Bill Smith-WI DNR; Peter Llewellyn; Amy Richard, Vic Ramey, Ann Murray, Bill Haller and Allison Fox – University of Florida/IFAS Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants; Kim Bogenschutz-IA DNR; Nancy Tessmer-WI; Debbie Maurer, Lake County Forest Preserve District, IL; Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA NRCS; Carl Farmer; Chester Mehrhoff, L. J., University of Connecticut; W.D. Bakowsky, NHIC Archives. KEEP A LOOKOUT! for NEW INVASIVE PLANTS in the Midwest! Early detection and eradication can prevent an invasion. The maps show current reported distribution in the Midwest, including Ontario.* Not known Isolated ( = single county reports) Locally abundant Widespread

ASIAN BLACK CHINESE CHINESE YAM BITTERSWEET SWALLOW-WORT SILVERGRASS**

GIANT JAPANESE CHAFF JAPANESE JAPANESE HOP HOGWEED FLOWER HEDGEPARSLEY

JAPANESE JAPANESE KUDZU LESSER STILTGRASS WINEBERRY CELANDINE

MILE-A-MINUTE NARROWLEAF PALE PORCELAINBERRY WEED BITTERCRESS SWALLOW-WORT

To report a sighting, please contact: www.GLEDN.org **For Chinese silvergrass, please report escaped populations only, not intentional plantings. *Updated May 2012 See reverse side for species descriptions New INVASIVE PLANTS in the Midwest

ASIAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus orbiculatus) JAPANESE STILT GRASS (Microstegium vimineum) Woody, perennial vine. Leaves alternate, toothed, shape variable; Annual, sprawling grass, 12 - 24 inches tall, resembling miniature teardrop-shaped to round with a pointed tip. Flowers small and bamboo. Leaves wide, alternate, pale green, lance-shaped, 2 - 3 greenish-yellow; male and female flowers on separate plants. Blooms inches long with a pale silvery stripe of reflective hairs along midrib of in early summer, fruits in fall. Fruit greenish to yellow, grows in clusters upper surface. Flower spikes 1 - 3 inches long. Blooms late summer of 3 - 7 along stem at leaf axils. Fruit splits open to reveal a bright red into early fall. Prolific seed production. Threatens river and stream inner-fruit. Threatens woodlands, forests, savannas and floodplains. corridors, floodplains, moist woodlands and forested wetlands.

BLACK SWALLOW-WORT (Cynanchum louiseae) JAPANESE WINEBERRY (Rubus phoenicolasius) Herbaceous, perennial vine reaches lengths of 3 - 8 feet high. Deciduous, perennial shrub. Stems upright, arching, up to 9 Leaves opposite, 2 - 5 inches long, toothless, narrowly to broadly oval feet long with glandular red hairs and small spines. Leaves divided with pointed tips, dark green and shiny. Flowers tiny, dark purple with 5 into 3 sharply toothed leaflets with dense silvery-white hairs on the pointed, downy, triangular petals that are as long as wide. Seed pods underside. Flowers small with white petals and hairy sepals arranged milkweed-like, slender and tapered, 1.5 - 3 inches long. Seed on silky in clusters. Fruit bright red and raspberry-like. Threatens forests, filaments. Threatens woodlands, forests, grasslands and savannas. savannas, prairies, wetland edges, and open woodlands.

CHINESE SILVERGRASS (Miscanthus sinensis) KUDZU (Pueraria montana var. lobata) Perennial grass, grows in large clumps 5 - 10 feet high. Leaves Semi-woody, perennial vine climbs 30 - 90 feet. Leaves alternate elongate, up to 3 feet long and 1 inch wide with a silver white midrib, and compound with 3 unlobed to deeply lobed leaflets, hairy beneath leaf edges rough, leaf tips are sharp and recurving. Inflorescence and up to 4 inches wide. Flowers purple, pea-like and grow from leaf showy at the end of a stalk, fan-shaped, 6 - 24 inches long, silvery to axils in long hanging clusters; blooming in late summer. Seed pods pale pink. Seeds 0.1 inch long, with a twisted bristle tip. Threatens brown, flattened and hairy. Threatens forest edges, woodlands and forest margins and disturbed areas. savannas.

CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea oppositifolia) LESSER CELANDINE (Ranunculus ficaria) Herbaceous, perennial vine twines clockwise, climbs to 15 feet. Perennial herb, forms a dense carpet. Leaves in rosette, shiny, dark Leaves opposite (upper nodes alternate) reddish where leafstem green, kidney- to heart-shaped. Flower one inch wide, 8 - 12 petals, joins leaf, shape is variable, but often shield- or heart-shaped. bright yellow with slightly darker center on single stalk above leaves. Flowers small and white with a cinnamon odor, arranged in spikes. Roots with finger-like tubers, cream-colored bulblets in stem axils. Reproductive bulbils (small potato-like tubers in leaf axils) present Fruit hairy seeds held in round heads. Threatens floodplain forests, June to September. Threatens streamsides, floodplains and ravines. low open woods, and meadows.

GIANT HOGWEED (Heracleum mantegazzianum) MILE-A-MINUTE WEED (Polygonum perfoliatum) Large perennial herb, flowers once then dies. A single basal leaf Annual, herbaceous vine that climbs to 15 feet tall. Stem with grows the first year, then grows a larger rosette each year. In 4th or hooked barbs; circular, cup-shaped, leafy structures around the stem 5th year plant produces a 7 - 15 foot tall flower stalk. Leaves 3-part at nodes. Leaves alternate, shaped like an equilateral triangle with compound, 1 - 4 feet wide, deeply incised and pointed. Flowers white barbs on undersides, leaf bases arrow- to heart-shaped. Flowers in multiple broad-domed umbels. Flower stalk hollow with coarse small, white and inconspicuous. Fruit a fleshy, blue, pea-sized berry. hairs and reddish purple splotching. Threatens river corridors and Threatens woodland edges, wetlands and riparian corridors. woodland edges. Caution! Plant sap causes severe phytophotodermatitis. NARROWLEAF BITTERCRESS (Cardamine impatiens) Annual or biennial forb, 6 - 31 inches tall. First year rosette, leaves JAPANESE CHAFF FLOWER (Achyranthes japonica) pinnately divided with 3 - 11 round-lobed leaflets. Second year Perennial, herb grows up to 6 feet tall. Stems of seedlings are (bolted) leaves have 6 - 20 lance-shaped leaflets with asymmetrical reddish, larger plants have red nodes. Leaves opposite, simple, and bases, edges may be smooth to sharply-toothed. Base of second year smooth-edged with deeply incised leaf veins. Flowers in small spikes, leaves clasps stem (auricles). Flowers white, 0.1 inch long. Fruit erect, lack petals, and have a bottle-brush appearance. Fruits lay flat against slender silique, many per plant, 0.6 - 0.8 inches long. Seeds orange the spike with a pair of stiff bracts and remain on stalks during winter. to brown, 10 - 24 in each fruit. Threatens wet woods and floodplains. Threatens wet forests and riparian areas. PALE SWALLOW-WORT (Cynanchum rossicum) JAPANESE HEDGEPARSLEY (Torilis japonica) Herbaceous, perennial vine twines 3 - 6 feet high. Leaves opposite Biennial herb grows 2 - 4 feet tall when flowering in second year. First (similar to black swallow-wort). Flowers maroon to pink with 5 pointed, year rosette leaves are parsley-like and stay green into fall, second hairless, triangular petals that are twice as long as wide. Seed pods year alternate, fern-like, 2 - 5 inches long and slightly hairy. Flowers milkweed-like (similar to black swallow-wort). Seed on silky filaments. tiny and white, clustered in small flat-topped umbels. Fruit small and Threatens woodlands, forests grasslands and savannas. covered with hooked hairs. Threatens woodlands and savannas. PORCELAINBERRY (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata) JAPANESE HOP (Humulus japonicus) Perennial, deciduous, woody vine. Stem pith is white and Herbaceous annual vine twines counter-clockwise. Leaves opposite, continuous across nodes. Bark does not peel. Leaves alternate with 2 - 5 inches long, toothed, and palmately divided, usually with 5 lobes. a heart-shaped base, 3 - 5 lobed, hairy with rounded teeth on edges. Leaf stem as long or longer than leaf length. Leaves and stem with Flowers greenish-white, occur opposite the leaves. Fruit colorful, hooked climbing hairs. Flowers mid to late summer (male and female lavender to green or bright blue. Native grape, Vitis riparia, has brown flowers on separate plants). Threatens floodplains, wet forests, stream pith and peeling bark. Threatens forest edges, pond edges and stream banks and lakeshores. banks.

For control and management of these species, please visit the following Internet links: http://mipncontroldatabase.wisc.edu, http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/, and http://www.invasive.org/eastern/

PHOTO CREDITS: Elizabeth Czarapata / Antonio DiTommaso / David Eagan / Chris Evans / Kelly Kearns / Larissa L. Smith / Debbie Maurer / Jody Shimp / Mark Renz / Leslie J. Mehrhoff / Mary Klunk / Tom Borgman / Danelle Haake / Jil Swearingen / MN Dept. of Agriculture/ weedid.wisc.edu. Taxonomy: based on USDA PLANTS Database, http://plants.usda.gov

New INVASIVE PLANTS in the Midwest

BLACK SWALLOW-WORT (Cynanchum louiseae) Herbaceous, JAPANESE KNOTWEED (Polygonum cuspidatum) Perennial perennial vine twines 3 – 8 feet high. Leaves opposite, 2 – 5 inches herb with shrub-like form grows 3 – 9 feet. Stem hollow, bamboo- long, toothless, narrowly to broadly oval, pointed tips, dark green like with swollen leaf joints. Leaves 6 inches long, 3 – 4 inches and shiny. Flowers tiny, dark purple with 5 pointed, downy, triangular wide, leaf base straight across to bluntly right angled. Flowers petals that are as long as wide. Seedpods milkweed-like, slender white to pink and densely crowded on erect stalks. Threatens and tapered, 1.5 – 3 inches long. Seed on silky filaments. Threatens riparian corridors, fens, springs, ravines, forests and streamsides. woodlands, forests, grasslands and savannas. JAPANESE STILT GRASS (Microstegium vimineum) Annual, PALE SWALLOW-WORT (Cynanchum rossicum) Herbaceous, sprawling grass, 12 – 24 inches tall, resembling miniature bamboo. perennial vine twines 3 – 6 feet high. Leaves opposite (similar to Leaves wide, alternate, pale green, lance-shaped, 2 – 3 inches long, black swallow-wort). Flowers maroon to pink with 5 pointed, pale silvery stripe of reflective hairs along midrib of upper surface. hairless, triangular petals that are twice as long as wide. Seedpods Flower spikes 1–3inches long, bloom late summer into early fall, milkweed-like (similar to black swallow-wort). Seed on silky prolific seed production. Threatens river and stream corridors, filaments. Threatens woodlands, forests, grasslands and savannas. floodplains, moist woodlands and forested wetlands.

JAPANESE HOPS (Humulus japonicus) Herbaceous annual SPOTTED KNAPWEED (Centaurea biebersteinii) Short-lived, vine twines counter-clockwise. Leaves opposite, 2 – 5 inches perennial herb. First-year plants form low-growing rosettes. long, toothed, palmately divided usually with 5 lobes. Leaf stem Flowering stems leafy,1–2feet tall with wiry, hoary branches. as long or longer than leaf length. Leaves and stem with hooked Leaves grayish, hairy, deeply cut with narrow lobes. Flowers climbing hairs. Flowers mid to late summer, male and female thistle-like, pink to purple. Flower base covered by black-tipped flowers on separate plants. Threatens floodplains, wet forests, bracts. Threatens savannas, grasslands, sand dunes and prairies. stream banks and lakeshores in sun or shade. CUT-LEAVED TEASEL (Dipsacus laciniatus) Perennial herb, KUDZU (Pueraria montana var. lobata) Semiwoody, perennial vine flowers once then dies. First year forms a low-growing rosette; climbs 30 – 90 feet. Leaves alternate, compound with 3 unlobed to second or third year produces a 2 – 6 foot stem. Leaves on stem deeply lobed leaflets, hairy beneath and up to 4 inches wide. opposite, long, deeply cut, prickly, joined into a cup around stalk. Flowers purple, pea-like, grow from leaf axils in long hanging Stem ridged and spiny. Flowers small and white in oval-shaped clusters, bloom in late summer. Seedpods brown, flattened and hairy. heads atop stems, bloom summer into fall. Threatens prairies and Threatens forest edges, woodlands and savannas. sedge meadows. Common teasel (D. fullonum) similar and invasive but with purple flowers, leaves not deeply cut. MILE-A-MINUTE WEED (Polygonum perfoliatum) Annual, herbaceous vine that climbs to 15 feet tall. Stem with hooked barbs GIANT HOGWEED (Heracleum mantegazzianum) Large and circular, cup-shaped, leafy structures around the stem at perennial herb, flowers once then dies. First year is a single leaf, nodes. Leaves alternate, shaped like an equilateral triangle with then grows a larger rosette each year. In fourth or fifth year barbs on undersides, leaf bases arrow- to heart-shaped. Flowers produces a 7 – 15 foot flower stalk. Leaves 3-part compound, 1 – 4 small, white and inconspicuous. Fruit a fleshy, blue, pea-sized feet wide, deeply incised and pointed. Flowers white in multiple berry. Threatens woodland edges, wetlands and riparian corridors. broad domed umbels. Flower stalk hollow with coarse hairs and reddish purple splotching. Threatens river corridors and woodland CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea oppositifolia) Herbaceous, perennial edges. Caution! Plant sap causes severe photodermatitis. vine twines clockwise, climbs to 15 feet. Leaves opposite, upper nodes alternate, reddish where leaf stem joins leaf, variable shape JAPANESE HEDGE PARSLEY (Torilis japonica) Biennial herb often shield- or heart-shaped. Flowers small and white, cinnamon grows 2 – 4 feet tall when flowering in second year. First-year odor, arranged in spikes. Reproductive bulbils (small potato-like rosettes are low, parsley-like and green into fall. Leaves alternate, tubers in leaf axils) present June – September. Threatens stream fern-like, 2 – 5 inches long, slightly hairy. Flowers tiny and white, sides, floodplains and ravines. clustered in small flat-topped umbels. Fruit small and covered with hooked hairs. Threatens woodlands and savannas. Spreading ASIAN BITTERSWEET (Celastrus orbiculatus) Woody, hedge parsley (T. arvensis) is very similar and invasive. perennial vine. Leaves alternate, toothed, teardrop-shaped to round with a pointed tip. Flowers small and greenish yellow, LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia esula) Perennial herb grows 2 – 3 male and female flowers on separate plants, bloom early feet. Milky sap in stem and leaves. Leaves alternate, narrow with summer, fruit in fall. Fruit greenish to yellow, grows in clusters of pointed tips, smooth and hairless. Flowers on paired, yellowish 3–7along stem at leaf axils, splits open to reveal bright red green cup-shaped bracts. Bracts in clusters of 7 – 10 at top of inner-fruit. Threatens woodlands, forests, floodplains, savannas stem, bloom late spring to mid summer. Seedpods attach to and riparian corridors. center of paired bracts. Threatens prairies, grasslands, savannas, sand dunes and open woodlands. TREE OF HEAVEN (Ailanthus altissima) Deciduous tree grows to 80 feet. Stems smooth, pale gray bark. Leaves alternate, 1 – 4 feet FLOWERING RUSH (Butomus umbellatus) Perennial, emergent long, compound with 11 – 25 leaflets with 1 or more glandular teeth aquatic herb (can be submerged in deep water). Emergent leaves near the leaf base. Flowers yellow-green, near branch tips, male 3 feet tall, stiff, narrow and triangular in cross-section. Flowers 3 and female flowers on separate trees. Seeds in twisted flat “wings” petals and 3 sepals, white or pink, distinctive flat-topped spray atop borne in clusters. All parts of the tree have a strong odor. Threatens a tall stalk, bloom late summer through early fall. Prefers shallow or woodland edges and forest openings. slow-moving water. Threatens marshes, backwaters and shorelines.

For control and management of these species, please visit the following Web sites: www.nps.gov/plants/alien/factmain.htm, tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/control.html, dnr.wi.gov/invasives/plants.htm and www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/main.shtml

Photos: Elizabeth Czarapata; Antonio DiTommaso, Cornell Univ.; David Eagan, Univ. of WI; Kate Howe, MIPN; Emmet Judziewicz, Univ. of WI-Stevens Point; Kelly Kearns, WI-DNR; Larissa L. Smith, Cornell Univ.; Debbie Maurer, IL-LCFPD; Jody Shimp, IL-IDNR; Bill Smith, WI-DNR. Taxonomy: based on USDA PLANTS Database, www.plants.usda.gov

Last updated 12/06 January, 2009

Invasive Plant Species Information

Invasive species – national www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov – this is the national website for all invasives information http://enature.com/native_invasive/natives.asp – invasives and landscaping alternatives (not as specific as IN websites below, but still useful) http://plants.usda.gov/ - national database for all plant species (distribution information is very inaccurate for IN invasives but likely to be updated in the next year) http://www.weedcenter.org/ - Center for Invasive Plant Management

Invasive species – regional www.mipn.org – Midwest Invasive Plant Network covers MN, IA, MO, WI, IL, MI, IN and OH; has summary of what’s happening in the Midwest, links to state groups, photos, etc. www.rtrcwma.org – River to River CWMA in Illinois http://www.northwoodscwma.org/ - North Woods CWMA in Wisconsin. http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wildlife/nnis/invasive-species-field-guide.pdf - Field and reference guide to invasive species in the east

Invasive species -Indiana www.invasivespecies.in.gov – has information on what’s happening in IN www.inpaws.org – INPAWS website; has brochures on invasive plants in IN and landscaping alternatives http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/ppdl/ - Virtual Plant and Pest Diagnostic Lab – help in identifying weeds (for a fee) http://www.btny.purdue.edu/weedscience/ - Purdue Weed Science website http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/hoosier/docs/plants/sicwma.htm - Southern Indiana Cooperative Weed Management Area

Invasive plant control - general http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/ - TNC Wildland Weeds website with information on all control methods, specific information on invasive plants

Invasive plant control – tools and herbicides (Note – these are examples and do not constitute endorsement of these particular brands or companies) Forestry Suppliers: - wide range of tools, herbicides (e.g. Garlon 3a, Garlon 4, Roundup, dye, and supplies) 1-800-647-5368, http://www.forestry-suppliers.com/ Townsend Chemical: extensive inventory of herbicides and basal bark carriers (like Ax-it) 1-800- 616-4221, http://www.townsendchemical.com/ Gamma Seal Lid - lock tops for 5 gal. buckets, 1-800-842-6543, http://freckleface.com/shopsite_sc/store/html/gammaseals.html

Controlling invasive plants with fire: www.weedcenter.org/management/burning_weeds.pdf - great review www.ceinfo.unh.edu/Pubs/ForPubs/WPUFCI03.pdf

Controlling aquatic invasive plants: www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/WS/WS_21.pdf – Aquatic Plant Management by Carole Lembi; good summary with photos, identification information, control options Where Do I Start?! Prioritizing Invasive Plant Control Ellen Jacquart for INPAWS newsletter, 4/05/2009

It’s important to think through a plan for managing invasive plants on your land before you start the attack. Without a plan, it’s easy to underestimate the time and resources it will take to control a species and end up overwhelmed, giving up in frustration. An important part of planning is to prioritize the work ahead of you, deciding what species you should start on first, and where you should attack first. That way, at least you’ll know that what you have accomplished was more important than what you didn’t have time or resources to complete. Here are some helpful hints for prioritizing invasive plant control.

Prioritizing by species…. You walk through your woodlot and wince when you see the garlic mustard, which looks likes it’s spread considerably since last year. Then you notice the burning bush shrubs in the understory, and realize your neighbor’s landscaping has made itself at home in your woods. And that vine….those orange berries…geez, where did the Oriental bittersweet come from?!

Like potato chips, it seems nobody can have just one invasive plant species. There are usually multiple species invading a given area, which can make the job of managing a site much more difficult. Where do you start when you have more than one species to deal with? A lot of us have struggled with this, and fortunately there are a few easy rules of thumb to help sort out which species to go after first. What follows is a simplified version of a prioritization template by The Nature Conservancy which can be found at http://www.invasive.org/gist/products.html by clicking on the Weed Management Plan Template. Many other resources on the identification and control of invasive plants can be found on that site.

Before you start prioritizing, though, you need to know three things:

First, know what you have. Use a good field guide or a knowledgeable botanist friend to double-check that you’ve identified a real invasive plant, rather than an innocent look- a-like. Second, know how much you have. The priority you place on 50 plants of garlic mustard will be very different from 5 acres, as you’ll see in a moment. Map the invasive plants, circling each area of infestation and estimating what percent within the circled area is invasive species versus native. A handy way to do this is to use Google Earth to zoom in on your property and print out an aerial photo. Draw your property boundary on the aerial, and then walk through your property in a grid-like fashion and mark what you see. Those of you with GPS units and GIS software on your computers are welcome to do it the high-tech way. Third, know what you want. This may be very easy for you, or very difficult. What do you most want to protect on your land? Is it the ovenbirds that nest there? The bluebells that bloom each spring by the creek? The deer habitat? The ability to walk through the woods without having to fight thorny shrubs? Deciding what you want to manage your land for is important. Think this through, and even map the areas you most want to protect against invasive plant species.

Now you’re ready. The following four questions will tell you which species should be your top priority. You should already know the answers to number one and two from figuring out above how much you have and what you want to protect. Numbers three and four are answered by reading information about each invasive species or talking to professionals who work with invasive species in your area.

For each species, answer these questions and add the points: 1. How much do you have? 1 pt – I don’t have any, but it’s near my land 2 pts – Just a small amount, but it’s spreading 3 pts – A fair amount, and it’s still spreading 4 pts – A LOT! It’s covering the whole area completely 2. What’s the value of the habitat being invaded? 1 pt – it’s invading my favorite area that has the stuff I want to protect 2 pt – it’s invading the disturbed edge or areas that I don’t care as much about 3. What impacts is it causing? 1 pt – all is lost; it changes the area so much that few species survive 2 pts – it invades undisturbed areas and outcompetes native species 3 pts – it doesn’t outcompete native species, but natives don’t regenerate 4 pts - it invades disturbed areas like edges 4. How hard is it to control? 1 pt – not too bad, one treatment and it’s pretty much gone 2 pts – takes multiple treatments, but eventually it’s gone and natives replace it 3 pts – takes multiple treatments and natives don’t come back in readily 4 pts - no effective treatment has been found

Now add the total points for each species. The lower the score, the higher the priority.

To summarize it another way – cheap and easy is very often your top priority! It is very common to be mesmerized by the acres of garlic mustard in bloom and completely miss the one Oriental bittersweet vine that snuck in while you weren’t looking. If you have unlimited time and money, congratulations! Hire a big crew and go after them both. If, like most of us, you have limited time and money, turn your back on the garlic mustard and kill the Oriental bittersweet. Nipping it in the bud, so to speak, means you can spend a very small amount of time and money and keep it from becoming a huge infestation a few years from now. When it’s dead, then go work on the garlic mustard.

Prioritizing where to start at a site…. Alright, you say bravely, the Oriental bittersweet vine is dead and I’m ready to tackle this huge area of garlic mustard. But it’s a big project, and I’m not sure where to start. Here are a few more rules of thumb to help prioritize where to work first at a site.

First, identify and map invaded and un-invaded areas as shown in Figure 1. Then follow steps 1 through 4 –

1 - Focus on large blocks of un- 2 - Control small, younger invaded areas – and keep them outlier populations first un-invaded

~10% garlic mustard ~30% garlic mustard ~50% garlic mustard 4 - Reverse the invasion – expand the un-invaded area outward. 3 - ‘Unfragment’ boundaries of invaded areas

Figure 1. A map of the garlic mustard in my woods

A few last things to keep in mind – • If the invasive plant produces bird-dispersed fruits like berries, control the large seed source populations first (which in a forest will usually be along the edge where there is more light), then follow the above rules. • All roads, trails, and watercourses are invasive corridors; survey them regularly to detect new invaders quickly • If the invasive species is coming from adjacent land (like, for instance, the garlic mustard in Figure 1 appears to be coming from the land to the southwest), it’s time to have a conversation with your neighbors to see if they will also work to control their infestation. I suggest bringing chocolate chip cookies as incentive. • Keep your focus on what you are managing for, not against – just removing invasive plants may not be enough. The unfortunate reality is that invasive plants aren’t the only threat to your land. If you love the bluebells that bloom at the creek each year and have worked hard to control the garlic mustard to protect them, keep in mind it’s still possible an overpopulation of deer may browse them all away. Don’t lose sight of the big picture and other things that impact your land.

Controlling invasive plants can be challenging, but prioritizing your battles before you begin will make your success much more likely. Go get ‘em!

Funding Programs for Invasive Species Control in Indiana

Southern Indiana Cooperative Weed Management Area (SICWMA) Date: May 2009

Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry

Urban Forest Conservation Grants

The Urban Forest Conservation (UFC) Grants are intended to help communities develop long term programs to manage their urban forests. Grantees may conduct any project that helps to improve and protect trees and other associated natural resources in urban areas. Community projects that target program development, planning and education are emphasized. Projects funded in the past include activities such as conducting tree inventories, developing tree maintenance and planting plans, writing tree ordinances, conducting programs to train municipal employees and the public, purchase or development of publications, books and videos, hiring consultants or city foresters, etc. Certified Tree Cities may spend up to 20% of the grant funds on demonstration tree planting projects. Local municipalities, not-for-profit organizations and state agencies are eligible to apply for $2,000 to $20,000. For more information about any urban forestry grants contact: Division of Forestry Urban Forestry Program 6515 E. 82nd St., Suite 204 Indianapolis, IN 46250 E-mail: [email protected]

Read about it on the Internet at http://www.in.gov/dnr/forestry/6774.htm

Forestland Enhancement Program

Forestland Enhancement Program (FLEP) provides incentive funds for the enhancement and/or establishment of conservation practices such as tree planting, follow-up weed control, and timber stand improvement. Maximum refund rates range up to 50% of your cost as approved by a district forester. All programs require that you follow a plan approved by a district forester and that you participate for at least 10 years.

To inquire about this program, contact your district forester.

Read about it on the Internet at http://www.in.gov/dnr/forestry/6770.htm

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)

The Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP) is a voluntary program for people who want to develop and improve wildlife habitat primarily on private land. Through WHIP USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service provides both technical assistance and payment assistance to establish and improve fish and wildlife habitat. Payment schedule rates have replaced cost sharing by a percentage. Payments are based on the statewide documented cost of installation of a specific practice. The payment is offered as a payment per unit of the practice installed. WHIP agreements between NRCS and the participant generally last from 5 to 10 years from the date the agreement is signed.

In 2009, WHIP will provide funding for controlling the following species: • Glossy Buckthorn • Asian Bush Honeysuckle • Japanese Honeysuckle • Kudzu • Autumn Olive • Multiflora rose • Common Periwinkle • Tree of Heaven

Read about it on the Internet http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/whip/

For detailed information on WHIP, contact the NRCS District Conservationist in your county.

Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQUIP) EQIP is a voluntary conservation program that promotes agricultural production, forest management, and environmental quality as compatible national goals. EQIP offers financial and technical help to assist eligible participants to install or implement conservation practices on eligible agricultural and forest land. Payment schedule rates for conservation practices were developed to promote positive conservation outcomes tailored to the environmental needs of Indiana. Cost sharing by a percentage and incentive payments are no longer available. Practice schedule payments are payments for the installation of a specific practice. Payments are based on the statewide documented cost of installation and offered as a payment per unit of the practice installed. Read about it on the Internet http://www.in.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/eqip/eqiphomepage.html For detailed information on WHIP, contact the NRCS District Conservationist in your county.

Conservation Innovation Grants (CIG) Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) funds are used to award competitive grants to non-Federal governmental or non-governmental organizations, Tribes, or individuals. CIG enables NRCS to work with other public and private entities to accelerate technology transfer and adoption of promising technologies and approaches to address some of the nation’s most pressing natural resource concerns, including invasive plants/weeds, plant pathogens/diseases, insects, animals, animal pathogens, diseases, aquatic species. Selected applicants may receive grants up to 50 percent of the total project cost. Applicants must provide nonfederal matching funds for at least 50 percent of the project cost. An exception allows for beginning and limited resource farmers and ranchers, Tribes and community-based organizations representing these groups to obtain a higher percentage of project matching funds from in-kind contributions. The Federal contribution may not exceed $1 million for a single project.

Read about it on the Internet http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/cig/

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Partners for Fish and Wildlife

Partner with nonprofit organizations, corporations, local, state and federal agencies to restore and enhance fish and wildlife habitat on private lands. Technical assistance and funding are provided for projects that restore habitat for migratory birds, threatened and endangered species, interjurisdictional fish and other wildlife or restore habitat within the watersheds of our national wildlife refuges. Types of projects include:

• Wetland restoration • Native prairie restoration • Stream restoration • Migratory bird habitat • Endangered species habitat • Invasive species control

Read about it on the Internet at http://www.fws.gov/midwest/partners/Indiana.html

Small Grants Program

The Small Grants Program is a competitive, matching grants program that supports public- private partnerships carrying out projects in the United States that further the goals of the North American Wetlands Conservation Act. These projects must involve long-term protection, restoration, and/or enhancement of wetlands and associated uplands habitats for the benefit of all wetlands-associated migratory birds.

This program supports the same type of projects and adheres to the same selection criteria and administrative guidelines as the U.S. Standard Grants Program. However, project activities are usually smaller in scope and involve fewer project dollars. Grant requests may not exceed $75,000, and funding priority is given to grantees or partners new to the Act’s Grants Program.

Read about it on the Internet at http://www.fws.gov/birdhabitat/Grants/NAWCA/Small/index.shtm Landowner Incentive Program

The Landowner Incentive Program (LIP) provides federal grant funds to grant funds to the states, the District of Columbia and insular areas to protect and restore habitats on private lands, to benefit Federally listed, proposed or candidate species or other species determined to be at-risk.

Grant funds must be used to establish or supplement State landowner incentive programs to benefit species identified in the State's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy (State Wildlife Action Plan) or classified as Special Concern by the State, or Federally listed, proposed, or candidate species or other species determined to be at-risk. These grant funds may also be used to provide technical and financial assistance to private landowners for habitat protection and restoration.

The LIP Program includes two funding tiers, Tier One (non-competitive) and Tier Two (nationally competitive). Under Tier One each state may receive funding for eligible projects up to $200,000 annually and the District of Columbia and insular areas up to $75,000 annually. If there is adequate funding in the appropriation, WSFR will rank Tier Two grants and award grants through a national competition. The competition will be announced separately.

Read about it on the Internet at http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/GrantPrograms/LIP/LIP.htm

Wildlife Forever Challenge Grants

Grants from Wildlife Forever are targeted for habitat restoration and acquisition, research and management, and educational projects. Special emphasis is placed upon grassroots programs that involve local conservation, sportsmen's or outdoor recreation groups. Wildlife Forever grants are challenge grants, and funds must be matched on at least a one-to-one basis from a third-party donor and sent through Wildlife Forever.

Read about it on the Internet at http://www.wildlifeforever.org/grants/overview.aspx

Program Name: Conservation on Private Lands Program Agency: USDA NRCS Funding Method: Competitive grants administered by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Match: At least 50 percent match required Authority: Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, 16 U.S.C. 590a-590f; Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act Eligible Entities: Private landowners, primarily farmers and ranchers Taxa: Invasive plants/weeds, plant pathogens/diseases, insects, animals, animal pathogens, diseases, aquatic species Contact Info: Jody Olson, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (202) 857-0166 x555 ([email protected]) Purpose: Conservation and enhancement of wildlife and natural resources on private lands.